Upload
damian-aston
View
878
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Title - To be or not to be
An investigation/evaluation of change management
implications in developing into social enterprise from a
public sector organisation
Name - Damian Aston
Assignment - Dissertation Proposal
Course - MBA Business Administration
Date June 16 th 2010
Damian Aston Page 1 4/10/20231
Contents
1 Aims and Objectives
2 Background
3 Literature Review
4 Methodology
5 Ethnical issues
6 Data Handling
7 Timescale
Damian Aston Page 2 4/10/20232
1, Aim
To evaluate the implications of changing a public sector organisation (NHS)
into a third sector organisation (social enterprise) through the Right to request
process.
Objectives
To research the potential change management issues within NHS Oldham
Community Health Development Team into becoming a Social Enterprise.
Analyse and conclude the findings of the investigation.
Analyse and evaluate the various change management models, which may
facilitate change from a public sector organisation (NHS) into a third sector
organisation (social enterprise)
Questions
1. What are the issues public sectors NHS staff have in transforming into a social
enterprise?
2. Which relevant Change Management models will facilitate change within public
sector NHS staff into a social enterprise?
3. How would appropriate ‘Change Management’ models be implemented within the
NHS Staff
2, Background
2.1, National
In January 2006 the Government’s white paper ‘Our health, Our care, Our say’ ‘a
new direction for community services’ set out plans for a major shift in the way in
which care is delivered in England. It argued for services to be more personalised to
the needs of the individual, increased choices and more integrated services,
provided by a range of different organisations, including social enterprises.
Most recently the ‘High Quality Care For All: NHS Next Stage Review Final Report
2008’ and the Primary and Community Care Strategy set out a vision for this change,
stating the need to empower staff and give patients greater choice.
The NHS Next Stage Review includes a number of recommendations that present
huge opportunities for new and existing social enterprises.
Damian Aston Page 3 4/10/20233
The most significant of these is the recommendations to create new Social
Enterprises to deliver primary and community services, and the commitment that
staff are given the ‘right to request’ from their PCT to enable them to set up a social
enterprise. This allows NHS staff to explore setting up a social enterprise if they
believe that this could provide them with the independence, flexibility and
responsiveness to innovate and improve services and outcomes for patients.
Establishing the ‘right to request’ is a good example of the principle of subsidiary –
the idea that decisions about services should be taken at a local level – which is
central to the Next Stage Review. It is clear that NHS staff have a good
understanding of patient needs and how to meet them. Through the creation of
social enterprises, staff will be enabled to set up and lead new organisations that can
both empower staff and improve services to patients and users. This is intended to
create the conditions where NHS staff can innovate and lead rather than being told
what to do.
This commitment is underpinned by:
The ability for NHS staff that is transferred to social enterprises, with
the appropriate legal form, to retain their membership of the NHS Pension
Scheme while they work on NHS funded services.
The commitment to receive professional advice and guidance.
The offer of an uncontested contract.
Under these proposals PCTs contracting with new social enterprises will aim to
secure service quality and value for money, while also aiming to build their
sustainability and ensuring their long-term certainty.
2.2, Community Health Development Team
The research will analyse the organisational and cultural change the staff within NHS
Oldham’s Community Health Development Team and related staff will need to
change to successfully move into a third sector environment using the Right to
Request process.
The Community Health Team is an innovative, enthusiastic team of professionals
that include one lead, 3 supervisors, 6.5 wte Community workers and 5.8 wte
Community Food Workers and administration support with running costs of approx
Damian Aston Page 4 4/10/20234
600K a year. As a Community Health Team they have developed an innovative
approach in the delivery against these themes, this is evidenced by the team
successfully meeting and overachieving our NHS commissioned output/come targets
and the extensive external funding portfolio the team has developed.
3.Literature review
A list of key theories and concepts will be defined through research and referencing
from general management texts and a review of articles, books and journals that
address cultural and change management.
