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Distribution and life cycle of the wild gingers

(Asarum, Aristolochiaceae) on Amami-oshima, South Japan

Yoshiyuki Maeda

2013( 25)9

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Aristolochicea Asarum

59 1 24

A. celsum,

A. fudsinoi, A.gusk, A. lutchuense,

A. pellucidum, A. trinacriforme

6

6

40

85%

1.2

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1 1

2 3

2.1. 3

2.2. 15

3 17

3.1. 17

3.2. 17

3.3. 19

3.3.1. 19

3.3.2. 6 22

3.3.3. 30

3.3.4. 30

3.4. 33

4 37

4.1. 37

4.2. 374.2.1. 37

4.2.2. 38

4.2.3. () 38

4.2.4. 44

4.3. 44

4.3.1. 44

4.3.2. 50

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4.3.3. () 55

4.3.4. 67

4.4. 75

4.4.1. 75

4.4.2. 75

4.4.3. 76

4.4.4. 78

5 80

84

85

89

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6/100

1

1

Aristolochiaceae

100

10

Asaroideae Asarum 59 1 24(

2012)()

5(1981, 1982)5

Asarum Geofaerium Asiasarum

Heterotropa Hexastylis (1989a)

3 1 2 4

2 () 6 (2005)

1924 Asarum fudsinoi T.Ito

1941 A. lutchuense(Honda) Koidzumi

1936

1988

(Hatusima

& Yamahata 1988) A. celsumHatusima et Yamahata

A. guskHatusima et Yamahata A. pellucidum

Hatusima et Yamahata A. trinacriformeYamahata 4

(1994)

Asarum leucospalumHatusima ex Yamahata ()

Sugawara(2012) Asarum nazeanumSugawara

Asarum tabataeSugawara() 8( 2013)

2

6

20042013 700(

1)

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2

(1988)Asarum

tamaenseMakino

(1967)

A. takaoiF. Maekawa A. asperumF. Maekawa(1977)

(1978 )(Vogel

1978; Sugawara 1988; 1999)(1937)

Heterotropa oblonga Maekawa ( A. asperumF.

Maekawa)(1975)

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3

2

2.1.

6

1 Sugawara (2006) Hatusima and

Yamahata (1988)

2

(Sugawara 2012)

6 2-9

A. celsumF. Maekawa ex Hatusima 2,3

5-10cm4-6cm

1.2-2.3cm

8.5mm-13mm 6 12 12 2

5Hatusima and Yamahata(1988)

A. fudsinoiT. Ito 4,5

20cm 6-15cm

3

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4

1 6.

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5

2 A. celsum. AB

CDE

FGH

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11/100

6

3 A. celsum. AB

CDEF

GH

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12/100

7

4 A. fudsinoi. A

BCD

EFGH

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8

5 A. fudsinoi. AB

CDE

FGH

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9

8-20cm( 4)

17mm-28mm

3-5cm

8cm 6 12 12

3 6Ito

1926

A. guskYamahata 6

6-9cm 5-6cm

5-8cm

16-25mm

8-16mm

1/3-1/2

6 12 1 2 Hatusima

and Yamahata (1988)

A. lutchuense(Honda) Koidzumi 7

10-20cm

8-15cm

10-20cm 1cm

30mm

12-20mm 6

12 11 12

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10

6 A. gusk. AB

CDE

FGH

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11

7 A. lutchense. AB

CDE

FGH

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12

Honda (1941)(2011 )

A. pellucidum Hatusima et Yamahata 8

4-8cm3-6cm

5cm-7cm

3mm 15mm 10mm

8mm3 6 12

3Hatusima and Yamahata (1988)

A. trinacriforme(F. Maekawa) Yamahata 9

- 5cm-12cm 3.5cm-8cm

-- 5-7cm

15-25mm--

45mm

10-15mm

5-12mm 5-10mm

3

6

Hatusima

and Yamahata (1988)

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13

8 A. pellucidum. AB

CDEF

GH

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14

9 A. trinacriforme. AB

CDE

FGH

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15

2.2.

()()()

3

( 2002)

85%( 694m) 21.6C 2837.7mm (2012)

(1976)( WI Warmth index)180

(712.4km2)

(77.4km2)(13.3km2)(9.6km2)(0.9km2)(0.3km2)

(5.7km2)

2km 10

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16

10 A. fudsinoi 3(PK, PW, PY)

2km.

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17

3

3.1.

Asarum Aristolochiaceae

59 1 24( 2012)

()

(2005)

4

1

(1972)(1986)(2005)(2013)

155

3.2.

2km 295( 10)

155

(1/25000) GPS2km

1

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23/100

18

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19

DPS

Canon EOS 20D, Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-F828, Pentax Optio

W80 (Panasonic HDC-HS9-S) GPS (GARMIN

GPSmap60CSX)(Yokogawa 51001)

3.3.

