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-The Wolof were targeted by name; 1522they revolted on a planation in Hispaniola,

generally known to be disobedient.

-Senegalese committed first slave revolt byAfricans in America

- Beginning 1503from Governor ofHispaniola, Nicholas de Ovando, issued

warnings to not bring slaves from Africa.

-Spanish had 5 Cedulas (royal decrees/pieces of legislation) directed towards

stopping the importation of AfricanMuslims (first one 1526)

-Unknown if any maroon communities were purely Muslim but major

communities had Muslim leaders.-Macandal(a marabout warrior with charisma) one of the main influence

of the revolution (1540)

-He was educated (reading, writing, organization skills).-Some believed he was a prophet or may have been a sharif.

-Had revelations and planned for the island to be controlled by blacks andviewed the maroons as the catalyst for this change.

-Boukman from Haiti came to Jamaica, he climbed the ranks of slavery.

-He denounced the God of the whites.-Had many followers.

-There were 17+ revolts between 1816-1830 in areas surrounding Bahia; a

had Muslim leadership and participation.-In 1830there was the first actual revolt in Bahia.

-In 1835came the largest rebellion in Bahia

-Slaves wore all white and turbans.-It was a Muslim plot but and Africanuprising.

-12,000 Africans both enslaved and free were involved.-Planned to assault places of power (i.e. national guard, police, et

-It failed and the punishments to Africans were malicious

-Job Ben Solomon returned to Africa.-Henry Clayof the AmericanColonization Society (est. 1816) said that

free Blacks were useless in America and

better off in Africa.-Basically did not want free Blacks in

America because they had nowhere to fitin and simply their presence challenged

society.

-Many Africans sent back forphilanthropic policy reasons like

civilizing or in other words

Christianizing Africa.

-Bad ratio between men and women brought from

Africa.-Hard to have families with few numbers of

Women.

-Cultural barriers between Africans from differentregions.

-Dismantling of families through sale or death.-Hard for Muslims to find each other and make a

family or pass down tradition of Islam.

-What were the Spanish so afraid of? The spread of Islam, revolts of

Muslim slaves and maroons, African Muslims allying with Indians, thewide variety of skills the Muslims possessed (i.e. being literate, skilled with

horses, etc.)

Ex: Wolof Maroon created own cavalry, which gave them an advantage.-Why were Muslims more successful in uprisings than other groups? Thin

education, skills, devotion to Islam.-Why were so many slave leaders Muslim? Hint: Pg. 161

-Why would Muslim slaves (like Tamerlan) be the first to announce theywould like to return to Africa? Why did some want to remain in theAmericas? Some wanted to return to Africa so they could practice their

religion and be in their homeland. Others didnt want to separatethemselves from those who remained enslaved, feared that their leaving

would strengthen the institution of slavery, or felt alienated from Africa (i

born in the Americas).

Marabout: One who dedicated themselves to the study of Islam.

Sharif: Descendent of The Prophet.Maroon: Fugitive African slaves.

-Music is vital part of Sufi life that brings

one closer to God; traces of this can beseen in folk/slave songs throughout the

Americas.

-Enslaved Muslims not discussed inAmerican history for many reasons,

namely the fact that the population ofAfrican Muslims died out and

contemporary issues makes it a

controversial topic.

-Spreading Islam was nearly impossible.

-Conversion was difficult because of the varyingcultural, linguistic, and educational background

the slaves came from.

-Slave may not have been open to conversionbecause of previous experiences with Muslims i

their homeland.-Muslim slaves did not often share their religion

with others in the New World; they were likely

more focused on preserving their personal faith.