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British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
62 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
DIURNAL AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF PM10 WITH SURFACE OZONE
CONCENTRATION AT JABALPUR
KALPANA SAGAR, R.K. SRIVASTAVA & SHAMPA SARKAR
Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. Department of Environmental Science, Govt.
Model Science College (Autonomous), NAAC RE-Accredited – ‘A’ Grade, College with
Potential for Excellence, UGC, Jabalpur 482001(M.P.) India
ABSTRACT: This paper presents measurements of daily monthly and yearly sampling offing
particulate matter (PM10) and ozone (O3) at the urban locations in Jabalpur. This study
evaluates the effects of particulate air pollution (PM10) associated with ozone concentration
long-term exposure. The correlation value of PM10 and O3 is r = 0.2852, r2 = 0.0813 it showing
positive correlation.
KEYWORD: Particulate Matter (PM10), Ozone (O3), Diurnal average, seasonal average,
positive correlation
IMPLICATIONS
Our study of course particulate matter and ozone (O3) its chemical composition in Jabalpur
provides crucial information that may be used to determine the efficacy of the new NAAQS
for PM course particulate matter. Moreover, the gas-to-particle conversion processes provide
improved prediction of long-range transport of pollutants and air quality and as well as impact
on environment and human health.
INTRODUCTION
Particulate matter (PM) refers to the mixture of solid and liquid particles in air. In a broader
sense the term applies to matter in the atmosphere classed into particles having a lower size
limit of the order of 10-3m and an upper limit of 100m. SPM, a complex mixture of organic
and inorganic substances, is a ubiquitous air pollutant, arising from both natural and
anthropogenic sources. Ever since the advent of the industrial era, anthropogenic sources of
PM have been increasing rapidly. PM that is 10m or less in diameter is called as respirable
suspended particulate matter (RSPM) or PM10, since it penetrates the respiratory system.
Airborne PM is reportedly known to cause wide-ranging health effects.
Our atmosphere is made up of many components; which are chemical, physical, gaseous as
well as biological. All the components are inter-dependent. As such, the particulate pollutant
(PM10) is a major constituent which act as a primary pollutant in the lower atmosphere.
Chemically, when primary pollutants NOX and VOCs chemically react with the external
substance like dust, smog, smoke and suspended particulate matters of nature in the presence
of sunlight the resultant is O3.
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
63 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
Scientifically, O3 shows tremendous fluctuation with other pollutants of ground level. The
concentration of O3, PM2.5 and PM10 were fluctuated during all the seasons because their
concentration depends on the regional topography and climatic behavior. According to IMD
(Indian Meteorological Department); India has designated into four seasons: winter, summer
and monsoon. Winter occurred from November to February. Summer from March to June,
May is the hottest month of the year. Monsoon or rainy season enduring from July to October
and contains lots of humidity. During the study at Jabalpur, various gaseous pollutants (O3,
CO, CH4, NO2, PM10) are come forward which has shown fluctuation throughout the years.
On outdoor/indoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment by using
biomass fuel in which 94% is rural area and 58% urban area studied by (Colbeck, 2010).
Critical reviewed of how particulate matter in the atmosphere affects visual air quality, human
health, soiling and damage to materials, vegetation/animals, soil/water bodies and
direct/indirect radioactive forcing. (Jimoda, 2012)
Result found that, when O3 concentration was higher (in the studied year) concentration of CO
and CH4 was gradually an increases whereas NO2 decline its concentration (Sarkar, S., 2015).
In winter season, the ozone concentration is higher (David L.M., 2011) due to elevated amount
of precursor gases and low solar radiation. Thus, O3 concentration has shown inverse
correlation with its precursor gases while whole diurnal interval.
At the city Kannur, surface ozone has continuously monitored throughout the study which
shown its diurnal variation and correlation with various meteorological parameters (Nishanth,
T. and Satheesh Kumar, M.K., 2011). During winter season, mixing ratios of surface ozone has
maximum at the rural areas (44.01±3.1ppbv) and urban areas (36.3±5.4ppbv). It has also
noticed that during winter, production of ozone was much higher in the afternoon (Selvaraj
et.al., 2013).
At Bhubaneswar the study of surface ozone variation and its correlation with various
parameters has performed. It found that, seasonal variation of O3 concentration was maximum
in January (~85ppbv), gradually it has increases in the month of June (∼38 ppbv) and minimum
in August (∼20ppbv). Affected by topography and climatic conditions in contrary, ozone raised
during pre-monsoon and monsoon. (Mahapatra et.al., 2012)
Assessment of occupational and ambient air quality of traffic police personnel of the
Kathmandu valley, Nepal; in view of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations (PM10) by
Majumder et al. (2012)
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The Study Area
Madhya Pradesh is generally known as the heart of India. The site Jabalpur is one of the major
centers of Madhya Pradesh in India and is famous for its green belt. Geographically, it is located
at “23.17°N 79.95°E”. It has an average elevation of 411 meters (1348 ft). Topographically
Jabalpur is rich with forests, hills and mountains which contain lots of minerals in it. On the
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
64 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
other hand, quality of air is getting deteriorated slowly by increasing industrialization and due
to tremendous increase in number of vehicles plying on the roads.