3.1 Literature review – change management
‘There is little question that the intellectual father of contemporary theories of applied
behavioural science, action research and planned change is Kurt Lewin. His seminal
work on leadership style and the experiments on planned change that took place in
World War II in an effort to change consumer behaviour launched a whole
generation of research in-group dynamics and the implementation of change
programmes’
Edgar Schien (1988)
Action Research was a term coined by Kurt Lewin in (1946) in an article entitled’
Action Research and Minority Problems’. The article was originally conceived as a
collective approach to solving important social problems such as racial and religious
prejudice; it rapidly began to be applied mainly to organisational problems.
Therefore in organisational terms a Action Research project would usually comprise
of three distinct groups: the organisation (one of the senior managers from the
organisation), the subject (people from the area where the change is taking place)
and the change agent( a consultant who may or may not be a member of the
organisation). These three entities form the learning group in which the
organisation’s change can take place.
Damian Aston Page 5 4/10/20235
One of the barriers in successful organisational change through Action Research is
that you need buy in from both those who manage the organisation and those who
are subject to change. This becomes especially difficult with large organisations such
as the NHS, therefore a key strategy would be to have a top down approach. This
does not always work, as compliance at the top does not always mean cooperation
at other levels within the organisation. (Clarke 1972)
Cooperation is not enough, there needs to a felt-need as Lewin term it. Felt-need is
when an individual’s inner realisation accepts that change is needed and necessary.
If Felt-Need is low within the organisation then change becomes problematic. Even
if change is accepted it doesn’t mean that anxieties about change have altered. This
can be particularly so when there is a close relationship between personal identity,
position at work and social standing, which may threatened by the proposed change
(Bennis 1966)
Kurt improved upon the Action Research model by developing the Three Step
Change model (1947a 228-9). Lewin believed for successful change to place
involves three steps which involves Unfreezing the present level, Moving to the new
level and Refreezing the new level
This three step change model recognises that before new behaviour can be adopted,
the old has to be discarded. With the old behaviour being discarded the new
behaviour can be accepted. Yet again this model stresses the need to understand
the importance of Felt-Need, with the old way discarded ‘unfreezing’ and the
‘moving’ to the new, can result in personal anxieties. Rubin (1967) suggested that a
re-education process or some confrontation meeting for those involved would ease
the change from Unfreezing to moving.
The research will also look into the expansion of Lewins three step change model
into Lippitt et (1958) seven phase model of planned change and Cummings and
Huse eight phase model. Finally Bullock and Batten four phase model of planned
change, which is based on a review, and synthesis of over thirty models of planned
change.
Damian Aston Page 6 4/10/20236
3.2 Literature review – Organisational Change
Brown (1995: 6-7) estimated that there are literally hundreds of definitions of culture.
Such as
‘Culture…is a pattern of beliefs and expectations shared by the organisations
members. These beliefs and expectations produce norms powerfully shape the
behaviour of individuals and groups in the organisation.’
(Schwartz and Davies 1981)
Elbridge and Crombie definition is the one must widely accepted as defining
organisational culture which ‘to the unique configuration of norms, values, beliefs
ways of having and so on, that characterise the manner in which groups and
individuals combine to get things done’ (Elbridge and Crombie 1974)
The literature review will examine organisational cultural change management
concepts and theories. The literature review will take into account writers such as
Allen and Kraft (1982), Deal and Kennedy (1982) and above all Peters and
Waterman (1982)
The literature will examine models of cultural change, including a survey carried out
by Dobson (1988) on the thousand largest private and public sector organisations in
the UK, revealed that 250 of them had been involved in a culture change programme
within the previous 5 years. Based on this survey, Dobson states that the
organisations sought to change the culture within their organisations through shaping
beliefs, values and attitudes of employees. Based off this survey on these
companies Dobson identified a four step approach to culture change.
