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DIVINATIONDIVINATION
General info…General info…Divine communicate directly with human Divine communicate directly with human
beingsbeingsDirect visit – appear in personDirect visit – appear in personGods or Fates sent signsGods or Fates sent signsArt of interrupting divine will – called divinationArt of interrupting divine will – called divination
Question:Question: How do we divine the future How do we divine the future
in the modern world?in the modern world?
21 March - 20 AprilAries
24 July – 23 AugustLeo
23 November – 21 DecemberSagittarius
21 April - 21 MayTaurus
24 August - 23 SeptemberVirgo
22 December – 20 JanuaryCapricorn
22 May - 22 JuneGemini
24 September - 23 OctoberLibra
21 January - 19 FebruaryAquarius
23 June - 23 JulyCancer
24 October – 22 NovemberScorpio
20 February - 20 MarchPisces
AuguryAuguryFlight and song of birdsFlight and song of birdsFounding of Rome herselfFounding of Rome herself
Romulus (12 vultures) and Remus Romulus (12 vultures) and Remus (6 vultures)(6 vultures)
Yes or noYes or no It could not fill in the detailsIt could not fill in the detailsMagistratesMagistrates Establish divine approval or Establish divine approval or
disapprovaldisapproval
Augury – The ‘How to…’Augury – The ‘How to…’
Magistrates sit in open to “take the Magistrates sit in open to “take the auspice”auspice”
Accompanied by augur Accompanied by augur Songs, flight patterns, appearanceSongs, flight patterns, appearanceQuarter of sky Quarter of sky Augur was blindfolded Augur was blindfolded In 99 BC –In 99 BC –auguraculumauguraculum
Sacred FowlsSacred Fowls
Watching eating habitsWatching eating habitsKept in cages Kept in cages
– instant answers– instant answersCakeCakeGreedy = good signGreedy = good signNo interest or refused to leave or tried No interest or refused to leave or tried
to fly away = bad signto fly away = bad signRoman General - Claudius PulcherRoman General - Claudius Pulcher
‘‘Let them drink instead!’Let them drink instead!’
LightningLightning
Will of gods – flashes of lightningWill of gods – flashes of lightningSent by JupiterSent by JupiterSacred spacesSacred spacesPostpone businessPostpone businessPolitical factionsPolitical factionsThunder – omenThunder – omen
December 3 – shortage of fish!December 3 – shortage of fish!Omina impetrativaOmina impetrativa
Unsought OmensUnsought OmensOmina oblativaOmina oblativaAppear to anyone/any formAppear to anyone/any formHistorian Livy mentions omens: Historian Livy mentions omens:
Observed during early years of war Observed during early years of war against Hannibalagainst Hannibal
Conclusive evidence that the aliens Conclusive evidence that the aliens are coming…are coming…
Unsought OmensUnsought Omens
Presented problems…Presented problems…Which divine being?Which divine being?What did it refer to?What did it refer to?Who was it meant for?Who was it meant for?What did it refer to?What did it refer to?What did it mean?What did it mean?
Private citizensPrivate citizens
Nemo is OMEN Nemo is OMEN spelt backwards… spelt backwards…
a sign maybe?a sign maybe?
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READ: # 13 – OmensREAD: # 13 – Omens
Author:Author:Summarise:Summarise:
QUESTION:QUESTION:
What omens are seen?What omens are seen?
The Sibylline booksThe Sibylline booksOmina oblativaOmina oblativa
Advise the senate – Advise the senate – consult booksconsult books
Collection of oraclesCollection of oraclesBought by Tarquin the ProudBought by Tarquin the ProudFrom Sibyl of Cumae From Sibyl of Cumae
66thth Century BC Century BCSibylSibyl
Priestess of ApolloPriestess of ApolloFutureFutureAeneasAeneas
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READ: #14 – The Sibylline BooksREAD: #14 – The Sibylline Books
Author:Author:
Summarise:Summarise:
QUESTION:QUESTION:
Why do slaves get assigned to the Why do slaves get assigned to the men?men?
