i

ii

iii

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/z ug]{ tyf ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] lnlvt

k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|fKt nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]

:jtGq, lgikIf / t6:y ?kdf cfk\mgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf]

5 . cfof]u :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx?sf] cfzf

/ e/f];fsf] ?kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . oxL ljZjf; ;d]tsf] cfwf/df

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L yk u/]sf]

5 .

d'n's ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df

;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf]

cfzf / e/f];fsf] s]Gb|laGb'df /xL cfkm\gf] cleefjsTj lgjf{x ug{

Pjd\ :yfkgfsfn b]lvsf] ljZjf; ;d]tnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg cfof]u ;fd'

r'gf}tL ljwdfg /x]sf] 5 .

k|:t't c+sdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, lghfdtL k|zf;g tyf ljsf;

k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]vx? /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 cg';Gwfgstf{,

cWo]tf tyf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a}

kIfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; klqsfsf] ;DaGwdf

kf7sju{af6 ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] ck]Iff ub{5f}+ . klqsfsf] nflu

n]v /rgf pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] n]vsx?k|lt s[t1tf k|s6 ub}{ cfufdL lbgx?df ;d]t o:t} ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]df ljZj:t 5f}+ .

– ;Dkfbs d08n

;DkfbsLo

iv

v

ljifo ;"rL

qm=;+= n]vsf] zLif{s n]vs k]h g+=

1 lghfdtL ;]jf / sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] r'/f] nIdL ljnf; sf]O/fnf 1

2 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cltt, jt{dfg / cfufdL af6f emSsk|;fb cfrfo{ 10

3 g]kfndf blnt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / s]xL ;jfnx? Zofdk|;fb e08f/L 18

4 ljsf;sf] gof“ cfofdsf ?kdf zx/L ljsf;sf ljljw kIfx? g]q ;'j]bL æk|of;Æ 32

5 g]kfNfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/x¿ b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL 42

6 :yfgLo txsf] ljljw kIfx? e"k]Gb| kf08]o 53

7 g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0f k|of; / k|fjwfg ledfh'{g 1jfnL 60

8 :yfgLo txdf hg;xeflutf lbg]z nD;fn 76

9 ;"rgfsf] xssf] kl/ro / g]kfnL ;Gbe{ x]d/fh tfdfª 83

10 ljsf;, l;4fGt / ljsf; k|zf;g b]jL/fd cfrfo{ 91

11 g]kfndf n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] cj:yf ljdnf sfk\mn] jfUn] 95

12 lbuf] ljsf; nIox? / g]kfnsf] cj:yf ?kgf/fo0f vltj8f 101

13 k'glg{df{0fdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf k|sfz b]jsf]6f 109

14 g]kfndf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] cfjZostf uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f* 116

15 jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] b'ikl/0ffd M hnjfo' kl/jt{g / /f]syfddf ljZj ;d'bfo k|]daxfb'/ yfkf 130

16 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg / r'gf}tL /fhg e§/fO{ 137

17 ;+3Lotf ;kmntfsf] clgjfo{ ;t{ M ;bfrfl/tf ;fu/ kl08t 159

18 Public Service Commission: A Principle Based Organization Kiran Raj Sharma 164

19 Nepal's LDC Graduation Target and It's Challenges Tirtha Raj Rai 167

20 Approaches to the Study of Public Administration: A new Orientation Hari Prasad Adhikari 176

21 Recruitment System in the UK's Civil Service 183

vi

1

lghfdtL ;]jf / sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] r'/f]

— nIdL ljnf; sf]O/fnf*

;f/f+z

g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf / o;sf] sf{ok4ltsf ;DaGwdf a]nfavt ljleGg ;jfnx? p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;;DaGwdf ax; ubf{ g]kfnsf] nfdf] /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / åGåsf] jfjh'b ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] u/]sf] lg/Gt/ ;Tk|oTgsf] ;d]t d"Nof°g x'g' o'lQm;+ut x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / Jojxf/nfO{ Ifdtf, pTk|]/0ff clg sfo{jftfj/0f oL tLgj6f kIfx?sf] s;Ldf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f dfq ;Gt'lnt x'g;Sb5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] glthfnfO{ d"Nof°g ubf{ pQm glthfdf o;sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs sfo{jftfj/0fsf] of]ubfgnfO{ klg x] g'{ h?/L 5 . b]zdf :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cg'?k ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k'g;{+/rgf;Fu} /fHosf tLgj6} txdf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] sfo{ jftfj/0f ;'zf;gd}qL agfpg' kb{5 eg] sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t agfO{ :jLs[t Political Policy Frame leq :jtGq?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ lbg'kb{5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/sf] dfu{ k|z:t ub{5 .

*;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

ljifo k|j]z

lghfdtL ;]jf /fhgLlts txaf6 k|:t't u/]sf ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f / k|lta4tfnfO{ sfo{qmddf ?kfGt/0f u/L sfo{Gjog ug]{ Ps ;+oGq xf] . h;n] ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf gLlt sfof{Gjog / ;]jfk|jfx t6:y?kdf k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ ;DkGg ub{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z k|fKt ug{ of]Uotf k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/sn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnO{g] k/LIffx? kf/ ug'{kb{5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t eO{ k|lt:kwL{ pDd]bjf/x?sf] aLraf6 cfof]un] of]Uotd JolQm 5gf}6 u/L ;/sf/nfO{ lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ ePsfn] of]Uo, pQd / ;Ifd JolQmx?af6 lghfdtL ;]jf jf g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGq lgdf{0f x'G5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;xh tyf ljifd kl/l:yltdf b'u{d / ;'uddf /xL hgtfnfO{ hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf cfjZos ;]jfx? lbO{/x]sf 5g\, lbO{/xg]5g\ . oBlk, hgtfn] ck]Iff u/] cg'?k ;fj{hlgs ;]jf kfO{/x]sf

2

5}gg\ . k"FhLut vr{ ljlgof]hg u/] cg'?k vr{ ePsf] 5}g . ljsf;sf sfo{x? cw'/f / cGof}ndf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] c;Ifd, cg'Q/bfoL, cg'bf/, c;xof]uL / cg}ltssf] cf/f]k / snÍ af]Sb} / v]Kb} cfPsf]5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ e|i6, sfof{nodf ga:g], ;]jfljd'v, lg/Í'z / sfo{;Dkfbg Go"g ePsf] hdft h:tf 6\ofu klg ha/h:t e'm08\ofO{Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf / sd{rf/Lx?df sfd ug{ g;Sg] nIf0fx? / sdhf]/Lx? klg xf]nfg\ . t/, åGåsfndf åGåe"dLdf g} a;]/ hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg] lghfdtL sd{rf/L g} lyP . e"sDk, af9L, klx/f] hfFbf cu|efudf a;]/ ;]jf lbg] klg sd{rf/L g} lyP . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfd ug]{, hgtfnfO{ cTofjZos ;]jfk|jfx lg/Gt/ ul//xg] klg lghfdtL sd{rf/L g} x'g\ . dlxgf}+ dlxgf ;+;baf6 ah]6 kfl/t gx'Fbf klg cfkmgf] lhDd]jf/L lgefpg] / hg;]jfdf h'6\g] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] u'0f / of]ubfg lj;{g' cGofo x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df o; cfn]vdf lghfdtL ;]jf / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ nufOPsf / af]sfO{Psf s;'/ cf/f]kx? n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg lqmofsf] ;}4flGts kIfM

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg vf;u/L sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf, pTk|]/0ff / sfo{ jftfj/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 . klxnf], lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfsf] ljifodf rrf{ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffx? pQL0f{ u/L ;]jf k|j]z ug{] ePsfn] pgLx?sf] Ifdtfdf k|Zg ug]{ 7fpF g} x'Fb}g . s]jn sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0fsf sf/0fn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ;d;fdlos agfpg eg] cfjZos e} /xG5 . Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu tflnd lbg] ul/Psf] klg x'G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s'g} sl7gfO{ x'Fb}g . ;fy}, lghfdtL sd{rf/L j[lt ljsf; (Career Devlopment) sf nflu cfkm} lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ cu|;/ x'g] sf/0f klg sfo{Ifdtf kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ slxNo} ;d:of aGg] ub}{g .

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg lqmofnfO{ pTk|]/0ffn] ;f]emf] k|efj kfb{5 . pTk|]/0ff Ps dgf]j}1flgs tTj / a'emfO{ xf] . JolQmnfO{ cfjZostf k'/f ug{ cu|;/ (Drive) agfpg] hfu/ / pT;fx dgleqaf6 cfFp5 . l;4fGttM lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? ;+u7g / cfk\mgf cfjZostfx? k'/f ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZos k|oTg ub{5g\ . Tof] g} pTk|]/0ff xf] . ;+u7gfTds ljZn]if0fsf] b[li6sf]0fdf cfjZostfsf] j[xQ/ cy{ ;+u7gsf] ld;g / p2]Zo tyf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo;Fu pTk|]/0ff ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo nIo k|flKtsf] ;fy;fy} JolQm cfˆgf] vfgf vfg]], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff vf]Hg], ;Ddfg rfxg] / kbLo ;Gt'i6L vf]Hg] ub{5 . o:tf tTjx?sf] qmda4tfdf clglZrttf eof] eg] JolQmsf] pTk|]/0ff ;+s6df kb{5 / sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . o;sf/0f sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffdf cf3ft kg]{ u/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf;t{ / ;'ljwfx? x]/km]/ / s6f}lt ug{ xF'b}g .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ d'ntM sfo{ jftfj/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 . sfo{jftfj/0f eg]sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|fljlws / k|zf;lgs P]g, sfg"gsf] jt{dfg cj:yf xf] . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt cl:y/ 5 . cfly{s ljsf; dGb 5 . ;dfhdf Psflt/ ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9\bf] 5 / ;fIf/tfsf] qmdzM j[l4n] lzlIft ;dfhsf] ljsf; / b'|tultsf kl/jt{gsf nx/x? b]vfk/]sf 5g\ .

3

csf]{lt/ ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf cf–cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf] ?rL klg 68\sf/} b]lvPsf]5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gx?sf] sfo{hg (workforce) df ljljwtf cfPsf]5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; cg'?k k|ljlw k|of]u ckof{Kt 5 . jblnFbf] /fhgLlts cfly{s ;fdflhs jftfj/0f cg'?k k|zf;lgs P]g, sfg"gsf] ;'wf/ ug{ / sd{rf/Lsf] dg 5'g] ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfngdf sd{rf/LtGq dfq} klg x'Fb}g . o;;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ jftfj/0fsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? h;n] lghfdtL sd{rf/L / ;]jfsf] sfo{Ifdtfdf c;/ kfl//x]sf 5g\ tLgsf] ljj]rgf ug{ cfjZos Pj+ plrt b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] lgDTofPsf] tby{ k|j[lQdf sfd ug{ sl7g 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, sfo{ k4lt / ;f];Fu hf]l8Psf b]xfosf ljljw kIfx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] rl/q / sfo{;Dkfbg pknAwLsf] d"NofÍg ug{ tyf cf/f]k nufpg plrt x'G5 .

-s_ lg0f{o k|lqmofsf gfnLa]nL

lg0f{o glnOsg s'g} sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fb}g . k|rlnt P]g, lgod, k|fKt clwsf/, :yflkt ljlw / k|lqmof, pknAw ah]6, :jLs[t sfo{qmd / lgoldt sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ ljifox?sf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Ln] lg0f{o ug'{kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] tNnf] txb]vL dflyNnf] tx;Ddsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] thljhdf lg0f{o ug]{ s'g} clwsf/ / 7fFp lbPsf] 5}g . :jfy{ jf lxt ;d"x (Interest Groups) sf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj;Fu l;wf ;DaGw / ;Dks{ x'g] tyf k};f / ;"rgf klg x'g] sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf xfjL x'g] u/]sf]5 . ljlw / k|lqmofn] lg0f{o ug{ gx'g] ljifodf lg0f{o lng' kg]{ bjfj l;h{gf x'G5 . sfd ug{ thlahsf] clwsf/sf] cefjdf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] j'l4 / ljj]s k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g . ljj]s, ljlw / a'l4nfO{ aGws /fv]/ lg0f{o ug]{ sL gug]{ < eGg] k|Zg sd{rf/Lsf] cuf8L v8f x'G5 . k|lqmof k'¥ofpg' kg]{df k|lqmof gk'u]sf sf/0f lg0f{o gubf{ sd{rf/LtGqdfly dGqL jf lgjf{lrt jf lgo"Qm kbflwsf/LnfO{ c;xof]u u/]sf] bf]if nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . /Lt gk'u]sf] lg0f{o cbfnt jf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfodf ph"/L kgf{;fy unt ;fljt x'G5 . vf]hL kqsfl/tfsf] lzsf/ x'G5 . lg0f{o gu/f}+ eg] g/fd|f] dGqfno, sfof{no jf ckfos e"uf]ndf ;?jf x'g ;S5 . cg]sf}+ b'ikl/0ffd ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L sd{rf/L åGådf km:5 / lg0f{o kG5fpg], cg'kl:yt x'g] jf l9nf] ug]{ w'gdf nfUb5 / dlGq l/emfpg] /0fgLltdf g} w]/} ;do latfpF5 . o;k|sf/sf] jftfj/0fn] sfo{;Dkfbg pRr x'g} ;Sb}g / lbFb}g klg .

-v_ sfo{qmd ah]6eGbf tna ah]6 pRr

xfd|f dGqfno, sfof{nox?sf] sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg ubf{ xft sdfpg] k|j[lQ cy{ dGqfnosf] 5 . tna ah]6 t b/aGbL cg'?k g} k|fKt x'G5 t/ sfo{qmdsf nflu kof{Kt ah]6 5'6\ofOFb}g . eg;'gdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g] k/Dk/f 5 . kl/0ffd st} ah]6sf] y'k|f] nfUg] / st} ah]6sf] r/d cefj x'g] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/L dfq} eP/ s] ug]{, sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 gePkl5 . o; cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg s;/L pRr x'G5 / <

4

-u_ sldzgsf] cfsf+Iff / åGå

sltko ljsf; sfo{x? ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{nox?df ;fdflhs cu'jf, jnjfg, /fhgLlts g]tf sfo{stf{ tyf xLt ;d"xx? sldzgsf] ck]Iff ub}{ 9'Sg] jf kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUgtf vf]Hg] ub{5g\ . sfof{nox?n] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmof cjnDag ug{ vf]Hbf sldzgsf cfsf+IfLx?sf] bafjn] ljlw / k|lqmof km8\s]/ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . t/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ljlw / k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ lg0f{o ug{ rfxFb}g . åGå k}bf x'G5 / sfd x'Fb}g . To:t}, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu 7]Ssfk§f x'G5, u'08fsf gfOs]x?sf] ;+nUgtf / sltko cj:yfdf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ jf /fhgLlts kxF'r ePsfx?sf] g} 7]Ssfk§f x'G5 . 7]s]bf/x? xfgL x'g] ePkl5 sfd ug{ vf]Hb}gg\ . e]l/P;g vf]Hb5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ /fhgLlts ;+/If0f x'G5 . åGå k}bf x'G5 / sfd x'Fb}g . b]zdf ljljw sf/0fn] x8tfn / aGb x'G5g\ . OGwg / ;fdfgsf] ;dodf cfk"lt{ x'Fb}g . >lds sfddf cfpFb}gg\, 7]s]bf/x?n] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . kl/0ffd sfd x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;a} bf]if sd{rf/Ln] dfq} af]Sg' kg]{ xf] t < sfd ePg eg]/ bf]if sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ dfq} nufpg ldNnf / <

-3_ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/df lzlyntf

lghfdtL ;]jfdf cg]sf+} ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s sdhf]/Lx? 5g\, h;n] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+;f/sf ;a} b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf sd pd]/ %* jif{df cjsfz x'G5g\ . cjsfz pd]/ a9fpg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] ^) jif{ k'¥ofpg l;kmfl/z u/] klg a9fO{Psf] 5}g . c;dodf g} cjsfz x'g'kbf{ sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ff 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbf]GgtL / ;?jf cg'dfg of]Uo 5}g\g . sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no, lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ tyf s]Gb|, lhNnfdf s;/L ug]{ eGg] k4lt k|0ffnLn] lgwf{/0f u/] klg ;f] cg'?k sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] ;Ddfg 5}g . sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jfdf a9L /fhgLlt x'g] u/]sf]5 . ;?jf sd{rf/Lsf nflu b08 / k'/:sf/ aGg] u/]]sf] 5 . ;?jf / k'/:sf/sf lg0f{ox? k|f]lS;ld6L l;4fGtsf]] cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf5g\ . sfof{nox? /fd|f g/fd|f -!,@,#,$, ul/_, ;'b"/, b'u{d / ;'udsf ?kdf ljeflht 5g\ . sfo{k|lqmof nfdf] 5 . lg0f{osf tx 36fpg / clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . s]Gb| alnof] 5, t/ lhNnfx? ah]6, sfo{qmd / sd{rf/Lsf] cfzdf a:g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . b'u{d lhNnfx?df emg ;f/f] Joyf 5 .

-ª_ e|i6frf/sf] bnbn

g]kfnL ;dfh e|i6«frf/sf] bnbndf km;]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, cfly{s / /fhgLlts jftfj/0f e|i6 5 . ;]jfu|fxL JolQm, ;+:yf jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;~rfng ug]{ ;~rfns, lghL pBf]u Joj;fo ug]{ pBdL, kqsf/ ;a} ljlw k|lqmof gldn] klg cfˆgf] :jfy{ k'/f ug{ pBt x'G5g\ . k};f b]vfP/ jf wDsfP/ jf bafa lbP/ cfˆgf] sfd ;N6fpg vf]Hb5g\ . g]tf cleg]tf, ;dfh;]jL klg o; k|sf/sf] k|j[lQaf6 c5'tf] 5}gg\ . clg e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]k lghfdtL sd{rf/L / k|x/Ln] dfq af]Sg' kg]{ . lghfdtL sd{rf/L

5

tyf k|x/LnfO{ e|i6 eGg ?rfpg] ;a}n] Psk6s cfkm'n] cfkmgf] gldNg] sfd kmQ] ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L / k|x/Lx?nfO{ lbPsf] bafa, b]vfPsf] nf]e, lbPsf] wDsL ;Dem] dfq} klg k'U5 . ;dfh g} e|i6 k|j[lQsf] ePkl5 sd{rf/L dfq} bf]ifL x'G5g\ / Û

-r_ gLlt / sfg"gsf] h+un

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g gLlt / sfg"gsf] h+undf km;]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfn] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ vf]Hof] eg] st} gLlt 5}g, st} w]/} gLlt 5g\ . Psftkm{ cfjZos sfg"g 5}g csf]{tkm{ sfd ug{ vf]Hof] sfg"g} sfg"g 5g\, 6;d; ug}{ ;lsFb}g . uhjsf] gLltut lj/f]wfefif 5 . To:t}, lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfox?sf] lg/Gt/ s]/sf/, l5b|Gj]if0f / clu|d lgb]{zgn] lghfdtL ;]jfn] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g . of] åGåk"0f{ / cGof]nk"0f{ cj:yfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xof]u ub}{g . clg stfaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg pRr /xf]; / <

-5_ ;dGjosf] pk]Iffdf lg/Gt/tf

sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;a}eGbf ;d:of ;dGjo /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfo / xLt;d"x jf ;/sf/s} lgsfoaLr kof{Kt ;dGjo 5}g . ;dGjo ug]{ zlQmzfnL lgsfo klg 5}g . ;]jfk|jfx / kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;a}lt/ cyf{t ;/sf/L, lghL tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf rf;f]x? cfpF5g\ . ;a} JolQm ;+:yf a[xQ/ :jfy{ kG5fP/ cfTds]lGb|t aGg k'Ub5g\ . tfgftfg x'G5, ;dGjo ug{ 5f]8]/ gLlxt :jfy{l;4sf] cj;/lt/ nfUb5g\ . åGå a9\5 . Pp6} sfd b]xf]¥ofO{ t]x¥ofO{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To; cj:Yffdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :jtM ;+s6df kg]{ u/]sf] 5 .

-h_ sd{rf/Ldf pTk]|/0ff vf]hLsf] cefj

sd{rf/L dfG5] xf] p;sf] klg dg x'G5 . dg / dgf]annfO{ pRr /fVg dgn] pTk|]/0ffsf] phf{ vf]Hb5 . pTk|]/0ff df}lb|s cdf}lb|s b'j} x'G5 . Psftk{m lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] kof{Kt kfl/>lds 5}g eg] csf]{tk{m sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ bf]if dfq b]vfpg] / ;'ljwfef]uL eGb} ufnL ug]{ /fhg}lts k|j[lQn] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf] klg 5}g . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf] ;a} ;'ljwf cToGt Go"g 5g\ . ;'ljwfx? g ljb]zL d'n'ssf lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;/x 5g\ g :jb]zsf lghL If]qsf sd{rf/Lsf] eGbf a9L . jf:tljstf ga'emL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;'ljwfef]uL eGb} gf/f nufpg] / Oiof{ ub}{ ubf{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] cg'Tk|]l/t dgn] sfo{;Dkfbg pRr /fVg sl7g x'Gg / <

-em_ /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] æx]6 P08 neÆ sf] ;DaGw

/fhgLltnfO{ ;kmntf r'Dg ;xof]u ug]{ lghfdtL k|zf;g xf] . /fhgLlt ug]{x? kb k|flKt;Fu} Odf]zgn x'g] / sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ sdhf]/ ;Demg] ub{5g\ . sd{rf/Ln] dGqLnfO{ ljlw / k|lqmof ;'gfpFbf c;xof]u u/]sf] cf/f]kdf v]Kg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . /fhgLltsf sltko Odf]zgn dfux? ljlwJojxf/n] k'/f ug{

6

;Dej x'Fb}g . dfu ;Daf]wg u?F sfg"gL / g}lts ;Ldf pNnª\3g x'g], gu?F dGqL;Fu c;dembf/L a9\g] Ps lsl;dsf] åGåfTds jftfj/0fdf sd{rf/Lx? afFlr/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj -dGqL, lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/L jf lgo'Qm JolQm_ / sd{rf/LtGqaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw To;a]nf aGg ;S5 h'ga]nfdf gLlt sfg"g, ljlw k|lqmof cg'?k sfd x'G5 . gsf/fTds?kdf x]bf{ ;a} lgod k|lqmof ldr]/ b'j} kIfsf] lghL :jfy{ / xLtsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ pBt ePsf] cj:yfdf klg ;DaGw /fd|f] x'G5 . j]lgod ug]{ sL gug]{ < /fhgLlts bafa, x:tIf]k / 7f8f] lgb]{zg sd{rf/LtGqn] tyf sd{rf/Lsf] df}g c;xof]u /fhgLltn] slxn];Dd ;lx/xg] g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf < /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] hg;]jf ug{] / b]z ljsf; ug]{ kljq p2]Zo k|flKtdf b'j}aLr …ne neÚsf] ;DaGw x'G5, / x'g'kb{5 klg . t/ /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLr p2]Zo nIo km/s km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf …x]6 x]6Úsf] ;DaGw /xG5 . …x]6 x]6Úsf] kl/l:yltdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / lghfdtL sd{rf/L b'j}sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ pFrf] x'g ;Sb}g .

-`_ l5/lnPsf] ah]6, luylnPsf] k|fyldstf / lal;{Psf]] nIo

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfoL ;/sf/ aGg ;fdfGotof ;Dej b]lvb}g . c:yL/ ;/sf/ ePsf sf/0f xfd|f] ljsf; kl/0ffdd'vL geP/ :nf]ufgd'vL -gf/fd'vL_ 5 . tb{yjfbsf] l;4fGtdf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? aGg] u/]sf 5g\ . gLlt of]hgf aGg] t/ gLlt / of]hgf cg'?k sfo{qmdx? gaGg], sfo{qmdx? aGg] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg gx'g] lttf] oyfy{ xfdL;Fu 5 . sfo{qmdn] gLlt / gLltn] sfo{qmd lrg]sf] x'Fb}g . nIo e]l6Fb}g, a'lemFb}g sfo{qmdx?df . k|fyldstf cg'z/0f gu/L cg]sf+} dfu / rfxgfsf] tyfslyt ;Daf]wg ug{ ag]sf ;fgf dl;gf sfo{qmdx?df ah]6 5l/Psf] x'G5, h'g kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To:tf sfo{qmdx? k|fyfldstfdf kb}{gg\ / tLgaf6 /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] s'g} nIo k|fKt klg x'Fb}g . /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? eg] klg k|fyldstf / ah]6sf] cefjdf cnkq h:t} 5g\ . s]jn lxt;d"x, g]tfu0f / kx'Frjfnfx?sf nflu sfo{qmd agfpg] / cfˆgfx?nfO{ v';L kfg{ ul/g] ;fna;fnLsf] pBd slxn];Dd hf/L /fVg] xf] pQ/ vf]Hg' kb{5 . kof{Kt ah]6 gePsf, k|fyfldstfdf gk/]sf / cJojxfl/s sfo{qmdx? slxn] ;DkGg x'g] / aLr/f sd{rf/Ln] :ofaf;L kfpg] <

-6_ sfo{;Dkfbg k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu k'/:sf/ /0fgLlt gaGg'

k'/:sf/ /fd|f] sfd ug]{sf nflu xf], gsL glhs /x]/ sfd ug]{ jf kbf]Gglt x'g g;Sg] jf cjsfz x'g nfu]sfsf nflu xf] . g of] efua08fdf afFl8g] tTj g} xf] . t/ xfdLn] sfo{bIftfdf cfwfl/t eP/ sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:s[t ug{ slxNo} hfg]gf}+ . k'/:sf/ lbP/ g kfpg]n] kfpg} kg]{ lyof] kfPF eGg] ;DemG5, g lbg]nfO{ ;Gtf]if x'G5 . oBlk xfdL ;ÍL0f{tfdf k'/:s[t ug{ pBt e}/x]sf 5f}+, ul//x]sf 5f}+ . sfd ug]{, kl/0ffd Nofpg] tyf sfd ug{ tTk/ eO/xg] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / kl/0ffd cnkq e} cfPsf 5g\, jiff}{+b]lv . o; k|j[lQn] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg pRr /fVg pTk]/0ff lbg ;Sb}g .

7

-7_ /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] c6'6 lg/Gt/tf

g]kfndf /fhgLlts l:y/tf sl7g 5 . /fhgLlt ;Dk"0f{ gLltsf] …x]8df:6/Ú gLlt xf] . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] g]tf xf] . /fhgLlts c:yL/tfn] ubf{ /fhgLltn] :ki6 lbzf (Course) lng / sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] nflu lgb]{zg / ljsf;sf] :ki6 9fFrf / vfsf lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlt, ;/sf/, ;/sf/sf lg0f{o ;a} tby{d'vL x'g] u/]sf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jf / sd{rf/Lsf lg0f{ox? klg tTsfnsf] kl/l:ylt ;fDo kfg{ dfq} s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . /0fgLlts ;f]+r / lg0f{o t /fHon] kfPs} 5}g . bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f / lg0f{o ug{ /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dfq xf]Og clgoldt / sltko cj:yfdf u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ug{ klg pS;fPsf] b]lvG5 . kl/0ffd:j?k lghfdtL ;]jfn] sfo{s'zntf gsf/fTds aGg k'u]sf] cf/f]k v]Kg' kl//x]sf] klg 5 .

-8_ sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxgsf nflu Blanket incentive gLlt

;a} dGqfno, ljefu, lgsfox? sfdsf] k|s[lt / lhDd]jf/Lsf] b[li6n] cfjZos 5g\ t/ ;dfg ?kn] cfsif{s x'Fb}gg\ . dGqfno lgsfox?df sfd 5, t/ pTk|]/0fsf] s'g} …OG;]lG6eÚ 5}g . s]xL jif{b]lv sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df zlQmzfnL / kx'Frjfnf dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u, sfof{nox?n] yk tna k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . kx'Fr gePsf t/ sfd ug}{kg]{, pkl:ylt wfGg}kg]{ sfof{nox?n] To:tf] Blanket Incentive k|fKt ug{ g;Sbf tt\tt\ sfof{nodf lghfdtL sd{rf/L hfg gdfGg], s]xL u/L kb:yfkgf jf ;?jf eof] eg] gl6Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] sf/0f sfo{;Dkfbg ;+s6df kg{ uPsf]5 . of] l:ylt b'u{dsf sfof{nox?df emg} 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 . o;n] ;du| sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9\g d2t ub}{g .

-9_ sfof{nox?sf] ef}lts cj:yf uPu'h|]sf]

sfof{nox?sf] ef}lts cj:yf sfd ug{ pTk]|/0ff lbg] dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . t/ s]Gb|b]lv lhNnftx;Ddsf sfof{nox?df ef}lts ;'ljwf uPu'h|]sf] 5 . k|ydtM, sfof{nosf cfˆgf ejg 5}gg\ . cfjf;sf] t s'/} gu/f}+ . 6]an s';L{ b/fh ;a} jiff}{ k'/fgf 5g\ . /fd|f] 3/ vf]h]/ a:g ef8fdf ah]6 kof{Kt x'Fb}g . sfof{nodf ;jf/L ;fwg, sDKo'6/, ˆofS; h:tf ;'ljwf g} 5}gg\, stfaf6 cfw'lgs ;'ljwfsf yk pks/0fx? xf]pmg\ Û lghL If]q jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf sfof{nox? slDtdf klg ;/sf/L sfof{nox? eGbf w]/} /fd|f x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;jf/L ;fwgo'Qm 5g\ . xfd|f sfof{no k|d'vx?sf] sf]7fdf k:bf a'Ë w'nf] p8\5, ;f]kmf kmf6]sf] 5 . stfaf6 sfd ug]{ pRr dgf]an xf];\ / sfo{;Dkfbg pRr kfOof];\ t lg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] .

-0f_ ckof{Kt tnadf afFRg' kg]{ afWotf

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ afa'cfdfsf 5f]/f5f]/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ rfxGgg\ . t/ …lx/f] lx/f]OgÚsf 5f]/f5f]/L, snfsf/sf 5f]/f5f]/L, Jofkf/L, /fhgLlt1sf 5f]/f5f]/L afa'cfdfsf] k]zfdf nfUg ?rfpF5g\ . oxfF;DdsL u'08fsf 5f]/f5f]/L u'08f x'g} /dfpF5g\ . s] sf/0f xf]nf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf 5f]/f5f]/L lghfdtL sd{rf/L aGg gvf]Hg] < eg]/ cg';Gwfg ubf{ / a'‰bf Go"g cfo, Go"g tna cuf8L cfPsf]

8

lyof] . s'g} Pp6f sd{rf/L 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nfngkfng / k7gkf7g ;f]Rb} s';L{df a:5 . la/fdL kbf{ stfaf6 k};f h'6fpg] eg]/ emf]lqmG5 eg] p;n] ls t e|i6frf/ ug'{ k¥of] ls t rfpl/g k¥of] dl/r em}FÛ o; cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] pRr sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ck]Iff ug'{ e'n x'G5 .

-t_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]t[Tjsf] vf]hL

lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]t[Tjsf] ;+s6 5 . ;Ifd g]t[Tjsf] cefjdf lghfdtL ;]jf xfFSg sl7g x'G5 . /fhgLltn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ g}ltsjfg, lhDd]jf/LpGd'v, pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd / lqmofzLn g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{ k|of; ug{ ;s]g . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] g]t[Tj ;Lldt 3]/fdf v]Ng' kg]{, bafj lgb]{zgdf sfd ug]{{ lgb]{lzt vfnsf] 5 . lghfdtL g]t[Tjn] jftfj/0fLo bafjsf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, k|efjsf/L agfpg / pQ/bfoL agfpg c;dy{ e}/x]sf] xf] eGg] cg'ej x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;+/Ifs tyf /fhgLlt;Fusf] ;+jfxs ag]/ sfo{;Dkfbg pRr /fVg k|]/0ff lbg] lghfdtL g]t[Tj geP;Dd sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg pRr /fVg sl7g x'G5 .

-y_ sdhf]/ ;do Joj:yfkg

ljefuLo dGqLx? /fhgLlts If]qaf6 cfpg] ePsfn] dGqLx?nfO{ sfo{stf{sf] eL8, pgLx?sf cfsf+Iff / :jfy{ k'/f u/fpg] cg'/f]w, eg;'g / bjfjsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ g} s7Lg b]lvG5 . sfo{sIf sfo{stf{sf] eL8n] el/e/fp x'G5 . dGqL / dGqfno sfo{stf{x?sf] …dfuÚ Joj:yfkgdf g} Jo:t /xg' kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . dGqLx?sf] w]/} ;do pb\3f6g lznfGof;df ljTg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xf] dGqLn] sfo{stf{sf rfxgf ;Daf]wg klg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 t/ cTolws ;do sfo{stf{ s]lGb|t ePsf] sf/0f dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ cK7]/f] kb{5 . ;fy}, dGqL tyf dGqfnosf ;lrjx?n] dGqfnosf] gLlt, sfo{qmd ah]6 lgdf{0f, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, cfjZos ;dGjo / k|utL ;dLIffdf kof{Kt ;do lbg klg g;s]sf sf/0f dGqfno ljefusf sfo{x? ;dodf ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]] oyfy{ xfd|f] cuf8L 5 . dGqL / pRr sd{rf/L b'j}sf] ;do Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0f ck]lIft sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ xfl;n x'g g;s]sf pbfx/0fx? 5n{Ë} b]lvG5g\ .

-b_ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf lghfdtL ;]jf

lghfdtL sd{rf/L /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;fWo / ;fwg b'j} xf] . sd{rf/Lsf] kl/rfng ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ;?jf / kbf]Gglt x'g] cj:yf ;Mzt{ nrstf / ultzLntf sfod ug'{ kb{5 . To;f] x'Fbf d klg Ps lbg s]Gb|Lo k|zf;gdf hfg ;S5' eGg] cfzf /xG5 eg] uxg lhDd]jf/L lngsf] nflu k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf hfg kfpg] cj;/ klg /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] k|fjwfg sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ dfq} xf]O{g ;du| sd{rf/LtGq / b]znfO{ PsLs[t u/L /fVg ;d]t ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . clxn] ;+3Lo zf;gcg'?k sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ l;4fGt / sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/LnfO{ …7]n]/Ú :yfgLo tx jf k|b]zdf k7fpg' eGbf cfzf / pTk|]/ssf] vf]hL u/L Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . xr'jfdf ul/g] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg k|To'Tkfbs x'g hfG5 .