Cummings and Hues (1989) identified an approach, which takes, into consideration
change in a strategic context, also Peters and Waterman (1982) eight steps to
excellence that takes a very prescriptive line. Finally, Egan’s (1994) article on how to
identify and change organisational culture.
There will also be a literature review on research and studies which the NHS has
undertaken on Service Delivery, Organisation Research and development
programmes. This review will include ‘Organisational Change’ which is a review for
Damian Aston Page 7 4/10/20237
health care managers, professionals and researchers, on making Informed decisions
on change management.
4. Methodology
4.1 Introduction
The specific empirical research will relate to the research objectives on change and
cultural management within NHS Oldham Community Health Development Team
into becoming a Social Enterprise. The literature review has revealed the current
amount of studies and work carried on both cultural and organisational change. This
research offers an opportunity to examine the impact of cultural and organisational
change directly a specific team place, which is placed within a large public sector.
4.2 Research Strategy
Through the research of the appropriate literature on cultural and organisational
change there was not any empirical research from the employee prospective,
therefore this research will carry out qualitative interpretative (phenomenological)
methods of research. Interpretative research will give the sample group (Community
Health Development Team) the opportunity to present a variety of different views on
the change in organisation structure and the change it the work environments
culture.
4.3 Sampling
The sample was purposefully selected (Patton 1990) from within Community Health
development Team. The staff who will be selected will represent the team has a
whole age, gender ethnicity and service. Table 1 below identifies a typology of
other sampling strategies, appropriate for qualitative enquiry, which were considered.
Table 1 Typology of sampling strategies
Type of Sampling Purpose
Maximum variation Documents diverse variations and identifies important common
patterns
Homogenous Focuses, reduces, simplifies, facilitates group interviewing
Critical case Permits logical generalisation and maximum application of
Damian Aston Page 8 4/10/20238
information to other cases
Theory-based Finding examples of a theoretical construct and thereby elaborate
and examine it
Confirming and
disconfirming cases
Elaborating initial analysis, seeking exceptions, looking for
variation
Snowball or chain Identifies cases of interest from people who know people who
know what cases are information rich.
Extreme or deviant
case
Learning from highly unusual manifestations of the phenomenon
of interest
Typical case Highlights what is normal or average
Intensity Information rich cases that manifest the phenomenon intensely,
but not extremely
Politically important
cases
Attracts desired attention or avoids attracting undesired attention
Random purposeful Adds credibility to sample when potential purposeful sample is
too large.
Stratified purposeful Illustrates sub groups; facilitates comparisons
Criterion All cases that are meet some criterion; useful for quality
assurance
Opportunistic Following new leads; taking advantage of the unexpected.
Combination or
mixed
Triangulation, flexibility, meets multiple interests and needs
Convenience Saves time, money and effort, but at expense of information and
credibility
(Source: Kuxel, 1992)
Damian Aston Page 9 4/10/20239
The sampling strategy will be aimed to achieve a range of perspectives in relation to
gender and race. This favoured a ‘maximum variation strategy’, which includes the
views of the ‘powerful as well the disenfranchised’. However, compromise is
inevitable due to limitations of time and resource thus the resulting strategy
combined the idealism of the ‘maximum variation’ strategy and the pragmatism of a
‘convenience’ strategy (Kuzel, 1992). The staff to be interviewed will be one male,
one female and a staff member from a minority ethnic origin to ensure the broadest
range of perspectives.
4.4 Data collection
To triangulate results the data collection will include more than one technique to
collate results. Triangulation is particularly useful in qualitative research, as it
achieves a more rounded picture of ‘thick description’ of what you are looking at
(Geertz 1973). The triangulation of data collation will include, Strategic Health
Authority (SHA) Social Enterprise support adviser, staff within the Community Health
Development Team and the literature review.