HaruspicyHaruspicyExamine internal Examine internal
organsorgans Imperfections – displeasedImperfections – displeasedBronze model – liver Bronze model – liver
(16 regions)(16 regions)EtruscansEtruscansHaruspices (pl.) Haruspices (pl.)
Haruspex (sing.)Haruspex (sing.)Priests from EtruriaPriests from Etruria
Unsought omens if no augurUnsought omens if no augurProfessionals (not elected)Professionals (not elected)
HaruspicyHaruspicy60 in reign of Augustus60 in reign of AugustusNever an official priesthoodNever an official priesthood
No prestige and authorityNo prestige and authority
DreamsDreamsBased on old beliefs – sent by Based on old beliefs – sent by
godsgods Individuals – not state religionIndividuals – not state religionLucretius – follower of Lucretius – follower of
Epicurean philosophyEpicurean philosophyDreams meaninglessDreams meaninglessPeople believedPeople believed
Suetonius – historianSuetonius – historianAugustus’ life saved by Augustus’ life saved by
friend – don’t stay in tentfriend – don’t stay in tentJulius Caesar – raped motherJulius Caesar – raped mother
DreamsDreamsLivy – about HannibalLivy – about Hannibal
218 BC Hannibal waiting to 218 BC Hannibal waiting to invadeinvade
Young man – a god – guide Young man – a god – guide him to Italyhim to Italy
Told not to look backTold not to look backCurious – he lookedCurious – he lookedSnakeSnakeStorm cloud – lightning and Storm cloud – lightning and
thunderthunderDevastate Italy – took next 15 Devastate Italy – took next 15
yearsyears
AstrologyAstrologyConsult the starsConsult the starsFrom the East – 2From the East – 2ndnd Century BC Century BCEarth – centre of universeEarth – centre of universe
Seven bodies: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Seven bodies: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, the MoonSun, Venus, Mercury, the Moon
Influence whatever they shone uponInfluence whatever they shone uponPredetermined futurePredetermined futureLoopholesLoopholes
AstrologyAstrologyNot universally popularNot universally popularMeaningless to worship gods?Meaningless to worship gods?Try to fulfil destinyTry to fulfil destinySenate banned astrologers every Senate banned astrologers every
now and thennow and then Increasingly influentialIncreasingly influentialAugustus – told he would be kingAugustus – told he would be king
AstrologyAstrologySuetoniusSuetonius says that says that TiberiusTiberius was… was…
““careless about the gods and religion careless about the gods and religion because he was addicted to astrology because he was addicted to astrology and believed everything was ruled by and believed everything was ruled by fate.”fate.”
Vettius ValensVettius Valens says… says…““It is impossible for any man by prayers It is impossible for any man by prayers
and sacrifice to overcome what is fixed and sacrifice to overcome what is fixed from the beginning.”from the beginning.”
AstrologyAstrologyTacitusTacitus says that astrologers are… says that astrologers are…
““a breed of men who betray the a breed of men who betray the powerful and deceive the hopeful” powerful and deceive the hopeful” and “were constantly being banned and “were constantly being banned from Rome and were constantly from Rome and were constantly being found there.”being found there.”
Astrology…Astrology…Not all believed BUT majority practiced in Not all believed BUT majority practiced in
some form or anothersome form or anotherForbidden in 4Forbidden in 4thth Century AD by Christian Century AD by Christian
EmperorsEmperors
HOWEVER – despite this…HOWEVER – despite this…
What types of Divination do we still What types of Divination do we still use? Why do we use them? What use? Why do we use them? What is the significance? What does is the significance? What does seeking to know the future tell us seeking to know the future tell us about ourselves (humans)?about ourselves (humans)?
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READ: # 15 – AstrologyREAD: # 15 – Astrology
Author:Author:
Summarise:Summarise:
QUESTION:QUESTION:
What are the dangers of What are the dangers of astrology?astrology?
What impact did the introduction of What impact did the introduction of astrology have on the traditional astrology have on the traditional
methods of divination?methods of divination?
What explanations might be given for What explanations might be given for the importance Romans attached to the importance Romans attached to
omens and the practice of divination?omens and the practice of divination?
DiscussDiscuss