9

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pRr sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu ;'wf/sf If]qx?

lghfdtL ;]jf / sd{rf/L Go"g sfo{;Dkfbg jf ;]jfd'vL gePsf] jf e|i6 /x]sf] cf/f]k nfUg'df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sf/0feGbf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] of]ubfg k|d'v 5 . sd{rf/LtGq :jR5Gb?kdf sfo{ ug]{ ;+oGq xf]O{g . gLlt, k|lqmof / sfg"gsf] ;Lldt 3]/fleq sfd ug]{ ePsfn] sd{rf/LtGqn] k|fKt clwsf/, ah]6 / sfo{If]q cg'?k sfo{ ;DkGg ub{5 . pTk|]/0ff gePsf sd{rf/Ln] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\, of] ljZjhlgt l;4fGt xf] .

sfo{;Dkfbg Ps k|lqmof xf] h'g ;+u7gsf] nIo k|flKt ug{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtn] dflg;, ;fdfu|L, k};f / k|lqmofsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]unfO{ hf]8 lbG5 eg] ;dfhzf:q, cy{zf:qsf l;4fGtx?n] >d tyf dflg;sf] s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf bzf{pF5g\, ;+u7gsf] pknAwL xfl;n ug{ . pTk|]l/t sd{rf/Ln] dfq ck]lIft lhDd]jf/L af]w, pQ/bfloTj jxg ug]{ / pRr sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu Ifdtfsf] e/k'/ pkof]u ub{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff d"ntM kfl/>lds, :ofaf;L / j[lQ ljsf; tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLrsf] ultzLntfsf kIfx?df cfwfl/t x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/L Ifdtfsf] b[li6df slQ klg sdhf]/ 5}g t/ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy}, 1fg, ;Lk / cEof; cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] / ;d;fdlos agfpg klg x/bd cfjZos x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf /fi6« xfFSg] ;]jf xf] eg] cGo ;]jfx? ;fdflhs, cfly{s pGgltsf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pRr sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cnu cl:tTj, cnu Ifdtf, pTk|]/0ff / ;]jf ;'ljwf x'g'kb{5 . o; ;Gb{edf ;]jf jf ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf k|lts"n cj:yf / ckof{Kt ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos 5 .

lgisif{

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pRr sfo{;Dkfbg cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;'zf;gsf] u'0f xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pQ/bfoL, g}ltsjfg / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu Psftkm{ ;zQm g]t[Tj / pTk|]l/t sd{rf/L x'g'kb{5 eg] csf]{tk{m sfo{jftfj/0f ;xh / ;/n x'g' klg kb{5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLr ;f}xfb{ / ;xof]uL ;DaGw x'g'kb{5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ;fd'lxs?kdf eGbf JolQmut?kdf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] eGg] kl/k|]Iodf l6ddf sfd ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; klg cfjZos b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;+u7gsf] nIo k|flKt ug{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . o; ;Gb{edf sd{rf/Lsf] pRr sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cnu cl:tTj :jLsf/ ub}{ ;]jfnfO{ …k|f]k]mzgnÚ -kl/0ffdd'vL, ;]jfu|fxLd'vL, l56f]5l/tf], kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL_ agfO{ :jLs[t /fhgLlts gLltk|m]d (Political Policy frame) leq :jtGq?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ lbg'kb{5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf lghfdtL sd{rf/L /fli6«o Pstf sfod ug]{ s8L ePsfn] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf sd{rf/LtGqsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng j}1flgs Pjd\ /fli6«o :jfy{ cg'?k x'g h?/L 5 . o; ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ jftfj/0f ;xh agfpg ;/sf/, sd{rf/L / ;dfhn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)• k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsfx?sf ljleGg c+sx?

10

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cltt, jt{dfg / cfufdL af6f

— emSsk|;fb cfrfo{*

;f/f+z

rfs/L, hxfg / s[kfsf cfwf/df x'g] sd{rf/L 5gf]6 k|0ffnLnfO{ e· ub}{ lgikIf ?kdf of]Uo sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug]{ k4lt :yflkt ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;kmn ePsf] 5 . hg:t/df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ljZj;gLotf pNn]vgLo 9+un] a9f]Q/L eP;Fu} /fHosf]ifaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] ;a} kbx?df cfof]usf] k/fdz{af6 dfq :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgn] cfof]usf] sfo{If]q j[xt agfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf cfO{kg]{ zf;sLo, sfg"gL Pjd\ sfo{k|0ffnLut hl6ntfx?nfO{ cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ?kdf pko'Qm tj/n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ Pj+ cGo d'n'ssf c;n cEof;x?nfO{ ;dofg's"n cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ cfof]un] cuf8L a9\g u/]sf] k|oTg k|z+;gLo 5 . cfof]usf] :yflkt ;fv sfod /fVb} a9\bf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]usf] df}h'bf sfo{k4ltdf kl/is/0f, dfgj ;+zfwg Ifdtfdf ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ k|ljlwd}qL k|lqmof sfo{k|0ffnLdf cjnDag ug'{ h?/L 5 .

*;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

ljifo k|j]z

sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] ljljw kIfx?dWo] egf{ / 5gf}6 klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt, gful/s ;]jf ljt/0fsf] Ps dfq ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf ;Ifd / of]Uo pDd]bjf/x?sf] egf{ / 5gf}6 sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ 5 . y'd k|zf;g, y/3/, hxflgofF x'Fb} of]Uotf k|0ffnLaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ gful/s ;dfh / /fi6«sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;jnLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df cfof]usf] e"ldsf cu|0fL 5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnL, lgikIftf, :jtGqtf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] efjgf / dd{nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL ljut s]xL jif{b]lv nf]stflGqs l;4fGt, ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf / ;fdflhs Gofo h:tf o'uLg dfu / cfjZostf cg';f/ cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf]ifaf6 lgj[lQe/0f

11

kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ kbx?df cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf :yfoL lgo'lQm gul/g] ljifosf] ;'lZrttf u/]sf] 5 . ca nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf …lghfdtL ;]jfÚ cfof]uaf6 jf:tjd} …nf]s ;]jfÚ cfof]usf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . casf] cfof]usf] e"ldsf ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] lnlvt k/LIff ;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ug]{ u/L lj:tf/ eP cg'?k cfjZos sfg"gL tyf ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, hgzlQm, ;|f]t;fwg / dfkb08x? to u/L lnlvt k/LIffx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf egf{ 5gf}6 / lghfdtL ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf ;t{ ;DaGwL sfg"g, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf ;fdfGo l;4fGt k|ltkfbg tyf sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] Kf|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Ifd, of]Uo, k|ltefzfnL, Ifdtfjfg / Joj;flos hgzlQmsf] 5gf}6 sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo agfpg cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf :jR5tf, ljZj;gLotf, lgikIftf ;'lglZrt ub}{ of]Uotfk|0ffnLsf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsfnfO{ gjLgtd\ k/LIf0f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;/n / ;xh kx'Fr sfod ug{ of]Uo phf{jfg gjk|ltefx?sf] cfsif{0f / pkof]u u/L /fHosf ck]lIft pknAwLx? k"/f ug]{ lbzfdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf ;b}j cu|ufdL /x]sf] 5 .

cfof]usf] ljut / ptf/r9fj

ljutsf cg]sf} 3'DtL, psfnL / cf]/fnL kf/ u/]/ cfˆgf] kljqtf arfpg cfof]u lg/Gt/ ;kmn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . klxnf] k6s g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ df b/vf:t kl/ifbsf] ?kdf Joj:yf eP tfklg Tof] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf gcfPsf] sf/0f kl/ifbn] ;+:yfut ?k lng ;s]g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;a} hfuL/df egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug{ Ps klAns ;le{; sldzg u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u¥of] / @))* c;f/ ! df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @))*÷))( b]lv rfs/L, gftfuf]tf / s[kfsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ k|yf x6fP/ cfof]un] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf gofF cfofd ;lxtsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] u/L lgikIf ?kdf of]Uo sd{rf/L 5gf}6sf] sfo{ yfngL u¥of] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sf];] 9'+ufsf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cfPkl5 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g / o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf xfn;Ddsf] Oltxf;df clj:d/0fLo tyf k|z+;gLo 5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% n] ;j{k|yd nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;'lgZrttf k|bfg u¥of] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fy} k'ln; ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!% cg';f/ k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfs kbsf] v'nf / a9'jfaf6 of]Uo Pj+ lgikIf tl/sfn] clws[t txsf] kbk"lt{df ;+nUg eof] . lj=;+= @)!& kf}if ! ut] >L % dx]Gb|af6 ;+;bLo Joj:yf lj36g u/L k~rfotL Joj:yf k|f/De u/]kl5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;d]t lgnDag ul/of] . @)!* h]7 kl5 cfof]usf] lgnDjg km's'jf eP tfklg cfof]usf] sfo{If]qsf ljleGg t/Lsfn] x:tIf]ksf ultljlwx? hf/L /x] . tTsflng b/jf/af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] t/ cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf x'g'kg]{ x/]s lg0f{odf cfof]un] d'sbz{s eP/ ;xdlt hgfpg] jf df}lvs c;xdlt cleJoQm ug]{ jfx]s s]xL ug{ g;lsPsf] tTsflng k|zf;sx?sf] cg'ej /x]sf] 5 . o;/L cfof]unfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf / k/fdz{ ljgf ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] af/]df cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfo{df l;ldt /x] ;f]sf] ;'g'jfO{ / ;Djf]wgsf] s'g} u'~hfo; lyPg . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df klxnf] k6s ;/sf/L :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf To:tf] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj

12

jf lgoGq0f ePsf] cGo ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{ ;DaGwL lgod / To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ / ;f]sf] kl/kfngf eP gePsf] cfof]un] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u¥of] . pQm ;+ljwfgsf] lj=;+=@)#@ ;fndf ePsf] ;+zf]wgn] cfof]usf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfnfO{ vf/]h u/L ;fdfGo l;4fGtåf/f ;f]sf] kl/kfngsf] cg'udgsf] clwsf/df ;Lldt u¥of] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ clgjfo{ u/]g eg] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ clgjfo{ u¥of] eg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg;Sg] Joj:yf ul/of] . @)&@ ;fndf hf/Lsf] ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$# -@_ df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, z;:q k|x/L an, g]kfn, cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf] nflu lnOg] lnlvt k/LIff nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog cfof]un] ul//x]sf] 5 . cfof]udf ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;+ul7t ;+:yf dxfzfvf :yfkgf eO{ rfn" cfly{s jif{df @& j6f lgsfosf] $)% j6f lj1fkgx?sf] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng u/L @% j6f lgsfosf] #!% j6f lj1fkgsf] glthf ;d]t k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd;+u} cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q klg a9\g] / 36\g] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . ljz]ifu/L @)$^ / @)^@÷)^# sf] kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnL /fhgLltdf b]lvPsf] cl:y/tf / ljleGg lgsfox?sf] egf{ / 5gf}6 k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf ljs[lt, lj;+ult / ckf/blz{tfsf] sf/0f kl5Nnfk6s cfof]unfO{ ;du| ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] hgzlQm 5gf}6sf] lhDd]jf/L yk ul/Psf] 5 . gful/ssf] b[li6df /x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fv / 5ljnfO{ yk prfO{ lbb} lhDd]jf/Lsf] s'zntfk"j{s ;Dkfbg ug]{ cj;/ / r'gf}tL cfof]usf] sfFwdf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf ePsf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x?df ljz]if u/L @)@% sf] emf cfof]u, @)#@ sf] yfkf cfof]u, @)$* sf] sf]O/fnf cfof]udf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf ;lDdlnt eO{ cfof]usf] cg'ej / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;Nnfx ;'emfj lnOPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)&) sf] tof/Lsf] r/0fdf cfof]usf jt{dfg tyf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lnlvt tyf df}lvs ;'emfjx? lnO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] If]qdf ul/b} cfPsf x/]s k|of; / ;'wf/sf cleofgdf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf, ;lqmo ;xeflutf / k/fdz{sf] cEof;n] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f / k|a{4gdf 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 .

cfof]usf] ;fv clej[l4sf cfwf/x?

cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, sfo{;Dkfbg ljlw, k4lt / k|0ffnLnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, lgodfjnL tyf cfof]usf] sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsf / cfof]un] ;do ;dodf u/]sf lg0f{ox?åf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]un] ;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfg"g, /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf ;xofqL tyf ltgsf] :yfgLo:t/;Dd k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] e/kbf]{ ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jfsf l/Qm kbdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf] nflu cfof]un] ;]jf, ;d"x lkR5] k|To]s kbsf] ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf kf7\oqmd :jLs[t ug]{, jflif{s Sofn]08/ k|sfzg, l/Qm kbsf] dfu ;+sng, lj1fkg, b/vf:t ;+sng, k/LIff

13

;~rfng, pQ/k'l:tsfsf] bf]xf]/f] ;+s]tLs/0f / k/LIf0f, glthf k|sfzg / cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf] sfo{ cToGt} kljq, uf]Ko, lgikIf / ljZj;lgo 9+un] lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;Dkfbg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cleefjssf] gftfn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgod / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ul/g] a9'jf, ljefuLo sf/jfxL / j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljifodf dfu adf]lhd k/fdz{ lbO{ cfˆgf] cleefjsLo bfloTj s'zntfk"j{s lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo tyf dftxtsf lgsfox?af6 tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq l/Qm kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu k7fpg], ljefuLo sf/jfxL / j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x?sf] clen]v ;+sng u/L ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ tyf cfof]un] jif{ el/ u/]sf sfo{x?, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf ef]u]sf ;Df:ofx? / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox? / efjL ;'wf/sf /0fgLlt ;lxtsf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L /fi6«klt;dIf k]z u5{ . cfof]usf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno tyf ljefux?;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;Dks{ lgsfosf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf]n] ;f] dfkm{t cfˆgf] ;dGjo ;+oGq ljsf; ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v / kbflwsf/Lx? ;+3Lo ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL /xg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|ltlglw ;efsf ;ldltn] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u afx]ssf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] k|ltj]bg nufotsf sfdsf/jfxLsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg jf ;Nnfx lbg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ dgg\ ub}{ cfof]u cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L ?kn] ug'{sf] ;fy} gjLg / ;[hgfTdstf ;lxtsf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ljsf;df h'6]sf]] 5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{no !, If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox? % / c~rn sfof{nox? ( / b/vf:t Joj:yfkg s]Gb|| ! ;d]t !^ j6f ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / cfof]usf] ;a} lgsfox?af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfk|jfxsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/df @)$ hgf / If]qLo lgb]{zgfno tyf c~rn sfof{nox?df !(* hgf u/L hDdf $)@ hgfsf] hgzlQm /x]sf] 5 . cfof]un] cfkmgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv cfh{g u/]sf] ;fv, cfd gful/ssf] cfof]uk|ltsf] cf:yf / ljZjf; tyf ljwfosx?sf] ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfof]usf] sfo{If]q …lghfdtL ;]jfÚ af6 jf:tjd} …;fj{hlgs ;]jfÚ tkm{ lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . pQm lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfof]udf ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yf dxfzfvf :yfkgf lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng / ;f]sf] glthf k|sfzg;Ddsf] sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ tyf gjLg lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, Jojl:yt, j}1flgs / cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg ;du| sfg"gL / ;+u7g ;+/rgfdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{gsf sfo{x? qmdzM eO{/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ;+3Lo, Kf|fb]lzs / :yfgLo tx ;~rfngsf] nflu sfg"gx? lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|fb]lzs nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfg"g lgdf{0f, cfof]un] cjnDag ug]{ ljlw / k4ltsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ljz]if tof/L / ;hutf ckgfpg' h?/L 5 h;af6 cfof]usf] P]ltxfl;s ;fvsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsof];\ . ;+ljwfgdf k|fb]lzs nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLsf] af/]df :ki6 gePsf] sf/0f nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fv, dof{bf, lgikIftf / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf l;4fGtx?sf] kl/kfngfsf] If]qdf k|z:t r'gf}tLx? /x]sf 5g\ . of]Uotf Kf|0ffnLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ cleoGtf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] o; ljifodf 7f]; kxn / lgu/fgLsf] cfjZostf v8\lsPsf] 5 .

14

cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] lbzfdf cfof]u

ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] tLj|t/ ljsf;, ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ;dfj]zLs/0f gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, >d ahf/sf pbLodfg k|ltefx? (Rising Stars) sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfsif{0f, lbuf]kgf, k|ltef knfogsf] Go"gLs/0f, ;sf/fTds egf{ k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft tyf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, Joj;flos, hgd'vL / /fHo;+oGqsf] k|d'v ;+jfxssf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{sf] nflu cfof]usf] df}h'bf sfo{k|4lt, hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] k|of; / k|ljlwd}qL ;]jfk|jfxsf] df]8]nnfO{ ;d;fdlos ?kdf cg's'ng ub}{ cfof]u cuf8L a9]sf] 5 . …k]k/ / k]lG;nÚn] dfq of]Uotf k|0ffnL k/LIf0f ug{ ckof{Kt ePsf] 5 . k/LIf0fsf gjLg ljlw / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ub}{, cfof]usf] ;sf/fTds Oltxf;, ;fvsf] clej[l4, of]Uotfk|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f, lgikIftf, ljZj;lgotf / clefjsLo lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/ ug]{ / gjLgtd egf{ / 5gf}6sf ljlw / k4lt nfu" ug]{ ;Gbe{df pNn]vgLo k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . cfof]usf kbflwsf/L Pj+ bIf lj1 / sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog, ck|fljlws tkm{ zfvf clws[t tx;DDf PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] gLlt cjnDag, g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'j} efiffdf k/LIff lbg kfpg] Joj:yf, k|f/lDes k/LIffsf] glthf Optical Mark Reader (OMR) Machine dfkm{t k/LIf0f u/L lz3| k|sfzg ug]{ Joj:yfn] k/LIff k4ltdf ldtJolotf, cfw'lgstf, ;xh, ;/n 9+un] jflif{s Sofn]08/ cg';f/ glthf k|sfzg ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k|ljlwd}qL egf{ 5gf}6 k|0ffnLsf] If]qdf zfvf clws[t tx;Ddsf] lnlvt k/LIff pQL0f{ ug]{ pDd]bjf/x?sf] sDKo'6/ ;Lk k/LIf0f ug]{, ;dfj]zL cGtjf{tf{ ;ldlt, pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf k|j4{gsf] If]qdf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bg, a9'jf ph'/L ;f/ :f+u|x, cfof]usf gLltut lg0f{o tyf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|sfzg u/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], cfof]usf a'n]l6g, ;dfrf/ kq / lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf h:tf k|sfzgx?af6 cfof]usf ;du| lqmofsnfkx?sf] hfgsf/L ;/f]sf/jfnf / cfd gful/s ;dIf lgoldt ?kdf k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfosf j]a;fO6x? cBfjlws gePsf ;dfrf/x? 5fkfdf k|z:t k9\g kfOG5 t/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] j]a;fO8 b}lgs?kdf cBfjlws x'G5 . cfof]usf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] Dofg'cn b/vf:t k|0ffnLnfO{ zt k|ltzt cgnfOgdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfo{ ;kmtfk"j{s ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;af6 pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;do / nfutdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . b/vf:t b:t'/ e'QmfgLsf] sfo{ xfn ;a} lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox? / cfof]usf sfof{nox?af6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lgs6 eljio ;Dejt cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv ;Dk"0f{ e'QmfgL sfo{ a}+lsª k|0ffnLdf hfg] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 . cgnfOg k4ltaf6} b/vf:t ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt

g]kfnsf ;"rgf k|ljlw cfof]hgfx? dWo]sf] cfof]usf] Public Service Recruitment Management System cfof]hgf ;kmn cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf k'/:s[t ePsf] 5 . ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xsf kf7\oqmdx?nfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg] sfo{ cleofgsf] ?kdf 5 . 1fgdf dfq cfwfl/t of]Uotf k/LIf0f ljlwsf] ;§f pDd]bjf/sf] g}ltstf / lgi7f, ljljwtfnfO{ cfb/, ;]jf efj, ljZn]if0ffTds ;f]rfO{ / lg0f{o Ifdtf, g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lk, efjgfTds ;'ema'em, of]hgf, ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf / ;dGjo tyf sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lksf] k/LIf0f tyf To;sf] gSzf+sg (Competency Mapping) u/L pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIf0f k4ltsf] ?kdf ck|fljlws ;x;lrj txsf] kf7\oqmd kl/jt{g u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] k/LIf0f k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{

15

"Assessment Centre Methodology" nfu" ug]{ u[xsfo{ cfof]un] ul//x]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] glthf k|0ffnLnfO{ yk j}1flgs, ljZj;gLo / lgikIf agfpgsf] nflu k|zf;g ;]jftkm{ /fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu lnOPsf k/LIffx?sf] pQ/k'l:tsf b'O{hgf lj1x?af6 k/LIf0f u/fO{ b'j}sf] c+snfO{ cf};tdf u0fgf u/L glthf k|sfzgsf] sfo{ ut jif{b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf] bL3{sfnLg dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf gofF /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/ u/L xfn 5nkmnsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g] eGg] ;Gbe{df k|lta]bg tof/ u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf k]z ePsf], ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ d}qLk"0f{ agfpg j]a;fO6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, x]nf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u km];a's k]h lgdf{0f, df]afOn PK;sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf, ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] kbk"lt{, ljefuLo sf/jfxL, ;hfo h:tf ljifox?df Ps?ktf sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fdfGo l;4fGt tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf If]qut lj1x?sf] /f]i6/ tof/ tyf cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ lgoldt ?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f gLltnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]uL n]vs cfjZos kg]{ pDd]bjf/x?sf] k/LIff ;dodf !) ldg]6 ;do yk ePsf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx?df cjl:yt sn]h, ljBfnox?df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff k|0ffnL / ;xeflutf ljifos 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? lgoldt ?kdf ul/Psf 5g\ . cfof]usf dfggLo cWoIf tyf ;b:oHo"x?sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf, k/LIff k|0ffnL nufot cfof]usf] ;du| sfo{k|0ffnLdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifodf ljleGg lhNnfdf 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofx? ;DkGg u/L k|fKt /fo ;'emfjx?nfO{ cfof]un] cfˆgf ;'wf/sf of]hgfdf ;dfa]z u/L ;Daf]wgsf] k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

cfof]un] cfˆgf sfdsf/jfxLx?nfO{ qmdzM kf/bzL{ agfpg] l;nl;nfdf utjif{ b]lv g} cfof]uaf6 lnO{Psf] lnlvt k/LIffdf ;kmn ePsf ;a}sf] pDd]bjf/x?n] cfˆgf] c+s uf]Ko ?kdf x]g]{ cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] k/LIffdf ;a} kx'Fr :yflkt ug{ df]6/af6f]n] ghf]l8Psf las6 b'O{ lhNnf x'Dnf / 8f]Nkf tyf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf k/LIffyL{ x'g] t/fO{sf] nxfg, jL/u~hdf k/LIff s]Gb| yk u/L k/LIffx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{af6 b'u{d e]usf k/LIffyL{x?sf] pkl:ylt ;+Vof a9\]sf]] 5 . cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL agfpg tyf cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf sfo{x?x?nfO{ klg ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg df}h'bf ;+/rgfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw zfvf / cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; zfvf yk u/L sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 .

sfo{;Dkfbgdf dx;'; ul/Psf s]xL c;xh kIfx?

ljleGg d'n'ssf] 5gf}6 k|0ffnL, k4lt / k|lqmofsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg / cjnf]sg, jx'ljwfsf] bVvn /fVg] hgzlQm, Ifdtf ljsf;sf cj;/x?, hgzlQmsf] dfu cg'?k k|flKt / lbuf]kg, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf, cfof]usf sfd sf/jfxLsf] k|efjsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgwf]{ cleefjsLo e"ldsf / cfof]usf] k/fdz{ dfUg] t/ sfof{Gjog gug]{ h:tf ;+:sf/n] cfof]unfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd / bl/nf] agfpg] lbzfdf k|z:t ;d:ofx? cg'e"t ul/Psf 5g\ . cfof]usf kbflwsf/L / pRr Joj:yfksx?nfO{ cGo ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] egf{ 5gf}6 k|0ffnLsf] cWoog, cjnf]sg tyf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf] cj;/x? lbnfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? j}b]lzs cWoog, 5fqj[lQ, e|d0f

16

/ cfGtl/s Ifdtf ljsf;sf cj;/x?af6 al~rt 5g\ . :+fljwfg k|bQ yk lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLx?sf k|fjwfgdf ePsf ljljwtf cg'?k kbk"lt{ ug{'kg]{, lghfdtL ;]jf, ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf k/LIffx? cnu cnu ldltdf ;~rfngsf] nflu pDd]bjf/x?sf] cg'/f]w ;Djf]wg ug'{kg]{ sf/0f ;Lldt ;dodf ;a} lgsfox?sf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{kg]{, k/LIff ;~rfngsf] nflu cfof]usf] cfˆg} ef}lts ;+/rgf cefjsf] sf/0f k/LIff s]Gb|sf] nflu :s'n sn]hsf] ejgdf lge{/ x'g'kg]{ sf/0f lgwf{l/t ;dodf k/LIff lng ufx|f] x'g], k|To]s jif{ cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffsf] nflu slt pDd]bjf/x? x'g] eGg] ljifo k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg], lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t ah]6 ljlgof]hg ;b}j cefj x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf sfd sf/jfxLx?nfO{ ;xh / ljlw;Ddt t/Lsfn] ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw tof/L ug{ / ;+j}wflgs bfloTjsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L / lgk"0f{ t/Lsfn] ;Dkfbgsf] nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ljrf/fwLg ljw]os :jLs[t gx'g', cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf p7fOPsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;+;bdf 5nkmn u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] cefj, z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / kf7\oqmd tof/Ldf ljifout dGqfnox?sf] ck]lIft ;xeflutfsf] cefj h:tf ljifox? x]bf{ ;fdfGo t/ cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|0ffnLsf b[li6n] hl6n kIfx? x'g\ . cfof]unfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lhDd]jf/L / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf{ cfof]usf] nflu cg'e"t plNnlvt ljifox?df ;/sf/sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g cfjZos 5 .

cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf c;n cEof;x?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnL g} sfof{Tds ?k (Funtional Basis) df ;~rflnt 5 . k|To]s dxfzfvf / zfvfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfdx?df cGo dxfzfvf / zfvfsf] kx'Fr tyf cGt/;DaGw ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] sfd :jtGq, lgikIf / uf]Ko ?kn] ug]{ :jtGqtf cfof]usf] sfo{ k|jfxsf ljlw / k4ltn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . Ps csf{sf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] af/]df s;}n] hfgsf/L /fVg] k|of;sf] s'g} u'~hfo; klg 5}g . o;n] cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs, e/kbf]{, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo agfpg] sfo{df cToGt} 7"nf] / dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .

cfof]usf ljleGg dxfzfvf / zfvfx?af6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] x/]s sfo{x? k|foM Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xdf x'G5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx? gfd dfqsf] k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL;Fu cfa4 ul/Psf 5g\ . jf:tjd} l;4fGtdf k9\g] 6f]nLut sfo{, ;d"x ultlzntfsf] k|ToIf cEof; ePsf] 5 . sfo{ ljefhg h] h:tf] tl/sfn] ePtfklg ;d"xdf :jM:km"t{?kn] sfo{;Dkfbg x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs labf, ;fFem ljxfgsf] ;dodf ;d]t oL sfo{x? lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf cGoq b]lvPsf], ;'lgPsf] / ef]luPsf] h:t} s'g} /fhgLlts bn, 6]«8 o'lgog tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] bjfj / x:tIf]k 5}g . cGo lgsfox?df h:t} 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ;lqmo k|ltlglwTj gePsf] xf]Og t/ o;sf] k|of]u ;}4flGts ?kdf ljz'4 k]zfut xslxt / cfof]unfO{ /rgfTds ;xof]u / ;'emfjsf] lbzfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 . ;du|df ;a}sf] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k|lt :jlgld{t / cGtM:s/0faf6} k|]l/t eO{ sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

17

aGb, x8tfn, v/fj df};d, udL{, hf8f] h'g;'s} ;dodf klg cfof]uaf6 s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglwx? tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf k'u]/ sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{df vl6bf cfˆgf] gft]bf/ k/LIffyL{ ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s c? s'g}klg ljifodf ljgf e]befj cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/rfng ug]{ cEof; 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg txsf] ;a} sfo{ :jtGq ?kn] ug{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jf/L xf] eg] gLltut ljifox?df cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] j[xt\ 5nkmn, lj1sf] /fo / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o ug]{ k4lt /x]sf] 5 .

lgisif{

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cleefjlso tyf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g dfkm{t ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu of]Uo pDd]bjf/x?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s'zntfk"j{s lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;dfgtf,:jR5 k|lt:kwf{sf] v]n / ;dGofo h:tf nf]stflGqs u'0fx?nfO{ cfof]un] d"ndGqsf] ?kdf c+uLsf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L / sfo{If]q a9fPsf], ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljljwtfx?sf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;Ifd / k|lt:kwL{ lghfdtL ;]jf÷;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ glthfd'vL / Joj;flos agfpg] lbzfdf cfof]un] gjLgtd k|of;x?sf] yfngL ul/;s]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu >f]t, cGo lgsfox?;Fusf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ clej[l4 / /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf cg';f/sf sfo{x? ug]{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/ u/L cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj lgjf{xdf xfl;n u/]sf] ;fv, uf}/j / ljZj;lgotf clej[l4 ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf ;jn kIfx?sf] clej[l4 ub}{ b'j{n kIfx?sf] klxrfg / Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg'' h?/L 5 . ;fy} cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxL;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf cg'ej / c;n cEof;x?nfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{;s]df cfof]usf] dof{bf / ;fFv yk prfO{df k'Ug] 5 . cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf sxLF st}af6 s'g} lsl;dsf] cfIf]k gcfpg] u/L ;b}j

;hu, ;lqmo, c6n / k|lta4 /xL o; ;+:yfnfO{ æof]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] pTs[i6 s]Gb|Æ -Center for Excellence of Meritocracy_ sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ k|of;nfO{ 3lge"t agfpg' h?/L 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, lgodfjnL, @)%)• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, P]g @)^^, lgodfjnL, @)^&• k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfjx?• cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?

18

g]kfndf blnt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / s]xL ;jfnx?

— Zofdk|;fb e08f/L*

;f/f+zcfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf] l:ylt /fli6«o cf}ifteGbf tn /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . b]zsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt /x]sf blnt ;d'bfox? c? hfthflt eGbf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf / /fhgLlts cj;/af6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g\ . t];|f] hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df d'n'sdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vof @%=@ k|ltzt /x]klg $#=^ k|ltzt kxf8L blnt / #*=@ k|ltzt t/fO{ blnt ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf lyP . o:tf] c;dfgtf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s, ;fIf/tf b/, ljBfno egf{b/x? / ck]lIft cfo' jif{ nufotsf ;"rsdf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf lgldQ cfalws ljsf; of]hgfx? d"ntM gjf}+ of]hgfb]lv ljleGg nlIft sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfOPsf] 5 . of]hgfsf blnt nlIft gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt / To;af6 blnt ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df k/]sf] k|efjsf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd s'g} cWoog ePsf]] kfOFb}g .

d'n'snfO{ 5'jf5't d'Qm /fHo 3f]if0ff ul/;Sbf klg ;fdflhs sn°sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5'jf5'tsf] ;d:of Jojxfl/s ?kdf cem} x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . blnt;Da4 s]xL k|d'v gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf jfjh'b blnt ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj;foLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Ifdtf ljsf;df eGbf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmddf a9L e/ kg{' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cf/If0f nufot cGo nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] c;/ klg blntleqs} dflyNnf] ju{df dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ :yfg ljz]if / hflt ljz]ifsf cfwf/df nlIft sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{, 5l/P/ /x]sf] blnt a;f]af;nfO{ PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ug]{, blntx?sf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Joj;foLs/0f ug{'sf ;fy} :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx?df ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ /f]huf/L tyf cfo cfh{gnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf nlIft blntx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ tkm{ efjL sfo{lbzf to ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; n]v dfkm{t g]kfndf blnt ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf, blnt;Da4 ;~rflnt s]xL k|d'v gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?, b]lvPsf k|d'v ;jfnx? / ;'emfjx? nufotsf ljifodf ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

*;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

19

!= k[i7e"dL

b]zsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt /x]sf blnt ;d'bfox? c? hfthflteGbf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf / /fhgLlts cj;/af6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g\ . d'n'snfO{ 5'jf5't d'Qm /fHo 3f]if0ff ul/;Sbf klg ;fdflhs snÍsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5'jf5'tsf] ;d:of Jojxfl/s ?kdf cem} x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;dfhdf ax';+Vos dflg;x?sf] blntx?k|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs :yndf blntx?n] ckx]lnt x'g' kg]{ ;fdflhs kl/kf6L cem} klg ljBdfg\ /x]sf] 5 . blntx?nfO{ ;dfhsf] d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg] k|of;n] ;fy{stf k|fKt gu/];Dd d'n'ssf] ;j{tf]d'vL ljsf; ;Dej gx'g] tYonfO{ dgg u/L of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|of;df blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf nflu d"ntM gjf}+ of]hgfb]lv ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

d'n'sleqsf ;a} blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL ljsf;af6 dfq b]zsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; tyf ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;Dej x'G5 . o;sfnflu /fhgLltdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf blntx?sfnflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 Psftkm{ blntx?df cGtlg{lxt ;Lk, Ifdtf / 1fgnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; sfo{df nufpg ;lsG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngåf/f /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf u/L blnt ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;lsG5 . jiff}{+b]lv ul/aL / ;fdflhs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf] of] ;d'bfonfO{ /fi6«sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg cem} k|of; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf] l:ylt /fli6«o cf};teGbf tn /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t];|f] hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df d'n'sdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vof @%=@ k|ltzt /x]klg $#=^ k|ltzt kxf8L blnt / #*=@ k|ltzt t/fO{ blnt ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf lyP . o:tf] c;dfgtf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s, ;fIf/tf b/, ljBfno egf{b/x? / ck]lIft cfo' jif{ nufotsf ;"rsdf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . /fli6«o ?kdf ;fIf/tfsf] b/ ̂ %=(Ü /x]sf] eP klg blnt ;d'bfo ljz]iftM, t/fO{ blntx?sf] ;fIf/tf lgs} sd /x]sf] 5 . blnt ;d'bfo leqsf hfltx?sf] z}lIfs:t/df klg ;dfgtf 5}g . ;a}h;f] kxf8L blntx? ^)Ü eGbf a9L ;fIf/ 5g\ eg] d'zx/ -@!=*Ü_, 8f]d -@)=#Ü_, g6jf -#@=)Ü_ cflb hfltx? ;fIf/tfsf lx;fadf lgs} k5f8L /x]sf 5g\ . of] n]v n]vs :jodn] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf sfo{qmd lgb]{zssf] ?kdf sfo{/t /xFbf ul/Psf] blnt ;DaGwL Ps cWoogdf cfwfl/t 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] k/LIffx?df blnt ;DaGwL k|Zgx? cfO/xg] t/ cWoogsf ;fdu|Lx? kof{Kt pknAw gx'g] x'Fbf k|:t't n]v dfkm{t g]kfndf blnt ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf, blnt ;Da4 ;~rflnt s]xL k|d'v gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf k|d'v ;jfnx? / ;'emfjx? nufotsf ljifodf ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

@= g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf ljleGg Joj:yfx?

g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL, gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut Joj:yfx? x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . s]xL k|d'v Joj:yfx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

20

@=! ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf blntx?sf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ lgDg a'Fbfx?df ;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

• k|:tfjgfd} ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo ug]{ ;+sNk /x]sf],

• wf/f @$ df 5'jf5't tyf e]befj lj?4sf] xs,

• wf/f $) df blntsf] xs cGtu{t /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf blntnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g] xs, blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd sfg"g adf]lhd 5fqj[lQ ;lxt lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf, e"ldxLg blntnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd Ps k6s hdLg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{, cfjf;ljxLg blntnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ df}lns xs /x]sf] 5 .