Fig. 1: Location of Jabalpur
Sampling and Investigative method
The instrument Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (AAQMS) was manufactured by
Ecotech Australia. It is systematic, assessment of long term pollutants in the surroundings.
Ecotech established the instrument for environmental monitoring that is WinAQMS (Air
Quality Monitoring Station). This WinAQMS has two parts: the client as client and the server.
The monitoring system consists of the assembly of many transducers and analyzers employing
various instrumentation techniques. The instrument has provided all the yearly observation of
the O3 concentration by EC9810 Ozone Analyzer (O3). In addition to this, BAM1020 provides
all the observation of PM10.
Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM): The Met One instruments model BAM-1020 automatically
measures and records particulate concentration levels using the principal of beta ray
attenuation. This method provides a simple determination of concentration in units of
Jabalpur
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
65 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
milligrams or micrograms of particulate per cubic meter of air. A small 14C (carbon 14) element
emits a constant source of high-energy electrons known as beta particles. These beta particles
are detected and counted by a sensitive scintillation detector. An external pump pulls a
measured amount of dust-laden air through a filter tape. After the filter tape is loaded with
ambient dust, it is automatically placed between the source and the detector thereby causing an
attenuation of the beta particle signal. The degree of attenuation of the beta particle signal is
used to determine the mass concentration of particulate matter on the filter tape, and hence the
volumetric concentration of particulate matter in ambient air.
A statistical analysis Pearson correlation coefficient has done to estimate the correlation of O3
concentration with PM10.
Observation Table
The site for the study is quite dense related to residential area but the place of Jabalpur is also
very near to green belt. While on monitoring the ambient air by AAQMS (Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring System) of the city, some gaseous pollutants are like ozone O3 and PM10. The
observation of gaseous pollutants and SPM has been taken from the two years 2013 and 2014.
Here, the graphical representation showing the annual average of O3 and PM10 with their
diurnal average value:
Fig. 2: Monthly average of O3 and PM10 concentration in 2014
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
66 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
Table 1: Seasonal observation of Ozone (O3) and PM10 2014
YEAR 2014
SEASON
Winter
Summer
Rainy
O3
(ppb) 35 51 16
PM10
(µg/m3) 102 91 56
Fig. 3: Seasonal Average of O3 and PM10 concentration of 2014
35
51
16
Concentration in ppb
Seasonal Average of O3
2014
102
91
56
Concentration in ppb
Seasonal Average of PM10
2014
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
67 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
Fig. 4 Diurnal variation of PM10 and O3 in 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
January
PM10 O3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0102030405060708090
100
Febuary
PM10 O3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0102030405060708090
100
March
PM10 O3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
April
PM10 O3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
May
PM10 O3
05101520253035404550
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
June
PM10 O3
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
68 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
July
PM10 O3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
September
PM10 O3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
October
PM10 O3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
August
PM10 O3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
November
PM10 O3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
December
PM10 O3
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
69 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
RESULT AND DISSCUSSION
The seasonal and diurnal concentration of particulate pollutant (PM10) compared with ground
level Ozone (O3) was studied in 2014 at Jabalpur city. The yearly average shown that, when
PM10 was higher than O3 level was slightly decreased (fig.2), due to the effect of meteorological
condition. In table (1), it can be observed that seasonal variation of ozone level was higher in
summer (51ppb), moderate in winter (35ppb) and less in rainy (16ppb). PM10 was higher in
winter (102g/m3) moderate in summer (91g/m3) and lower in rainy (56g/m3) season. The
result was showing that the value of PM10 and O3 concentration was specifically low in rainy
season. From fig. 4, fluctuation in PM10 and O3 can be observed clearly.
Correlation Study: - This table presented r-value of correlation between particulate matters
(PM10) & Ozone (O3) in 2014.
Annual correlation value of O3 and PM10
r = 0.2852 r2 = 0.0813 Positive Correlation
Seasonal correlation value of O3 and PM10
Season r value r2 value Correlation
Winter 0.4151 0.1723 Positive Correlation
Summer 0.2811 0.079 Positive Correlation
Rainy 0.068 0.0046 Positive Correlation
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Majumder, A.K., Nazmul Islam, K.M., Roshan Man Bajracharya and William S.Carter (2012).
Assessment of occupational and ambient air quality of traffic police personnel of the
British Journal of Environmental Sciences
Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
70 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)
Kathmandu valley, Nepal; in view of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations
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