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4/7/13 Fletcher CASA National
DO NO HARM Presentation 2013 1
Disproportionality & Disparity in Child Welfare
“Yet American political development has been organized around the dynamics of race, and conflict over race are embedded in the structure of all social
policies” (Katz, 2001) as stated in Midgley and Livermore, 2009, p.263)
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All the children
of the world
October 2012
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Disproportionality & Disparity
Child Welfare
Professionals
Implicit Bias
Social Structure
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THE IMPACT OF
OBJECTIVES: Define Disproportionality &
Disparity Identify Structural theory of
society
Define Implicit bias
Identify Decision Making Points
Analysis of the impact of structural theory & implicit bias on child welfare professional decision making and disproportionality & disparity
How can CASA address this issue?
DISPROPORTIONALITY & Disparity
Child Welfare
Professionals
Implicit Bias
Social Structure
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The difference between the percentage of children of a certain
race/ethnicity in the child welfare system and their percentage in the overall population.
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“Disparity means unequal treatment when comparing a racial or ethnic minority to a non-minority. This can be observed in many forms including decision points (e.g., reporting, investigation, substantiation, foster care placement, exit), treatment, services, or resources.” (Hill, 2006)
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Racial/ethnic bias in maltreatment referrals? management/treatment of minority children’s
maltreatment cases? Risk Factors:
Chronic poverty? Teen Pregnancy Incarceration Substance Abuse Domestic Violence Single parent household
Social Structure? Higher incidence of neglect and/or abuse?
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AS YOUTH AS ADULTS
Increased hospitalizations →
Increased mental health concerns →
Educational troubles→ Juvenile criminal
behaviors
Annie E. Casey Fact sheet 2002
↑ physical illness & risky health behaviors
↑mental illness ↓education attainment Poor employment Homelessness
Ahrens, DuBois, Garrison, Spencer, Richardson &
Lozano, 2011
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Number State Af. Am. White Hispanic Asian Am. Ind.
1 Wyoming 5.3 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.9
2 Utah 4.7 0.8 1.4 0.5 3.5
3 Wisconsin 4.1 0.6 1.8 0.2 3.9
4 California 3.9 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.9
5 Iowa 3.4 0.8 0.9 0.79 5.7
6 New Hampshire 2.4 0.9 1.6 0.5 3.6
-- United States 2.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 2.1
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Summers, Wood & Russell 2012
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BASIC TENETS THEORIES
Invisible Distinctive Stable arrangement Patterned institutional
interactions Patterned individual
interactions
Critical social theory Critical Race/Ethnic
Theory Anti-oppressive Theory Feminism
Critical Realism Bhaskar Human agency and social
structure Structure is evident by
human behavior Antecedent social
structures
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Lewis, 2000; Mullalay 2010
BASIC TENETS UNITED STATES
Invisible Distinctive Stable arrangement Patterned institutional
interactions Patterned individual
interactions
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
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Racism is integral to U.S. life and permeates all aspects of our institutions and culture. Lewis, 2000; Mullalay 2010
Bias: an unfair preference for or dislike of…
Explicit: fully and clearly expressed or demonstrated.
Implicit: implied rater than expressly stated. (Encarta Dictionary, 2013)
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Who is the welfare Queen?
Kill the Indian save the man
Implicit Bias: An implied rather than expressly stated unfair preference or dislike which is hidden even from the originator. Unconscious.
“Prejudices that persist even as our explicit attitudes evolve,” Dr. Mahzarin Banaji (Gong, 2012)
All people are socialized into society and therefore inherit the biases, stereotypes, and racist attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the larger society. (Ponterotto, 2006Sue et al. 1998)
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1. It’s invisible 2. It keeps the social structure in place 3. It becomes visible in the decisions we make
regarding ourselves and others 1. Rate of call back interviews 2. Moving to the other side of the street 3. Clutching the purse, locking the car door
4. Stereotypes 1. Asians are… Hispanics are…. 2. Blacks are… Whites are…. 3. Native Americans are…
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Identification → Social worker involvement Reporting Intake Initial Assessment → Court involvement Family Assessment Planning → CASA involvement Service Provision Case Closure
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Child Welfare System Decision Tree:
Source: Wisconsin Legislative Fiscal Bureau, 2009 4/7/13 20
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Disproportionality & Disparity
Child Welfare Professionals
Implicit Bias
Social Structure
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YES!