• wf/f $@ df ;fdflhs Gofosf]] xs,

• wf/f $# df ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs h:tf yk df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

• wf/f @%% df k|b]zdf sfof{no :yfkgf ug{;Sg] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

@=@ hftLo e]befjsf] cGTo tyf cf/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf

blnt ;d'bfok|lt ul/g] hftLo e]befjsf] cGTo tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf blnt ;d'bfosf cf/If0fsf nflu lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .

• hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^* n] 5'jf5't, alxisf/, k|ltaGw, lgisfzg, cjx]ngf jf To:t} cGo dfgjtf lj/f]wL e]befjhGo sfo{nfO{ b08gLo agfO{ s;"/ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} ;j{;fwf/0faLr ;';DaGw ;'b[9 u/L /fli6«o Pstf cIf'00f /fvL ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] l;h{gf ug]{ k|:tfjgf ;lxtsf] P]g /x]sf] 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ zt k|ltzt dfgL blntsf nflu gf} k|ltzt cf/If0f u/]sf] 5 .

• ;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( / k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( n] klg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbsf] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu 5'6\ofO{ ;f] ;+VofnfO{ zt k|ltzt dfgL blntsf nflu kGw| k|ltzt cf/If0f u/]sf] 5 .

• l;FrfO lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] kl/R5]b @ df pkef]Qmf ;+:yf btf{df l;FrfO{ k|0ffnLsf pkef]Qmfx?n] pknAw eP;Dd ## k|ltzt dlxnf, @ hgf blnt pTkLl8t / lk5l8Psf hghflt ;lxt !! hgf ;Ddsf] ;ldlt u7g ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

21

@=# gLltut Joj:yf

-s_ n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, @)^^

hftLo, If]qLo / n}+lus e]befj d'Qm ;dtfd"ns, ;d[4 / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxt dlxnf, afnaflnsf, blnt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd, ljkGg ju{ tyf lk5l8Psf] ju{x?sf] ;zlQms/0f ub}{ nlug] gLlt /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)^&

gLlt v08sf] *=$=@ df hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{df ul/a, blnt, ;LdfGts[t hghflt, cflbjf;L, dlxnf, afn—aflnsf tyf o'jfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L hnjfo' cg's"ng ;DaGwL sfo{x?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-u_ /fli6«o s[lif gLlt, @)^!

nlIft ju{x?sf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf cfwf x]S6/eGbf sd hdLg eO{ l;FrfO ;'ljwf Go"g /x]sf blnt, pTkLl8t tyf cGo l;dfGt s[ifs Pjd\ s[lif >ldsx?nfO{ ;d"xdf juL{s/0f u/L ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

-3_ s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g gLlt, @)^#

gLltsf] #=!) df ljkGg ju{, dlxnf / blnt ju{af6 s[lif pBd :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd nfu' ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

-ª_ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gLlt, @)^!

gLltsf] ^=%=# df hghflt, blnt / pk]lIft ;d'bfo Pjd\ ckfËx?nfO{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmddf nfeflGjt Pjd\ ;xefuL u/fpg k|fyldstf lbOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-r_ /fli6«o o'jf gLlt, @)^^

gLltsf] & -7_ df 5'jf5't, em'df, b]psL, jfbL, sdf/f sdf/L, xlnof, x?jf, sd}of, bfO{hf], 5fpk8L k|yfh:tf s'/Llt, cGwljZjf; / lrGtgaf6 u|l;t ;+:s[ltsf lj?4 cfd o'jfnfO{ kl/rfng ub}{ hgd'vL / nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx?df o'jf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . /fli6«o o'jf kl/ifb u7g ubf{ dw];L, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ckfË, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfox?sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf 5 .

22

-5_ l;FrfO gLlt, @)&)

gLlt v08sf] !=%=!% df l;FrfO If]qdf n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;sf/fTds lje]b tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;'lglZrt ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf], !=^=!^ df pkef]Qmf ;+:yf u7g ubf{ ## k|ltzt dlxnf, tyf blnt, pTkLl8t / lk5l8Psf] hghftL ;d'bfosf] plrt k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

@=$ ;+:yfut Joj:yf

pNn]lvt ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ /fli6«o blnt cfof]uM

blnt ju{sf] xs, lxt / clwsf/sf] lgjf{w pkof]u ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sfo{x? ug{, k|rlnt sfg"g Pjd\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgoddf ;dofg's"n ;+zf]wgsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ / blnt ;d'bfosf] Gofo, ;dfgtf / d'lQmsf] nflu lj=;= @)%* r}q ^ ut] g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o blnt cfof]u u7g u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o blnt cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-v_ pk]lIft pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldltM

blnt ju{sf] pTyfg ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf :yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo ug{ lj=;= @)%$ df pk]lIft pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ePsf]] xf] . o; ;ldltn] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ blnt 5fq5fqfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f / blnt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfo{nfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ ub{5 .

-u_ jfbL pTyfg ;ldltM

blnt leqs} jfbL hfltsf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf jfbL pTyfg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . jfbL ;d'bfosf] pTyfg, ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] kfO{G5 .

-3_ blnt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltM

:yfgLo lgsfox?, ljifout sfof{nox? / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 cf–cfˆgf] 9+un] blntsf If]qdf sfd ub}{ cfO{/x]sfn] sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fO{ ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u u/L blnt ju{sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, ;zlQms/0f, Ifdtf ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf If]qdf ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 ck]lIft pknAwL xfl;n eO{ nlIft ju{n] ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg lhNnf txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] ;dGjo ug{sf] nflu &% j6} lhNnfdf blnt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltx? /x]sf 5g\ .

23

-ª_ hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't cGTo tyf blntx?sf] clwsf/ k|j4{g ;+oGq, @)^*M

g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifbsf]_ sf] ldlt @)^*÷!@÷@& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]u ;d]t ;b:o /xg] u/L !& ;b:o s]Gb|Lo lgb]{zs ;ldlt / ( ;b:o ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt /xg] u/L hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't cGTo tyf blntx?sf] clwsf/ k|j4{g ;+oGq, @)^* u7g ePsf] / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf :yfgLo :t/sf] ;+oGq ;d]t u7g eO{;s]sf] / pQm ;ldlt hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't cGTo ug{ lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .

-r_ ljifout dGqfnox?

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, dlxnf afnafnLsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfno, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfno, s[lif dGqfno nufot cGo ljifout dGqfnox?df blnt nlIft ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'+b} cfPsf 5g .

-5_ /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u

;du| dlxnfx?sf] xs lxt Pjd\ gLltut ;'wf/sf nflu /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf]n] cfufdL lbgdf dlxnf ljsf;sf] If]qdf yk k|efjsf/Ltf xfl;n x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

-h_ u}x| ;/sf/L ;:yfx?

blnt pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf If]qdf y'k|} u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;d]t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

@=% sfo{qmdut Joj:yf

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f tyf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . o;/L sfof{Gjog ePsf s]xL k|d'v sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd / Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmddf ;d"xLs[t u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@=%=! cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd

-s_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd

pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t %% lhNnfdf ;~rflnt …d]8]kÚ tyf …d]8kfÚ sfo{qmddf Go"g cfo ePsf ul/a kl/jf/, dlxnf, blnt, a]/f]huf/ o'jf, ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf /x]sfx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] ;fgf pBdLx?sf] ljsf;, ul/a tyf Go"g cfo ju{sf JolQmx?nfO{ cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfk tyf /f]huf/L dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . pBdLx?sf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0f ug]{, jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf] ;'wf/ tyf ljsf; ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? o;df ;~rfng x'g] ub{5g\ . sfo{qmddf *# k|ltzt dlxnf, $& k|ltzt hghflt tyf @&

24

k|ltzt blntx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; sfo{qmddf blntx?sf] ;xeflutf cGo sfo{qmddf eGbf pNn]Vo /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o;df /x]sf] ;xeflutfn] blnt ;d'bfosf 3/ kl/jf/x?sf] /f]huf/L tyf pBdzLntf ljsf;df ;+nUgtf a9\g], cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'Ug ;s]sf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

-v_ ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if

ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{ nlIft sfo{qmdsf ?kdf ;g\ @))$ df :yfkgf eO{ sfof{Gjog x'Fb} cfPsf] sfo{qmd xf] . ;fdflhs kl/rfng, cfo cfh{g, ;fgf ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon]] :yfkgf ePsf] sf]ifn] $) lhNnfdf @% xhf/eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos ;+:yf u7gsf] nflu ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] pAhgLn] # dlxgfeGbf a9L u'hf/f grNg] kl/jf/–nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . h;df &^ k|ltzt dlxnf / ^% k|ltzt clt ljkGg kl/jf/ 5g\ . sf]ifåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?df sl/a @* k|ltzt blnt hfltsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L sf]ifåf/f ul7t ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf cWoIf, sf]iffWoIf / ;lrjnfO{ k|d'v kb dfGg] ul/G5 . oL kbx?df ;a} eGbf a9L #$ k|ltzt blntx? ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf k|d'v kbx?df /x]sf 5g\ . hfltut k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df v08Ls[t u/L x]bf{ t/fO{sf lhNnfdf blnt ;d'bfo, kxf8L lhNnfdf j|fXd0f÷If]qL / lxdfnL If]qsf lhNnfdf hghfltx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

-u_ ;xsf/L cg'bfg sfo{qmd

;xsf/L cg'bfg sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;xsf/L efjgfsf ;fy :yfkgf ePsf ;fgf tyf >f]t cefj ePsf ;xsf/LnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u u/L pgLx?nfO{ ;xsf/L pBf]u tyf Joj;fo :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u u/L :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg a9fpg / /f]huf/Lsf gofF cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 . ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 blnt, ljkGg dlxnf, ;LdfGts[t, ul/a, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, e"ldxLg tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo / >ldsnfO{ :j/f]huf/d"ns pBf]u tyf Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{ kF"hL / ;Lkd"ns tflnd pknAw u/fpg] gLlt cg'?k ;xsf/L ;fem]bf/Ldf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;xsf/L pBdnfO{ ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-3_ ljkGg ju{ shf{ sfo{qmd

ljkGg ju{df hfg] shf{nfO{ ;do–;fk]If ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@÷&# b]lv jfl0fHo a}+s, ljsf; a}+s / ljQ sDkgLn] ljkGg ju{df k|jfx ug'{kg]{ shf{sf] ;Ldf j[l4 u/L qmdzM % k|ltzt, $=% k|ltzt / $ k|ltztsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljkGg ju{df k|jfx x'g] n3' shf{sf] ;Ldf a9fpFb} nluPsf] 5 . o;af6 blnt ;d'bfo nufotsf ljkGg ju{sf] shf{df kxF"r k'uL pBd ug{, :j/f]huf/L tyf cfo cfh{gdf of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

25

-ª_ s[lif ljsf; cg'bfg sfo{qmd

s0ff{nL c~rn s[lif ljsf; cfof]hgf cGtu{t s0ff{nL c~rndf blnt, hghflt, o'jf, dlxnf, k5fl8 k/]sf ;d"x;d]tnfO{ s[lif / kz' pTkfbg tyf Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/fO{ cf–cfˆgf k|fyldstf cg'?k sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdjf6 blnt ;d'bfosf 3/ kl/jf/x? ;d]t nfeflGjt x'g] u/]sf] eP klg kl/jf/ ;+Vof v'Ng] u/L k|ult eg] k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-r_ cfjf; sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/n] blnt, ;LdfGts[t / ljkGg ju{sf nflu hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h; cGtu{t ut cf=j= @)&#÷&$ sf] k|yd cf7 dlxgf;Dd blnt, ljkGg d'l:nd, r]kfË, /fp6], uGwj{, afbL, jgsl/of, ;'/]n, yfdL nufotsf ljkGg Pj+ nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf yk @) xhf/ kl/jf/sf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t qmdfut ! xhf/ % ;o !* cfjf; O{sfO dWo] ̂ ;o !) cfjf; O{sfO lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

@=%=@ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f tyf 5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/n] blntx?sf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f tyf 5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?df b]xfosf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] kfO{G5 .

-s_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/n] &) jif{ dflysf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] eP klg ^) jif{ k"/f ePsf ;Dk"0f{ blnt Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ To:tf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf /sd ljt/0f ub}{+ cfPsf] . Ho]i7 gful/s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf /sd a}lsË k|0ffnL dfkm{t e'StfgL ug]{ sfo{ .

-v_ afn;+/If0f cg'bfg

g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|lt kl/jf/ b'O{ hgf kfFr jif{ d'lgsf s0ff{nL c~rnsf kfFrj6} lhNnf / g]kfn el/sf ;a} blnt afnaflnsfx?nfO{ dfl;s ? @)) sf b/n] kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf nflu afn;+/If0f cg'bfg pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfn] ;fljssf] uf=lj=;=dfkm{t of] ;'ljwf kfFpb} cfPsf 5g\ .

-u_ 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd

;a} txsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr :yflkt ug{ tyf ;LdfGts[t ljBfyL{sf nflu oyf;Dej cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf ;lxt dfWolds lzIff k|bfg ul/Psf] / blnt ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{nfO{ x/]s jif{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t ;~rflnt blnt ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?df z}lIfs pknAwL sdhf]/ /x]sf blnt ;d'bfosf JolQmx?nfO{ nlIft u/L ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu ;fIf/tf / cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd

26

;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . pk]lIft pTkLl8t tyf blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldltdfkm{t klg jif]{gL sl/a ^)) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf blnt ljBfyL{x?n] pRr lzIffdf 5fqj[lQ kfpg] u/]sf 5g . o;n] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ blntx?sf] ;+Vof klg qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cf=j= @)&@÷&# b]lv t/fO{sf lk5l8Psf blnt / ;LdfGts[t ju{sf sIff !! / !@ df cWoog/t 5fqfx?sf nflu /fdgf/fo0f ld> ljz]if 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] pRr lzIffdf blnt 5fqfx?sf] kFx'rnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@=%=# Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd

blnt ;d'bfox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?df b]xfosf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ePsf] kfO{G5 .

-s_ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf blnt dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf blnt dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf qmdzM ;'wf/f]Gd'v b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] blnt dlxnfx?sf] ;zlQms/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfO{G5 . b]zsf &% j6} lhNnfdf ;~rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf blnt dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf !^ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . sl/a 8]9 nfvsf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] dlxnf ;d"xdf !) nfv dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfdf !^ k|ltztsf] blnt dlxnf ;xelutfnfO{ k|ult pGd'v dfGg ;lsG5 .

-v_ gLlt lgdf{0f txdf blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj

Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf blntx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ljutdf eGbf a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . h:t} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf #@( hgf ;f+;bdWo] -%=$&Ü_ cyf{t\ !* hgf ;ef;b blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ;xefuL lyP eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf]>f] lgjf{rgdf ^)! hgf ;ef;bdWo] blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj -^=^^Ü_ cyf{t\ $) hgf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . ljutsf] t'ngfdf blntx?sf] k|ltlglwTj a9\b} hfg'n] blntx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfO{G5 .

-u_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf

;fj{hlgs tyf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf blnt ;d'bfosf nflu -v'nftkm{sf] $%Ü kbdWo] blntsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf (Ü, k|x/L ;]jfdf !%Ü, ;}lgs ;]jfdf !%Ü_ kb cf/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg nufotsf ;fj{hlgs If]qx?df klg blnt ;d'bfosf nflu ;/sf/L P]g, lgod cg';f/s} cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;}lgs, k|x/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;]jfdf o; ;d'bfoaf6 slt k|ltlglwTj eof] / cf/If0fdf nlIft blnt ju{sf] slt ;xeflutf eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf cflwsfl/s tYofÍx? pknAw x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . tyfkL cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfn] blntx?df Ps k|sf/sf] hfu/0f NofPsf] kfO{G5 .

27

#= blnt nlIft gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;jfnx?

g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf pNn]lvt ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf / nlIft sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf jfjh'b blntx?sf] cj:yfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}+g . o;f] x'g'df b]xfosf ;jfnx? /x]sf] kfO{of] .

#=!= blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg ;DaGwL k[ys gLlt tyf sfo{qmd g/flvg'M

of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|of;df d"ntM gjf}+ of]hgfb]lv blnt nlIft gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ t]x|f}+ / rf}wf}+ of]hgfn] blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg nufotsf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ Psd'i6 ?kdf gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu k[ys ;f]r, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmd g/fVbf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|ultnfO{ v08Ls[t u/L k|ltj]bg tyf clen]vf+sg ug{] ul/Psf] kfOPg . o;}u/L jflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]lhg klg /0fgLlts :tDesf cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsP klg blnt ;d'bfonfO{ uPsf] s"n /sd olsg ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt ePg .

#=@= v08Ls[t tYof°sf] cefj /xg'M

of]hgfdf nlIft ju{ tyf ;d'bfox? h:t} dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ;LdfGts[t clt;LdfGts[t ju{sf nflu lnO{Psf gLltx? Ps} k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . t/, jflif{s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;LdfGts[t jf clt;LdfGts[t ;d"x leq /fvL sfo{ ;~rfng ul/Psf] kfOPsfn] o;nfO{ k[ys ?kdf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu v08Ls[t ;"rgfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L blntx?sf] hfthftL ;DaGwL cg';"rLd} klg cem} c:ki6tf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

#=#= clen]v k|ltj]bg tyf cg'udg kIf sdhf]/ /xg'M

blnt ;Da4 sfo{qmdx? 5l/P/ /x]sfn] bf]xf]/f]kgf b]lvPsf] / sfo{qmdx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . blnt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltx?nfO{ pk]lIft pTkLl8t tyf blnt pTyfg ljsf; ;ldltaf6 jflif{s ?kdf /sd lgsf;f x'g] u/]sf] eP klg pQm /sd vr{ x'g] If]qsf] ;d]t s]Gb|df lj:t[t ;"rgf /xg] u/]sf] kfOPg . clen]v tyf k|ult k|ltj]bgx? ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo lgsfox?df ;d]t cWofjlws /x]sf] kfO{Pg .

#=$= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{ljlw;Fu tfnd]n g/xg'M

;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf 7"nf] /sd ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dfkm{t vr{ eP klg cg';"rLdf pNn]lvt ;a} blnt ;d'bfox? ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{ljlwsf] cg';"rLdf gk/]sf] b]lvPsfn] o:tf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfpgaf6 blnt ;d'bfoleqsf] s'g} hflt jl~rt /x] g/x]sf] Plsg ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt /x]g .

28

#=%= cGo ;jfnx?M pNn]lvt ;jfnsf cltl/Qm lgDgfg';f/sf cGo ;jfnx? klg /x]sf 5g\ . • blnt ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj;foLs/0f x'g g;Sg', • lbuf] ?kdf Ifdtf ljsf;df eGbf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmddf a9L e/ kg{', • ;fdflhs sn+ssf ?kdf /x]sf] 5'jf5't tyf e]befj Jojxf/df lgd{"n x'g g;Sg', • blnt ;d'bfoleqs} hfltx?df e]befj tyf c;dfgtf sfod /xg', -pbfx/0fsf nflu, kxf8]

blntdWo] sfdL -ljZjsdf{_ n] ;fsL{, ufO{g] / afbLeGbf cfkm"nfO{ dflyNnf] :t/sf 7fG5g / pgLx?sf] xftaf6 kfs]sf] vfg]s'/f u|x0f ub}{gg\ . To;}u/L t/fO{ dw];sf blntx?dWo] afFt/n] cfˆgf] If]qsf 8f]d, xnvf]/ / d'zx/eGbf cfk"mnfO{ dflyNnf] :t/sf 7fG5g\ / pgLx?sf] xftaf6 kfs]sf] vfg]s'/f u|x0f ub}{gg\ . To:t}, tfTdf, b';fw / vTj]n] afFt/sf] xftaf6 kfs]sf] vfg]s'/f u|x0f ub}{gg\ ._

• cf/If0f nufot cGo nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] c;/ blntleqs} tNnf] ju{;Dd k'Ug g;Sg' cflb cGo ;jfnx? /x]sf 5g\ .

$= lgisif{

pNn]lvt ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL, gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflUf lnOPsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

!= ljkGg ju{ nlIft n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd / ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] sfo{qmdjf6 nfeflGjt blntx?sf] ;+Vof pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 . ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] kbflwsf/Ldf klg blntx?sf] Ps ltxfO{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k|ltlglwTj b]lvPsf]n] cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfk ;+u;++u} g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf;df ;d]t ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5 .

@= blnt ;d'bfosf nflu nlIft sfo{qmdx? ljz]iftM /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, pk]lIft pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt / jfbL ;d'bfo pTyfg ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{qmdx?, lzIffdf 5fqj[lQ h:tf s]xL sfo{qmdx? afx]s cGo sfo{qmdx?sf] blnt ;d'bfosf nflu dfq} k[ys nIo /fvL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPg . o;n] ubf{ oL sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf gcfPsf] / To;sf] k|ltj]bg / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;d]t sdhf]/ /xg uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

#= ljifout If]qx?df ;~rflnt ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf] klxrfg, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf blnt ;d'bfosf] /fd|f];Fu ;xeflutf x'g g;s]sfn] klg sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

$= 5'jf5't / hftLo lje]bnfO{ sfg"gdf b08gLo dflgP klg Jojxf/df lgd"{n x'g g;s]sf] / blntx?sf]] a;f]af; 5l/P/ /x]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;xh kx'Fr x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . o;n] ubf{ blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fIf/tfsf] b/ Go"g /x]sf] / cfly{s cj;/x?df ;d]t ;xh kx"Fr sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

%= t/fO{ blntdf $$ k|ltzt / kxf8L blntdf !% k|ltzt e"ldxLg /x]sfn] s[lif ;DaGwL nlIft sfo{qmdx?n] ul/a blnt ;d'bfonfO{ 5'g g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 .

29

%= ;'emfjx?

blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflUf lnOg] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] th{'df tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu b]xfosf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M–

%=!= of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th{'df ;DaGwL ;'emfjx?

!= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df lgs} sdhf]/ b]lvPsf ;fdflhs ;d"x, If]q / ju{nfO{ nlIft sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 pgLx?sf] pTyfg tyf ljsf; ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . t/, o:tf sfo{qmdx?sf] th{'df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf ;Da4 ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ ?kdf u/fOg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@= blnt ;d'bfo nufotsf nlIft ju{sf nflu ;~rfng ul/g] nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf nflu k|df0fdf cfwfl/t u/fpg blnt ;d'bfo ;d]tsf ;fdflhs ;d"x tyf If]qsf cfwf/df v08Ls[t tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx? pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

#= blnt pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu gjf}+ of]hgfb]lv g} ;+:yfut Joj:yf / ljleGg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/b}+ cfPsf] ePtfklg glthfdf blntx?sf] cj:yf /fli6«o cf};teGbf cem} klg lgs} sd b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}n] xfn;Dd ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] c;/ / k|efjsf] :jtGq d"NofÍg u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

$= blnt ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ubf{ blntleq}sf @^ hfthfltdWo] :yfg ljz]if / hflt ljz]ifsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L cnu cnu sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

%= blnt ;d'bfoleqsf ul/a tyf clt ul/a kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft sfo{qmd k'¥ofpgsf nflu :ki6 dfkb08 tof/ u/L nlIft leqsf] nlIft sfo{qmd ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg' ;fdlos x'G5 .

^= blntx? 5l/P/ /x]sf] a;f]af; / k|fs[lts ljklQsf] b[li6sf]0fn] hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf /x]sf blntx?sf nflu PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; of]hgf agfO{ a;f]af;nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=@=of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;'emfjx?

!= 5l/P/ /x]sf / bf]xf]/f]kgf klg sfod /x]sf] blnt ;Da4 sfo{qmdx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L PsLs[t ug{ ;lsg] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ . o;sf] nflu blnt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt nufotsf blnt ;Da4 ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;d]t u/L kl/rfng ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .

@= /fli6«o blnt cfof]un] k|sflzt u/]sf] blntx?sf] hfltdf @^ hflt blnt /x]sf] eg]sf] ePtf klg ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^( sf] cg';"rLdf eQf ljt/0fsf nflu blntx?sf] @! hfltdfq /x]sf] kfOPsf]n] oL b'O{aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod u/L ;a} blntn] ^) jif{ k'/f eP kl5 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

30

#= blnt tyf u}/blnt / blnt ;d'bfo leq} /x]sf] hftLo e]befj cGTo ug{sf nflu ;fdflhs hfu/0fsf sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

$= blntx?sf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Joj;foLs/0f u/fpg'sf ;fy} :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx?df ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ ljkGg ju{ shf{ sfo{qmd dfkm{t blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /f]huf/L tyf cfo cfh{gnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 .

%= ljleGg ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf] blnt ;DaGwL cf/If0fsf] pkof]u ug{ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf blntx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmdnfO{ glthfd'vL agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

^= lgisif{

g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf cg'?k blnt ;Da4 sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}+g . ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx? klg k|efjsf/L / glthfd"ns x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . blnt nlIft sfo{qmdx? blntx?sf] cfjZostf eGbf klg ;a} blntsf nflu -jfbL ;d'bfosf nflu 5'§} ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ePsf]df afx]s_ Ps}vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] kfO{G5 . 5'jf5't h:tf] u}/sfg"gL Pjd\ cdfgjLo Jojxf/af6 of] ;d'bfosf]] ;fdflhs dof{bf sltko :yfgdf cem} :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . of] ;d'bfon] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df cfkm"nfO{ cem} k"0f{ ?kn] :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fx?dfM

• nlIft sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ubf{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;~rfng geO{ 5l/P/ /xg',• ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf aLr ;dGjo gx'g', -h:t}M ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] sfo{qmd, n3' pBd

ljsf; sfo{qmd, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cfbLaLr ;dGjo x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g_• cfjZos oy]i6 cWooglagf s]Gb|af6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'Fbf pgLx?sf] cfjZostf

/ ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] aLr ;fdGh:o gx'g', • blntx? ;DaGwL juL{s[t tYofÍx?sf] cefj /xg',• blntx? z}lIfs Pjd\ r]tgfsf] :t/df klg cGo hfthflt eGbf lgs} k5f8L kg'{ / • ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf blntx?sf] ;xeflutf Go"g /xg' cfbL /x]sf 5g .

log} sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ blnt ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfsf] ;xL klxrfg ug{ cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx? vf]hL ug]{ / ltlgx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ljz]if kxn ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g} pgLx?nfO{ ;xefuL Pjd\ ;fem]bf/Lsf] ?kdf ;+nUg u/fpFb} /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;fd]n u/fpg ;s] nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg clej[l4 x'g] / blntx?sf] jf:tljs pTyfg / ljsf;df;d]t of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

31

&= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn,

sf7df8f}+ • k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ • ;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+• hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^*, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+• cfly{s ;j]{If0f cf=j=@)&#÷&$, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+• cf=j=@)^*÷)^(, @)^(÷)&) / @)&)÷)&!, jflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u,

hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/• n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, @)^^, g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno• ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^(, g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno• pk]lIft, pTkLl8t / blntju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z @)%$, >L % sf] ;/sf/, :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfno• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$—@)&%÷&^_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,• t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u• gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$— @)%(_ >L % sf] ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn,

• HDR,2015, Human Development Report 2015, Work for Human Development, UNDP• http://www.npc.gov.np,• http://www.lawcommission.gov.np

32

ljsf;sf] gof“ cfofdsf ?kdf zx/L ljsf;sf ljljw kIfx?

— g]q ;'j]bL æk|of;Æ*

;f/f+z

zx/L If]q s]nfO{ eGg] < zx/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug'{ g} s] zx/L ljsf; xf] < eGg] h:tf lh1fzfx? p7\g] u/]sf] ePtfklg ljZj:t/df :yflkt dfGotf s] 5 eg] Jojl:yt zx/ eg]sf] ;dfj]zL, lbuf] / e/kbf]{ eljiosf] cfwf/ xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg cnUu} dGqfno ;d]t :yfkgf u/L /0fgLlt lgwf{/0f tyf PsLs[t zx/L ljsf;nfO{ dxTjsf ;fy p7fOPsf] 5 . zx/ ufpF cGt/;DaGwsf cfwf/x? tyf zx/L ljsf;sf ;"rsx?nfO{ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df k|of]u u/L zx/L ljsf;sf] ljs]lGb|t vfsf k|of]u ug'{sf] ljsNk eg] 5}g . HABITAT III (2016) n] p7fPsf] New Urban Agenda klg lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo xfFl;n ug{ / PsLs[t zx/L ljsf; dfkm{t zx/L zf;gnfO{ alnof] u/fpg nlIft /x]sf] 5 .

*;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

zx/L ljsf; M Ps ljx+ud b[li6

zx/L ljsf; eg]sf] Jojl:yt zx/sf nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; xf] . of] ;xeflutfd"ns, cfw'lgs, pTkfbgd}qL, ;+:s[ltd}qL, jftfj/0fd}qL / ;'/lIft x'g' h?/L 5 . zx/sf] ;+Vof j[l4 eGbf klg ;'ljwf j[l4sf] dfu zx/L ljsf;n] ub{5 . To:t} zx/Ls/0fnfO{ pTkfbsTj;Fu hf]8\g' klg plQs} h?/L 5 .

Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 ls dfgjLo a:tLx? zx/df em'lDdg yfn]sf] &))) jif{ cl3 xf] . cf}wf]lus qmflGtn] zx/Ls/0fsf] ultnfO{ yk a9fof] / u|fdL0f a;f]af;sf] t'ngfdf zx/ ahf/sf] a;f]af; afSnf] x'Fb} uof] (Khatri) . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf zx/Ls/0fsf] /ˆtf/ a9\g'df k|d'v b'O{ sf/0f lhDd]jf/ dflgG5g\ . klxnf] xf] ufpFaf6 zx/lt/sf] a;fOF;/fO / bf]>f] xf] s[lif k]zfaf6 cGo u}/s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUgtf a9]/ hfg' . zx/Ls/0fsf] qmdnfO{ wflg/xgsf] nflu zx/df hfg]x?n] k|ult u/]sf] b]lvg'kb{5 . oxL ;TotfnfO{ (Tolley, 1987) cfˆgf] k':tsdf

33

zx/Ls/0fsf] k|d'v lgwf{/ssf ?kdf zx/L If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9\g'nfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . To:t} zx/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f lglDtPsf b'O{ hah{:t ;d:ofsf ?kdf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] ljv08g / a;fOF;/fOnfO{ lnOG5 .

zx/L a:tLx? cfsf/, 3gTj, ljifdtfsf] ;du| ?k xf] / >d ljefhgsf] hl6n cj:yf, ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf cfwf/e"t?kdf kl/jt{g klg zx/L klxrfg g} xf] . zx/L a;f]af;sf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ d"ntM tLgj6f r/0fdf /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . c7f/f}+ ztfJbL;Ddsf] cjlwdf ahf/df a;f]af; ug]{ ;'?jft dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ha cf}wf]lus/0fn] ult lnof] tj zx/sf] ;+Vof / cfsf/ tLj| j[l4 eof] . kl5Nnf] cjlwdf cfP/ d]6«f] l;6Lx?sf] ljsf; cGtu{t /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts kIfx?d} kl/jt{g b]vfk/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf xfnsf] zx/L ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff eg]sf] ljsf;sf] gofF cfofd (New Development Paradigm) sf] ?kdf pbfPsf] 5 .

zx/ / ;Eotfsf] ljsf;nfO{ kof{ojfrL dflgg] ;Gbe{df hg;f+lVos agf}6 / ljt/0fsf] lx;fan] klg cjsf] ljsf; Ph]08f eg]sf] zx/L ljsf;sf ;jfnx?df s]lGb|t x'g] b]lvG5 . zx/–u|fdL0f

cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;zQm agfpFb} dftxtsf a:tL s]Gb|x? (Sub-centres) x?nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt?kdf j[l4 x'g lbPdf dfq ;+3Lotfsf] cEof;n] d"t{?k lng], :jzf;g÷gu/zf;g ;Dej x'g] x'G5 .

:yfgLo txsf] r'gfj e} hgk|ltlglwx?n] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn];Fu} ljleGg tby{ 3f]if0ff u/L nf]slk|o aGg'eGbf klg bL3{sfnLg?kdf c;n k|efj kfg]{u/L ljsf;sf] ;DefJotfsf] k/v ug{], a:tLljsf; nufotsf hl6ntf gkb}{ cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f x'gsf nflu cWoog, gu/ of]hgf, txx?aLr cfk;L ;xsfo{, ;DaGw / ;xsfo{, k|fljlws Pj+ ;f+:s[lts cfbfgk|bfgsf nflu elugL ;DaGw :yfkgf, cjnf]sg e|d0f, ;kmntfsf dfldnfx?af6 l;sfO{ nufotsf lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug'{ klg plQs} pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .

zx/L ljsf;sf cfofdx?

• pknAw hUufsf] juL{s/0f ljsf;sf nflu e"pkof]u of]hgf / PsLs[t zx/L ljsf; of]hgf• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f• ;f+:s[lts ;lDdng• cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;• /fhgLlts• gLltut kIf• Jofkfl/s• a;f]af;hGo• cf}wf]lus

34

zx/L ljsf; cjZo klg ultzLn cjwf/0ff xf] lsgls pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg l;ldt x'G5 eg] gofF gofF r'gf}tLx? ylkFb} hfG5g\ . o;sf] ;fydf of]hgfsf] vfsf km]l/g] / zx/sf] :j?k klg km]l/g] ;Fu;Fu} cuf8L a9\b5 . xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] ;Gbe{df s'g}klg :yfgdf zx/L ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] / PsLs[t?kdf ;kmn t'Nofpg d"ntM tnsf] lrqdf b]vfOh:t} rf/j6f cGt/;DalGwt kIfx?sf] k|of]u

tyf ;Daf]wg x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

lrq !M zx/L ljsf;sf k|d'v kIfx?