The other reasons for using qualitative methods are described in Table 2 below:
Table 2 Reasons for deploying qualitative methods in this study
1 Qualitative research methods lend itself to questions which start with
how or what
2 Enables exploration of behaviour or of theory development
3 Enables a detailed view
4 The interaction of the researcher is easily identifiable and the personal
pronoun “I” is used
5 Sufficient time and resources for data collection and detailed analysis of
text information
6 Audiences are receptive to qualitative research
7 The researcher is an active learner in the process and seeks to tell the
story from the participants view rather than imposing their own view as
Damian Aston Page 104/10/202310
an expert.
(Source: Creswell, 1998)
The table below shows a range of qualitative methods that could have been
deployed instead of the semi structured interviews.
Table 3 Methods of Qualitative Research
Method Features Claim
Observation Extended periods of contact Understanding of ‘sub cultures’
Texts and
documents
Attention to organization
and use of such material
Understanding of language and
other sign systems
Interviews Relatively unstructured and
‘open ended’
Understanding ‘experience’
Audio and video
recording
Precise transcripts of
naturally occurring
interactions
Understanding how interaction
is organised.
(Source Silverman D, 2000)
Interviewing respondents seem to be the most appropriate method to explore
perceptions. The epistemological approach tends towards non-directive methods
e.g. semi-structured interviews, which are commonly used to explore understandings
(Willms et al, 1992).
Observation was ruled out as it is not possible to have extended periods of contact
and texts and documents would not have provided access to staff own experiences.
Semi structure interviews will be employed to collect the data; this will introduce a
degree of flexibility to the interview process. Semi structured interviews have a
limited number of pre arranged questions which will allow the interview to ebb and
flow. “Due emphasis [is given] to the meanings, experiences and views of all the
participants” (Pope & Mays, 1995 )
Damian Aston Page 114/10/202311
Qualitative interviewing using semi-structured questions, makes use of opened
questions to encourage meaningful responses (Patton 1990). The interviews will be
using open questions but with a recognition that open questions can prove difficult
for respondents to answer. Respondents might be tempted to give an answer that
either shows them in good light or which they think would please the interviewer.
There are a number of common problems with semi-structured interviews including
for example leading questions (Bynner & Stribley, 1988), which impact on the
trustworthiness and credibility of the data (Patton, 1990). This will be minimise by
providing a full transcripts and exploring researcher bias (Mays & Pope, 1995).
These and other issues are explored in full in the Critical Appraisal.
As the manager of the Community Health Development Team it would be good
practice for me to employ gate keepers to act as the interviewer, this we will ensure
impartiality, and allow the respondents to answer freely without the added pressure
of their manager being present.
4.5 Significance and Limitations
The limitations of the research will be that the staff will be from NHS organisations
and include a representative from the Strategic Health Authority (SHA), the two
members from the Senior Management Team and a sample of nine members from
the Community Health Development Team. Group sessions will also be employed to
allow respondents to discuss issues in different environments. The significance will
be that the results of the research will presented to the NHS National Social
Enterprise Dept, Oldham NHS Board and NHS colleges.
4.6 Framework for data analysis
The framework to analyse the research will be to produce a ‘Synthesis of the
research’ this will be achieved through producing the empirical research findings and
combining these findings with the literature review.
The empirical research findings will be analysed by ensuring that all audio taped
interviews are transcribe and verbatim. The analysis of interviews will be a
cumulative process and will tend to be dependant on the results from a number of
question responses. These responses can be combined with cross-referencing the
Damian Aston Page 124/10/202312
related literature review. To help focus the interviews in terms of reflecting the main
objectives of this research and ease the analysis of the interviews will be structured
according to the themes. These themes will reflect the overall aim and objectives in
this research and also echo main areas arising from the literature review.
The study will be analysed using Framework Analysis, which has been developed in
Britain specifically for applied, or policy relevant qualitative research where the
objectives have been set in advance (Ritchie and Spencer, 1994).