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INDIVIDUAL GROUP
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AWARENESS AWARENESS AWARENESS Recruit/Diversify
with CASAs of other ethnicities
Intentionally interact with others
Decision making tools
Attend trainings Know Who You Are Undoing Racism Facing History Facing
Ourselves Come to grips with
your own bias Understand the
impact of your own bias
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AWARENESS
Trosch, 2012; Gong, J. 2012.
TITLE AUTHOR How We Decide Jonah Leher
Thinking Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman
Hidden Brain Shankar Vendantam
Race Matters in Child Welfare: The Overrepresentation of African American Children in the System
Dennette M. Derezotes, John Poetner & Mark F. Testa
Developing Cross-Cultural Competence
Eleanor W. Lynch & Marci J. Hanson
Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What we Can Do
(issues of our time)
Claude M. Steele
Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking
Malcolm Gladwell
Shattered Bonds Dorothy Roberts
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Ahrens, K. R., DuBois, D. L., Garrison, M., Spencer, R., Richardson, L.P., Lozano, P. (2011). Qualitative exploration of relationships with important non-parental adults in the lives of youth in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review 33 1012-1023.
Annie E. Casey Foundation (2002). Fact Sheet. Race Matters: Unequal
Opportunity Within the Child Welfare System. Retrieved from http://www.aecf.org/upload/publicationfiles/fact_sheet11.pdf Derezotes, D. M., Poertner, J., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Book Review. Race
matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of african americans in the system. Washington, D.C: Child Welfare League of America. Retrieved from http://rsw.sagepub.com/content/19/1/135
Encarta Dictionary (2013)
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Gong, J. (2012). Uncovering Implicit Bias. Retrieved on 4 March 2013 from: http://thurj.org/ss/2011/02/1458/comment-page-1
Hill, R. B., (2006). Synthesis of research on disproportionality in child welfare: An update. An Casey Family Programs.
Kang, J. (2009). Implicit bias a primer for courts. The National Center for State Courts and Race and Ethnic Fairness in the Courts.
Lewis, P (2000). “Realism, causality and the problem and social structure.” Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior 30(3): 249-268.
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Midgley, J. and Livermore, M., eds. (2009). The Handbook of Social Policy, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications.
Mullaly, B. (2010). Challenging Oppression and Confronting
Privilege, 2nd ed. Oxford: New York Ponterotto, J. (2006). European American (White) Racial Identity
Development, Mental health and Prejudice (chapter 5). Retrieved on 20 November 2011 from
www.sagepub.com/upm-data/11558-chapter5.pdf Roberts, D., (2002). Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare.
Basic Books: New York
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Trosch, L. A., (2012). Addressing Racial Disproportionality and Disparity in Child Welfare. Podcast Retrieved from http://podcast.casaforchildren.org/addressing-racial- disproportionality-and-disparity-in-child-welfare.
Wisconsin Legislative Fiscal Bureau. (2009). Informational paper
52: Child welfare services in Wisconsin. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from http://dcf.wi.gov/mission_and_goals.htm.
Summers, A., Wood, M. S., & Russell, J., (2012). Disproportionality rates for children of color in foster care. The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
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CASA National Conference Do No Harm
Book List
TITLE AUTHOR How We Decide Jonah Leher
Thinking Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman Hidden Brain Shankar Vendantam
Race Matters in Child Welfare: The Overrepresentation of African
American Children in the System
Dennette M. Derezotes, John Poetner & Mark F. Testa
Developing Cross-Cultural Competence Eleanor W. Lynch & Marci J. Hanson Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes
Affect Us and What we Can Do (issues of our time)
Claude M. Steele
Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking
Malcolm Gladwell
Shattered Bonds Dorothy Roberts