;do;Fu} zx/L ljsf;nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t cGt/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut zx/L ljsf;sf] of]hgfdf zx/sf] s'g :yfgdf s] s:tf] / s] slt ;+/rgf agfpg] eGg] ljifo kg]{ ub{Yof] . o;df ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL OlGhlgol/Ësf] ljz]if sfd kb{5 . zx/L of]hgfsf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffn] eg] ef}lts kIfx? dfq x}g c? w]/} kIfx? zx/L ljsf;df ;d]l6g] x'Fbf PsLs[t of]hgfsf] vfFrf] kb{5 .

s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf zx/L If]qsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] / casf s]xL jif{leq g} /fli6«o hg;+Vofsf] clwsf+z lx:;f zx/?kdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;DaGwdf :jefljs?kdf b]zsf] ljsf; eg]sf] zx/sf] oyf]lrt ljsf; g} x'g]5 . o;} ljifonfO{ dgg u/L zx/L ljsf; dGqfno lj=;+= @)^( df :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .

zx/L ljsf;sf sfdx? ubf{ b]xfosf s'g} jf Ps eGbf a9L ljZn]if0fx? ul/G5 M

35

zx/L ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fx?

zx/sf] ljsf; ug]{ ls ufpF / zx/ b'j}sf] cl:tTj sfod ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf b'O{ km/s ljrf/wf/fx? /x]sf] kfOG5 . tL b'j} dfGotfsf] 5f]6s/L kl/ro oxfF lbOPsf] 5 M

Pro-rural View : of] dfGotf cg';f/ a;fOF;/fOsf] qmd /f]Sg], zx/Ls/0f x'g glbg] / pN6} ;Dej eP;Dd zx/x?sf] u|fdL0fLs/0f ug'{kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;b\efj eTsfpg] x'Fbf zx/Ls/0f cfkm}df Evil sfo{ xf] . zx/ If]qdf x'g] clws nufgL zx/k|ltsf] k"jf{u|x xf] .

Pro-urban View : zx/L s]Gb|x? cfly{s j[l4sf pb\ud:yn (Engine of growth) x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} 1fg, ;+:s[lt, gofF k|of]usf pb\ud:yn x'g\ . hj gu/If]qsf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os x'G5, tjdfq cfly{s k|ult / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;Dej x'G5 . zx/Ls/0f qmdzM x'g] k|lqmof xf] / oL :yfgx? Engine of innovation, diffusion and socioeconomic transformation sf ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .

zx/Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{ p7\bf zx/ / ufpFaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . d"ne"t cGt/;DaGwx?sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

cGt/;DaGw cGt/;DaGwsf] ljifo

;fdflhs cGt/;DaGw

;fdflhs ;DaGwn] dflg; / ltgsf ;+:yfaLrsf] sfof{Tds ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpFb5 . ;fdflhs k'FhLsf] a9\bf] dxTj;Fu ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudsf] dfu a9\of] .

cfly{s cGt/;DaGw

j:t', nufgL, k"FhLsf] cfbfgk|bfg g} cfly{s cGt/;DaGwsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . k|zf]lwt jf ck|f]zf]lwt j:t'sf] ljlgdo ug]{ / Psn] csf{nfO{ ahf/sf] ?kdf x]g]{ ljifo o;df kb{5 .

ef}uf]lns cGt/;DaGw

;]jf s]Gb|, ;|f]tsf] ;+sng, gjk|jt{g / ljsf;sf] ljifonfO{ ;/n u/fpgsf nflu ef}uf]lns cGt/;DaGw cfjZos 5 . ;8s sf]l/8f]/sf] Joj:yf, pTkfbg / ahf/ ;DaGwsf nflu klg ef}uf]lns cGt/;DaGw cfjZos kb{5 .

hfg;f+lVos cGt/;DaGw

u|fdL0f / zx/aLr hg;+Vofsf] k|jfx÷z'?df u|fdL0faf6 zx/, j[QLo k|jfx, zx/af6 u|fdL0f If]qsf] tkm{sf] em'sfj o; cGtu{t kb{5 .

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] cGt/;DaGw

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cfwf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . ;|f]tsf] k|of]u / pkef]usf] k|j[lQ o;df e/ kb{5 . k|b''if0f a9\g', ljZjJofkL pi0ftf a9\g', hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?;Fu s] s;/L h'Wg] eGg] ljifo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

;]jfsf] cGt/;DaGw

lzIff, :jf:Yo, Jofkf/, k|zf;g, oftfoft, ljB't, ;~rf/ oL ;'ljwfdf /xg] cfbfg k|bfgn] klg zx/ / ufpFaLr cGt/;DaGw :yflkt x'G5 .

zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL h'g;'s} gLlt lgwf{/0f ubf{ pNn]lvt cGt/;DaGwsf] Vofn ug'{kb{5 . ;dli6df eGg'kbf{ ufpF / zx/aLr kl/k"/s e"ldsf cfjZos x'G5 . To;f] t zx/ / ufpFx? /x]sf] Pp6f ;du| If]qsf] ljsf; ug'{ Pp6f j[xt cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ pQm If]qsf] wfGg;Sg] Ifdtf Total carrying capacity sf ?kdf ;d]t JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cuf8L ;fl/Psf] xf] .

36

elgPsf] 5 ls Regional planning provides a framework for devising better planning tools for development in rural, urban, national and regional level. Urbanization should be managed and shaped to achieve regional equity and alleviate poverty. This is because urbanization anywhere has influenced human life in many ways not only in urban areas but also in the entire region. Viable urban centers should be managed at the regional level.

Jojl:yt a:tL gLltdf s] s] kb{5g\ <

• PsLs[t pkfudsf] k|of]u• k"j{lgof]lht hUuf Joj:yfkg• ljkb ;+j]bgzLn (Open spaces, alternative roads, hazard mapping, quick rehab)• ;xeflutfd"ns• xl/ofnLo'St• Rural urban relation • ;d[l4 ;Fu ;DaGw

xfn ljBdfg ;Defjgfx?

• ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] k|of]u / :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw /x]sf] ;/sf/sf] ;lqmotf• ;xsfo{, cGt/;DaGw / ;xcl:tTj• ;kmntfsf syfx?af6 x'g] l;sfO• ;fem]bf/L df]8nsf] k|of]u• ;~rf/ k"jf{wf/ / ;f];n ldl8ofsf] ;xL k|of]u• o;cl3 /x]sf] ;+/rgfx?sf] plrt ;dfof]hg -gu/ljsf; ;ldlt, ljsf; k|flws/0f, gu/

ljsf; sf]if / cGo ;ldltx?_• xl/t cfjf;sf # kIfx? M jftfj/0f d}qL ;fdfgsf] k|of]u h:t}M emf]nfsf] ?kdf Knfl:6s

x}g ls sk8f jf h'6sf] emf]nf k|of]u ug]{, pko'Qm ejgsf] l8hfOg / oyf;Dej gjLs/0fLo phf{sf] ;|f]t k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] . cfjf; eg]sf] ef}lts 3/ dfq x}g ToxfFleq x'g] k|lqmofsf] ;du| ?k xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ rl/tfy{ ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

zx/L ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf s]xL ;jfnx? M

• gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff Pj+ zx/L If]qsf] kl/efiff• zx/L If]qdf k"jf{wf/ dfkb08• zx/L If]qdf lghL cfjf; lgdf{0f dfkb08• zx/Ls/0f / If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff• zx/Ls/0f / cfly{s ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff÷Growth centre sf] ?kdf zx/• zx/Ls/0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f÷xl/ofnL k|j4{gsf] cjwf/0ff

37

• zx/Ls/0f / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f Pj+ dd{tdf PsLs[t cfofdsf] cjwf/0ff• zx/Ls/0f / ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] lbPsf clwsf/ k|of]usf] cjwf/0ff• zx/Ls/0f / vfgf]kfgL ;'ljwf• zx/Ls/0f / kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg• zx/Ls/0f / oftfoft Joj:yfkg• zx/Ls/0f / zx/ ufFp cGt/;DaGw• zx/Ls/0f / ljkb hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f÷k"j{tof/L÷pTyfgzLntf ljsf;• zx/Ls/0f / ;Dkbf ;+/If0f -gbL, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf_• zx/Ls/0f / of]hgfj4 x:tIf]ksf] cjwf/0ff• zx/L ljsf;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ ;+/rgfx?sf] aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw• zx/Ls/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo -@)!^–@)#)_• zx/Ls/0f / ICT sf] k|of]u• zx/Ls/0f / zx/L ul/aL lgjf/0f

zx/L ljsf; / oftfoft Joj:yfkg M ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ljZjsf] kfFrf} 7"nf] :jf:Yo hf]lvdsf ?kdf ;8s b'3{6gf x'g]5 . o;df klg a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f g} sf/0fsf ?kdf b]vfkb{5 . ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL ug'{ zx/L zf;sLo k|aGwsf] sfo{;"rLdf of] sfd klg kg'{kb{5 . ;8s b'3{6gf 6fg{ ;lsg] xb;Dd o;nfO{ b'3{6gf dfGg gx'g] ts{ klg s]xL ljåfgx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . of] egfO{n] t emg\ Joj:yfkg kIf r':tb'?:t x'g'kg]{ O+lut ub{5 .

zx/Ls/0f / lbuf] ljsf; nIo M UN n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf k"/f ug]{ u/L cl3 ;f/]sf] lbuf] ljsf; nIodWo] Sustainable Cities and Communities !! g+ sf] nIo xf] . o;sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg cg';f/ zx/L If]qsf #) k|ltzt cfjf;x? dfq ;'/lIft /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} #) k|ltzt jl:tx? Slum settlement df /x]sf / clk|msfdf of] k|ltzt %% k|ltzt ;Dd /x]sf] ;g\ @)!$ sf] ;e]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf cfwfeGbf a9L hg;+Vof zx/df j:g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;'Jojl:yt / of]hgfj4?kdf ul/Psf zx/L a;f]af;n] ljlzi6vfnsf / gjk|jt{ghGo sfo{ ug]{ s]Gb|sf ?kdf sfd ug]{ / cGtf]uTjf lbuf] ljsf;df of]ubfg ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . (Source: Report of the Secretary-General, "Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals)

UN's Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (HABITAT III) n] "New Urban Agenda" cl3 ;f/]sf] 5, h;sf] d"n dd{ eg]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu zx/sf] e"ldsf k|an agfpg' /x]sf] 5 .

zx/nfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f / gjk|jt{gsf] nflu pTk|]/s dflgG5 eg] ?kfGt/0fsf] dfWodsf] ?kdf o;sf] ljsf; vfsfnfO{ j[xt, PsLs[t / of]hgfj4 agfpg' cfjZos /x]sf] ;d]t World Cities Report, 2016

n] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .

38

zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& df cfjf;sf] xs cGtu{t k|To]s gful/snfO{ pko'Qm cfjf;sf] xs x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;fy} ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f @ df sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g}klg gful/snfO{ lghsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jf;:yfgaf6 x6fOg] jf cltqmd0f ul/g] 5}g elgPsf] 5 . /fHosf gLltx? cGtu{t cJojl:yt a;f]af;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf of]hgfj4 / Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

rf}wf] of]hgfsf] % /0fgLltdWo] bf]>f] j'Fbfdf zx/L–u|fdL0f cfj4tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g] pNn]v 5 . To:t} k"jf{wf/ I]fq ljsf; gLltx? ^ j6fdWo] Ps ejg, cfjf; / zx/L ljsf; /x]sf] . ;f] gLltsf] ;DaGwdf of]hgf cjlwsf] ;f]rdf ;'/lIft, ;'ne / Jojl:yt cfjf;df kx'Fr / Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fdfkm{t lbuf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug]{ pNn]v 5 . ;f]xL cg'?ksf p2]Zo, gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/Ps]f 5 .

zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL xfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf

• gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$%, gu/ ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog lgodfjnL, @)^@• sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f P]g, @)$% / lgodfjnL, @)^*• ;+o'Qm cfjf; :jfldTj ;DaGwL P]g, @)%$ / lgodfjnL, @)^)• ejg P]g, @)%% / ejg lgodfjnL, @)^^• k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL,

@)^$• kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)^* / lgodfjnL, @)&)• l;+xb/jf/ ;lrjfno k'glgdf{0f ;ldlt cfb]z, @)^)• cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb| ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%!• ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 kfs{ ljsf; ;ldlt cfb]z, @)%@• clwsf/ ;DkGg afudtL ;Eotf PsLs[t ljsf; ;ldlt cfb]z• National Urban Development Strategy kfl/t ePsf] .

zx/L k"jf{wf/sf nflu sfo{qmd M tof/L ;lxt jf nf]slk|otfsf nflu <

zx/L k"jf{wf/sf] ;Gbe{df / /fli6«o /fhwfgL zx/sf] Jojl:yt ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ut ljutsf s]xL jif{b]lvsf ah]6df pNn]v x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . zx/x?nfO{ xl/t zx/ agfpg] sfo{nfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] ;Gbe{df kf]v/f, w/fg / nlntk'/nfO{ kof{Kt xl/ofnL ;lxtsf] jftfj/0fd}qL zx/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] tyf zx/L If]qdf ;f}o{ phf{ k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] ;d]t elgb} cfPsf] 5 . zx/L ljsf;sf nflu nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g], e"pkof]u

39

gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, ;"rgf k|ljlwo'Qm zx/sf] cjwf/0ff k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / aflx/ ;d]t :df6{ zx/÷:of6]nfO6 zx/ ljsl;t ul/g] Pjd\ dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ / x'nfsL dfu{df !)÷!) j6f zx/sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g] ;d]t jflif{s sfo{qmddf k/]sf] hfgsf/Ldf 5 . To:t} lj/f6gu/ nufotsf zx/ :yfkgf ePsf] ztjflif{sL dgfpg], æ;kmf gbL ;Eo zx/Æ sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k gbL / ;EotfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw emNsfpg] u/L Jojl:yt a;f]af; / zx/Ls/0f ul/g] ;d]t sfo{qmddf ;d]l6Psf s]xL kIf x'g\ . æljsf;sf] nx/ ;'ljwf;DkGg zx/Æ ævfBfGg xl/t zx/Æ h:tf gf/f;lxt cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg zx/ lgdf{0f ug{] cleofg ;'? ul/g] tyf zx/L ljsf;sf] @) jif]{ bL3{sfnLg sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] ljifo klg ;DalGwt gLltdf k/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t zx/L ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if df]8nsf] ?kdf cl3 a9fOPsf], cGt/;DalGwt sfdnfO{ Kofs]hdf sfof{Gjog ug]{, k|lt @%))) hg;+Vofdf ! v"nf :yfgsf] k|aGw ug]{, To:tf :yfgsf] Jojl:yt k|of]u tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu Joj;flos ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj cGtu{t ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ ;d]t gLltdf k/]sf ljifo x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} ax'tn] kfls{Ë sDKn]S; agfpg], afudtL 9n lgdf{0f / cGo sfdnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} cuf8L a9fpg], zx/L If]qdf kof{Kt ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] lgdf{0f ug]{, rqmky lj:tf/sf] sfd, dd{t ;Def/sf] sfd tyf ;"o{ljgfos w'lnv]n ;8snfO{ ^ n]gsf] agfpg] sfo{, cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] se8{ xn, blIf0f PlzofnL ;Dd]ng s]Gb| ;d]t agfOg] sfdx? ;'? ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} $) ;L6eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ dfq ;~rfng cg'dlt lbg] / zx/L oftfoft k"jf{wf/nfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{x? klg e}/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} dxTjfsf+IfL h:tf] nfu]tf klg Ps jif{leq} @)))) cfjf; u[x agfP/ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ l;w} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd cuf8L a9]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt nufotsf xfn cuf8L a9fPsf sfo{qmdx? 3f]if0ff x'g'sf ;fydf tL sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos k"j{tof/Ldf ;d]t Wofg lbOPsf] eP ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g] lyof], clg zx/L ljsf;sf nflu ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6 vr{ ug{ klg ;/n kg]{ lyof] .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zx/L hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/sf] j[l4qmd x]bf{ ;g\ !(^! sf] hgu0fgfdf #=& k|ltzt hg;+Vof a9]/ ;g\ !((! df !)=! k|ltzt / ;g\ @)!! df !&=! k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ug]{ / :yfgLo lgsfo k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ qmddf yk ePsf gu/kflnsfx? ;d]t ubf{ xfn sfod /x]sf gu/ If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hg;+Vof %) k|ltzt gf3]sf] cg'dfg 5 . To;f] t gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ePsf sltko :yfgx?df zx/L k"jf{wf/ k'Ug jiff}{+ nfUg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

zx/L ljsf;sf ;"rsx?

zx/Ls/0fsf cfly{s ;fdflhs kIfx?nfO{ zx/L If]qsf] ljsf;fTds ;"rsx?sf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;dli6ut ;"rssf ?kdf k|ltJolQm cfo, zx/L hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt / k|ltJolQm j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL

(Per capita FDI) k|d'v?kdf lng] ul/G5 eg] ;"Id ;"rsx?sf ?kdf b]xfosf ;"rssf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 M

40

!=cfly{s ;"rsx? M • s[lifhGo -k|lt x]S6/ pTkfbsTj, k|lt 3/kl/jf/ hldg :jfldTj_• cf}Bf]lus -s'n u|fx:y{ pTkfbgdf cf}wf]lus pTkfbgsf] lx:;f_

@= /f]huf/L / ul/aL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL ;"rsx?M

• /f]huf/L M cfly{s?kdf ;lqmo hg;+Vof / /f]huf/L b/÷a]/f]huf/L b/• ul/aL M zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vof k|ltzt

#= k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;"rsx?M

• ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M ;8s, /]ndfu{, 6]lnkmf]g• ljQLo k"jf{wf/ M k|ltJolQm a}+s l8kf]lh6, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf /x]sf] kx'Fr b/

$= ;fdflhs hfg;+lVos ;"rsx?• hfg;f+lVos M zx/ / u|fdL0f If]qdf hg;+Vof j[l4sf] cGt/, n}+lus cg'kftsf] cGt/,

em'k8a:tLdf a;f]af; ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] lx:;f÷cfsf/• ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;"rsx? M ;fIf/tf b/, k|ltxhf/ hg;+Vofdf c:ktfn / lrlsT;ssf]

;+Vof%= zx/L ;'ljwfsf] cj:yf M

• z'4 vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr x'g] zx/L 3/kl/jf/• ;/;kmfOdf e/kbf]{ ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr x'g] 3/kl/jf/

• ljB't h8fg ePsf 3/ kl/jf/sf] k|ltztSource: Indicators Adopted and modified from Sriramakrishnan and et al (2005), page 85-86

pNn]lvt ;"rsx?nfO{ ;d]t dgg ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df xfn nfu" ul/Psf gLltx? ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;"rsnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

lgisif{

zx/L zf;g ;du| zf;sLo k|aGw tyf ;'zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . xfn g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf] zf;sLo 9fFrf cGtu{t ;+3Lotfsf ;lxtsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf nflu klg zx/L ljsf; tyf zx/ ufpF cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy x]l/Psf] 5 .

zx/L ljsf; ubf{ o;cl3 ePsf q'6L ;Rofpg] / cfufdL lbgdf of]hgfj4 ?kdf zx/L ljsf; ug{sf nflu e"ld Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf Joj:yfkg, ;]jf k|jfxsf] lgodgsf ;fydf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o gLlt vfsfsf] k|of]u x'g' plQs} cfjZos 5 . To:t} lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu zx/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ jlnof] agfpg] dd{;lxt cl3 a9fOPsf] New Urban Agenda nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t df}lns?kdf nfu" ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

41

zx/L ;'zf;gsf nflu ;fdflhs j:t' / ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr x'g', cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ u/L :yfgLo Ifdtf ljsf;dfkm{t zx/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdfkm{t ljsf;df ;a}sf] cj;/ / jftfj/0fLo ;|f]tdf kx'Fr cfjZos 5 .

s'g} klg :yfgsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; zx/L ljsf;nfO{ dfkg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . t;y{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg zx/L ljsf; / zx/ ufpF cGt/ ;DaGwnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L zx/L ljsf;sf ;"rs ljsf; u/L k|of]udf Nofpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• Collins Dictionary of Sociology by David Jary and Julia Jary, Third Edition, 2000, Harpercollins Publishers

• Dahal, Kedar (2007), Urban Studies-Concepts and Theories of Urban Planning and Management; Pairavi Prakashan, ISBN 99946-53-89-7

• Dr. Jibgar Joshi (2003), Regional Planning and Development, ISBN 99933-54-12-0• Dr. Jibgar Joshi (2062 BS), Urbanization and Urban Governance in Nepal, PRATIYOGITATMAK

MASIK "BRITTI", ISSUE 1, Year 1, 2062 Ashar• K.C. Siraramakrishanan, Amitash Kundu, B.N. Singh(2005), Oxford Handbook of Urbanization in

India, ISBN-13: 978-0-19567239-8• Khatri Tek Bdr., Development: Concept and Strategy, The Gorkhapatra Corporation Press• Tolley G.S. (1987), The Economics of Urbanization and Urban Policies in Developing Countries,

Washington DC: The World Bank, pp 15-31• Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures, World Cities Report 2016, UN HABITAT

42

g]kfNfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/x¿-;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o t'NfgfTds cWoog_

— b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL*

;f/f+z

d'Nf'ssf] …zf;g ug{] zlQmÚ (Power to Govern) PseGbf a9L O{sfO{df lgxLt x'g] ePsf]n] ;b:o O{sfO{x¿aLr afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] /fHozlQmsf] …kl/df0fÚ / …If]qÚ n] ;+3Lotfsf] :t/ dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿aLr clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8af6 ;+3Lotfsf] Oltxf; ;'¿ ePsf] kfO{G5 . ljZjsf ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt cjnDag ug{] d'n'ssf ;+ljwfgx¿ ljZNf]if0f ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbg] Pjd\ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] zf;sLo e"ldsf ;d]t j[l4 ub{} nUg] k|j[lQ a9\bf] ePsf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ul/Psf] /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 Pjd\ :yfgLo txnfO{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sf/L / Goflos clwsf/x¿ ljZNf]if0f ubf{ g]kfNfsf] ;+3Lotfsf] df]8]Nf xfNf;Dd ljZjsf s'g}klg b]zdf cjnDag ul/Psf] ;+3Lotfsf] df]8]Nf;Fu x'ax' d]n vfPsf] b]lvGg . a]lNhod, a|flhNf, blIf0f clk|msf, :jL6\h/Nof08 / e]g]h'onfsf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿nfO{ dfq ;+ljwfgd} pNn]v u/L Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . cli6«of, ci6«]lnof, ch{]lG6gf, ¿;, kfls:tfg, ef/t nufotsf ;+3Lo d'n'ssf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|b]z / /fHo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /flvPsf] 5, h;sf] cy{ :yfgLo ;/sf/s} clwsf/ If]qsf ljifodf ;d]t d'Vo Joj:yfksLo clwsf/sf] ks8 k|b]z / /fHo txdf /flvPsf] 5 .

Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf cGo ;+3Lo d'n'ssf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/–;"rLeGbf g]kfNfsf :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"rL kl/df0f / If]q b'j} cfwf/df j[xt b]lvG5 . pNn]vgLo kIf of] 5 ls, k|bQ clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljQ ;|f]tsf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/;d]t ;+ljwfgn] g} k|:t't ug{' g]kfnsf] alnof] kIf xf] . oBlk clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf If]q j[l4;Fu;Fu} :yfgLo txsf O{sfO{x¿sf] ;+Vof eg] clws -&$$_ /x]sf] x'Fbf ;/sf/–;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGw, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo rflxF hl6n aGg] b]lvG5, o; kf6f]df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' h¿/L 5 .

*pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

43

;+3Lotf

Pp6} /fhgLlts k4lt leq PseGbf a9L zf;sLo O{sfO{ -;/sf/_ x¿ dfkm{t d'n's ;~rfng ug{] ljlw ;+3Lotf xf] . o:tf] Joj:yfdf Ps d'n'sdf Pp6f s]G›Lo÷;+3Lo ;/sf/ / To;;Fu} cGo If]qLo÷:yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'G5g\, h;nfO{ sxLF k|b]z, sxLF /fHo, sxLF SofG6f]g, sxLF 6]l/6f]/L, sxLF pk–O{sfO{–;/sf/, sxLF Nof08/ jf o:t} cGo gfdx¿ lbO{Psf] kfO{G5 .

PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf cGtu{t ul/g] clwsf/ -lgIf]k0f (devolution) eGbf ;+3Lotf (federalism) cfwf/e"t ¿kd} leGg 5 . lgIf]lkt zf;g Joj:yfdf lgIf]lkt O{sfO{x¿ ljleGg ljlw, k|aGw / k|lqmofaf6 clwsf/ lbg] lgsfosf] dftxtdf /flvPsf x'G5g\ . t/ ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf ;+3Lo tyf cGo If]qLo ;/sf/x¿ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf] k|of]udf ;fj{ef}d x'G5g\, Ps zf;sLo O{sfO{ csf]{ s'g} O{sfO{sf] dftxtdf x'Fb}g .

;+3Lotfdf zf;g ug{] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM ljleGg ;/sf/x¿aLr ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] s'g} ;/sf/n] PsfÍL (exclusive) ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] u/L s'g} clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] s'g} clwsf/ PseGbf a9L ;/sf/x¿n] ;djtL{ (concurrent) ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] u/L afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] x'G5 . s]xL d'n'ssf ;+3Lotfdf ;+3sf ;a} ;/sf/x¿nfO{ Ps} vfnsf clwsf/ lbO{Psf] (symmetric federations) kfO{G5 eg] s]xL d'n'sx¿df ljleGg ;+3Lo ;b:o ;/sf/x¿nfO{ km/s km/s ljifo If]qut clwsf/x¿ lbO{Psf] (asymmetric federations) kfO{G5 .

;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf

:6\ofgkmf]8{ ljZjljBfnosf] bz{gzf:qLo O{G;fOSnf]lkl8ofn] …;+3Lotf lsg <Ú eGg] ;DaGwdf ljZj af}l4s ahf/df d'VotM lgDg b'O{ vfnsf ljrf/wf/f ljBdfg 5g\ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

klxnf] ljrf/wf/fM 5'§f5'§} /fHox¿ ;~rfng ug{'eGbf l;Ëf] ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cGtu{t ;lDdng x'g' a]; x'G5 . of] ljrf/wf/f Ps eGbfa9L ;fljssf ;fj{ef}d d'n'sx¿ ;+3Lo /fHodf ;lDdng jf ¿kfGt/0f x'g] k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf kIfdf d'VotM lgDg ts{x¿ cl3 ;fg{] ul/G5 .

• ;+3Lotfn] o'4 /f]s]/ jf o'4sf] 8/ eufP/ zflGt k|j4{g ub{5 .• /fHo /fHo aLr ljleGg Jofkf/–cj/f]w x6fP/ Economies of Scale dfkm{t cGt/{fli6«o

Jofkf/df 7"nf] zlQm ag]/ cfly{s ;d[l4 k|j4{g ug{ ;3fp k'U5 .• If]qLo ;/sf/x¿n] ug{] lje]bx¿ /f]Sg ;+3Lo / s]Gb|Lo O{sfO{n] x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] JolQm

tyf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfox¿sf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 .• x/]s ;+3Lo O{sfO{nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] ;jf{lwsf/ /xg] x'Fbf ;fljssf ;fj{ef}d -vf; u/L

;fgf_ /fHox¿sf] /fhg}lts k|e'Tj :yflkt ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . • ;+3Lotfn] ;xsf/Ltf, ;xefuLtf / ;xcl:tTj k|j4{g ub{5 .

44

bf];|f] ljrf/wf/fM PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf eGbf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf lgDg sf/0fn] a]; x'G5 M of] ljrf/wf/f ;fljsdf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cËfn]sf] s'g} d'n's ca ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g] k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] kIfdf ;fdfGotM lgDg ts{x¿ k]z ug{] ul/G5 .

• PsfTds s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug{;Sg] x'Fbf ;+3Lo Joj:yf dfkm{t pgLx¿sf clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . To:t} ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ul/g] cGt/lge{/ Joj:yf (interlocking arrangement) x¿n] s]Gb|Lo lg0f{o k4tLdf k|efj kfg{]u/L ;b:o ;/sf/x¿nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg jgfO{Psf] x'G5 .

• cNk;+Vos ;+:s[lt, efiff, wd{ cflbsf] ;+/If0f / :jfoQtfsf] ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfn] k|j4{g ug{ ;Sb5 .

• ;+3Lo Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs lg0f{o k|lqmofdf gful/s ;xefuLtf k|j4{g ub{5 . • ef}uf]lns, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s ljljwtfn] l;h{gf ug{] Preference x¿sf] ljljwtfnfO{

cnu–cnu ;/sf/x¿n] ;xh ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ . • hftLo, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs -cflb_ cNk;+Vosx¿sf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ If]qLo

;/sf/x¿ yk k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . • Pp6f If]qdf /x]sf Psn :jfy{;d"xsf] ;+/If0f÷;+j4{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] dfq geP/ Ps

If]qaf6 csf]{ If]qdf a;fOF;/fO u/]/ ;dfg ljz]iftf ePsf ;d"x /x]sf] ef}uf]lns ;d"x (territorial cluster) lgdf{0f x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ k|j4{g ub{} ;+3Lotfn] absent economies of scale tyf Externalities sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;3fp k'Ub5 .

;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/

:yfgLo ;/sf/ gful/ssf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] zf;sLo k|aGw xf] . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] u}/;/sf/L If]q nufot u}/gfkmfd"ns If]qnfO{ kl/rfng ub{} ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t / ;xh agfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|ToIf kmfO{bf k'Ug] ;Defjgf a9\b5 . t;y{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ljljwtf emlNsg] ljlw ;'lglZrt ug{' kb{5 .

;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf O{sfO{x¿ aLr /fHo clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|b]z÷/fHo cGtu{tsf O{sfO{sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{] jf ;+ljwfgtM ;fj{ef}d / clwsf/ ;DkGg O{sfO{sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{] eGg] ljifo ;DalGwt b]zsf] /fhg}lts l;4fGt, b[li6sf]0f / ;xdltsf] ljifo xf] . /fHo zlQm / ;|f]tsf] ljt/0f s] slt dfqfdf s'g 9+un] ePsf] 5 eGg] cWoogaf6 ;DalGwt d'n'ssf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] l:ytL cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljZjsf clwsf+z ;+3Lo d'n'sx¿df ;+3Lo, /fHo÷k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L # txsf ;/sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 t/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] :yfg / e"ldsf eg] d'n'slkR5] km/s km/s ePsf] kfO{G5 . s]xL d'n'sdf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf :jfoQ …;/sf/Ú s} ¿kdf dfGotf lbO{Psf] 5 eg] s'g} d'n'ssf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ /fHo÷k|b]z ;/sf/sf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{] u/L Jojl:yt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h:tf];'s}

45

tf}/tl/sfaf6 u7g ul/Psf] ePklg ;+3Lo d'n'sx¿df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] zf;sLo e"ldsf qmdzM a9\bf] 5 .

;+3Lo zf;sLo k|aGw ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbg] k|rng al9/x]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs ;dosf] klxnf] ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg The Constitution of the United States, 1787 n] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyPg . ;g\ !*$* df hf/L ul/Psf] l:j8]gsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyPg . t/ ;g\ !*^& df hf/L ePsf] Sofg8fsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|b]zsf] If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfO{G5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft\ dfq w]/} d'n'ssf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :jzfl;t :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cjwf/0ffx¿ ;dfj]z ug{ yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !($( df hf/L ePsf] hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfg, ;g\ !(&* df hf/L ePsf] :k]gsf] ;+ljwfg, ;g\ !(** df hf/L ePsf] a|flhnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;g\ !((@ sf] ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] &# cf}+ / &$ cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] qmdzM :yfgLo ;/sf/df nf]stGq / ljsf;sf dfdnfdf :jzf;gnfO{ a9fjf lbFb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . o;} qmddf ;g\ !((^ df hf/L ePsf] blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ gjLg ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .

xfn}sf ;dodf :yfgLo ;]jfsf] k|aGwdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf qmdzM a9fpFb} nu]sf] kfO{G5 . :yfgLo ;QfnfO{ cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;sf] Ol~hgs} ¿kdf lnO{ a9LeGbf a9L sfo{x¿ pgLx¿sf] If]qflwsf/df kfg{] k|j[lQ klg a9]sf] 5 . o;/L clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf If]q a9\b} hfFbf To:tf sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu ljQ k|aGwsf] r'gf}tL klg ;Fu;Fu} cfO{kg{] u5{ . Tolt dfq geP/ o;n] cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGwnfO{ hl6n agfpg] x'Fbf ;/sf/–;/sf/ aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] kf6f] klg :jtM hl6n aGg uPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o cEof;x¿

ljZjdf xfn g]kfn ;lxt @* j6f d'n'sx¿df ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] k|ltlglwd"ns ¿kdf ljZjsf cfwf hlt ;+3Lo d'n'ssf ;+ljwfgdf ePsf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;f/e"t ¿kdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!= a]lNhod M a]lNhodsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf # If]q tyf ˆn]ldz, k|m]Gr / hd{g u/L # …eflifs ;d'bfoÚ gfd u/]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& n] ˆn]ldz / k|m]Gr ;d'bfosf ;+;bsf Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ If]q tf]s]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f !#) n] hd{g efiff af]Ng] ;d'bfosf] ;+;bsf Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ If]q pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . h;df d'VotM ;f+:s[lts ljifox¿, JolQm–;DalGwt ljifox¿, lzIff -clgjfo{ lzIffsf] ;Ldf, :t/ lgwf{/0f / k]G;g :sLd afx]s_, lzIffsf] dfWod–efiff ;DaGwL ljifo, ;d'bfo aLr ;xsfo{ ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o ;dGjo tyf s]xL ljifodf ;GwL;Demf}tf ;d]t ug{;Sg] ljifo h:tf clwsf/x? kb{5g\ .

@= a|flhn M a|flhnsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf @^ /fHo, ;+3Lo lhNnf tyf sfpG6Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . a|flhnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #) n] sfpG6Lx¿nfO{ :yfgLo rf;f]sf ljifodf sfg"g th{'df, lhNnfsf] l;h{gf,

46

Joj:yfkg / vf/]hL, k"j{k|fylds ljBfnosf sfo{qmd ;~rfng, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :yfgLo P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts :ynx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g nufotsf If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

#= ef/t M ef/tsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf @* /fHo, & o"lgog 6]l/6/L / :yfgLo txsf lgsfox¿ -k~rfot tyf gu/kflnsf_ /x]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 243G / wf/f 243W df qmdzM k~rfot tyf gu/kflnsfsf sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k~rfotsf] clwsf/If]qx¿ ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL !! df / gu/kflnsfsf clwsf/If]qx¿ cg';"rL !@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pQm clwsf/sf] k|of]u k|b]zn] lgdf{0f ul/lbPsf] sfg"g cg';f/ sfo{fGjog ug{] ljifo pNn]v ul/Paf6 ef/tdf :yfgLo O{sfO{x¿nfO{ lgs} ;Lldt Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ dfq lbO{Psf] kfO{G5 . o:tf clwsf/ If]qx? k~rfotsf clwsf/ If]q / gu/kflnsfsf clwsf/ If]q cnu cnu ?kdf pNn]v 5 . k~rfotsf clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t s[lif, e"dL;'wf/, e";+/If0f, ;fgf l;FrfO, hn Joj:yfkg / hnfwf/ ljsf;, kz'kfng tyf s'v'/fkfng, df5fkfng, ;fd'bflos jg, jg k}bfjf/, ;fgf pBf]u, u|fld0f pBf]u, vfg]kfgL, OGwg, ;8s, sNe6{, k'n, ;~rf/sf dfWod, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / ljB't nfO{g ljt/0f, ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd, lzIff -k|fylds / dfWolds lzIff_, Joj;flos lzIff / k|fljlws tflnd, k|f}9 lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, k':tsfno Joj:yfkg, ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfkx¿, :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO, c:ktfn, :jf:Yo s]G›, dlxnf tyf afnljsf;, ;dfh sNof0f, ;fdflhs ¿kn] sdhf]/ / kl5 k/]sfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / enfO{, ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnL, ;fd'bflos ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g h:tf ljifox? kb{5g\ eg] gu/kflnsfsf clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t zx/L of]hgf, e"–pkof]u lgodg / ejg lgdf{0f, ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf] of]hgf, ;8s / k'n, vfg]kfgL, ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO Pj+ kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg, cfunfuL lgoGq0f ;]jf, zx/L jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs ¿kn] sdhf]/ / kl5 k/]sfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / enfO{, zx/L ul/aL lgjf/0f, kfs{, au}+rf, v]nd}bfg, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs tyf dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkx¿, zj Joj:yfkg, 5f8f kz' lgoGq0f, kl~hs/0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, a;kfs{ nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, awzfnf lgodg h:tf ljifox? kb{5g\ .