3.3.1.

50 11 2

(1979)

--

--

--

-

1

(5-15)(60)30

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25/100

20

11 (No.150).

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26/100

21

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22

3.3.2. 6

Asarum celsum 12

23(

455m)

(528m)

( 282m)

(440m)

Asarum fudsinoi 13

(2010)

81(

411m)

()

Asarum gusk 14

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28/100

23

12 A. celsum.

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24

13 A. fudsinoi.

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25

14 A. gusk.

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26

14

300-450m

Asarum lutchuense 15

34

(520m)

(

370m)

Asarum pellucidum 16

2

1979

(Oct. 2012)

10(

231m-410m)( 2km)

Asarum trinacriforme 17

22

( 270m)

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32/100

27

15 A. lutchuense

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28

16 A. pellucidum

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29

17 A. trinacriforme

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30

()

3.3.3.

3 5m

694m

50m 650m

( 467m)

500m

3.3.4.

(2005)

20m 1

2(2005)

( No.181)(No.114)

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31

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32

18 .

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33

(No.185)(No.46)

2 18

3.4.

(

2005)

1970

m

2

3

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34

(2005)

(

2000)

5(2012

100) 10

2km

(

2005)2003

2013 4

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35

(1990e)

2

(1972)

(1978)(A. tamaenseMakino)

(

1979)(1986)

201-300m

300m

(IW 180)

( 1974; 2012)(1972)

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36

5

(2009)

(1979)

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37

4

4.1.

(1937)(1978)(1988)(1999)

(1980)

3( 10)

4.2.

4.2.1.

(PW)(PK)(PY) 12m

x 12m 1m( 10)

(PW) PW-2

PW-1

NK G 3

370m 2(PW-1, PW-2)

400m

650m

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38

3 4-6 7

2008 9 2010 5

9 10

( 19)

122008 12 2009 5

1

4.2.2

2008

6

( 20)

(lenara221.XLS)

4.2.3. ()

70%

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44/100

39

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45/100

40

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46/100

41

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47/100

42

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43

19 .

20 .

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44

4.2.4.

(1974)

(1993)

( 8)

( 2009)

4.3.

4.3.1

21-23

( 9) 1-12

2.63 14.6-1174 cm2 111.7cm2

Willcoxon 243

5cm( 25)

15 9

56mm

1 1( 26)

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50/100

45

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46

21 (PK).

1m x 1m

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47

22 (PW2) .

1m x 1m

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48

23 (PY) .

1m x 1m

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49

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50

4.3.2.

1 2

12

(10 1)

80

PW 18%PK 22%PY 0%( 10)

PK PW

30( 11)

20( 12)( 13)

2009(PK) 1 16(PW) 2

22(PY) 4 13

( 27)

PW 20PK 40

PY 2PW-

-269%PK 71%PY 15% 10 28

() 9 10

PW PK PY

3 3

2( 29)

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56/100

51

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52

27

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53

28 . (A, B, C, D)(E, F, G)

(H)(I)(J)(K)(LM)

(N)(O)(P)(Q)(R)

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54

29 . AB 12

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55

4.3.3 ()

271

19.6% 53 40(

14)

() 9 42

(5 12) 1 3 8 13

( 30)

( 31)

( 32)

( 33)

Staphylinidae Aleocharinae 1

Oxyporinae 1Proteininae

1 Trachyporinae

Tachinus 1Sependophilus 1(

34) 1

Hydrophilidae Catopidae

Ptomaphagus amamianus Psephenidae

Ectopria nobuoi Biphyllidae

Biphyllus sp.( 35)

( 36)

Rondaniella

2012 ( 37)

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61/100

56

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57

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58

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59

30 Rhycobdellida 1(A) Bekkochlamys

perfragilis (B).

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60

31 (Agelenidae) (A)

Leiobunum japonicum (B).

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66/100

61

32 Podocidae 1(A) Acari 2(B, C)

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62

33 Collembora 3A, B, C

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63

34 Staphylinidae 1A

(Bolitobius) B Proteininae 1

(C)

(Atheta)

1(D)

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64

35 Ptomaphagus amamianus(A)

Ectopria nobuoi(B) 1 Cryptophilus sp.(C)

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65

36 Acrolepidae 1(A)

Mycetophilinae 1(B) 1(C).

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66

37 1 Rondaniellasp.(A, B)C, D, E,

F, GH

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67

Nylanderia ryukyuensis(Terayama)

StrumigenyslewisiiCameron 2 1(

38,39)(1999)

( 38A)

300

4.3.4.

(4 5)

( 40)

(1937)

( 41)

Pristomymex punctatus(F.

