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8/14/2019 Distribution, Abundance and Succession
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DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE
AND SUCCESSION
K. GOPI
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NICHE
Defines how organism feeds, where it lives
and how it behaves in relation to other
organisms in its habitat
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COMPETITION
Barnacle distribution Marine algae distribution
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BARNACLE DISTRIBUTION
Involves: Chthamalus &Semibalanus
Fertilisation occurs in seawater
Free living larvae emerge Feed and grow before
attach to submergedsurfaces (rocks)
Chthamalus able to
withstand prolongedexposure during low tide
Slows the growth or killsSemibalanus(desiccation)
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BARNACLE DISTRIBUTION
LargerSemibalanus is thedominant species in acompetition ;produces asignificantly restricted
realized niche for thesmallerChthamalus Semibalanus cannot
survive the desiccation inthe uppermost life zone.But the smallerChthamalus can survivethere.
And without competitionthe Chthamalus spreadsinto all three zones, its
fundamental niche.
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FUNDAMENTAL NICHE
Based on the biologicalcharacteristics of aspecies.
For the dominantspecies, fundamentalniche may be the sameas its realized niche
For the dominated
species it will usually bemuch smaller as thecompetition forces thespecies into a smallcomponent of its
fundamental niche.
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REALISED NICHE
Results fromcompetition
For the dominant
species this niche maybe the same as thefundamental niche.
For the dominatedspecies it will usually
be much smaller thanits fundamental niche.
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MARINE ALGAE DISTRIBUTION
All seaweeds have mucilage covering over theirthallus (water reservoir)
Algae on the upper shore able to withstanddesiccation-contain more water when hydrated andloose the water more slowly when exposed
Spiral wrack-high tide mark, and may go for severaldays without seawater. The channel in its front facesdownwards, keeping the moisture
Knotted wrack, followed by bladder wrack, andnearer the low tide mark grows serrated wrack, with asaw-like edge to its front
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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Sequence ofinvasion and colonisation of new land by organisms
Seral stages- stages of colonisation when the abiotic factors
changed (sere)
Lead to climax community Divided into :
primary & secondary succession
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PRIMARY SUCCESSION
Succession on entire new land without soil
ex: river deltas, cooled volcanic lava
Also develop in aquatic habitats
Formation of soil- parent rock by erosion
Mineral skeleton may vary due blown or washed away
Humus wrapped around mineral skeleton
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HUMUS
Substance derived from dead plant and animalremains, together with animal faeces that aredecomposed by microorganisms
Contributes mineral nutrients Helps to hold water Helps to retain heat Pockets of air
Added by pioneer plants Xerosere-starts from xerophytes-plant that
survives with little amount of water (hyrosere??)
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PRIMARY SUCCESSION
As the water retention and the minerals
increase due to addition of humus, different
plants grow Herbaceous weeds,followed by shrubs and
small trees leading a climax community
Abiotic factors being replaced by bioticfactors that affects the survival
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GLOBAL WARMING
K. GOPI
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CARBON DIOXIDE GAS
0.038% by volume and0.057% by mass
Respiration
Combustion Decay of organic material
Removed byphotosyntesis- carboncycle
To maintain favourabletemperature on earth(green house effect)
CO2, temperature
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CARBON CYCLE
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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Energy from the Sun : visible light (short wave) andinfra-red radiation (longer wave)
IR radiates back to the space
The heat is not completely escape from the Earth Some reflected by clouds and some absorbed by
atmospheric gases Greenhouse effect-atmospheric glass that makes sure
temperature is not too cold for living organisms
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GREEN HOUSE GASES
Greenhouse gas-any gasthat absorbs the IRradiation
ex: CO2, H20 vapourand CH
4,atmospheric
pollutants-oxides of
nitrogen (NO2) and CFC
NO2-combustion of oiland coal & exhaustfumes
CFC- propellant inaerosols and coolant in
refrigerators
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EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING
Polar ice melt
Glacier retreats
Rising sea levels
Changing weather and ocean current
patterns
Coral bleaching
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CHANGING WEATHER AND
CURRENT PATTERNS
Salinity decreases
Slows ocean currents (warmer to colder
region through convection) Alteration of heat and rainfall distribution
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CORAL BLEACHING
Microscopic algaelive symbioticallyin the cells ofcorals to give thedistinctivecolouration
Under high watertemperature, algae
expelled and theloss of colourhappens
Coral starts to die
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THANK YOU