Table 4 Stages in Framework Analysis
Stages Actions
Familiarisation Immersion in data to list key ideas and
recurrent themes
Identifying the thematic framework Identifying key issues, concepts and themes to
produce a detailed index of the data
Indexing Applying the index systematically to the data
Charting Forming charts from the data which contain
distilled summaries of views and experiences
Mapping and interpretation The charts are used to define concepts and
map the range of phenomena to find
associations between themes with a view to
providing an explanation for the findings
(Adapted from Pope et al, 2000)
Stage 1 Familiarisation
The interviews will be taped and verbatim transcripts produced. This process will
involve listening to the tapes, reading the transcripts and listing the key ideas and
recurrent themes (Ritchie and Spencer, 1994). This process will enable the research
to gain an overview of the richness, depth and diversity of the data.
Damian Aston Page 134/10/202313
Stage 2 Identifying the Thematic Framework
Through the interview transcripts all the themes, issues and concepts will be
identified and the first index will be produced. This will be largely descriptive and
heavily rooted in a priori issues.
Stage 3 Indexing
A final index will be developed with multiple codes (Ritchie and Spencer 1994).
Which will systematically evidence each transcript.
Stage 4 Charting
The second stage will involve synthesising the coded data into charts, which will
develop the themes identified during the coding process.
Stage 5 Mapping and Interpretation
The charts will be analysed to identify concepts, map the range of phenomena and
to identify if there were associations between themes.
Two other strategies were also considered: analytic induction and grounded theory.
The first involved iterative interplay between data collection, analysis of cases to
compare against preset hypothesis. The second involves the discovery of theory
from data by generating categories from the data. Both methods involved multiple
trips back into the field until the hypothesis is proven or to retest emerging theory
(Bryman and Burgess, 1994). Because of time restraints there will be insufficient
time to undertake either of these approaches.
5. Ethnical Issues
The ethical issues in relation to this project are limited compared to covert research
where informed consent is not sought (Hornsbey-Smith, 1993). Participation in the
study will be voluntary and verbal consent will be obtained. The respondents
anomity will be protected by giving the respondents numbers (Crewell, 1998).
6. Data Handling
Interview tapes will be kept under lock and key until the end of the evaluation, at
which point they will be wiped clean. Paper transcripts will also be kept under lock
and key until the end of the evaluation, at which point they will be destroyed.
Damian Aston Page 144/10/202314
Individually identifiable data stored electronically will be password protected and
deleted at the end of the evaluation process.
7. Timescale
The table below outlines the timescale that the dissertation will take to complete
Table 5 timescale
Literature search June
Development of semi-structured questionnaire
July
Obtain ethical approval July
Submit Draft Literature to Supervisor July
Devise focus group questions and process July
Submit methods chapter to Supervisor August
Semi-structured interviews and focus groups to take place
August
Analyse transcript data September
Write up interview data as results chapter October
Submit draft results Chapter to Supervisor October
Submit draft Discussion Chapter to Supervisor
November
Final write up including proof reading bibliography and binding
November
References
Barbour, R. 2001, ‘Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of
the tail wagging the dog?’ BMJ, vol. 322, pp. 1115-1117
Bell, H. 1987, Doing Your Research Project: A guide to first-time researchers in
Education and Social Science, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Damian Aston Page 154/10/202315
Bryman, A. & Burgess, B. 1984 (eds) Analyzing Qualitative Data, Routledge,
London,
Burnes, B. Managing Change. Pearson Educational Ltd 2004.
Creswell, J, 1998, ‘Designing a qualitative study’, in Qualitative Inquiry and
Research Design: choosing among five traditions, Sage, London, pp 13-26.
Creswell, J. 1998, ‘Five different qualitative studies, in Qualitative Inquiry and
Research Design: choosing among five traditions, Sage, London, pp 73-91.
Creswell, J. 1998, ‘Turning the story and conclusion’, in Qualitative Inquiry and
Research Design: choosing among five traditions, Sage, London, pp 219-229.
Dale & Shipman 1976
Denzin, N. K. 1994, ‘The art and politics of interpretation’, in Handbook of Qualitative
Research, eds N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 500-515.
