DisplaysDisplays

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Key Components in Key Components in Display DesignDisplay Design

Display Design TasksDisplay Design Tasks

Determine nature of tasks that the Determine nature of tasks that the display needs to supportdisplay needs to support

Perform detailed information analysis Perform detailed information analysis that identifies what the operator that identifies what the operator needs to know to carry out taskneeds to know to carry out task

Determine the characteristics of the Determine the characteristics of the human user who must perform the human user who must perform the taskstasks

Tools & Variables That Tools & Variables That The Designer Can The Designer Can ManipulateManipulate Location – XY space or superimposed (heads-up)Location – XY space or superimposed (heads-up) Color – color versus monochromeColor – color versus monochrome Dimensionality – planer vs perspective, mono vs Dimensionality – planer vs perspective, mono vs

stereostereo Motion – what moves, how it movesMotion – what moves, how it moves Intensity – what is bright, what is dimIntensity – what is bright, what is dim Coding – physical dimensions assigned to Coding – physical dimensions assigned to

variables, analog vs digital, analog/icons vs textvariables, analog vs digital, analog/icons vs text Modality – vision vs auditionModality – vision vs audition What to display – information analysisWhat to display – information analysis

Thirteen Principles of Thirteen Principles of Display Design (4 Display Design (4 categories)categories) Those that directly reflect perceptual Those that directly reflect perceptual

operationsoperations Those that can be traced to the Those that can be traced to the

concept of the mental modelconcept of the mental model Those that relate to human attentionThose that relate to human attention Those that relate to human memoryThose that relate to human memory Note that principles sometimes Note that principles sometimes

conflict and trade-offs must be conflict and trade-offs must be consideredconsidered

Principles That Directly Principles That Directly Reflect Perceptual Reflect Perceptual OperationsOperations

1.1. Avoid absolute judgment limitsAvoid absolute judgment limits

2.2. Use top-down processingUse top-down processing

3.3. Take advantage of redundancy Take advantage of redundancy gaingain

4.4. Discriminability: similarity causes Discriminability: similarity causes confusionconfusion

Illustrations of Illustrations of Perception PrinciplesPerception Principles

Principles That Can Be Traced Principles That Can Be Traced To The Concept Of The Mental To The Concept Of The Mental ModelModel

5.5. Principle of pictorial realismPrinciple of pictorial realism

6.6. Principle of the moving partPrinciple of the moving part

7.7. Principle of ecological interface Principle of ecological interface designdesign

Principles Based On Principles Based On AttentionAttention

8.8. Principle of minimizing information Principle of minimizing information access cost (search time)access cost (search time)

9.9. Principle of proximity compatibilityPrinciple of proximity compatibility

10.10. Principle of multiple resources Principle of multiple resources (presenting information from both (presenting information from both visual and auditory)visual and auditory)

Illustration Of Illustration Of Proximity Proximity Compatibility IssuesCompatibility Issues

Principles Related To Principles Related To MemoryMemory

11.11. Principle of predictive aidingPrinciple of predictive aiding

11.11. Principle of knowledge in the Principle of knowledge in the world (placing visible reminders world (placing visible reminders that will trigger appropriate that will trigger appropriate action)action)

11.11. Principle of consistencyPrinciple of consistency

Illustrations Of Predictive Illustrations Of Predictive AidingAiding

Alerting DisplaysAlerting Displays

Warnings – most critical, auditory Warnings – most critical, auditory when time is of essence. Can be when time is of essence. Can be enhanced with visual display enhanced with visual display (flashing light)(flashing light)

Cautions – Usually softer auditory Cautions – Usually softer auditory and/or visualand/or visual

Advisories – mostly visualAdvisories – mostly visual

Label/Sign DisplaysLabel/Sign Displays

Generally static unchangingGenerally static unchanging Must be visible and legibleMust be visible and legible Must be able to discriminate from Must be able to discriminate from

other labelsother labels Must be meaningfulMust be meaningful Must be in conspicuous location Must be in conspicuous location

and associated with purposeand associated with purpose

Label/Icon IllustrationsLabel/Icon Illustrations

Monitoring DisplaysMonitoring Displays

Must be legibleMust be legible Determine if analog or digital is Determine if analog or digital is

most appropriatemost appropriate Analog form should follow the Analog form should follow the

principle of pictorial realismprinciple of pictorial realism Must be predictive in sluggish or Must be predictive in sluggish or

slowly environmentsslowly environments

Monitory DisplaysMonitory Displays

Multiple Display Multiple Display ConsiderationsConsiderations

Display layout – frequency of use, Display layout – frequency of use, relationship to sequence of use, relationship to sequence of use, consistency with other displays, consistency with other displays, and organized groupingand organized grouping

Head-up displaysHead-up displays Head-mounted displaysHead-mounted displays Configurable displaysConfigurable displays

Illustration Of Display Illustration Of Display LayoutLayout

Illustration Of Display Illustration Of Display Layout (cont.)Layout (cont.)

Illustration of Head-Up DisplaysIllustration of Head-Up Displays

Configurable DisplaysConfigurable Displays

Navigation Displays & Navigation Displays & MapsMaps

Route Lists (directions) & Command Route Lists (directions) & Command Displays (Garmin, Magellan, Tom Tom, Displays (Garmin, Magellan, Tom Tom, etc.)etc.)

Maps – legibility, clutter, position Maps – legibility, clutter, position representations, map orientation, & scalerepresentations, map orientation, & scale

3-D Maps – mainly valuable to pilots 3-D Maps – mainly valuable to pilots Planning Maps & Data Visualization – Planning Maps & Data Visualization –

satellite maps used for city planning, satellite maps used for city planning, zoning, tax assessment, farming, etc. zoning, tax assessment, farming, etc.

Good & Poor Mounting Good & Poor Mounting Of YAH MapOf YAH Map

Example Of Planning Example Of Planning MapMap

Quantitative Information Quantitative Information DisplaysDisplays

(Tables & Graphs)(Tables & Graphs)

LegibilityLegibility ClutterClutter ProximityProximity FormatFormat

Illustration Of Trend Illustration Of Trend VariablesVariables

Illustration Of Illustration Of Confusion PrincipleConfusion Principle

Illustration Of Clutter Illustration Of Clutter PrinciplePrinciple

Illustration Of Proximity Illustration Of Proximity PrinciplePrinciple