Smith) Technomyrmex brunneusForcel

Campontus bishamonTerayama3 42,43

2.5mm 2.5mm

( 44)

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68

38 Nylanderia ryukyuensisA

B

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69

39 Strumigenys lewisii

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75/100

70

40

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76/100

71

41

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72

42 Technomymex brunneus

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73

43 Pristomyrmex punctatum

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74

44

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75

4.4.

4.4.1.

1

4.4.2.

3

15km 363m 396m

670m 300m

100

5

19.45%(1978) 76%(1999)33%

2009

3 6

(1989)

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81/100

76

2.5/m2(2009)

0.55/m2

( 2012)

4.4.3.

(1988)

(1999)

(

1988)

( 14)

Vogel(1978)

(2004)

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82/100

77

(Kato 1995)

5-8mm

(1967)(

1999) 2

Mycetophilidae

Sciaridae(1988,1989d)

Sciaroidea

(1989d)

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83/100

78

Calliphoridae

(1989d)

2012

1

2012

4.4.4.

(1953)

1 1km

(1937)

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84/100

79

(1974)

(1978)

50cm

(1978)

(1993)

( 6) 3

(1993)

(1953)(1978)

1.7-8.5km/1(1966)

(11.5mm ) 35cm

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85/100

80

4(

)

3(

) (2012)

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86/100

81

12

20

(1978)

(1974)

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87/100

82

45

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83

1953

1954

1955

19871958

80 85%

1.2% 1985 2

(1988)

2( 25 14.5-26cm)

( 45)

2

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84

()(

)()(

)(

)

()

20 PRO NATURA FUND

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85

(2012) . 414 pp.

(2009)

. Nature Study, 55(12): 161-163.

(1986) 290 pp.

(1990) . 1002 pp. .

Hatusima, S. and Yamahata, E. (1988) Illegitimately published taxa of Asarum

from Japan. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy, 36: 1-8.

Hatushima, S. and Yamahata, E. (1989) Illegitimately published taxa of Asarumfrom Japan. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy, 37: 71-73.

(1937) . ,13(9): 699-700.

(1989) .(

), 18(4): 7-19.

(1978) . 230 pp. .

(1974) . 414 pp.

(2013) 279 pp.

(2005) .

. 26 pp.

.

Huang, S., Kelly, L.M. and Golbert, M.G. (2003) Aristolochiaceae. Flora of China,

5: 246-269.

2004.

, P3-039.

(2011) , 86: 242-244.

(2000) 966pp.; . 944 pp. .

(2000) (1).

, 9: 121-145.

Kato, M. (1995) The aspidistra and the amphipod. Nature, 377: 293.

(1959) 835pp.

(2001) Pp. 19-51.

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86

.

(1976) (). 166 pp.

(2012) 392 pp.

(1972) Heterotoropa

(1). ,6(6): 13-17.

(1986) Heterotropa 2

, (14): 1-7.

(1985) ()500 pp.

(2001) . Pp. 85-102..

(1972) (1). , 6(4): 7-12.

(1980) . , 1 (5): 78-88.

(1998) . 238 pp. .

(1979) , 31(1):

33-41.

(2012) 936pp.

(1994) . 256 pp.

(2005) 336 pp..

(1977) . Nature Study, 23:

137-139.

(1996)

. , 37: 115-129.

(1988) , 24: 31-56.

Sugawara, T. 1988. Floral biology of Hetelotropa tamaensis (Aristolochiaceae)

in Japan. Plant Species Biology, 3: 7-12.

(1989a) . , 3(8):

38-43.

(1989b) . , 3(9):

38-43.

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(1989c) .

, 3(10): 38-43.

(1989d) .

, 3(11): 38-43.

(1989e) .

, 3(12): 38-43.

(1990)

., 3(12): 38-43.

(1999)

.. . Pp. 57-73.

Sugawara, T. 2006. 2. AsarumL. In: Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. and Ohba,

H.(eds.) Flora of Japan Vol. IIa. Angiospermae. Dicotyledonae.

Archichlamydeae(a). Kodansha, Tokyo. Pp. 371-386.

Sugawara, T. 2012. A taxonomic study of Asarum celsum and its allies

(Aristorochiaceae) on Amami-oshima, Southern Kyushu, Japan.

Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica,62(2/3): 61-68.

(1999) ()

. , 3: 195-208.

(1985) ()

2, pp. 273-281

(1987)

, B-20: 69-74.

(1979) ,

5(1): 87-160. (1985) 223 pp.

(1985) ()514pp.

(2009)

, (107): 9-15.

(2007) , pp.

327-8.

(2010) xii+831

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88

pp., 24 pls.

(2012) 379 pp.

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89

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90

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Diss_前田_芳之_RKK386_2013