Edenborough, R.1999, Effective Interviewing: a handbook of skills, techniques and
applications. Kogan Page Limited, London.
Eagly, A. H. & Carli, L.L. 1981, ‘Sex of researchers and sex-types communications
as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: a meta-analysis of social
influence studies’, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 90.
Koning K. De, & Martin, M. 1996, ‘Participatory research in health: setting the
context’, in Participatory Research in Health: issues and experiences, ZED Books,
London, pp 1-18
Dockery, G. 2000, ‘Participatory research: whose roles, whose responsibilities,’ in Research
and Inequality, (eds) C. Truman, D. Mertens & B. Humphries, UCL Press, London, pp.67-79.
Gergen, K.J. 1985, Social Psychology and the phoenix of unreality. In S. Koch & D.E. Leary
(Eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 528-557.
Hornsby-Smith, M. 1993, ‘ Gaining access,’ in Researching Social Life, ed. N.
Gilbert, 1993 Sage Publications, London, pp. 52-66.
Long, A. 1996, ‘Health services research: a radical approach to cross the research and
development divide’, in Research and Development for the NHS: Evidence, evaluation and
effectiveness, eds M. Baker & S. Kirk, Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd, New York, pp 51-64.
Damian Aston Page 164/10/202316
Kuzel, A. 1992, ‘Sampling in qualitative inquiry’ in Doing Qualitative Research, eds B.F.
Crabtree, W.L.Miller, Sage Publications Ltd, Uk, pp. 31-44.
Loftland, J. 1971, Analysing Social Settings, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Martin, M. 1966, Issues of power in the participatory research process, in Participatory
Research in Health: Issues and experiences, ZED Books, London, pp 82-86
Mason, J. 1996, ‘Sorting, organising and indexing qualitative data’, in Qualitative
Researching, Sage, London, pp 107-134
Marshal, C. & Rossman, G. 1989, Designing Qualitative Research, London, Sage
Moser 1993
Miles M & Huberman A (1984) Qualitiative Data Analysis: An expanded sourcebook, Sage,
London
Moser, C. A. & Kalton, G. 1988, ‘Question wording’, in Social Research: principles and
procedures, eds J. Bynner and K. M. Stribley, the Open University Press, Longman Group,
England.
Newell, R. 1993, ‘Questionnaires,’ in Researching Social Life, ed. N. Gilbert, Sage
Publications, London, pp. 94 –115.
Oakley, A. 1981, ‘Interviewing women: a contradiction in terms’, in Doing Feminist Research,
H. Roberts, (ed) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Patton, M.Q. 1990, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 2nd edn, Sage
Publications, USA.
Pope C, Zieblan S and Mays N (2000) Analysing Qualitative data BMJ, 320 114-1
Ritchie, J. & Spencer, L. 1994, ‘Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research’, in
Analyzing Qualitative Data, eds A. Bryman & R.G. Burgess, Routledge, London and New
York, pp. 173 – 194.
Senior, B. Organisational Change. Pearson Educational Ltd. 2002
Silverman, D. 2000, ‘What is Qualitative Research?’ In, Doing Qualitative Research: A
Practical Handbook, D. Silverman, Sage, London, pp. 1-13.
Thornhill, A. Lewis, P. Millmore. Saunders, M. Managing Change. Pearson Educational Ltd.
2000.
Damian Aston Page 174/10/202317
Witkin, S.L. 1995, ‘Family Social Work: A critical constructionist perspective, Journal of
Family Social Work’, vol. 1 no. 1, pp 33-45.
Wenger, C. (ed) 1986, the Research Relationship: practice and policy in social policy
research, London: Allen and Unwin.
Wiseman, W. P. 1979, The research web, in Social Research: principles and procedures,
(eds) J. Bynner & K.M. Stribley, Longmon Group, Essex, England richness
Damian Aston Page 184/10/202318