$= blIf0f clk|msf M ( k|b]z, * dxfgu/, $$ lhNnf, @)% :yfgLo gu/kflnsf ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf /x]sf] blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $# df :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ gu/ kl/ifb\x¿df /xg] ljifo pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f !%^ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ gu/kflnsfsf] clwsf/If]qsf ljifox¿df jfo" k|b'if0f, ejg lgodg, lzz' :ofxf/ ;]jf, ljB't / Uof;, cfunfuL lgoGq0f ;]jf, :yfgLo ko{6g, Po/kf]6{, gu/ of]hgf, gu/ :jf:Yo ;]jf, gu/ ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{, cflwj]x/L Joj:yfkg, Jofkf/ lgodg, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf, kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg nufotsf k|fjwfgx? cg';"rL–$ sf] efu -v_ df pNn]v 5g\ . To;} u/L cg';"rL % sf] efu -v_ df ;d'›t6 tyf dgf]/Ghg ;'ljwfx¿, ;fj{hlgs :yndf lj1fkg, zj Joj:yfkg, k|b'if0f Joj:yfkg, dlb/fhGo kbfy{ laqmL lgodg / lgoGq0f, s's/ nfO{;]G; Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo v]ns'b, gu/ kfs{ / dgf]/Ghg:yn, ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿, ;8s Jofkf/, ;8s aQL, 6«flkms / kfls{ª h:tf clwsf/x? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

47

%= blIf0fL ;'8fg M blIf0fL ;'8fgsf] ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cGtu{t @* j6f /fHo tyf cGo :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; b]zsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL v df pNn]lvt /fHosf clwsf/ cGtu{t g+= # df :yfgLo ;/sf/ egL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'Fbf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ ;DalGwt /fHosf] cwLgdf /xg] k|i6 5 . ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^^ df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/ tyf bfloTjx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] d'Vo clwsf/x? :jfoQ zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] / zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{] sfo{df :yfgLo hgtf tyf ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtf j[l4 ug{], nf]stflGqs, kf/bzL{ tyf lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL :yfgLo zf;g k|j4{g ug{], gful/s lzIff, :yfgLo ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;, :yfgLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, :jf:Yo tyf lzIff ;]jfsf] lbuf] kl/rfngsf] ;'lglZrttf, :yfgLo ;/sf/df n}+lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f, k/Dk/f k|bQ clwsf/ / ;fdflhs sfg"gsf] klxrfg ;'lglZrt ub{} To:tf sfg"g tyf clwsf/nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k4ltdf ;dfj]z ug{], :yfgLo hgzlQm ljsf;, ;DalGwt /fHo–sfg"g cg'¿k /fh:j kl/rfngsf] clwsf/ /xg] 5g\ . :d/0f /xf];, oL clwsf/x¿ cfkm}+n] sfg"g th{'df u/]/ geO{ ;DalGwt /fHo sfg"g cg';f/ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] k|of]u ub{5g\ .

^= :jLh/Nof08 M :jLh/Nof08sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t ;+3Lo O{sfO{x¿sf cnfjf @^ j6f SofG6gx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cGo b]zsf ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf ljifout clwsf/x¿nfO{ cnu cnu wf/fdf Jojl:yt u/L ;+3 jf SofG6g s;sf] clwsf/ s] < egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ̂ @ df ljBfno lzIff, wf/f ̂ ( df ;+:s[lt, wf/f &* df k|fs[lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ Jojl:yt u/L pQm tLgj6} ljifout If]qsf] bfloTj SofG6gnfO{ lbO{Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ljBfno lzIff cGtu{t ljBfno lzIffsf] k4lt :yfkgf ug{ lhDd]jf/L SofG6gx¿sf] /xg], k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] kof{Kt cj;/ pknAw ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{], afnaflnsf tyf km/s Ifdtf ePsf @) jif{;Ddsf o'jfx¿sf] lzIffsf] cfjZostf kof{Kt ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{], ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o ;dsIftf ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos u'0f:t/ sfod ug{], z}lIfs jif{sf] lgodg, ljBfno lzIff;DaGwL ;+3Lo sfg"g th{'df k|lqmofdf SofG6gx¿ ;xefuL e} cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/df ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{] u/L ;'emfj lbg] SofG6gsf clwsf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L ;+:s[lttkm{ ;Dk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts ljifox¿ SofG6gsf] clwsf/If]q leq kg{] / ;Dkbf ;+/If0ftkm{ k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljifox¿ SofG6gsf] clwsf/If]q leq kg{]5g\ .

&= e]g]h'Pnf M @# /fHo, ! /fhwfgL lhNnf, ! ;+3Lo If]q tyf ##% gu/kflnsf /x]sf] e]g]h'onfsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf gu/kflnsfx¿ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^* df gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg, clwsf/If]qsf ljifodf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ / /fh:j kl/rfngdf gu/kflnsf :jfoQ /xg] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . gu/kflnsfsf] Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ ;DalGwt gu/ kl/ifb\df lgxLt /xg] ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&% df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . e]g]h'Pnfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&* cg';f/ gu/kflnsfsf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{t gu/ of]hgf, P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf, a:tL of]hgf, :yfgLo ko{6g, kfs{, au}+rf, dgf]/Ghg :yn, zx/L ;8s, 6«flkms Joj:yfkg, zx/L

48

oftfoft ;]jf, ;fj{hlgs :yndf lj1fkg Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO, zx/L ;/;kmfO tyf kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg, k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf, k"j{ k|fylds lzIff, ;+:s[lt / v]ns'b, lkpg] kfgL ;]jf, 3/fo;L ph{fsf] ¿kdf ljB't, Uof;sf] Joj:yfkg, zj Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo cbfnt / gu/ k|x/L ;]jf nufotsf ljifox¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

*= kfls:tfg M $ k|b]z, @ :jfoQ If]q, @ 6]l/6f]/L tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ /x]sf] kfls:tfgsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ eGbf klg :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff NofO{Psf] 5 . kfls:tfgsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 140A n] x/]s k|b]zn] sfg"g agfO{ cfkm" cGtu{t :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ :yfkgf ug{ / tL ;+/rgfnfO{ ;DalGwt k|b]zn] g} /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs Pjd\ ljQLo clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ug{ ;Sg] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

(= ¿; M ¿;sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t $^ cf]Anf:t, @@ l/klAnS;, ( qmfO{;, $ :jfoQ cf]qm'u, # ;+3Lo zx/, ! :jfoQ cf]Anf:t tyf ljleGg :yfgLo O{sfO{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ¿;sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f ! df :yfgLo :jfoQ lgsfox¿n] :jtGq ¿kdf gu/kflnsfsf] ;DklQ Joj:yfkg ug{, :yfgLo ah]6 kfl/t ug{, :yfgLo s/sf b/ lgw{f/0f u/L nfu" ug{ / :yfgLo ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ cfjZos sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f @ df :jfoQ zf;gsf O{sfO{x¿nfO{ dflyNnf lgsfox¿n] sfg"g agfO{ yk /fHozlQm k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!)= ch{]lG6gf M ch{]lG6gfsf] ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfdf @# k|b]z / ! :jfoQ zx/ -Jo"g; cfo;{_ /x]sf 5g\ . pQm b]zsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@@ cg';f/ x/]s k|b]zn] cfˆgf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ :yfkgf ug{ / ltgL pk/ zf;g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgtM :yfgLo ;/sf/ u7g ul/Psf] 5}g .

!!= c:6«]lnof M ^ /fHo, # ;+3Lo 6]l/6f]/L / & jfXo 6]l/6f]/L ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf /x]sf] ci6«]lnofsf] ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf nflu /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5}g . /fHox¿n] cf–cfˆgf :yfgLo lgsfo u7g u/L Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg] / sfg"gtM clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ug{;Sg] k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 .

!@= cli6«of M cli6«ofsf] /fHo ;+/rgfdf ( k|b]z -Nof08/_, (% lhNnf -lah{s_ x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]z cGtu{t /x]sf lhNnfx¿nfO{ Joj:yfksLo clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . Nof08/n] th{'df u/]sf sfg"gx¿sf] sfo{fGjog ug{] k|zf;sLo O{sfO{sf] ¿kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %^ df g]kfn /fHosf] ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g] / /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u oL tLg} txn] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g adf]lhd ug{]5g\ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tLg} txsf PsfÍL clwsf/ (exclusive list) sf] ;"rL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %, cg';"rL ^ / cg';"rL * df qmdzM pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} cg';"rL & df ;+3 / k|b]zsf ;femf clwsf/ tyf cg';"rL ( df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;femf clwsf/x¿ pNn]lvt 5g\ .

49

;+ljwfgsf ljleGg cg';"rLx¿df pNn]lvt pQm clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] ljlw ;d]t ljZjsf cGo ;+ljwfgdf eGbf km/s / cu|ufdL 9+un] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . wf/f %& sf] pkwf/fdf tLgj6} txsf cf–cfˆgf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;DalGwt tx cfkm}+n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd k|of]u x'g] egL ls6fgL ¿kdf n]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{, cg';'rL % sf clwsf/ ;+3n] cfˆgf] sfg"g cfkm}+n] agfO{ k|of]u u5{ . cg';"rL ^ sf clwsf/ k|b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] sfg"g cfkm}+n] th{'df u/L k|of]u u5{g\ . To:t}, cg';"rL * sf clwsf/ b]ze/sf :yfgLo tx x/]sn] cfˆgf] sfg"g cfkm+}n] th{'df u/L k|of]u ug{] u/L k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';"rL & / ( df pNn]lvt ;femf (concurrent) clwsf/;"rLsf] k|of]udf eg] qmdzM ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx cleefjL (prevailing) x'g] u/L wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f ^ / & df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %^ sf] pkwf/f $ n] :yfgLo tx cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;ef /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/, ;+ljwfgs} efu !* -wf/f @@_ n] :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ cyf{t\ cg';"rL * / ( sf ljifodf cfˆgf] sfg"g cfkm}+n] th{'df ug{] clwsf/ ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efdf dfq lgxLt x'g] egL pNn]v u/]af6 lhNnf ;efdf s'g}klg Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ /x]sf] b]lvGg . :yfgLo txsf O{sfO{x¿ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿ cg';"rL * sf] dfldnfdf k"0f{¿kdf Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ ;DkGg /x]sf 5g\ .

cg';"rL * df pNn]lvt :yfgLo txsf clwsf/x¿

!= gu/ k|x/L

@= ;xsf/L ;+:yf

#= Pkm=Pd= ;~rfng

$= :yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/_, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, e"lds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf]/~hg s/, dfnkf]t ;Íng

%= :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg

^= :yfgLo tYofÍ / clen]v ;+sng

&= :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿

*= cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff

(= cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO

!)= :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf

!!= :yfgLo ;8s, u|fld0f ;8s, s[lif ;8s, l;FrfO

!@= ufpF;ef, gu/;ef, lhNnf;ef, :yfgLo cbfnt, d]nldnfk / dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg

50

!#= :yfgLo clen]v Joj:yfkg

!$= 3/, hUufwgL k"hf{ ljt/0f

!%= s[lif tyf kz'kfng, s[lif pTkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:Yo, ;xsf/L

!^= h]i7 gful/s, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm / czQmx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

!&= a]/f]huf/sf] tYofÍ ;+sng

!*= s[lif k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng / lgoGq0f

!(= vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgf, j}slNks ph{f

@)= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

@!= hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f

@@= efiff, ;+:s[lt / nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;femf clwsf/x¿ -cg';"rL (_

!= ;xsf/L@= lzIff, v]ns"b / kqklqsf#= :jf:Yo$= s[lif%= ljB't, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO h:tf ;]jfx¿^= ;]jfz'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, ko{6g z'Ns&= jg hËn, jGohGt', r/fr'¿ËL, hn pkof]u, jftfj/0f, kof{j/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf*= vfgL tyf vlgh(= ljkb Joj:yfkg!)= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f!!= JolQmut 36gf, hGd, d[To', ljjfx / tYofÍ!@= k'/ftTj, k|frLg :df/s ;+u|xfno!#= ;'s'Daf;L Joj:yfkg!$= k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L!%= ;jf/L ;fwg cg'dtL

:yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] clwsf/leq -cg';"rL * sf ;a} / cg';"rL ( af6 cfˆgf] efudf kg{] clwsf/_ sf] cfly{s clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf sfg"g agfpg], jflif{s ah]6 agfpg], lg0f{o ug{], gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{] / To;sf] sfo{fGjog ug{] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %( dfkm{t k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] clwsf/If]q leqsf] ljifodf s/ nufpg / tL ;|f]tx¿af6 /fh:j p7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf wf/f ^) df ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, g]kfn ;/sf/ -;+3_ n] ;+sng u/]sf] /fh:j :yfgLo txnfO{ Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf wf/f ^) sf] pkwf/f @ df ul/Psf] 5 .

51

s/sf ;|f]t / bfo/fsf] cfwf/df ljrf/ ubf{ s/ kl/rfngsf] clwsf+z clwsf/ ;+3df /flvPsf] 5, t/ ;+slnt s/sf] /sd tLgj6} txsf zf;sLo O{sfO{x¿nfO{ Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ :yfgLo txdf /fh:jsf ;|f]t sd eP tfklg :yfgLo txnfO{ cfg'kflts ¿kn] ljQLo ;|f]t x:tfGt/0f x'g] pQm Joj:yfaf6 ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/sf] k|of]usf nflu :yfgLo txdf ah]6 cefj gx'g] u/L ljQLo :yfgfGt/0f x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ljQLo :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|aGw ug{ /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u gfds ;+j}wflgs lgsfo -h'g s'g} klg ;+3Lo ;b:o O{sfO{sf] dftxtdf x'Fb}g_ sf] Joj:yf ul/g' csf]{ ;sf/fTds kIf xf] .

:yfgLo txdf /fHozlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f

:yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ufpF sfo{kflnsf jf gu/sfo{kflnsfdf / Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ ufpF;ef jf gu/;efdf /xg] u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @!$ / wf/f @@! df qmdzM pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljrf/0fLo ljifo s] 5 eg], :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf / :yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf] u7g ubf{ Pp6} JolQm Ps} ;dodf sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfdf ;b:o /xg] b]lvG5 . To:t} :yfgLo Gofokflnsf -Goflos ;ldlt_ sf ;b:ox¿ ;d]t :yfgLo Joj:yflksfs} ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 /xg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgfdf zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt nfu" ePsf] b]lvGg . o;n] efjL lbgdf ;d:of lgDTofpnf jf glgDTofpnf eGg] ljifodf :yfgLo tx k"0f{ sfo{fGjogdf cfPkZrft\ b]lvg] kl/0ffd n] g} atfpnf .

ljZj kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf :yfgLo ;/sf/

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgtM k|bfg ul/Psf clwsf/sf] If]q, k|bfg ul/Psf] sfo{sfl/0fL tyf Joj:yfksLo clwsf/nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ xfn ljZjdf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cjnDag ug{] cGo d'n'ssf eGbf g]kfnsf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ lgSs} …alnofÚ b]lvPsf 5g\ . lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, :yfgLo k"j{fwf/, e"dL;'wf/ nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Exclusive ;"rLd} /flvg' pNn]vgLo ljifo xf] . e]g]h'onf, :jLh/Nof08, blIf0f clk|msf, cflb d'n'ssf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿nfO{ Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ pQm d'n'sdf k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL g]kfnsf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/;"rL;Fu t'ngf ubf{ g]kfndf ct'ngLo ¿kn] a9L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .

;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cjnDag u/]sf cGo d'n'sx¿df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf of t ;+ljwfgdf k|i6;Fu pNn]v g} ul/Psf] 5}g eg] w]/}df :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ k|b]z÷/fHosf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf k|zf;lgs O{sfO{sf ¿kdf dfq /flvPsf] 5 . To:tf d'n'sx¿df :yfgLo txsf clwsf/ tyf To:tf clwsf/sf] k|of]hgsf nflu sfg"g th{'df ug{] clwsf/ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf k|b]z÷/fHodf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, sfo{sfl/0fL, Joj:yfksLo tyf Gofokflnsfsf clwsf/x¿ g]kfnsf :yfgLo txsf O{sfO{x¿df ;+j}wflgs ¿kd} k|bfg ul/g' / ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] nflu ljQ ;|f]tsf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/;d]t ;+ljwfgn] g} k|:t't ug{' g]kfnsf] alnof] kIf xf] .

52

pk;+xf/

ljZjsf ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt cjnDag ug{] d'n'ssf ;+ljwfgx¿ ljZn]if0f ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbg] Pjd\ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] zf;sLo e"ldsf ;d]t j[l4 ub{} nUg] k|j[lQ a9\bf] ePsf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ul/Psf] /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 Pjd\ :yfgLo txnfO{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sf/L / GofoLs clwsf/x¿ ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfsf] df]8]n xfn;Dd ljZjsf s'g}klg b]zdf cjnDag ul/Psf] ;+3Lotfsf] df]8]n;Fu x'ax' d]n vfPsf] b]lvGg . Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf cGo :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/–;"rLeGbf g]kfnsf :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/–;"rL -cg';"rL *_ kl/df0f / If]q b'j} cfwf/df j[xt b]lvG5 . clwsf/sf] j[xQ/ kIf dfq geP/ pQm clwsf/sf] pkof]usf nflu ljQ k|aGwsf] nflu ;d]t ;+j}wflgs ;+:yfut k|aGw x'g' ;sf/fTds b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ u|Gyx¿

• Local Government in Federal Systems, Edited by John Kincaid and Rupak Chattopadhyay, 2008, Viva Books, India.

• Nicolaidis, Kalypso, and Robert Howse (eds.), 2001, The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the US and the EU, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• Publius: The Journal of Federalism, regularly publishes philosophical articles.

• Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/federalism/, Accessed on June 12, 2017.

• The Constitutions of all Federal Countries of the World - accessed from: www.constituteproject.org, accessed on June 10, 2017.

• The Place and Role of Local Governments in Federal Systems, Edited by Nico Steytler, 2005, Konrad-Adenaur-Stiftung (publisher), South Africa.

• Theories of Federalism: A Reader, Dimitrios Karmis and Wayne Norman (eds.), New York: Palgrave, 2005.

• Watts, Ronald L., 1998, “Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations,” Annual Review of Political Science.

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, www.lawcommission.gov.np af6 @)&$ j}zfv @@ df 8fpgnf]8 ul/Psf]

53

:yfgLo txsf] ljljw kIfx?

— e"k]Gb| kf08]o*

;f/f+z

@)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kZrft\ d'n's Oltxf;sf] gofF o"udf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo tx cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;ef /xg] Joj:yf 5 . /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u tLg j6} txn] ug]{ 5g\ . ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sfl/0fL / Goflos clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf lglxt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efdf lglxt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfksLo / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cg';"rL * / cg';"rL ( df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] @@ j6f Psn clwsf/ / cg';"rL ( df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] !% j6f ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"lr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ca u7g ePsf :yfgLo txsf] x}l;ot ljutsf] PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfdf ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k u7g x'g] :yfgLo lgsfosf] eGbf lgs} zlQmzfnL / clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf 5 . ;+ljwfg k|bQ Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sfl/0fL / GofoLs clwsf/n] :yfgLo txnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] x}l;otdf ?kfGtl/t u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] u/]sf] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f cg';f/ :yfgLo txsf nflu #%& j6f clwsf/sf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] nflu *&# / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] nflu %^^ j6f e"ldsfsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/sf] k|of]usf nflu :yfgLo txdf u7g x'g] ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efn] cfjZos sfg"g ;d]t agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf] ljjfb lg?k0f ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @!& df Goflos ;ldltsf] Joj:yf 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o; n]v dfkm{t :yfgLo txsf] u7g, clwsf/ / r'gf}tLx?sf ljifodf k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

*k|zf;sLo clws[t, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, sfe|] .

54

/fHo k'g;{+/rgfdf cu|ufdL 5nfª

;/sf/n] kmfu'g @& ut] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L :yfgLo tx sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o; cl3 sfod /x]sf ##&$ :yfgLo lgsfo - #!%& uf=lj=;= / @!& gu/kflnsf _ ca &$$ j6f :yfgLo txdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf 5g . :yfgLo txsf] ?kdf $ j6f dxfgu/kflnsf, !# j6f pkdxfgu/kflnsf, @$^ gu/kflnsf / $*! j6f ufpFkflnsf sfod ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s :yfgLo tx cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf tkm{ Go"gtd % j8f tyf gu/kflnsf tkm{ Go"gtd ( j8f / clwstd ## j8f u/L hDdf ^^*) j6f j8f sfod ePsf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx? lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ?kdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf 5g . clxn]sf :yfgLo txnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf g} Joj:yfksLo / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfn] o;nfO{ ljutsf :yfgLo lgsfo eGbf zlQmzfnL / clwsf/ ;DkGg agfPsf] 5 . oBlk lgjf{rg kZrft\ dfq of] k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] 5 . lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lsf] axfnL ;Fu} :yfgLo tx :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /fHozlQmsf] Ps lx:;fsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g]5 . xfn;Dd lhNnfdf /x]sf lzIff, :jf:Yo, dfnkf]t, gfkL, s[lif, kz' nufotsf sfo{nox?af6 k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf ;]jfx? ca k|To]s :yfgLo txaf6 k|bfg x'g] 5 . hgtfsf] b}lgls;Fu hf]l8Psf k|zf;lgs ;]jfx? :yfgLo ;/sf/af6} k|fKt x'g] ePkl5 o;n] hgtfdf cfˆgf] 3/b}nf]sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'e"ltsf] ;~rf/ u/fpg] 5 . olt dfq xf]Og ;/sf/ elgg] tTj dfly hgtfsf] k|ToIf kx'Fr / lgoGq0f ;d]t :yflkt x'g] 5 . jf:tjdf g]kfn /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / hgclwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df of] o'ufGtsf/L 5nfª xf] .

ufpF ;ef / ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@@ n] ufpF ;efsf] u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ufpF ;efdf ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] cWoIf, pkfWoIf, k|To]s j8f cWoIf / k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt $ hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|To]s j8fdf $ j8f ;b:o dWo] sDtLdf @ hgf dlxnf / To;df klg ! hgf blnt dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;/L lgjf{lrt ufpF ;efn] !% lbg leq @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf / ufpkflnsfsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ePsf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 @ hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt ug]{ 5 . o;/L Go"gtd % j6f j8f /x]sf] ufpFkflnsfdf @( ;b:o /x]sf] ufpF ;ef u7g x'G5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @!% df ufpF sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf, k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIf, ufpF ;ef u7g ePsf] ldltn] !% lbg leq ufpF ;efsf ;b:ox? dWo]af6} lgjf{lrt $ hgf dlxnf ;b:o / ufpF ;efdf /x]sf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 lgjf{lrt @ hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L Go"gtd % j6f j8f /x]sf] ufpFkflnsfdf !# ;b:oLo ufpF sfo{kflnsf u7g x'G5 .

gu/ ;ef / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@# df gu/ ;efsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . gu/ ;efdf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v / pkk|d'v, j8f cWoIf / k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt $ hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . $ hgf j8f ;b:o dWo] sDtLdf @ hgf dlxnf / To;df klg ! hgf blnt dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

55

o;/L lgjf{lrt gu/ ;efn] !% lbg leq @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf / gu/kflnsfsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ePsf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 # hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt ug]{ 5 . o;/L Go"gtd ( j6f j8f /x]sf] gu/kflnsfdf %) ;b:o / clwstd ## j6f j8f /x]sf] gu/kflnsfdf !&) ;b:o /x]sf] gu/ ;ef u7g x'G5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @!^ df gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v / pkk|d'v, k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIf, gu/ ;ef u7g ePsf] ldltn] !% lbg leq gu/ ;efsf ;b:ox? dWo]af6} lgjf{lrt % hgf dlxnf ;b:o / ufpF ;efdf /x]sf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 lgjf{lrt # hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L Go"gtd ( j6f j8f /x]sf] gu/kflnsfdf !( ;b:oLo / clwstd ## j6f j8f /x]sf] gu/kflnsfdf $# ;b:oLo gu/ sfo{kflnsf u7g x'G5 .

o;/L &$$ j6f :yfgLo txdf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] cWoIf, pkfWoIf, k|d'v / pkk|d'v u/L !$** hgf, ^^*) hgf j8fWoIf, j8f ;b:o cGtu{t v'nf ;b:o tkm{ !##^) hgf / dlxnf tyf blnt dlxnf ;b:o tkm{ !##^) hgf hgk|ltlglw lgjf{lrt x'g]5g . o;sf cltl/Qm blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efn] !&%! hgf ufpF / gu/ ;ef ;b:o lgjf{lrt ug]{5 . h;af6 :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglwsf] s'n ;+Vof #^^#( k'U5 .

Goflos ;ldlt

:yfgLo :t/df cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf] ljjfb lg?k0f ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @!& adf]lhd ufpFkflnsfdf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf / gu/kflnsfdf pkk|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo Ps Goflos ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm ;ldltdf ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] cfkm' dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf b'O{ hgf ;b:ox? /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@) df lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf ;efdf lhNnf leqsf ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v ;b:o /xg]5g\ . ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] #) lbg leq lhNnf ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:g]5 . pQm lhNnf ;efn] ! hgf k|d'v, ! hgf pkk|d'v, sDtLdf # hgf dlxnf / sDtLdf ! hgf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;lxt a9Ldf ( hgf ;b:o /x]sf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg ug]{5 . lhNnf leqsf] ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efsf] ;b:o lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g of]Uo x'g]5 . /, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePdf To:tf] JolQmsf] ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efsf] ;b:o kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5 . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] lhNnf ;efsf] tkm{af6 ug'{ kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr ;dGjo, lhNnf leq /xg] ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/L sfof{no / ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr ;dGjo, ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ cg'udg ug]{ tyf k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd cGo sfo{x? ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 .

56

:yfgLo txdf dlxnf

:yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf] ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efdf k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt $ hgf ;b:o dWo] sDtLdf @ hgf dlxnf x'g' kg]{ jfWosf/L Joj:yf 5 . :yfgLo tx lgjf{rg P]g cg';f/ @ hgf dlxnf ;b:o dWo] ! hgf blnt dlxnf x'g' kg]{5 . To:t} ufpF ;efsf] cWoIf jf pkfWoIf tyf gu/ ;efsf] k|d'v jf pkk|d'v dWo] b'j} kbdf pDd]bjf/L lbg] bnn] Ps kbdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/L lbg} kg]{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . lo k|fjwfgx?nfO{ x]bf{ k|To]s j8faf6 $ hgf ;b:o dWo] @ hgf dlxnf ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ePklg cWoIf jf pkfWoIf tyf k|d'v jf pkk|d'vdf pDd]bjf/Lsf] dfq} ;'glZrttf 5, k|ltlglwTjsf] xf]Og . &$$ j6f :yfgLo txsf] ^^*) j8fdf blnt dlxnf ;lxt !##^) hgf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . h'g :yfgLo txsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf]] #^=% k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . :yfgLo txsf] ;aeGbf tNnf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] j8f ;ldltsf] j8f cWoIf ;lxtsf] % ;b:o dWo] @ hgf dlxnf clgjfo{ ul/Psfn] j8f txdf $) k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTj lglZrt 5 . dlxnf pDd]bjf/LnfO{ k|j4{gsfnflu :yfgLo tx lgjf{rg P]gn] pDd]bjf/Lsfnflu /fVg' kg]{ w/f}6L /sddf %) k|ltzt 5'6 ;d]t lbPsf] 5 .

k|To]s ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf $ hgf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf % hgf dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf s'n !(@$ hgf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf s'n !#!% hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt b]lvG5 . lhNnf ;efdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf gePklg lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf sDtLdf # hgf dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{ ul/Psf]5 . o; Joj:yfn] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf sDtLdf @@% hgf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj x'g] b]lvG5 .

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw

;+ljwfgsf] efu @) df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] ljifodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx aLrsf] ;DaGw ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj / ;dGjosf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm} jf k|b]z ;/sf/ dfkm{t ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ / lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{ ;+3Lo ;+;bn] cfjZos sfg"g agfpg]5 . k|b]z, ufpFkflns jf gu/kflnsf aLr ;dGjo ug{ / s'g} /fhgLlts ljjfb pTkGg ePdf k|b]z ;efn] ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt;Fu ;dGjo u/L To:tf] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg]5 / To;sf] k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 .

:yfgLo txsf]] clwsf/

;+ljwfgsf] efu !& / !* df qmdzM :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf / :yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf] ljifodf pNn]v 5 . :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfksLo / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cg';"rL * / cg';"rL ( df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] @@ j6f

57

Psn clwsf/ / cg';"rL ( df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] !% j6f ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"lr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfn] ug]{5 . To:t} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@^ df ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efn] cg';"rL * / ( df pNn]lvt clwsf/ k|of]usf nflu k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cg';f/ cfjZos sfg"g agfpg ;Sg] pNn]v 5 . :yfgLo txn] sfg"g agfpFbf ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs sfg"g;Fu gaflemg]u/L agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 / lj:t[tLs/0f u/L yk :ki6 / jf]wuDo agfpgsfnflu d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf ;ldltn] k|ltj]bg k]z u/L;s]sf] 5 . pQm k|ltj]bg cg';f/ :yfgLo txsf] nflu Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/sf] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f u/L #%& j6f sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt df}lns xs / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, /fHosf gLlt;DaGwL wf/f / sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL / cGo P]g, sfg"g cGtu{t eO{/x]sf sfo{x?sf] ;d]t lj:t[tLs/0f ul/Psf]5 .

:yfgLo txsf r'gf}tLx?

;+j}wflgs r'gf}tL

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ :yfgLo txn] Psn clwsf/ ;"rLsf ljifodf :jtGq 9+un] / ;femf clwsf/sf ljifodf ;+3 / k|b]z sfg"g;Fu gaflemg]u/L sfg"g agfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/, :yfgLo txn] sfg"g agfpg] k|lqmof k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 . xfn k|b]z sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt ;+:yf k|b]z ;efsf] u7g eO{;s]sf] 5}g . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t sfg"g agfpg] k|b]z ;efsf] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{ /x]klg To; ljifodf s'g} sfg"g agL ;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L x]bf{ :yfgLo lgjf{rg kZrft\ u7g x'g] ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qsf ljifodf sfg"g agfpg] ljlw / k|lqmof g} clgZrt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@& cg';f/ ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf] ;~rfng, a}7ssf] sfo{ljlw, ;ldlt u7g ;b:osf] kb l/Qm x'g] cj:yf, ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf ;b:on] kfpg] ;'ljwf, ufpF kflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] sd{rf/L / sfof{no ;DaGwL Joj:yf k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 . o; wf/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] k|b]z sfg"gsf] cefjdf :yfgLo txsf] a}7s nufot ;du| k|lqmof g} cj?4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

sfg"g lgdf{0fdf r'gf}tL

:yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg nuQ} u7g x'g] :yfgLo ;/sf/ sfg"gL / Jojxfl/s ?kdf g} sfof{Gjogdf cfpg]5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] Joj:yfksLo / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L hgtfsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf rfxgf, ;/n ;]jf k|jfxsf] ck]IffnfO{ d"t{tf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfknfO{ j:t'lgi7, kf/bzL{, lje]b/lxt agfpgsfnflu gLlt / sfg"g k"j{ ;t{ x'g cfpF5 . xfn ;Dd PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xL dflyNnf] txsf] cfb]z / lgb]{zgsf e/df sfo{ ;~rfng

58

ub}{ cfPsf Tof] klg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k"0f{ cEof; g} gu/]sf / em08} b'O{ bzs;Dd hgk|ltlglwljxLg cj:yfaf6 u'h|]sf / :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] cEof; g} gu/]sf / :jfoQ ?kdf lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ cg'ej gePsf :yfgLo tx ca ;+j}wflgs ?kdf g} ;/sf/sf] ?kdf kl/0ft eP;Fu} sfg"g lgdf{0f b]lv ;]jfk|jfxsf] Joj:yfkg / k|aGw ug]{ ;Ddsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ ePsf]5 . ctM cg'ej, bIftf tyf /fhgLlts cEof; x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;fy{stf k'li6 ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g]5 .

Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] r'gf}tL

k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf pkfWoIfsf] / gu/kflnsfdf pkk|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo Goflos ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . h;n] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf ljjfb lg?k0f ug]{5 . t/, o; ;ldltsf ;+of]hs / ;b:osf] of]Uotf s] x'g] eGg] ljifodf ;+ljwfg df}g 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs / ;b:on] sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo Pj+ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug{ g;Sbf cyjf cfˆgf] JolQmut k"jf{u|x jf b[li6sf]0faf6 k|efljt eOlbFbf Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;du| l;4fGt g} Wj:t x'g;Sg] vt/f /xG5 . o;y{ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] t6:y, cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/ tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf ju{ k|lt cGofo x'g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ lgif]w ug'{ kb{5 .

ljQLo r'gf}tL

;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * sf] a'Fbf $ df plNnlvt ;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6«];g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, e"ld s/, dfnkf]t, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf]/~hg s/ :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] ljQLo ;|f]t xf] . h'g o; cl3sf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;d]t ljQLo ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] /f]oN6L tLg j6} txnfO{ afF8kmfF8 x'Fbf o;af6 :yfgLo txnfO{ cToGt Go"g ljQ k|fKt x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ :yfgLo txnfO{ sfo{ lhDd]jf/L cToGt a9L t/ ljlQo ;|f]t ljutsf] eGbf km/s 5}g . ctM ;Lldt ljQLo ;|f]taf6 ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u / ;]jf k|jfx :yfgLo txsfnflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ̂ ) cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+sng u/]sf] /fh:j tLgj6} txnfO{ Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo txnfO{ vr{sf] cfjZostf / /fh:jsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ljt/0f ug]{ nufotsf Joj:yf ePklg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] klg ljQLo cj:yf dha't 5}g . To:t}, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] k|fKt ug]{ ljQLo x:tfGt/0fsf] kl/df0f /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5 . t/ xfn ;Dd o; cfof]usf] u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;y{ :yfgLo txsfnflu ljsf; lgdf{0f dfq xf]Og, k|zf;lgs vr{ h'6fpg klg sl7g 5 .

sd{rf/L Pj+ sfof{no Joj:yfkgsf] r'gf}tL

:yfgLo tx sfof{Gjogdf cfP;Fu} xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf Pj+ ;]jf k|jfxsf] sfo{k|lqmof ;d]t ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ Pj+ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf ;ldltsf] sfo{ lj:t[lts/0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt

59

lhDd]jf/L cg';f/ xfn lhNnfl:yt clwstd sfof{nox? ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu sfof{nox?sf] k'g;{F/rgf / sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug'kg]{ x'G5 . xfnsf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf g} k|foMh;f] sfof{nox? Eff8fdf a:g'k/]sf] / ;]jfu|fxLd}qL sfof{no ;+/rgf g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;]jfk|jfxdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf z"Gok|fo 5 . clen]v Joj:yfkg r':t gePsf] dfq} xf]Og, clen]v g} hL0f{ eO{;s]sf 5g . o; kl/k|]Iodf vf;u/]/ ufpFkflnsfx?df ;]jfu|fxLd}qL ;+/rgfsf] sfof{no :yfkgf ug{, lhNnfl:yt sfof{nosf] clen]vnfO{ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf cg';f/sf] juL{s/0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf tyf ;fljssf :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ gofF ;+/rgfdf ;dfof]hg Joj:yfkg u/L :yfgLo txdf v6fpg' csf]{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ljutdf ;/sf/n] uflj; ;lrj, 8fS6/ nufot b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/L v6fpg g;s]sf] Oltxf; 5 . xfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo txsf] zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL cfb]z, @)&# hf/L u/L :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L v6fP klg of] cGtl/d cjlwsf]nflu dfq} xf] . :yfgLo txsf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L sd{rf/L v6fpFbf sd{rf/L gk"u x'g ;Sg] k|an ;Defjgf 5 . :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 x'g] ePsf]n] tTsfn sd{rf/L egf{ x'g] ;Defjgf klg 5}g . o;n] ubf{ tTsfnsfnflu hgtfn] ;fdfGo ;]jf kfP klg lj1 ;]jf k|fKt ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

lgisif{

;+j}wflgs ?kdf g]kfn ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds d'n's ePklg o;sf] ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut ljsf; eO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'?ksf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] cfljisf/, hgk|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yfx?sf] u7g, P]g, lgod tyf sfo{ljlwx?sf] lgdf{0f, sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg tyf gful/s ;zlQms/0f dfkm{t ;+3Lo g]kfndf hgtfsf] :j/fh :yfkgf x]t' elu/y k|oTgsf] vfFrf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg dfkm{t ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv cj?4 :yfgLo :t/sf] nf]stflGqs k|lqmof Pj+ g]t[Tj ljsf; ;'rf? ePsf] 5 . hgtfsf] lbuf] zflGt, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+IffnfO{ d"t{tf k|bfg ug]{ ;jfndf ;+j}wflgs ;+/If0f k|fKt gofF df]8]nsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf u7g x'g] Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Goflos ;ldltdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf k|ltlglwTj, kx'Fr / lgoGq0f sfod x'gfn] o;af6 ;/sf/sf] sfo{z}nL hgd'vL, kf/bzL{, hgpQ/bfoL / ljsf;d'vL x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/n] hgtfdf Jojxfl/s ?kdf g} nf]stGqsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] lgdf{0f x'g' kb{5 . gjLg /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f tyf k|zf;lgs bIftf dfkm{t :yfgLo txsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ lrb}{ :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf dfWodaf6 ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ kfg]{ tkm{ cu|;/ x'g cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

• http://www.opmcm.gov.np/federalism-admin/

• http://mofald.gov.np

60

g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0f k|of; / k|fjwfg

— ledfh'{g 1jfnL*

;f/f+z

Psn ;dfh, Psn ;Dk|bfo, Psn hft jf Psn efiff h:tf cfwf/af6 lgld{t /fi6« ljZjdf lj/n} xf]nfg\ . k[ys–k[ys e"–agf}6, efiff, wd{, ln·, ju{, If]q, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo /fi6«sf] klxrfg h:t} ePsf] kfOG5 . cWoogsf] ;Gbe{df ljZjsf !*$ /fHodf ^)) eGbf a9L efiff / %))) eGbf a9L hftLo ;d"x /x]sf] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . ljZjsf sl/a ()=() k|ltzt /fHodf hftLo ljljwtf ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/ g]kfndf !@# eGbf a9L efiffefifL, !@% eGbf a9L hfthftL, !) eGbf a9L wd{, ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+:s[tL, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, k|yf k/Dk/f / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf /x]sf 5g\ . gful/s gful/saLr ljljwtfsf ;fy} ;DkGgtf / ljkGgtf Pjd\ cj;/, kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] k|of]udf c;dfgtf ;d]t ljBdfg 5 . lje]b, al~rlts/0f / alxis/0fsf] ;d"n gi6 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;n] ef}lts Pjd\ dfgl;s ¿kdf ;fy{s k|ltlglwTjdf cj/f]w pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, ;fdflhs ;befj, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf / n}l·s ;dfgtf :yflkt u/L ;d[4 / ;jn /fi6« lgdf{0f ug{ ljleGg sl7gfO{ pTkGg ug]{ ePsf]n] ljljwtf Joj:yfkg / /fHosf ;du| cfofddf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ljleGg k|of; / k|fjwfgsf afjh'b ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gful/sdf efjgfTds Pstf sfod u/L /fli6«o Pstf sfod ug]{ lbzfdf /fHon] ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{' jt{dfgsf] HjnGt d'2fsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fn] g} ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfnfO{ ;an agfpF5 . ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tfsf] hu ;d]t ;dfj]zLs/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 .

/fHosf] zf;g k|aGwsf ljleGg cfofdx?df ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|of;sf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;+oGqdf k]zfut Joj;flostf Ifo x'Fb} uPsf], glthfd"ns agfpg g;lsPsf], ;]jf

*n]vf clws[t, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

61

ljifo k|j]z

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf cfkm}+df k4lt dfq geO{ dfgjLo hLjgsf] cleGg cË ag]sf] 5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf zf;g k|0ffnLsf x/]s cjojdf /fHosf gful/ssf] ;xcl:tTj, ;x:jfldTj, ;xeflutf / ;dfg Jojxf/ :yflkt ePsf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . leGg ;f]r, ;+:sf/, z}nL, /xg;xg, d"No dfGotf, Ifdtf h:tf ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf ;xcl:tTj, ;x:jfldTj, ;dfg Jojxf/ :yflkt ug{ /fHo ;+oGqn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{' jt{dfgsf] ckl/xfo{tf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f zlQmzfnL / sdhf]/ ju{, ;DkGg / ljkGg ;dfh, ;lqmo / lgis[o ;d'bfo, k|e'TjzfnL / lg/Lx ;d"x h:tf k[ystfaLr nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf / Jojxf/ k|j4{g ug]{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm, k|efjsf/L / ;zQm dfWod xf] . hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, wfld{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, cfly{s h:tf ofjt\ ljleGgtfnfO{ pko'Qm ;Daf]wg u/L zf;g Joj:yfsf ljleGg cfofddf ;fy{s ;xeflutf u/fpg' g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts P]Soj4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;befjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{ / ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ug{' ;fy} cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs

k|jfxdf gful/s ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ v:sbf] /x]sf] cf/f]k cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnLaLr pko'Qm ;Gt'ng sfod u/L ;Ifd, Ifdtfjfg, lgikIf, glthfd"ns r':t k|zf;g ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{' / ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ of]Uotfd"ns k|0ffnLsf] kl/k"/s agfpFb} n}hfg' lgtfGt r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf] ljBdfg ;dfj]zLs/0f k4ltnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ Pp6} JolQmn] af/Daf/ nfe lng ;Sg] u/L sdhf]/ k4lt cjnDag gu/L lg/Gt/ ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . Pp6f JolQmn] Psk6s ;dfj]z ePsf] If]qdf s;/L km]/L lje]b, alxis/0f / al~rlts/0fdf k/]sf] dfg]/ k'gM cj;/ lbg] < of] t ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGt ljkl/t ePg / < dfgf}+ Pp6f JolQm lghfdtL ;]jfdf s'g} dfWodaf6 ;]jf/t 5 eg] pm t /fHosf] ;]jfdf ;dfj]z g} eO{ ;Sof] . ca s'g l;4fGtn] p;nfO{ cf/If0f lbg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf unf{ < ;]jf/t JolQmn] k'gM cj;/ pkef]u ug{' eg]sf] t c¿sf] efudf x:tIf]k ug{' xf] . o;n] yk cGofo u/]g / < o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{tkm{ ;dfodf g} Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

;dli6df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag ubf{ tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg dxTj Pjd\ k|efjnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ /fli6«otf / /fi6«lxtnfO{ ;jf]{k/L 7fg]/ cuf8L a9\g' g} >]ois/ x'G5 . ljljwtf Joj:yfkg /fli6«o ;antf / ;zlQms/0fsf] ;zQm dfWod ePsf]n] o;nfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{gdf k"/s pkfosf] ¿kdf lng' / tbg'?k ;'wf/fTds k4lt ;~rfng ug'{ g} cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

62

Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNk lnPsf] 5 . o;y{df klg ;dfj]zLs/0f ckl/xfo{ / clgjfo{ xf] .

;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;fy{s ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/]sf] x'G5 . ljleGg ju{, If]q, lnË, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfosf] e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, ljsf;sf] cj:yf nufotsf cfwf/df /fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{' g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0fn] gful/saLr cj;/sf] ljt/0f / pkef]u, kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] cGt/ / c;dfgtf Go"lgs/0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs / Jojxfl/s ;d]tsf alxis/0f, /fHosf] d"n k|jfxLs/0faf6 al~rtLs/0f / cj;/, kx'Fr Pjd\ clwsf/sf] pkof]udf lje]b x6fpFb} ef}lts Pjd\ ;f+j]lus ¿kdf ;dfgtf sfod ug{' g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . /fHosf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, gLlt lgdf{0f, ljZn]if0f / sfof{Gjog, of]hgf Pjd\ sfo{qmd th{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg ;d]tsf ;fj{hlgs lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;du| k4lt, k|lqmof / kl/df0fdf ;fy{s j:t'ut / oyfy{k/s ;xeflutf g} ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"t{ :j¿k dflgG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f gful/s clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg xf] eg] /fHosf] ljsf;nfO{ ultzLn agfpg] k|efjsf/L cf}hf/ xf] . zf;sLo k|aGwnfO{ lbuf] agfpg, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf ;'b[9 ug{ / zf;g Joj:yfdf gful/s :jfldTj Pjd\ ckgTj :yflkt u/L nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ ;dfj]zLs/0f lgtfGt ckl/xfo{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf dflgG5 .

;dfj]zLs/0fn] zf;sLo k|aGwsf] ;du| cfofddf ;dfg'kflts / ;fy{s ;xeflutftkm{ OlËt u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHosf ;fdfGo / lgoldt k|fjwfg / k|lqmofdfkm{t /fHosf ljleGg hfthftL, cflbjf;L–hghftL, efiff, wd{, lnË, ;+:s[lt, ju{, k]zf, If]q, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ;d"x cflbnfO{ ;dfg'kflts / ;fy{s ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg cj/f]w, c;xh, sl7gfO{ / ;d:of pTkGg x'gfn] ljljwtfo'Qm ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts, k|zf;lgs, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf ePsf] d'n'sdf ljz]if k|fjwfg, k|lqmof / cf}hf/ cjnDag u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;fy{stf lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljZjsf ()=() k|ltzt d'n'sx¿ ljljwtfo'Qm hg;f+lVos agf}6af6 lgld{t ePsf] tYosf cfwf/df ;d]t ;dfj]zLs/0f k|efjsf/L agfpg ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . /fHosf ;a} gful/s ;dfg¿kdf zf;sLo k|aGwdf ;fy{s ;xefuL x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg ljleGg k|sf/sf tTsfnLg Pjd\ lb3{sfnLg pkfo, pks/0f tyf cf}hf/x¿ cjnDag ul/G5 . o:tf pkfox¿n] ;dfhsf sdhf]/, k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf, cj;/, kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] pkof]udf al~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf, /fHosf] d"n k|jfxLs/0f aflx/ /xL alxis/0fdf k/]sf lje]b / pTkL8gdf /x]sf hfthftL, hghftL, wd{, ju{, lnË, If]q, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfonfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0fdf Nofpg ljz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;dfj]zLs/0fssf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf cf/If0f ;DaGwL ;fGble{stf o; n]vdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

cf/If0f

/fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] tTsflng pkfo cf/If0f xf] . cf/If0fn] /fHo ;+oGqdf kx'Fr, klxrfg, ;xeflutf / clwsf/sf] pkof]udf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf, cj;/, kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] pkof]usf

63

b[li6n] al~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf alx:s/0fsf sf/0f d"n k|jfxLs/0f aflx/ /x]sf, lje]b / pTkL8gdf /x]sf hfthftL, lnË, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo ;d]tsf gful/snfO{ ;;Ddfg /fHo ;+oGqdf k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;xefuL agfpFb5 . o;n] ljz]if 5'6, k|fyldstf tyf sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|fjwfg cjnDag ub{5 . tTsfn ;sf/fTds k|efj ug]{ u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df cjnDag ul/g] cf/If0f ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfWod xf] . zf;g k|0ffnLdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] åGå Go"gLs/0f ug]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOg] cf/If0fn] /fli6«o Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tfnfO{ yk dha't agfpgsf ;fy} gful/sn] cfTd;Ddfgsf] ;d]t cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg] cj;/sf] ;[hgf ub{5 . ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdsf] nflu ljutsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j¿k cjnDag ul/g] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf cf/If0fnfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] k|efjsf/L pks/0fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

cf/If0fsf] k|efj tt\sfn cg'e"lt x'g ;Sg] / k|ltlglwTj :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] cf/If0fnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Go"gtd cfwf/ tyf dfkb08 k'u]sf al~rlts/0f tyf alxis/0fdf k/]sf jf kfl/Psf gful/snfO{ ;dfj]z x'g] k4lt / k|lqmof gLltut ?kdf lgwf{/0f u/L ;xeflutf a9fOG5 . o;n] /fHok|ltsf] gful/ssf] cf:yf, ljZjf;, ckgTj / :jfldTj a9\b} hfG5 . of] k|fjwfg ljz]if ;'ljwf ePsf]n] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{gdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sg] rrf{ kl/rrf{ gePsf xf]Ogg\ . ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;d]t /fli6«o ;jntf / ;zlQms/0fsf] ;zQm dfWod ePsf]n] o;nfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{gdf k"/s pkfosf] ¿kdf ;d]t lng' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0faLr ;dfgtf

;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0f b'j} /fHosf] zf;sLo k|aGwsf ljleGg cfofddf ;a} ju{, If]q, ;Dk|bfo / ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{] ;DaGwdf ljsl;t cjwf/0ff x'g\ . /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ /fli6«o Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts P]Soa4tf / cfk;L ;befj sfod /fV g ;dfj]zLs/0f Pjd\ cf/If0fsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0f b'j} /fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf ljleGg cfofddf /fHosf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ cuf8L ;fl/Psf cjwf/0ff x'g\ .

• ;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0f b'j}n] /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfk|lt gful/ssf] :jfldTj, ckgTj :yflkt u/L /fli6«o Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts P]Soa4tf ;an / ;'b[9 agfpFb5 .

• ;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0f b'j} ;fdflhs Gofo xfl;n ug]{ ;zQm dfWod dflgG5g\ . b'j}n] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0fdf cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5g\ .

• ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;sf/fTds lje]b b'j} /fHosf sdhf]/, ljkGg, lje]b / pTkL8gdf k/]sf, k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf, jl~rtL / alxis/0fdf k/]sf gful/ssf] ;zlQms/0f, d"n k|jfxLs/0f, ;fy{s, j:t'ut / oyfy{k/s ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ pkfosf] ¿kdf cjnDag ul/G5 .

64

• oL b'j} ljifo gful/snfO{ cj;/, kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ dfWod x'g . o;n] cg'zf;g / kf/blz{tf ;d]t k|j4{g ub{5g\ .

• ljutdf /fHotx / zf;s ju{af6 l;lh{t c;dfg / lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/af6 kLl8t ju{sf] Ifltk"lt{ / ;'wf/fTds k|of;sf] ¿kdf b'j} pkfon] sfo{ ub{5g\ .

• ;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0f b'j} /fHosf] ;+ljwfg, P]g, lgod;d]tsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{GjognfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t pkfox¿ x'g\ .

;du|df ;dfj]zLs/0f ;'wf/fTds k|of;sf] nIo, uGtJo / kl/0ffd xf] eg] cf/If0f dfWod Pjd\ nIo xfl;n ug]{ cf}hf/ xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0f ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k sfof{Gjogdf NofOG5 eg] cf/If0f ;dtfsf] l;4fGt clËsf/ u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{ cjnDag ul/g] pkfo xf] . cf/If0fn] ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ k|ltlglwTj, k|fyldstf, Ifltk"lt{, ljz]if Joj:yf / ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of; / k|fjwfgx¿

/fHosf ;du| k|of; / lqmofsnfkx¿ cfd gful/s / j[xQ/ /fli6«o lxtk|lt nlIft x'G5g\ . sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nf]stflGqs zf;g k4ltsf] cleGg cË xf] . gful/s lxt, /fli6«o :jfy{ cg'¿k c;n dg;foaf6 sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{, sfg"g lgdf{0fdf Due process of Law sf] cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft\ ug]{, /fHosf ;du| lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ agfpg], zf;g Joj:yfdf lhDd]jf/L, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTjsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;]jf k|jfx, ljsf; k|jfx, gLlt k|jfx / nf]stGqsf nfe gful/sn] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] k4lt / ;+oGqdfkm{t zf;sLo k|aGw :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{' g} ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;fy{stf xf] . o;sf] nflu /fHosf] d"n sfg"g ;+ljwfg, P]g, lgod, ljlw, k|lqmof k4lt / ;+oGq lgwf{/0f ePsf x'G5g\ . ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;fy{stf kfpg g;Sbf To;sf] ;'wf/fTds sbdsf] ¿kdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ljleGg pkfo cjnDag ul/G5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;d]t ljutsf s]G›Ls[t / PsfTds /fHo ;Qfaf6 pTkGg c;dfgtf / c;dfj]zL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg pkfo cg';/0f / cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0fnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ cjnDag ul/Psf j}wflgs k|fjwfg / k|of;x¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lgdf{0f u/L hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} ;a} k|sf/sf juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}lËs pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ ljleGg ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts P]Soj4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;befjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{ cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts, ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNk ul/Paf6 ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] k"0f{¿kdf cfTd;ft\

65

u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f Pjd\ cf/If0f ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ePsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M

• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # df ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;'qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] eGgfn] ljljwtfsf] oyfy{ / kof{Kt ;Daf]wg u/]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .

• wf/f $ df g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] elgPsf]n] ;dfj]zL /fHo rl/qnfO{ k"0f{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

• wf/f $@ df cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghftL, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk58f ju{, cNk;+Vos, l;dfGts[t, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ n}lËs tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf If]qsf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v;, cfo{nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 . cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs x'g]5 . ckfËtf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg;lxt dof{bf / cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 . k|To]s ls;fgnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd s[lif sfo{sf] nflu e"lddf kx'Fr, k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u / cjnDag ul/Psf] :yfgLo aLplahg / s[lif k|hfltsf] 5gf}6 / ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 . g]kfndf cu|ufdL nf]stflGqs kl/jt{gsf] nflu ePsf ;a} hgcfGbf]ng, ;z:q ;+3if{ / qmflGtsf qmddf hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ zlxbsf kl/jf/, a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/, nf]stGqsf of]4f, åGå kLl8t / lj:yflkt, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, 3fOt] tyf kLl8tnfO{ Gofo Pjd\ plrt ;Ddfg;lxt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, cfjf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf sfg"gadf]lhd k|fyldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg] xs x'g]5 eGg] ;d]tsf k|fjwfgn] /fHon] ;dfj]zL ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] kl/sNkgfnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

• wf/f $# df cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg czQm / c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf, Psn dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf, afnaflnsf, cfˆgf] x]/rfx cfkm}+ ug{ g;Sg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf gful/snfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g] Joj:yf df}lns xsdf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 .

• wf/f %) df g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / :jflwgtfnfO{ ;jf]{k/L /fVb} gful/ssf] hLpwg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L sfg"gsf] zf;g, df}lns xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf d"No / dfGotf, n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;xeflutf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] dfWodaf6 Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{ Pjd\ zf;g Joj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{

66

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf ;'b[9 ug]{ /fHosf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo x'g] . ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj, P]Soa4tf / ;fd~h:o sfod u/L /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ /fHosf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts p2]Zo x'g] . k|fKt pknAwLx¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf pGgtzLn agfpFb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq / ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] cfly{s p2]Zo x'g] egL /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts Pjd\ cfly{s p2]ZonfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg] nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

• wf/f %! df /fHosf gLlt cGtu{t v08 -`_ df ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

• wf/f %^ df /fHosf] ;+/rgf cGtu{t ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ax'ntf / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]v 5 .

• wf/f ^) df /fh:j ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 cGtu{t /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ubf{ If]qLo c;Gt'ng, ul/aL / c;dfgtfsf] Go"lgs/0f, al~rtLs/0fsf] cGTo;d]tsf] ljifodf Wofg lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f &) df /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt km/skm/s lnË jf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lgjf{rg ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f ^) df /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/zdf ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

• wf/f *$ df k|ltlglw;efsf] u7gdf hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L÷hghftL, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q;d]taf6 aGb ;"rLsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd !!) ;b:osf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f *^ df /fli6«o ;efsf] u7gsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«kltaf6 dgf]lgt slDtdf ! hgf dlxnf;lxt # hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f (! df k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'vdWo] ! hgf dlxnf x'g] u/L km/s–km/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

• wf/f (@ df /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIfdWo] ! hgf dlxnf x'g] u/L lgjf{rg ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

• wf/f (& df ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] b'O{ ;bgsf aLrsf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df ;+o'Qm ;ldlt u7g Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f !^* df k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/zdf k|b]z;efsf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGtadf]lhd k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f !&^ df k|b]z;efsf] u7gdf hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghftL, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo ;d]taf6 aGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj x'g] $) k|ltzt ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:ox¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

67

• wf/f !*@ df k|b]z ;efd'v jf k|b]z pk;efd'vdWo] ! hgf dlxnf x'g] u/L km/s–km/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @!% df ufpF;efdf $ hgf dlxnf ;b:o, blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 @ hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @!^ df gu/;efdf % hgf dlxnf ;b:o, blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 # hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @@@ df ufpF;efdf k|To]s j8faf6 slDtdf @ hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @@# df gu/;efdf k|To]s j8faf6 slDtdf @ hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @%@ df /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @%% df /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @%* df /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @^! df cflbjf;L÷hghftL cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @^@ df dw];L cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @^# df yf¿ cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @^$ df d'l:nd cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @*# df ;+j}wflgs cË / lgsfosf kbdf lgo'QmL ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .

• wf/f @*$ df ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v /xg] Joj:yfn] ;dfj]zLtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .

• wf/f @*% df ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;a} ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf kbk"tL{ ubf{ v'nf / ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

oL pk/f]Qm ;d]tsf k|fjwfgn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ :ki6¿kdf cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg;Fu} plNnlvt ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] /fHon] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'¿k ;dfj]zL /fi6« lgdf{0fn] ;fsf/ / d"t{ ¿k kfpg ;Sg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) df ;dfj]z ePsf k|fjwfgx¿

• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg] p2]Zon] th{'df ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_ df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfo adf]lhdsf pDd]bjf/aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf 5M

68

v'nf kbsf] $% k|ltztdf cf/If0f Joj:yf s"n v'nf kbdf efl/t cf/If0f

s_ dlxnf ## k|ltzt -!$=*% k|ltzt_

v_ cflbjf;L÷hghftL @& k|ltzt -!@=!% k|ltzt _

u_ dw];L @@ k|ltzt -(=() k|ltzt _

3_ blnt ( k|ltzt -$=)% k|ltzt _

ª_ ckfË % k|ltzt -@=@% k|ltzt _

r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q $ k|ltzt -!=*) k|ltzt _

;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -*_ df ckfËnfO{ 5'§fOPsf] k|ltztsf] kb s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfdsf] nflu tf]lsPadf]lhd ckfËx¿aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffåf/f kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . pkbkmf -!#_ cg';f/ s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfo{ jf kbsf nflu dlxnfn] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L kb tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

• bkmf !) df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] jf ljsf;tkm{sf] s'g} kbdf slDtdf % jif{b]lv c:yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ cljl5Gg ¿kdf ;]jf u/L /x]sf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu x'g] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lj1fkgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g pd]/sf] aGb]h nfUg] 5}g .

• bkmf !^ df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ^ dlxgf k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

• bkmf !* df ;¿jf ubf{ l/Qm kb ldn];Dd lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /f=k=cg+= >]0fLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] kltkT gL b'j} lghfdtL ;]jfdf eP Pp6} lhNnfdf k7fOg] k|fjwfg 5 .

• bkmf @! df dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghftL, dw];L, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf :yfoL a;f]jf; ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] plNnlvt ;]jf cjlwdf Ps jif{ sd ;]jf cjlw eP klg a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v 5 .

• bkmf &! df k|;'tL labf, k|;'tL :ofxf/ labf / k|;'tL :ofxf/ eQf;d]t dlxnf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf /flvPsf] k|fjwfg xf] .

oL plNnlvt ;d]tsf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf k|fjwfgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog x'g] kIfdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;dfj]zL x'g ;Sg] / o;n] /fHosf ;a} hfthftL, ju{, If]q, lnË, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf :yflkt eO{ cfdgful/ssf] :jfldTj, ckgTj :yflkt x'g] / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .

!$ cf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ df ;dfj]zLs/0f

;+3Lo :j¿ksf] zf;sLo Joj:yf;lxt hf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfgdf cGt/lglxt cfly{s–;fdflhs l;4fGt sfof{Gjog ug]{ klxnf] of]hgfsf] ¿kdf th{'df ePsf] !$ cf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ n]

69

;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo lnPsf] 5 . plNnlvt nIosf] ;fdflhs Gofo xfl;n ug]{ k|efjsf/L pkfo g} ;dfj]zLs/0f ePsf]n] o; of]hgfn] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . !$ cf}+ of]hgfsf] kfrf}+ /0fgLltdf n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] ljifo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf ;fwg;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 tyf kl/rfng ug{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf ;/sf/L nufgL afF8kmfF8sf cfwf/x¿df ;d]t ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;Gt'ng, ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng / ;dfj]zLs/0f sfod ug]{ cfwf/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfsf] If]qut ljsf; gLltdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f, Ho]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿, ;fdflhs aLdf ;d]tsf If]qx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . To:t} of]hgfsf] cGt/ ;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx¿df n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zlQms/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f, nf]kf]Gd'v, cltl;dfGts[t tyf ;LdfGts[t hftL, hghftL h:tf kIfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfox¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s tyf ;zlQms/0fdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj;/x¿df ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f ug]{ Pjd\ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf zf;sLo If]qdf nf]kf]Gd'v, cltl;dfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L÷hghftLsf] kx'Fr j[l4 u/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ dfyL psf:g] nufotsf nIox¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'n] ;d]t of]hgfn] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cToflws ¿kdf cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] jflif{s ah]6df ;dfj]zLs/0f

g]kfnsf] cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] jflif{s ah]6df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf nlIft sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5M

• cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] jflif{s ah]6df lbuf], ;dfj]zL / pRr b/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .

• lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;+s]tsf cfwf/df ul/aLsf] cGTo, z"Go ef]sd/L, n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 tyf dof{lbt sfd, c;dfgtf Go"lgs/0f ;d]tsf If]qdf ah]6 /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] .

• jflif{s ah]6sf] zx/L ljsf; sfo{qmddf hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t blnt, ljkGg, d'l:nd, r]kfË, /fp6], uGwj{, jfbL, jgsl/of, ;'/]n, wfdL nufotsf ljkGg Pjd\ nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf kl/jf/sf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{Psf] .

• lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df 5l/P/ /x]sf af9L, klx/f] h:tf k|fs[lts hf]lvddf k/]sf a:tLx¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L Jojl:yt a:tLsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .

• s0ff{nL c~rn nufotsf b'u{d tyf lxdfnL lhNnfdf vfBfGg 9'jfgLdf k|bfg ul/g] cg'bfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{Psf] .

• Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ljwjf dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm / nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L÷hghftLnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] nIo lnO{Psf] .

70

• dlxnf pTyfg sfo{qmd cGtu{t /fi6«klt dlxnf pTyfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] .• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu k'g{:yfkgf sfo{qmd Pjd\ dgf]an / dof{bf a9fpg] ljz]if

sfo{qmddf lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/Psf] .• 3/]n' lx+;f, n}lËs lx+;fdf k/]sf a]jfl/;] dlxnfx¿nfO{ p4f/ u/L ;'/lIft /fVg cNksflng

k'g{:yfkgf u[xsf] lj:tf/df hf]8 lbO{Psf] .• ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf g]kfnL gful/s klxrfg u/L /fHo ;'/Iff kl/rokq ljt/0f ul/g]

sfo{qmdnfO{ la:tf/ ug]{ gLltdf lg/Gt/tf lbO{Psf] .• cfwfeGbf al9 cfsf; 9fs]sf dlxnfx?sf] ljsf;df k|fyldstf k|bfg u/L #&=$@ k|ltzt

k|ToIf n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] .

pNn]lvt ah]6 sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 d'n's Gofok"0f{ ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu} ;d[l4sf] gofF r/0fdf k|j]z ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL cGo gLltut tyf sfo{qmdut Joj:yfM

• :yfgLo lgsfo / txsf] ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] lgwf{l/t k|ltztdf nlIft ju{, ;d'bfonfO{ 5'§fOg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] .

• c;xfosf nflu lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yf .• kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf k|;'tL vr{ pknAw u/fOg] .• ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, c:ktfn, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, dtflwsf/ k|of]udf ljz]if k|fyldstf,

5'§} ;L6 / sf]6f lgwf{/0f Pjd\ 5'6sf] Joj:yf .• ;'/Iff lgsfodf dlxnf ;]n, ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf Focal Person ;d]tsf] Joj:yf .• ;fdflhs s'l/tL / unt k/Dk/fsf] cGTosf nflu ;/sf/L–u}/;/sf/L ;fem]bf/L k|of; .• nlIft ju{, If]q, lnË / ;Dk|bfod'vL dGqfno, ljefu, lgsfo tyf dxfzfvf, zfvf, ;Dks{

JolQm tyf ljGb" / 8]:ssf] Joj:yf . • ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg, ;'/Iff lgsfo nufotsf kbk"lt{df cf/If0fsf] cEof; / k|fjwfgsf]

sfof{Gjog .• /fHon] ljleGg gLlt, P]g, lgod hf/L u/]sf] Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL, ;Demf}tf / k|lta4tfdf

kIf/fi6« eO{ sfof{Gjogdf tbf¿stf b]vfPsf] .• ;fdflhs ;r]tgf / hfu/0f clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd th{'df / ;~rfngdf hf]8 .

g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0fdf b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿M

ljleGg k|of; / k|fjwfgsf afjh'b klg nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf gful/ssf ck]Iff / rfxfgfsf] plrt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . cl:y/ / lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gzLn /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, k]zfut Joj;flostfdf sdhf]/ k|zf;g ;+oGq / ;Lldt ;fwg;|f]t ;d]tsf ljleGg sf/0fn] pTkGg ;d:ofnfO{ k|ofKt ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L /fHo ;+oGqsf ;du| cfofddf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf ;fy{s x'g g;Sbf ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ljleGg ;d:of pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . To:tf s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

71

• /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;d]tsf ljleGg If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] 9fFrf, k4lt, k|lqmof / kl/df0f Ps} k|s[ltsf] x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] hfthftL, cflbjf;L÷hghftL, wd{, efiff, ju{, lnË, If]q, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfonfO{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] 9fFrf, cfwf/, If]q, k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug{' / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ ljifo cToGt r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gfddf k|e'TjzfnL hfthftL, wd{, ju{, efiff, lnË, If]q, ;d'bfo Pjd\ ;Dk|bfon] cj;/ kfpg] ;Sg] t/ sdhf]/, cltl;dfGts[t, ;LdfGts[t, al~rlts/0f Pjd\ alxis/0fdf k/]sf, /fHosf] d"n k|jflxs/0f aflx/ k/]sf jf kfl/Psf hfthftL, wd{, ju{, efiff, If]q, lnË, ;d'bfo Pjd\ ;Dk|bfon] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg pkfox¿sf] ;d]t pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] / To; cj;/af6 nfe lng g;sL cGofodf kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

• jf:tljs nlIft ju{df sfo{qmdsf] nfe k'¥ofO{ ;fy{s, j:t'ut / oyfy{k/s ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf ;[hgf ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

• g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cf/If0f Joj:yf nfu' ug{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ;"rsdf k5fl8 k/]sf] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 . t/ Jojxf/df xfd|f] k|fjwfg tfnd]n gldn]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /f=k= k|yd / /f=k= låtLo >]0fLdf ;d]t cf/If0f Joj:yf nfu' ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf % jif{ -! jif{ sd x'Fbf $ jif{_ ;]jf cjlw ePsf sd{rf/Ln] pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] k|fjwfg 5 . ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf d"NofÍg ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf % jif{ ;]jf/t sd{rf/L s'g b[li6n] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf] jf alxis/0f / al~rlts/0fdf k/]sf] dfGg] < of] ljifo cfkm}+df lj/f]wfef; ePg / < o;/L x]bf{ t sl/a /fHosf em08} ()–(@ k|ltzt gful/s al~rlts/0f / alxis/0fdf k/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ xf]nf t . o; ljifonfO{ ;Gt'lnt / oyfy{k/s agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{' al9 r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;+oGqdf k]zfut Joj;flostf Ifo x'Fb} uPsf], glthfd"ns agfpg g;lsPsf], ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/s ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ v:sbf] /x]sf] cf/f]k cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnLaLr pko'Qm ;Gt'ng sfod u/L ;Ifd, Ifdtfjfg, lgikIf, glthfd"ns r':t k|zf;g ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{' / ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ of]Uotfd"ns k|0ffnLsf] kl/k"/s agfpFb} n}hfg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

• Pp6} ju{, If]q / JolQmn] k6sk6s ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nfe pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfgn] sfo{qmdsf] nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{' g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo eg]sf] ;zlQms/0f dflgG5 . cf/If0faf6 ;zlQms/0ftkm{ ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb} hfg] nIo eP tfklg cf/If0fsf] nfe pkof]u ug]{ nf]edf cfkm"nfO{ sdhf]/ b]vfpg] ju{ lg/Gt/ /lx/xFbf jf:tljs ¿kdf d"n k|jfxLs/0f Pjd\ ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{ lgs} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

72

• xfd|f] k/Dk/fut / lkt[;QfTds ;f]r, ;fdflhs Pjd\ z}lIfs hfu/0fsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, ;fwg ;|f]t, cj;/ / clwsf/df c;dfg kx'Fr, lje]bsf/L k/Dkf/ut >d ljefhg k|0ffnL, sfg"gL ;fIf/tfsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, /fHosf] tYok/s / oyfy{ Database sf] cefj, ef}uf]lns Pjd\ k|fs[lts ljkb, k|sf]k / ;f]sf] pTkGg hf]lvd, ;fdflhs ljs[lt;d]tsf sf/0f j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL k|of; / k|fjwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg' ;d]t ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gzLn / sdhf]/ /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt tyf k|zf;gdf ;'wf/f]Gd'v ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sgfn] ;d]t ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n x'g g;s]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .

• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf hfthftL, ju{, If]q, ;Dk|bfosf] j:t'ut / oyfy{k/s klxrfg ug]{ Database agfpg' ;d]t sl7g 5 .

• ljz]if ;'ljwf tyf k|fyldstf s'gs'g If]q / tx;Dd kfpg pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ljifo cGof}nk"0f{ ePsf]n] olsg u/L eGg ;Sg] cj:yf c:ki6 5 .

• nlIft ju{;Dd ljz]if Joj:yf k'¥ofpg sl7g 5 .

• of]Uotfd"ns k|0ffnLdf kg]{ c;/ tyf k|efjsf] cWoog u/L l;ldttfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug]{ tkm{ k|of; u/]sf] kfOb}g .

• ;sf/fTds lje]b elgP tfklg sfg"gL d"No dfGotfsf] cjwf/0ffn] lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] sf/0f sfg"gsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t b]lvG5 .

• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu cf/If0f nufotsf k|fjwfgaf6 nfe kfpg]sf] :jfledfg / cfTdljZjf; sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOof] . o;n] bL3{sfndf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd NofpF5 eGg]df ljZj:t x'g ;Sg] cfwf/ k|bfg u/]g .

• of]Uo, Ifdtfjfg hgzlQm knfog x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9\b} uof] . sfnfGt/df ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/Lotf clej[l4 ug{ /fHon] 7"nf] d"No r'sfpg' kg]{ hl6ntf ;[hgf x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .

• ;w}+e/L ljz]if cj;/ vf]Hg] / k/lge{/ x'g] cj:yfn] ;[hgfTdstf 36\b} hfg] / Ifdtf ljsf; sdhf]/ aGb} hfg] k|an ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljleGg r'gf}tL Pjd\ ;d:of ;dfwfgfy{ /fHo Joj:yfn] ;dod} kof{Kt Wofg gk'¥ofpg] xf] eg] o;sf] k|rngn] efjL lbgdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] eofjx kl/l:yltsf] cfFsng ;d]t ug{ sl7g 5 . o;y{df klg /fHo Joj:yf Pjd\ ;du| k|zf;g ;+oGqn] ;dod} al9 ;hutfsf;fy ;dfwfgsf sbd rfNg]tkm{ cu|;/ x'g al9 a'l4dfgL 7xl/g ;S5 .

cfufdL lbgdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ s;/L n}hfg] <

;dfj]zLs/0f cfkm}+df ljs[lt / lj;ËtL xf]Og . jt{dfgdf tt\sfn cg'e"lt x'g] u/L k|ltlglwTj a9fpb} hfg] / bL3{sflng ;sf/fTds pkfo;lxt lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ub}{ cuf8L a9\g' lgtfGt ckl/xfo{

73

b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu /fHon] :ki6 dfu{lrq / lbzflgb]{z;lxtsf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ug{' kb{5 . /fHon] ;dfj]zL zf;sLo k|aGwsf] vfsf lgwf{/0f x'g] u/L Core Philosophy to u/L tt\sflng, dWosflng / bL3{sflng ;dfj]zLs/0fsf gLlt th{'df ug{' kb{5 . zf;g Joj:yfdf h'g;'s} /fhgLlts bn k'u] klg g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t l:y/ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{' kb{5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ ljBdfg cf/If0fd'vL ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;zlQms/0fsf] :j¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ u/L cuf8L a9\g' k5{ . cf/If0f Joj:yfnfO{ ;dli6df nfu' gu/L tYo / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t agfO{ oyfy{k/s Pjd\ j:t'ut ¿kdf jf:tljs nlIft ju{df k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . cf/If0f k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf] !) jif{ k"/f eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ dWogh/ u/L tt\sfn k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . oL pk/f]Qm plNnlvt k[i7 e"lddf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;fy{s agfpg b]xfosf ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g' pko'Qm b]lvG5M

• ;j{k|yd /fHon] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] s:tf] gLlt lng] < s;/L ;dfj]zL agfpg] < ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jn / sdhf]/ kIf s] s:tf /xg] < s'gs'g If]qdf tTsfn k|efj kfg]{ gLlt lng] < s]–s:tf If]qdf k"0f{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;lsg] < s] s:tf If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;S5 eGg] cfwf/df of]Uotfd"ns k|0ffnL g} sfod /fV g] ljifodf /fhgLlts lrGtg / lj1sf] cWoog u/L ;du| ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;du| kIfdf ;sf/fTds glthf xfl;n x'g], sfo{ ;Dkfbg u'0f:t/Lo x'g], /fli6«o Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf ;jn x'g], ;fdflhs ;befj, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf h:tf kIfdf k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o:t/df g} d"n gLlt to u/L sfof{Gjog ug{' kb{5 .

• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cNksflng, dWosflng / bL3{sflng of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ;'wf/sf dfu{lrq tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ;+oGq tof/ ul/g' kb{5 .

• cf/If0f h:tf pkfosf] cjnDag ul/g' k"j{ nlIft ju{, lnË, If]q, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf] :ki6 lgwf{/0f x'g] u/L Database tof/ ug]{ / ;f] cg'¿k nlIft ju{df nfe k'Ug ;Sg] u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq, k|lqmof, k4lt / k|fjwfgaLr tfbfTDotf ldnfpg' k5{ .

• ljutsf] kf7af6 l;lsPsf s'/fx¿ k'g/fj[Q geO{ ;'wf/fTds ¿kdf sfof{Gjodf n}hfg ;Sg] k"jf{wf/ / jftfj/0f :yflkt ul/g' k5{ .

• gful/s lzIff, gful/s ;r]tgf / hfu/0ftkm{ hf]8 lbO{ gful/s clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ ;fd~ho:o¿kdf cuf8L a9fpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ .

• cf/If0f h:tf pkfonfO{ tt\sfn k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ s'g} ljGb'df nfu' x'g] u/L lgwf{/0f ul/g' k5{ .

• Pp6} JolQmn] af/Daf/ nfe lng ;Sg] u/L sdhf]/ k4lt cjnDag gu/L lg/Gt/ ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . Pp6f JolQmn] Psk6s ;dfj]z ePsf] If]qdf s;/L km]/L lje]b, alxis/0f / al~rlts/0fdf k/]sf] dfg]/ k'gM cj;/ lbg] < of] t ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGt ljkl/t ePg / < dfgf}+ Pp6f JolQm lghfdtL ;]jfdf s'g} dfWodaf6 ;]jf/t 5 eg] pm t /fHosf] ;]jfdf

74

;dfj]z g} eO{ ;Sof] . ca s'g l;4fGtn] p;nfO{ cf/If0f lbg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf unf{ / < ;]jf/t JolQmn] k'gM cj;/ pkef]u ug{' eg]sf] t c¿sf] efudf x:tIf]k ug{' xf] . o;n] yk cGofo u/]g / < o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{tkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu cf/If0fsf] gfddf If]q, k|s[lt / :j¿k g} c:jefljs x'g] u/L cjnDag ug{' ePg . bf}8w'k ug{'kg]{ k|s[ltsf] ;]jfdf v'§f ljxLg ckfËnfO{ cf/If0fsf] cj;/ lbFbf sfo{ ;Dkfbg glthfdf kg]{ k|efj s:tf] xf]nf < o;y{ cf/If0fn] kl/0ffddf tflTjs cGt/ gkg]{ ljifo klxrfg u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k cf/If0f ug]{ u/L If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu gful/ssf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf Ifdtfjfg lrlsT;s rflxG5 g} t/ ;fd"lxs lg0f{o x'g] :yfgLo txsf] /fhgLlts ;+oGqdf s]xL kb cf/If0f ubf{ cf/lIft If]qsf ;d:of / cfjZostf phfu/ ug{ ;xof]u g} x'g ;S5 . o;y{df s'g If]qdf cf/If0f lbg] jf s'g s'g If]qdf cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg l;ldt ug]{ eGg] :ki6 gLlt lng' cfjZos 5 .

• cf/If0fsf] gfddf k|e'TjzfnL ju{n] nfe lng] -Elite Capture_ x'g' ePg . dlxnfsf] nflu lgwf{l/t sf]6fdf s] s:tf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs x}l;otsf dlxnf Nofpg] xf] < :ki6 x'g' k¥of] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ls} >LdtLnfO{ cf/If0fsf] cj;/ pkof]u ug]{ u/L ;dfj]zLs/0f ug]{ sL s0ff{nLsf] b"/b/fhaf6 To:tf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ cj;/ pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg] xf] < :ki6 gLlt;lxt ;'wf/ ug]{ / ;f]sf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ agfpg' kb{5 .

• cf/If0fsf] cj;/ pkof]u u/L kbk"lt{ x'g] lghfdtL ;]jfsf s]xL kbx¿ pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df dWogh/ ub}{ To:tf ju{, If]q / ;Dk|bfodf ;zlQms/0f ug]{tkm{ /fHon] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;]jf k|jfx ug{ cfjZos kg]{ kb kbk"lt{ ug{ $ jif{eGbf al9 ;do nfUg ;Sg] xfd|f] sfg"gL k|lqmofsf] ljifodf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg x'g h¿/L 5 .

• ;+3Lo :j¿kdf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf k|j]z ub}{ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] :j¿k k|lqmof / k|fjwfgdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg u/L Jojxfl/s / sfof{Gjogof]Uo agfpg' cfjZos 5 . :yfgLo txsf kbdf dfq cf/If0fnfO{ l;ldt u/L ;DalGwt :yfgLo tx leqsf] If]qdf /fHosf] d"n k|jflxs/0f aflx/ /x]sf lje]b, alxis/0f / al~rlts/0fdf k/]sf ju{, lnË, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfonfO{ tt\tt\ If]qdf cf/If0f lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . Culturally Competency Bureaucracy agfpg] ;Gbe{df ;d]t t/fO{sf :yfgLo txdf lk5l8Psf] s0ff{nL nufotsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f / h'Dnfdf dw];L ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;fy{stf s;/L xf]nf / < o;y{ pko'Qmtf / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg :yfgLo txdf dfq cf/If0fnfO{ l;ldt u/L oyfy{k/s agfO{ nlIft ju{df n}hfg' plrt x'G5 .

• cf/If0fsf] cj;/ pkof]u ug]{sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmddfkm{t ;zlQms/0f u/L ;f] kZrft\ sfo{ lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ k4lt :yfkgf ug{' plrt x'G5 . h;n] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 .

75

lgisif{ g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0f sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] !) jif{ eO;s]sf] cj:yf / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjog ;Fu;Fu} eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljz]if ;'wf/;lxt ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ clËsf/ ul/g' k5{ . l5d]sL d'n'sdf pTkGg ;d:of;d]t lgofn]/ To:tf ;d:of eljiodf gcfpg] kl/j]z lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 . ljutsf] Ifltsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j¿k NofOPsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f ;fy{s x'g ;s]g eg] eljiodf emg 8/nfUbf] cj:yf ;[hgf gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfj]bg ug]{ ;+VofTds ljj/0f x]bf{ sl/j %$ k|ltzt dlxnf / $^ k|ltzt k'¿if b]lvPsf] tYofÍ ;d]tn] n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cf/If0fsf] ¿kdf ;+VofTds k|ltlglwTj a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvb}g . u'0ffTds ;zlQms/0f u/L nlIft ju{df g} hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . hfltut cfwf/ / ljsf; If]qut cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] klg nlIft ju{df k'Ug' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . o;y{df b]vfj6L k|ltlglwTj xf]Og, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] tYout cfwf/df nlIft ju{ :ki6 u/L ;zlQms/0fdfkm{t ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cem oyfy{k/s / j:t'ut agfpg]tkm{ xfdLn] hf]8 lbg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ljZj ;d'bfodf k|lt:kwf{Tds of]Uotfd"ns k|0ffnL cjnDag a9\b} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] () k|ltzt k|fKtfÍ xfl;n ug]{nfO{ 5f8]/ $% k|ltzt k|fKtfÍ xfl;n ug]{nfO{ 8fS6/ agfpFbf gful/s :jf:Yodf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ ;d]t gsfg{' s] Goflos x'g ;Snf / < o; ;Gbe{df xfdLn] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ cf/If0feGbf al9 ;zlQms/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg' pko'Qm x'g ;Snf h;n] Ifdtf ljsf; eO{ :jfledfg / cfTdljZjf;o'Qm hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 . xfd|f] ljBdfg lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;d]t ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L pGgtzLn, hfu¿s, l;h{gfTds, g}ltsjfg, kl/>dL hgzlQm lgdf{0f u/L ;sf/fTds ;dfh lgdf{0ftkm{ /fHo ;+oGq cfh}b]lv nfUg' kg]{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf / eljiosf] dfu xf] eGg'df cltzo'lQm gxf]nf .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg–sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_– /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+ .• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;GtfpGgf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ .• k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)&), k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .• lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg cª\sx?, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ .• lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, @)&!• n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f lhNnf:t/Lo k|lzIf0f, ;|f]t k'l:tsf, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, hfjnfv]n .• ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df ljljwtf Joj:yfkg, d}gfnL pd]z k|;fb, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ .• ;sf/fTds lje]b / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, kf08]o x/LbQ, ;f]kfg dfl;s• ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, d}gfnL uf]kLgfy, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x?• ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0f, zdf{ kf}8]n dx]z, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|• nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/ / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq, ;'j]bL gf/fo0f k|;fb, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, cu|;f/yL cWoog

tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|• dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / ;dfgtf, >]i7 dx]Gb| k|;fb, ;f]kfg dfl;s

76

:yfgLo txdf hg;xeflutf

— lbg]z nD;fn*

;f/f+z

:yfgLo :t/df cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0fdf ;fdflhs ;dfgtf Nofpg] sfo{df hghflt, cflbjf;L, blnt / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d]tsf ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ u/L :yflkt ul/g] k4tL jf k|0ffnLnfO{ g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g eGg] u/LG5 . g]kfnsf] ;ljwfg / ;f] sf] cGt/j:t'sf ?kdf c+uLsf/ ul/Psf l;4fGt / gLltx?n] o;nfO{ k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lgodx?n] cem 5n{· kf/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ /fli6«o p2]Zodf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' Pj+ hgtfsf dfu / :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Go"gtf k"lt{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cjnDag ul/g] sfo{ k|lqmofnfO{ hg;xeflutf elgG5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g , lgod, sfo{ljlw nufot xfn} hf/L ePsf cfb]zdf hg;xeflutfsf ljleGg ;oGqx?sf] lhls/ ub}{ clej[l4sf ljlwx?sf af/]df Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|:t't n]vdfkm{t :yfgLo zf;gdf hg;xeflutfsf ljljw kIfx?df rrf{ ug]{ hdsf{] ul/Psf] 5 .

*n]vf clws[t, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g

hgrfxgf tyf hgtfsf] dfu ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug'{ /fHosf] cxd\ bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L xf] To;sf nflu hgtfsf] glhs} /xL hgtfsf] lk/dsf{ a'lem hg;]jf ug{sf nflu s'g} klg k|efjsf/L ;/sf/nfO{ ;d]t ;xh x'Fb}g To;}n] ;/sf/s} ljz]iftf af]s]sf] / /fHos} dxTjk"0f{ c+usf] ?kdf :yfgLo:t/df sfo{ ug]{u/L 5'6\6} ;+/rgfsf] kl/sNkgf /fHosf] d'n sfg"gåf/f g} ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L :yfgLo :t/df cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf]

77

;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0fdf ;fdflhs ;dfgtf Nofpg] sfo{df hghflt, cflbjf;L, blnt / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d]tsf ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ u/L :yflkt ul/g] k4tL jf k|0ffnLnfO{ g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g elgG5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lsg <

• ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ug{,

• cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0fdf ;fdflhs ;dfgtf Nofpg] sfo{df hghflt, cflbjf;L, blnt / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d]tsf ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{,

• of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df / ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ :yfgLo :t/df g} k|bfg u/L hjfkmb]xL axg ug{;Sg] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{,

• :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/L hgtfsf] b}lgs cfjZostf tyf hghLjgnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ljifox¿df lg0f{o ug{;Sg] u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] dfu{lgb]{z u/]cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu b]xfosf l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿nfO{ cjnDag ug]{5 .

-s_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]t ;fwg lgIf]k0f ug]{ .

-v_ :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo hgtfsf] nflu ;f]Rg] / hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{;Sg] ;+:yfut ;+oGq / sfo{ut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ljsf; ug]{ .

-u_ :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;'lDkPsf sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ / hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ ;Íng / kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ ;'Dkg] .

-3_ :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ lgIf]lkt sfo{ ubf{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmof, kf/bzL{ Jojxf/, hgpQ/bfloTj / hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug]{tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .

-ª_ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{sf] lglDt :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ cfˆgf] If]qdf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-r_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfwfl/t ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

78

hg;xeflutf

:yfgLo:t/df hgkl/rfngdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo cfjZostfsf >dd"ns ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;d'bfosf] cu|;/tf / nfut ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] / :yfgLo txsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfngaf6 :yfgLo dfu, cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cTofjZos :yfgLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; u/L To;sf] nfe :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] / To;af6 ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f eO{ cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?df j[l4 / ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0fåf/f :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ /fli6«o p2]Zodf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' Pj+ hgtfsf dfu / :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Go"gtfk"lt{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cjnDag ul/g] sfo{ k|lqmofnfO{ hg;xeflutf elgG5 .

hg;xeflutf Pjd\ nfut ;xeflutf

;fljssf :yfgLo lgsfosf nfuL hf/L ePsf] :yfgLo lgsfo >f]t kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ljwL, @)^( df hg;xeflutf tyf nfut ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] M

!= sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf th'{df, ;~rfng, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg nufot cfof]hgfsf k|To]s r/0fdf cToflws dfqfdf ;xeflutf h'6fpg] k|oTg ug'{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

@= ;xeflutfsf] dfkb08 tof/ ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt, cfof]hgf:yn, pkef]Qmfsf] Ifdtf / :yfgLo lgsfon] cjnDag u/]sf] gLltsf cwLgdf /xL ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] xsdf bz k|ltzt / gu/kflnsfsf] xsdf kGw| k|ltztdf sd gx'g]u/L -gub, >d jf :yfgLo ;fdu|L_ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{5 . t/ ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;f]eGbf a9L ;xeflutfsf] c+z lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df ;f]xLadf]lhd x'g]5 .

#= ;xeflutfsf] c+z lgwf{/0f ubf{ clt ljkGg kl/jf/ / nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot lbg;lsg] k|fjwfg /fVg ;lsg]5 . nfut ;xeflutf Joxf]g{ g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 nlIft ;d"xnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] nfeaf6 jl~rt u/fOg] 5}g .

hg;xeflutf lsg <

!= hgtfnfO{ ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg u/fO{ ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{,

@= :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf] lgliqmo >dsf] pkof]u ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ >[hgf ug{,

#= l;ldt >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L pRrtd nfe k|fKt ug{,

$= ljleGg cfocfh{gsf sfo{ u/L cfo:t/df j[l4 ub}{ hgtfsf] lhjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg,

%= nlIft ;d"xsf] ljsf; ug{,

^= :yfgLo dfu, cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cTofjZos :yfgLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; u/L To;sf] nfe :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg,

&= :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Go"gtf k"lt{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg .

79

hg;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ ;+oGqx?

!= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;d"xM

:yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ æpkef]Qmf ;ldltÆ eGgfn] lgdf{0f sfo{af6 k|ToIf nfe kfpg] JolQmx?sf] ;d"xn] s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lgdf{0f, ;~rfng, Aoj:yfkg / dd{t ;Def/ ug{sf] nflu cfkm"x? dWo]af6 lglZrt k|lqmof adf]lhd u7g u/]sf] ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] nfeu|fxL ;d"xnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !%% df pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 sfd u/fpg] ;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

:yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgfdWo] ;f7Lnfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf nfut cg'dfgsf sfo{qmd :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?af6 ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldltåf/f u/fpg k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ ljifout ?kdf juL{s/0f / ;"rLs[t u/L pgLx?sf] nut cBfjlws ug'{ kg]{5 . ;DalGwt sfd jf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt, kl/df0f, nfUg] /sd, pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] Joxf]g'{ kg]{ /sd / cGo cfjZos s'/fx? v'nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|:tfj dfu ug{ jf To:tf] ;ldlt jf ;d"x cfkm}+n] k|:Tffj jf lgj]bg k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5, o;/L k|:tfj k]z ubf{ nfeu|fxL kl/jf/sf] ;"rL, nfeu|fxL kl/jf/sf pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] of]hgfsf] cfjZostf / of]hgf ;~rfngdf lbg;Sg] of]ubfgsf] ljj/0f ;lxt pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] e]nfsf] dfOGo'6 ;d]t ;fy} /fVg' kg]{5 . k|:tfj jf lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfo / To:tf] pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ 5nkmn, jftf{ jf lgdf{0f :ynsf] e|d0f u/L To:Tff] sfd jf ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf vl/b ;Demf}tf ug'{ kg]{5 .

@= ;fd'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf jf nlIft ;d"x

:yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ ;fd'bflos ;+:yf eGgfn] hgr]tgf ;DaGwL tflnd, cled'lvs/0f, ;Lk ljsf;, art, shf{ kl/rfng, ;dfj]zL ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] lglZrt k|lqmof cjnDag u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo lgsfodf ;"rLs[t ePsf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ .

:yfgLo lgsfo >f]t k/Lrfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, @)^( cg';f/ nlIft ;d"x eGgfn] cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg ju{sf dlxnf Pjd\ afnaflnsf tyf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf ju{x¿ -;a} hfthfltsf ljkGg ju{x¿, Ho]i7 gful/s, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿, dw];L, d'l:nd tyf lk58fju{ Pjd\ g]kfn ;/sf/n] nlIft ;d"x egL tf]s]sf ju{ Pjd\ ;d'bfo ;Demg' k5{ .

80

#= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf

:yfgLo lgsfo >f]t kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, @)^( cg';f/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf eGgfn] o; sfo{ljlwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ifb\af6 cfˆgf] sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/fO{ :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo /fvL sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ u}/ gfkmfd"ns ;+:Yff ;Demg' k5{ .

:yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;DaGwL Joj:yf

!= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] cfˆgf sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf jf ;|f]t :yfgLo:t/df kl/rfng ubf{ Pp6f dfq ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf eP ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt;Fu, PseGbf a9L ufpF ljsf; If]q jf gu/ If]qdf eP ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt;Fu / gu/If]qsf] xsdf ;DalGwt gu/kflnsf;Fu cfkm"n] ug]{ sfd, sfo{:yn / k|jfx ug]{ /sd, sfo{;~rfng x'g] cjlw, d'Vo pknAwL v'Ng] u/L cg';"rL–#) adf]lhd ;dembf/Lkq tof/ u/L ;dGjofTds 9ª\un] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .

@= ljsf; ;fe]mbf/sf] ;xof]udf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t sfof{Gjog x'g] sfo{qmdx¿df klg pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .

#= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|fylds/0fdf k/]sf / ;xeflutfd"ns tj/af6 5gf}6 eO{ cfPsf sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 .

$= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] :yfgLo :t/df ;|f]t kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dembf/L u/L ;dGjofTds / hjfkmb]xL 9ª\uaf6 sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{'kg]{]5 . o:tf sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf] :yfgLo lgsfon] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug'{ kg]{5 .

%= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] u/]sf] sfo{ k|ultaf/] rf}dfl;s / jflif{s ¿kdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfodf k|ult ;dLIff u/fpg' kg]{5 .

^= cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd kf/bzL{ / k|lt:kwL{ tj/af6 /fli6«o jf :yfgLo :t/df sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 5gf}6 u/L ;f]dfk{mt ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|f/lDes :jLs[tL glnOsg s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ .

&= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;+:yfsf] btf{, gjLs/0f, cfoJoo tyf n]vfsf] cBfjlws ljj/0f /fv]sf] / jflif{s ¿kdf n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] x'g'kb{5 .

*= o; bkmfdf pNn]lvt zt{ k"/f gug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ gjLs/0fsf nflu l;kmfl/z lbg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt afWo x'g]5}g .

:yfgLo txsf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 dfu{bz{g, @)&$ adf]lhd M

:yfgLo txdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{' k"j{ ufpF / gu/ ;efaf6 sfo{qmd kfl/t u/fpg' kg]{5 . u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] k|:tfj ufFp / gu/

81

sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{nodf k]z ug{' kg]{5 . ufFp / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{non] o:tf] k|:tfjnfO{ ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd ;d]tdf k7fO{ ;DalGwt ljifout ;ldltx?df 5nkmn ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 . lghL Ifq]sf ;+:yfx;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{' k"j{ ufpF / gu/ ;efaf6 sfo{qmd kfl/t u/fpg' kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

hg;xeflutfsf r'gf}tLx? M

!= d'n p2]Zo g} cf]em]ndf k/]sf] cj:yf M lgdf{0f sfo{af6 k|ToIf nfe kfpg] JolQmx?sf] ;d"xn] s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lgdf{0f, ;~rfng, Aoj:yfkg / dd{t ;Def/ ug{ dfly pNn]lvt p2]Zo /fvL pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf u7g ul/g] ePtfklg gfkmf ug]{ sfo{df dfq Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= kf/bzL{ u7g k|lqmof M k|rlnt sfg"g Pjd\ sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;d"x u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf kfngf u/fO{ kf/bzL{ u7g k|lqmof sfod /fVg ;lsPsf] b]lvb}g .

#= 7]s]bf/L k|yfsf] cGTo M of]hgf th'{df b]lv g} ;xh / cfkm\gf] jr{:j /xg] If]qdf of]hgf agfpg] To;}cg';f/ of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;d"x u7g ug]{ / sfd cfkm'n] gu/L :yfgLo 7]s]bf/nfO{ ug{ lbO s]xL /sd arfpg] lsl;dn] sfo{ x'g] k|rng b]lvg yfn]sf]n] o; nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug'{ klg r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

$= /fhg}lts x:tIf]k M ;fljsdf :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] / ljsf; cfof]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog / :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf nflu /fhgLlts ;+oGq agfPkl5 k|d'v bnsf g]tfx?df :j]R5frfl/tf / b'?kof]usf] dfqf a9\g uof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd bnx? Pscfk;d} cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn u/L ;a} cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog / afF8kmfF8sf of]hgf ;d]t agfpg yfn]sf ;d]t e]l6g yfn]sf] cj:yf 5 .

%= p2]Zod"ns tyf ljifout ;ldltsf] u7g M pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g,;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfo{ljlw jf ljlgod agfO{ p2]Zo ls6fg ug{ nufpg] / p2]Zosf cfwf/df ljifout ;ldltdf ?kfGt/ u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ of]hgf ;~rfngdf ;+nUg u/fpg cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

^= lgodsf] kl/kfngf gug]{ k|j[lQ M hg;xeflutf clej[l4 u/fpgsf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf ;+oGqx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lgod sfg"g / sfo{ljlwdf k|z:t Joj:yf ePklg ;f] cg';f/ ug{ u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . vf;u/L pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g / ;~rfngdf Jofks sdhf]/L /x]sf] 5 .

hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{] pkfox? M

!= hg;xeflutfsf] p2]Zo / dd{af/] Jofks ?kdf hgtfx?nfO{ hfu?stf Nofpg] sfo{qmdx? agfO{ ;fdflhs kl/rfng dfkm{t ;~rfng / sfof{Gjodf Nofpg] .

@= lgodsf] kl/kfngfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? / cg'udg ug]{ lgsfox?n] ljz]if Wofg lbO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] .

82

#= >dd"ns / a9L hg;xeflutf h'6\g] of]hgfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvL th{'df ug]{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf k|ltj4 /xg] .

$= ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th'{df k4ltnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg k|ltj4 /xg] .

%= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;d"x, nlIft ;d"x tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dfkm{t sfo{ u/fpFbf kf/bzL{ k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;a}sf] kxF'r / k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g x'g]u/L sfo{ ug{] .

^= g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t /fhgLltsf] k|j4{g ug]{ tyf ljsf;df /fhgLlt xf]Og ljsf;sf] /fhgLlt ug]{ k|0ffnL sfod ug{ /fhgLlt1x? k|lta4 /xg'kg]{ .

lgisif{ M

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{;Sg] Joj:yf u/L cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0fdf ;fdflhs ;dfgtf Nofpg] sfo{df hghflt, cflbjf;L, blnt / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d]tsf ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu :yfgLo txx?nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ ;xL dfg]df sfof{Gjog u/L :yfgLo zf;g k4ltnfO{ dha'b / ckl/xfo{ agfpg dfly pNn]v ul/Psf hg;xeflutfsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ cj;/sf] ?kdf k|of]u u/L hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ pkfox?åf/f :yfgLo ljsf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf nIo k|flKtdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;fdYo{jfg :yfgLo tx agfpg ;a}sf] of]ubfg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ .

• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% .

• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ .

• :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ .

• :yfgLo tx ;~rfng ;DaGwdf hf/L ul/Psf] u7g cfb]z, @)&$ .

• ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dfu{bz{g, @)&$, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno .

• :yfgLo txsf nfuL gd"gf sfg"g, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno .

83

;"rgfsf] xssf] kl/ro / g]kfnL ;Gbe{

— x]d/fh tfdfª*

;f/f+z

k|hftflGqs Pjd\ v'nf zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 cg'k|fl0ft x'Fb} dfgj clwsf/, c;n zf;g / ljsf;sf] ax; ;Fu;Fu} yk ;zQm ePsf] zf;sLo d"No / dfGotfsf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ;"rgfsf] xs nf]stGqsf] cfwf/zLnf / k|f0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5, h;n] nf]stGqsf] hLjGt cEof;nfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ub}{ /fli6«o ;d[l4sf] ;d'HHjn eljiosf] ;'dfu{ to ub{5 . jt{dfg nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:Yff Pjd\ zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf ;Gbe{df cToGt dxTjsf ;fy p7fg ePsf] zf;gsf] dxgLo d'2fsf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ;"rgf g} zlQm xf] / ;d'Ggltsf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] tYonfO{ dgg ub}{ x/]s nf]stflGqs d'n'sn] df}lns clwsf/s} ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] klg df}lns xssf] ?kdf o;nfO{ @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgb]lv g} dfGotf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf, nf]stGq / ;'zf;gnfO{ zf;sLo bz{g :jLsf/]sf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] klg wf/f @& df ;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf ub}{ wf/f $^ df ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs ;d]taf6 o;nfO{ ;Dkf]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . plNnlvt ljifo ;Gbe{s} cfnf]sdf /xL o; cfn]vdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] kl/ro / g]kfnL ;Gbe{ ;lxt\ ;fdfGo rrf{÷kl/rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

*zfvf clws[t, vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefu .

;"rgfsf] xs (Right to Information)

cjwf/0ff (Concept)

nf]stflGqs zf;g Pjd\ v'nf ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ax; ;Fu;Fu} nf]stGqnfO{ hLjGt t'Nofpg] nf]stGqsf] k|f0fjfo' (Oxygen of Democracy) sf ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . jf:tjd} klg cfhsf] zf;g eg]sf] hgzf;g (People Governance) / cfhsf] ljZj eg]sf] ;"rgfsf] ljZj (World of Information) x'g uPsf] 5 . cfh zlQm / ;d[l4sf] k"j{;t{ ;"rgf x'g uPsf] 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf jt{dfg ljZjsf sl/a !)) eGbf a9L d'n'sx?n] ;"rgfsf] xssf] cEof;nfO{

84

sfg"gL dfGotf ;lxt\ k|rngdf NofPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !&^^ df ;j{k|yd :jL8]gn] Freedom of the Press Act, 1766 hf/L ub}{ ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] xf] eg] cd]l/sfdf Freedom of Information Act tTsfnLg President Lyndon B. Johnson af6 July 4, 1966 x:tfIf/ ePsf] / To;sf] @) jif{kl5 pQm P]gsf] ;+zf]lwt / kl/dflh{t Joj:yf;lxt\ October 2, 1996 df President Bill Clinton af6 x:tfIf/ eO{ The Electronic Freedom of Information Act sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . csf{tk{m l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf !% h'g @))% df Right to Information Act, 2005 dfk{mt\ ;"rgfsf] xssf] cEof;nfO{ sfg"gL ?kd} cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eg] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 wf/f !^ df ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|ydtM Joj:yf u/L ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ klxnf] k6s gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf klg df}lns xssf] ?kdf wf/f @& df o; xssf] Joj:yf ub}{ ;+ljwfgtM g]kfnL gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ pRr dxTj lbOPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$&, @)^# / jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf / gful/s clwsf/ :j?k k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ Jojxfl/stf k|bfg ug{ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^% dfk{mt\ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/ro / kl/efiff (Meaning & Definition)

nf]stflGqs zf;gdf gful/sn] cfˆgf] / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgtM ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . gful/ssf] o:tf] g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{ ;"rgfsf] xs (Right to Information) elgG5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] efu # sf] wf/f @& df æk|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]5 . t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}gÆ egL g]kfnL gful/snfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf of] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -ª_ df æ;""rgfsf] xsÆ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] s'g} lnvt, ;fdu|L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, To:tf] lnvtsf] k||dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k|fKt ug]{,;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] :ynsf] e|d0f / cjnf]sg ug]{, s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|dfl0ft gd"gf lng] jf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] oGqdf /flvPsf] ;"rgf To:tf] oGq dfk{mt k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] Joj:yf ;lxt\ Jofks sf]0faf6 ;"rgfsf] xssf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 .

o;/L ;dli6df /fHoJoj:yfdf gful/sx?n] cfk"m / cGo ;/f]sfl/t ljifox?df d''n'ssf] clxt gx'g] u/L k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ g} ;"rgfsf] xs xf] . ;fj{hlgs dxTj / ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf gful/sx? ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/ g} ;"rgfsf] xs xf], h;df ;"rgf k|bfossf] e"ldsfdf ;/sf/ /xG5 eg] ;"rgfu|fxLsf] ?kdf gful/s x'\G5g\ . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] o;sf] xgg\, x/0f / x:tIf]knfO{ /f]sL ;b}j sfof{GjogzLn t'Nofpg wf/f $^ dfk{mt pkrf/ k|flKtsf] xs df}lns xss} ?kdf ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .

85

ljz]iftfx? (Characteristics)

;"rgfsf] xsleq cGtlg{lxt tyf ck]lIft x'g] rl/q / u'0f g} o;sf ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . j:t'tM of] cfhsf] k|hftflGqs zf;gdf hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/ Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] ?kdf /xG5 . kf/bzL{ zf;gsf] cfwf/zLnf, gful/ssf] hfGg kfpg] xs;Fu ;/f]sfl/t tyf nf]stflGqs zf;gsf] cfbz{tf / uxgfsf] ?kdf o;sf ljz]iftfx?sf] pRr d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 . /fHo tyf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf x/]s ljifo;Fu ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] gful/s clwsf/sf] ;jfnsf ?kdf /xg] ;"rgfsf] xs g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+j}wflgs pkrf/ ;lxt ljz'4 gful/snfO{ lbOPsf] xssf] gfdaf6 ;'kl/rt 5 .

k|d'v p2]Zox? (Major Objectives)

gful/ssf] hfgsf/L lng kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/fpg Pjd\ gful/ssf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|rng ug'{÷u/fpg' g} ;"rgfsf] xssf] s]Gb|ljGb' ceLi6 xf] . kf/bzL{ zf;gsf] ljsf;, cjnDag tyf k|j4{g ug'{, v'nf ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;kmnLe"t kfg'{, nf]stflGqs k4lt cg'?k ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg', ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] ;';DaGw ljsf; ug'{, ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t c;n zf;g tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf] ljsf; ug'{ tyf k|hftlGqs, hgpQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL zf;gsf] ljsf; ug'{ h:tf p2]Zox? g} ;"rgfsf xssf d"ne"t p2]Zox? x'g\ .

pkfb]otf÷cf}lrTotf (Need/necesity)

hgtfsf] ;jf]{kl/tf ;lxt zf;gdf hgd'lvtf / cTolws hg;xeflutf sfod ub}{ nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] ljz]if cf}lrTo /xG5 . ;fy} df}lns tyf gful/s clwsf/sf ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljifodf gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{, kf/bzL{ / hjfkm]xL zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug{, v'nf ;/sf/ / zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{, hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf ug{, k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] ljsf; ug{, c;n zf;gsf] dfGotfsf] ljsf; / cjnDag ug{ / cGttf]uTjf ;"rgf÷1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ d'n'ssf] ;j{tf]d'vL ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ o;sf] pkfb]otf /xG5 .

d"ne"t l;4fGtx? (Major Principle)

v'nf ;/sf/ / zf;sLo dfGotfsf] kIfkf]if0f / ljsf; ub}{ nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;"rgfsf] xs ckl/xfo{ x'g] x'Fbf v'nf ;/sf/sf] l;4fGt (Principle of Open Government) ;"rgfsf] xssf] d"ne"t l;4fGt xf] . ;fy} ;"rgfsf] xsdf clwstd\ / k"0f{?k]0f k|sfzg tyf ;fj{hlgs ul/g'kg]{ dfGotfsf] j/0f ul/g] x'Fbf k"0f{ / lgoldt k|sfzgsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Regular & Fully Disclosure) ;"rgfsf] xssf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . o;} u/L of] gful/ssf]

86

clwsf/ / /fHo tyf ;/sf/L lgsfosf] bfloTjsf] ?kdf cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] zf;sLo d"No ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Public Liability) / gful/s clwsf/sf] l;4fGt (Principle of Citizen Right) ;Fu;Fu} :yflkt x'g] ub{5 . csf{lt/ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|rng / k|of]u eg]sf] uf]kgLotfsf] sfod ub}{ / ;+j]bgzLn ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f / ;'/If0f ub}{ pkof]udf NofOg'kg]{ dfGotfsf] bz{gdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] uf]kgLotf / ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Privacy & Protection) o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtsf ?kdf /xG5 . o;sf ;fy} ;"rgfsf] xsn] gful/snfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt / k|rng u/fpg ;"rgfdf ;/n / ;xh kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ b[li6sf]0fdf cf:yf /fVg] x'Fbf kx'Fr / ;/ntfsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Simple & Easy Access) o;sf] csf]{ ckl/xfo{ l;4fGt 7x5{ eg] ;"rgfn] cGttf]uTjf kf/bzL{ zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut / a9fjf lbg] x'Fbf kf/blz{tfsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Transparancy) ;d]t o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt ;fljt x'g hfG5 .

;"rgfsf] xs cGtu{t k|jfx ug{ gldNg] ;"rgfx? (Restriction on Disclosure)

;"rgfsf] xs /fHosf sfdsf/jfxL / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf hgtfnfO{ clwsflws ;';"lrt u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf eP klg o;df h'g;'s} ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ 5'6 eg] sbflk /xFb}g / /xg' x'Fb}g klg . /fHosf clt ;+j]bgzLn ljifox?, ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfx? ;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox?df slxn] klg ;"rgf k|jfx ul/b}g / ug'{ klg x'Fb}g . o; tYonfO{ dgg\ ub}{ g]kfndf klg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] b]xfosf] ljifo ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx ul/g] 5}g egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'Joj:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf uDeL/ vnn kfg]{,

-v_ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{,-u_ cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}lb|s lxt jf af}}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f jf a}}lͪ jf Jofkfl/s

uf]kgLotfdf uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{,-3_ ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf k|ToIf ?kdf vnn kfg]{{,-ª_ JolQmut uf]kgLotf / JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'¥ofpg] .

t/ To;/L ;"rgf k|jfx gug'{kg]{ plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePsf]df afx]s To:tf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ bfloTjaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo klG5g kfpg] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] clen]vdf o; P]g adf]lhd k|jfx ug{ ldNg] / gldNg] ;"rgf eP ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] k|jfx ug{ ldNg] ;"rgf 5'6\ofP/ lgj]bsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .

;"rgfsf] xsdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTjx? (Resposibilities of Public Mechanism)

;"rgfsf] xssf] cy{k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] cxd st{Jo / k/d\ bfloTj /xG5 . o; ;jfndf o:tf] clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s ;'lglZrttfsf vflt/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] s]xL lglZrt bfloTj axg ug'{kg]{ u/L ljleGg Joj:yfx? cl3 ;fl/Psf] x'G5 . o;} ;DaGwdf g]kfndf klg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ df ;"rgfsf] xssf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTj ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

87

-!_ k|To]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .

-@_ pQm k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf sfd ug'{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTj x'g]5 M–

-s_ ;"rgf juL{s/0f / cBfjlws u/L ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs, k||sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]{ u/fpg],

-v_ ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr ;/n / ;xh agfpg],

-u_ cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL v'nf / kf/bzL{ ?kdf ug]{,

-3_ cfˆgf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu pko''Qm tfnLd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs, k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ubf{ ljleGg /fli6«o efiff tyf cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .

;"rgfsf] cBfjlws / k|sfzg (Up to Date & Disclosure of Information)

;"rgfnfO{ hlt dfqfdf cBfjlws / k|sfzg ug{ ;lsof] Tolt g} ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"ltn] jf:tljstf k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf ;"rgfsf] cBfjlwstf / lgoldt k|sfzgn] o; dfg]df ljz]if cy{ / dxTj /fVb5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] cxd lhDd]jf/Lsf ?kdf /x]sf] o; sfo{nfO{ g]kfndf klg ;"rgfsf] xssf] P]gsf] bkmf % adf]lhd s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] P]g nfu" x'g' eGbf @) jif{ cl3;Ddsf] ;"rgf cBfjlws ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . h; cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] b]xfosf ljifosf ;"rgfx? cBfjlws u/L k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ lgsfosf] :j?k / k|s[lt,

-v_ lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/,

-u_ lgsfodf /xg] sd{rf/L ;+Vof / sfo{ ljj/0f,

-3_ lgsfoaf6 k||bfg ul/g] ;]jf,

-ª_ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfosf] zfvf / lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L,

-r_ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ nfUg] b:t'/ / cjlw,

-5_ lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof / clwsf/L,

-h_ lg0f{opk/ ph'/L ;'Gg] clwsf/L,

-em_ ;Dkfbg u/]]sf] sfdsf] ljj/0f,

-`_ ;"rgf clwsf/L / k|d'vsf] gfd / kb,

-6_ P]g, lgod, ljlgod jf lgb]{lzsfsf] ;"rL,

-7_ cfDbfgL, vr{ tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL cBfjlws ljj/0f,

-8_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo ljj/0f .

;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;""rgf of] P]]g k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] # dlxgfleq / To;kl5 k|To]s # dlxgfdf cBfjlws u/L k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 .

88

;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL g]kfnsf k|fjwfgx?÷Joj:yfx? (Provisisons of Nepal)

g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg ljleGg lsl;dsf Joj:yfx? cl3 ;fl/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg, sfg"g, gLlt, ;+/rgf tyf ljljw sfo{x?sf] dfWodaf6 o;sf Joj:yfx?nfO{ pNn]v ub}{ ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogsf] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx?÷Joj:yfx?

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& df ;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} wf/f $^ sf] ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xsaf6 pQm xssf] ;+/If0f / ;Dkf]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . plNnlvt ljifosf cnfjf ;~rf/sf] xs -wf/f !(_ / uf]kgLotfsf] xs -wf/f @*_ ;d]tsf] Joj:yfn] o;sf] k|of]udf Jojxfl/stf / ;xhtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

v_ sfg"gL tyf gLltut k|fjwfgx?÷Joj:yfx?

;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ lgodg ug{ g]kfndf k|ToIf / k/f]If ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljljw sfg"gL / gLltut Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 . k|ToIf / k/f]If of]ubfg ug]{ To:tf sfg"gL dfu{bz{s b:tfj]hx?sf ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%), ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^# cflb d"ne"t sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? /x]sf 5g\ eg] gLltut b:tfj]h?df a|f]8 Jof08 gLlt, @)&!, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw gLlt, @)&@, cfd ;~rf/ gLlt, @)&# nufotsf gLltx? k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .

u_ ;+:yfut÷;+/rgfut k|fjwfgx?÷Joj:yfx?

g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Ddsf ;dli6 lgsfox? o;sf ;+:yfut ;+oGqleq bl/G5g\ . ;fy} k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf ;+/rgfx?df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, ;"rgf ljefu, /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|, k|To]s dGqfnox?df k|jQmf÷;xk|jQmf, k|To]s lgsfodf ;"rgf clwsf/L, x]Nk 8]:s tyf j]e ;fO6x? ;d]t o;sf ;+/rgfut k|fjwfgleq kb{5g\ .

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL g]kfnsf ;d:ofx? (Problems of Nepal)

;"rgfsf] xs nf]stGqsf] k"j{;t{ / k|f0f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf o;sf] jfl~5t k|of]u tyf pkof]u eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs pRr k|lta4tfsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, o;sf] k|of]uk|ltsf] b[9OR5fzlQmsf] cefj cflbsf sf/0f o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ g;sL ljljw ;d:ofx?sf] df/df ;"rgfsf] xs ?dlnPsf] kfOG5 . j:t'tM df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xs cIf/zM sfof{Gjog gx'g', ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf k|fjwfgx? a9L ;}4flGtstfdf ;Lldt

89

x'g', ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;':ki6 lgb]{lzsf gx'g', s8f sfg"gL dfkb08sf] cefj v8\sg' h:tf ;d:ofx? d"ne"t b]lvG5g\ eg] csf{tk{m uf]Ko / ckf/bzL{ sfo{z}nL, ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo u}/lhDd]jf/kgf, ;"rgfsf] ;+sng, juL{s/0f tyf k|sfzg cBfjlws gx'g', bIf dfgj ;|f]t tyf cGo ;fwgsf] cefj x'g', k|ljlwd}qL ;"rgf kx'Frsf] ljsf; ug{ g;Sg', ;"rgf k|of]u ug]{ cfjZos jftfj/0f / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; gx'g' cflb ;d:ofx? ;d]tn] ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of l;h{gf u/]sf] ;xh} cfef; x'G5 .

g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}tLx? (Challenges of Nepal)

pNn]lvt ;d:ofx?af6 l;lh{t JojwfghGo jftfj/0f, c;n ;"rgf ;+:s[ltsf] cefj / o;k|ltsf] ;/f]sfl/t kIfx?sf] csd{0otf / u}/lhDd]jf/LkgfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} df}lns tyf gful/s clwsf/sf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kn] sfof{Gjog ug'{, ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf gLltut k|fjwfgx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug'{, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ;"rgfdf cfd gful/ssf] ;/n / ;xh kx'Fr k|j4{g ug'{, ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gogdf ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg', ;"rgfdf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ub}{ ;"rgf k|of]usf] cfjZos jftfj/0f / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ h:tf cGo r'gf}tLx? o; If]qdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogsf] ;DefJotf÷;antf÷;Defjgfx? (Potentialities/Strengths/Opportunities)

plNnlvt ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?sf] afah'b klg g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogsf] k|z:t} cj;/ tyf ;Defjgfsf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] o; If]qdf w]/} k|ult xfl;n ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf lglb{i6 Joj:yfx?sf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ bl/nf] agfpg] xf] eg] o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf pTs[i6tf k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . ;j{k|ydtM ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd g]kfnL gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf Joj:yf x'g' g} 7"nf] cj;/ / ;DefJotfsf] ljifo xf] . o;sf ;fy} df}lns xsleq} o;sf] cfjZos uf]Kotfsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ub}{ sfof{Gjogof]Uotf k|fKt x'g', ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^% dfk{mt sfg"gL cfwf/ k|fKt x'g', ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? o;k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /xg', gful/sx? o; clwsf/k|lt ;r]t / hfu?s aGb} hfg', ;/sf/L lgsfox?df ;"rgf clwsf/L, k|jQmf, ;xk|jQmf cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/g', ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLx? ;"rgfsf] xssf nflu k|sfzg / ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ul/g', ;'zf;gsf] cfTd;ft\ ;Fu;Fu} kf/blz{tfnfO{ hf]8 lbOg' h:tf ;Gbe{x? o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DefJotf / cj;/x? x'g\ .

;"rgfsf xs ;Da4 ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf r'gf}tL Joj:yfkgsf nflu rflng'kg]{ sbdx?

;"rgfsf] xssf] nflu g]kfndf pknAw cj;/, ;Defjgf / ;an kIfx?sf] pRrtd\ nfe xfl;n ub}{ v'nf / kf/bzL{ zf;gnfO{ a9fjf lbg ;dli6 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?sf] Jojxfl/s ;dfwfg cfjZos x'G5 .

90

j:t'tM df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/L k|lta4tf / k|of;nfO{ bl/nf] agfpg], ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] j:t'ut cjnDagdf hf]8 lbg], v'nf / kf/bzL{ z}nLsf] cjnDag ub}{ ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{, ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ t'Nofpg], ;"rgfsf] ;+sng, juL{s/0f tyf k|sfzgnfO{ lgoldt cBfjlws ug]{, bIf dfgj;|f]t tyf cGo ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ug]{, k|ljlwd}qL ;"rgf kx'Frsf] clej[l4 ug{ j]a;fO6x?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, ;"rgf k|of]u ug]{ ;+:s[lt / cfjZos jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ nufotsf sbdx?sf] ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 pRr k|lta4tf sfod ug]{ xf] eg] plNnlvt ;d:of / r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .

pk;+xf/

d'n'sn] ;+ljwfgtM ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf cjnDag u/L v'nf / nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ dfu{k|z:t u/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ Pjd\ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;fWo k"/f ug]{ dxQd c:qsf] ?kdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf v8\lsPsf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] xssf vflt/ kof{Kt} k|of; / Joj:yf cl3 ;fl/P klg o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf a9L lkmtnf] x'Fbf o;sf] glthfdf k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . oxL tYonfO{ dgg\ ub}}{ pRr /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs OR5fzlQm / k|lta4tfsf dfWodaf6 o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|Tofe"ltdf hf]8 lbg' lgtfGt} cfjZos ePsf] 5 . k|To]s g]kfnL hgrfxfgfnfO{ nf]stflGqs dd{cg'?k ;Daf]wg ug{ cfh ;"rgfsf] xs cfjZos dfq x}g ckl/xfo{ g} ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL hgsf] efUo / eljio ;d'HHjn agfpg] ;fy{s ljsf; / nf]stflGqs cEof; ;'lglZrt ug{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] clwsflws / cy{k"0f{ pkof]u sfod ug'{sf] ljsNk g} b]lvGg .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,

@= ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%

#= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%

$= a|f]8Jof08 gLlt, @)&!

%= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw gLlt, @)&@

^= /fli6«o cfd ;~rf/ gLlt, @)&#

&= rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)&#÷&$—@)&%÷&^_

*= ;f]kfg dfl;ssf ljleGg c+sx?,

(= ljleGg j]a;fO6x? .

91

ljsf;, l;4fGt / ljsf; k|zf;g

— b]jL/fd cfrfo{*

;f/f+z

ljsf;nfO{ ax'cfoflds ljifosf] ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf;, /fhg}lts ljsf;, k|zf;lgs ljsf;, ef}uf]lns ljsf;, k|ljlw ljsf;, dfgj ljsf;, ;fF:s[lts ljsf;dWo] s]nfO{ ljsf; dfGg] eGg]df ljsf;ljb\x¿sf km/s km/s b[li6sf]0f 5g\ . t/ ;du|df x]bf{ k|efjsf/L / l:y/ ;/sf/ -/fhg}lts ljsf;_ / To;sf] ;Ifd tyf hjfkmb]xL k|zf;g -k|zf;lgs ljsf;_ dfkm{t k|fKt x'g] cfly{s j[l4b/ / ljsf;n] /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu Ps jf csf]{ tl/sfaf6 of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cefjdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f x'g ;Sb}g . cf}wf]lus ljsf; geO{ lbuf] /f]huf/L >[hgf x'g ;Sb}g / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ub}g . ljsf;sf ljleGg km/s km/s kIf ePklg Ps kIfsf] ljsf;n] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kn] csf]{ kIfsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 . ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;ljb\sf] s'g} l;4fGt / klZrdf d'n'ssf] gSsnn] dfq eGbf klg x/]s /fi6« cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] k|fyldstf / To;sf cfwf/df ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng u/L ljsf;sf] kydf cuf8L a9\g ;S5 . ;du| d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L ;/sf/ / ;Ifd k|zf;g k"j{;t{sf] ?kdf /xsf] kfOG5 . ljsf;nfO{ a'em\g] / kl/eflift ug]{ b[li6sf]0fdf km/s km/s dfGotfx? :yflkt 5g\ . ljsf;nfO{ jx'cfoflds b[li6af6 cWoog ug]{ k|rng a9\bf] 5 . o; cfn]vdf ljsf;k|ltsf ljleGg b[li6sf]0f s] s] 5g\ / s] ljsf;sf nflu s'g} vf; l;4fGts} vfFrf] k5{ < ;fy} ljsf; x'g' / gx'g'df l;4fGt, ;|f]t ;fwg jf ljsf; k|zf;g s]n] c;/ u5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

*zfvf clws[t, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL eStk'/ .

of]hgf / ljsf;

ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfsf] cfjZostf k5{ t/ Tof] of]hgf s:tf] x'g] eGg]df Ps?ktf e]l6b}g . xfnsf ljsl;t b]zx?n] cjnDag u/]sf of]hgf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf nflu klg pkof]uL 5g eGg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;f7L jif{sf] ljsf; ult / k4ltn] g} k|Zg u5{ . g]kfndf ;~rfng ePsf

92

cfjlws of]hgfx? cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, ef}uf]lns nufot ;du| kIfsf] PsLs[t of]hgf ag] . PsLs[t of]hgf;Fu} ko{6g, s[lif, lzIff, jg, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;8s lj:tf/ h:tf If]qut of]hgf klg ag] / sfof{Gjog eP . of]hgfsf ;ldIff / k|ultsf k|ltj]bg cWoog ubf{ g t PsLs[t of]hgfn] lgwf{l/t ;dodf nIo k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ g t If]qut of]hgfn] . gjfF} k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] /fv]sf s]xL nIo afx|f} of]hgfdf -;fIf/tf b/, ul/aL, /f]huf/L_ xfl;n ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 / s]xL rf}wf}F;Dd klg xfl;n ePsf 5}gg\ . of]hgfn] nIo xfl;n ug]{ o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt of]hgfn] xfl;n u/]sf] k|ult xf] ls lgoldt k|lj|mofdf ePsf] kl/jt{g eGg] ;jfn p7\5 . o;/L x]bf{ ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t tyf If]qut of]hgf klg k|efjsf/L gx'g] /x]5 .

of]hgfljb\x? cNksfnLg, dWodsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf s'/f klg u5{g . cNksfnLg of]hgf k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] ts{ ubf{ lqjifL{o of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/Ltf, Ps, b'O{ jif{ ;do ls6fg ul/Psf l;~rfO tyf ;8s of]hgfx?, ljB't pTkfbg u[xsf of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/Ltfn] k|Zg u5{g\ . dWosfnLg of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] ts{ ubf{ kfFr jif]{ cfjlws of]hgf, ljleGg If]qsf bzjif]{ u'?of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/Ltfn] emg 7"nf] k|Zg t]:of{pF5g\ . bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] s'/f ubf{ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfnfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . lgof{t a9fpg] / cfoft 36fpg] nIo /fv]sf] aL; jif]{ bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] To;sf] ljkl/t glthf lgsfn]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf nflu ;doj4 of]hgf klg k|efjsf/L gx'g] /x]5 .

ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df of]hgf ;fWo geO{ ;fwg xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ cfjlws of]hgf klg k|efjsf/L b]lvPg / If]qut of]hgfn] klg ck]lIft k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;s]gg\ . ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfdfkm{t xfl;n ePsf] -PsLs[t / If]qut_ k|ultsf] kIfaf6 x]bf{ of]hgfsf] ;do / o;sf] If]quttf eGbf klg a9L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg], ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf x'g], sfof{Gjogsf] hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnL ePsf] of]hgfsf] vfFrf] k5{ eGg ;lsG5 . ljsf; of]hgfn] dxTjfsf+IfL nIo /fVg'eGbf To;sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;fF:s[lts, sfof{Gjogsf kIfx?, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f u/]]/ oyfy{k/s / k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] u/L nIo lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ . of]hgfsf nIo / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ubf{ To;sf] ax'kIfLo ljZn]if0f u/]/ lqmofsnfksf] ljj]sk"0f{ 5gf}6 / sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf clwsf+z of]hgfdf of] kIfsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 .

ljsf;sf l;4fGt / ljsf;

xfd|f] b]zdf xfn}dfq ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] ljsf;sf] cj/f]w s]Gb|Ls/0fdf b]v]sf] 5 . t/ ;+;f/df y'k|} b]zx? 5g\ h;n] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLd} s]Gb|Lo of]hgfsf dfWodaf6 ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ljsf; gx'g'sf sf/0fdf s]Gb|Ls/0f Pp6f sf/0f dflg/x]sf 5f} / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] -/fhgLlts, cfly{s_ n] t ljsf; cfkm} u5{ eGg] ts{ klg ul//x]sf 5f}F . o;f] eGb} ubf{ g]kfnd} klg @)!( b]lv g} ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;'?jft ePsf] / @)%^ df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lgodfjnL hf/L u/L of]hgf lgdf{0fdf tnb]lv dflysf] k4lt ;d]t ckgfOPsf] lyof] . t/ klg ljsf;sf] ult ck]lIft x'g ;s]g . ljZjJofkL cEof;x?nfO{ x]bf{ cljsf;sf sf/0fdf s]Gb|Ls/0f gx'g] / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] g} ljsf; u5{ eGg] klg :ki6 cfwf/ b]lvFb}gg\ . t/ ;fd'bflos ;r]tLs/0f, hg;xeflutf / :yfgLo :jfldTjn] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] eg] kfOG5 .

93

xfd|f ljsf;] jx;x? slxn]sfFxL k"FlhjfbL / ;fDojfbL u/L b'O{ ?kdf ljeflht ePsf] klg kfOG5 . xfnsf ljsl;t b]zx? s]xL k"FlhjfbL Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ eg] sltko ;fDojfbL Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ . o; cfwf/df x]bf{ k"Flhjfb jf ;fDojfb ljsf;sf nflu lgwf{/s xf]Og t/ /fHosf] ljsf;sf] k|d'v k|fyldstf -cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k"jf{wf/_ s] xf] / Tof] lsg tyf s;/L egL to ul/g] k|fyldstf, gLlt / ;fwg;|f]t tyf To;sf] sfof{Gjogn] dfq ljsf; ;Dej 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 .

ljsf;sf nflu s'g} vf; l;4fGt rflxg] ls ;Ifd k|zf;g, k|lta4 /fhgLlt / l:y/ ;/sf/ < ljsf; zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ cy{zf:qL cfy{/ n]lj;sf egfOdf klZrdf d'n'ssf] ljsf; k|lj|mof gSsn u/]/ ul/a d'n'sx¿sf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g eGg] lyof] . h'g cf+lzs ?kdf ;To b]lvPsf] 5 . ljZj a}Í, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Ísf df]8]nx¿sf] k|efjsf/Ltf o;sf nflu pbfx/0f x'g ;S5g\ .

u'gf/ ld8{nn] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . k"FhL, ;|f]t, j}b]lzs ;xof]u, k|ljlw h] h] pknAw ePklg ;/sf/ k|efjsf/L ePg eg] tL ;a} lgik|efjL x'G5g\ / ;/sf/ k|efjsf/L x'g] xf] eg] ;|f]t / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; klg x'g ;S5 eGg] pgsf] ts{ 5 . l:y/ / kf/bzL{ ;/sf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f klZrdf b]zx¿sf] zf;g k|0ffnLn] klg b]vfpF5 . ljsf; x'g s] rflxG5 eGg]df ;a}sf km/s km/s ljrf/ 5g\ . s;}n] ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] s'/f u/]sf 5g\ eg] s;}n] k|ljlwsf s'/f .

ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ ljsf; dfGg] ls dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ ljsf; dfGg] < Pp6f ax; o;/L e}/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ ax; cfly{s ljsf;lagf t c¿ ljsf; ;Dej} 5}g eGg] klg /x]sf] 5 . dfgjLo ljsf;sf] s'/f ;g\ !(() sf] bzsaf6 cuf8L a9\of] . ;g\ @))) sf] bzsdf ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIosf s'/f Nofof] eg] xfn lbuf] ljsf;sf s'/fx? cuf8L cfPsf 5g\ .

ljsf; k|zf;g / ljsf;

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu eGg] ul/Psf] ljsf; k|zf;gn] k/Dk/fut k|zf;geGbf km/s 9Ffrf cjnDag gubf{;Dd o;n] glthf lbg ;Sg] b]lvb}g . k/Dk/fut k|zf;gdf h:t} ;fdfGo :t/sf] hjfkmb]xLtfn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] nIo k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] lg0f{o k|lj|mof / k|zf;sx?sf] Joj:yfkg k/Dk/fut k|zf;gs} 9fFrfdf /x]sf] 5 . lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ gu/L ljsf; k|zf;gn] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .

s] g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cEof; 5 < of] k|Zgsf] ;f]emf] pQ/ sl7g 5 . s]xL cfof]hgfx?df sd{rf/Lx? v6fOPsf 5g\ t/ s'g} klg sd{rf/L cfof]hgfdf vl6Fbf / ;fdfGo sfof{nodf /x]/ sfd ubf{sf tf}/tl/sf, hjfkmb]xLtf, pTkfbgzLntf h:tf kIfdf leGgtf b]lvFb}g . sfo{;Dkfbg / glthfdf leGgtf gx'g] ePsfn] cfof]hgfx?df klg ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cEof; 5 eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

ljsl;t elgg] b]zx¿n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/;s], cfly{s :yfloTj k|fKt ul/;s], hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"[lt{df s'g} ;d:of 5}g . ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L pgLx¿sf k|fyldstf xf]Ogg\ . k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ljsf;sf k|fyldstf eg]sf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f, tfkdfg j[l4df Go"gLs/0f, k|ljlw ljsf; / gofF gofF cfljisf/

94

x'g eg] cljsl;t /fi6«x?sf k|fyldstf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, /f]huf/L, cfly{s j[l4 x'Fb} ljsl;t d'n'ss} h:tf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g klg x'g\ . ljsl;t d'n'ssf ljsf; k|fyldstf lglZrt 9fFrfdf 5g\ eg] cljsl;t /fi6«sf gldNbf] 9fFrfdf b]lvG5 . o;}n] xf]nf ;fob ufpFdf ;8s, 9'jfgL / ahf/sf] Joj:yf gu/L Jofj;flos s[lifsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/G5 / tL clwsf+z c;kmn x'G5g\ . To;}n] ljsf; k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ubf{ s] klxn] eGg] k|i6 x'g' cfjZos 5 .

cljsl;t b]zx¿df /x]sf] o;k|sf/sf] bf]xf]/f] ljsf; k|fyldstf cg';f/ k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg ;~rfng ug{ ljsl;t b]zx¿af6 k|ltkflbt ljsf; k|zf;gn] g t ljsf;sf] jf:tljs k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5, g t ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifdtfk"j{s ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf nflu k|zf;g ls /fhgLlt eGg] jx; klg ;'lgG5 . ljsf; eg]sf] /fhgLlts} k|fyldstf xf] / x'g'k5{, k|zf;gsf] ljz]iftf ljsf; xf]Og . k|zf;g t ljsf; lj|mofsnfksf] sfof{Gjog kIf dfq xf] . cljsf;sf nflu k|zf;gn] /fhgLltnfO{ / /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ bf]if nufpg] u/]sf] klg ;'lgG5 . ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] e"ldsfs} ljjfb x'g] / lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQn] cljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ljsf; ult Hofb} ;':t /x]sf] kfOG5 .

lgisif{

ljut %)÷^) jif{sf] cjlwdf ljsf;sf] kl/efiff dfq geO{ ljsf;sf k|fyldstfdf klg abnfj cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf k|fyldstfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ljsl;t eGbf cljsl;t d'n'sdf ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . ul/a tyf cljsl;t d'n'sn] Psflt/ hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljsl;t /fi6«x? ;Fu;Fu} ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Ddsf d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf agfpg' k/]sf] 5 . ljsf;ljb\x¿n] ;'emfpg] ljsf;sf l;4fGt, /fhgLltsdL{n] hgtf;;dIf ug]{ ljsf;sf jfrf / cljsl;t d'n'sdf pknAw k"FhL, ;|f]t;fwg / k|ljlwsf] tfnd]n gldNbf ufF; / af;h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f gFx'b} gful/snfO{ OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofpg' cljsl;t b]zsf ;/sf/x¿sf] k|fyldstf aGg k'u]sf] 5 . cljsl;t b]zx¿df ljsf; k|fyldstf w]/} 5g\\, ;/sf/x¿ k|efjsf/L 5}gg\, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj 5 / ljsf; k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf ;sf/fTds 5}g . o;/L cljsl;t b]zx¿ cljsf;s} b'Zrj|mdf ?dlnPsf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ u|Gy

• d}gfnL, df]xg -;=_, -@)^#_, gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf, ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM kf6g9f]sf nlntk'/ .

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, -@)&#_ rf}wf}+ of]hgf, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .

• k|wfgfª\u, P]Zjo{nfn, -@)%@_, g]kfndf of]hgf, of]hgfsf] ;}4flGts kIf;d]t, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+ .

• Robert, C. (2008). Revolutions in Development Inquiry, Earthscan, Routledge.

• Haq ul, M. (1995). Reflections on Human Development, Oxford University Press, New York.

95

g]kfndf n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] cj:yf

— ljdnf sfk\mn] jfUn]*

;f/f+z

b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] cfwfeGbf a9L lx:;f cf]u6\g] dlxnfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ljgf /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb}g . dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] ;+o'St of]ubfgn] dfq d'n'sn] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf]af6f] lng ;S5 . t/ ljZjJofkL ?kdf g} ;fdflhs cfly{s b]lv lnP/ ljsf;sf x/]s kIfdf k'?ifsf t'ngfdf dlxnfx? kl5 k/]sf oyfy{ ;j{ljlbt} 5 . cem g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«df t of] cj:yf emg\ 68\sf/f] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ k'?if ;/x dlxnfnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;dfg ?kn] ;xefuL u/fpg dlxnfsf] hLjg:t/df u'0ffTds kl/jt{g Nofpg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu, dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] cGTo ub}{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ljsf; k|lqmofsf] x/]s r/0fdf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} n}l·s ;+j]bgzLn gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;dfhdf n}l·s ;dfgtf k|j4{g u/L dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg x}l;ot sfod ug]{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLltsf] ?kdf n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . n}l·s ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ nIox? s'g} Ps dfq lgsfosf] k|of;af6 ;Dej x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?n] cfˆgf gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ n}l·s ?kdf ;+j]bgzLn agfpg' h?/L 5 . o; n]vdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] jt{dfg cj:yf k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] kl/efiff, xfn;Dd ePsf ljleGg k|of;x?, cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x?, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{, ;+/rgfut Joj:yf, ;d:of / r'gf}tL nufotsf ljifox?nfO{ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

*zfvf clws[t, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu .

k[i7e"ld

dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'sf ;fy} n}lËs ;dfgtf :yflkt ug{ cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo, /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo txdf ljleGg /0fgLltx? cjnDag ul/Psf 5g\ . n}lËs ;dfgtf k|j{wg ug]{ p2]Zon] /fli6«o :t/df ljleGg gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut k"jf{wf/sf ;fy} sfg"gL

96

Joj:yf klg kof{Kt lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfsf] xs, ;dfgtfsf] xs, ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs nufotsf xssf ;fy} /fHosf gLltx? dfkm{t /fHodf n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g ug{ pko'St jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cGo If]qut gLltx?df ;d]t n}lËs lje]bsf] cGTo u/L n}lËs ;dfgtf clej[l4 ug]{tkm{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] rf}wf}F cfjlws of]hgfdf pNn]lvt tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf] dlxnfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ s]xL ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] ;Í]t b]lvPsf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf, dlxnf 3/d"nL @%=& k|ltzt, ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] :jfldTj @^ k|ltzt, lghfdtL k|zf;gdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj !& k|ltzt, dlxnf ;fIf/tf %&=$ k|ltzt / >d ;xeflutf b/ %$ k|ltzt k'u]sf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dlxnfsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs )=%@! / ;+;b\df ;xeflutf @(=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvP tfklg cem}klg @^ k|ltzt dlxnfdfly n}lËs lx+;f x'g', s/Lj @( k|ltzt dlxnfsf] afnljjfx x'g' / af]S;L, 5fpk8L, b]psL h:tf xflgsf/s k|yf sfod} /xg'n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf n}lËs c;dfgtf ljBdfg /x]sf] OlËt ub{5 . o;af6 g]kfndf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] / n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{sf nflu w]/} sfo{ ug{ cfjZos ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 .

cy{ / kl/efiff

;fdfGo cy{df n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f eGgfn] s'g} klg ;dfh÷/fi6«df n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{ /0fgLlt xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{, dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ cjnDag ul/g] /0fgLlt g} n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f xf] . ;fj{hlgs gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd Pjd\ sfg"gsf] th'{df, sfo{Gjog, cg'udg d"NofÍgsf r/0fx?df dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf cg'ej / ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{ /0fgLltnfO{ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f elgG5 . o;n] dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf ;dfgtf k|jw{g tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf lje]b x6fpg th'{df ul/g] gLltsf] tof/L, sfo{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg h:tf x/]s r/0fdf n}lËs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ ub{5 . o;}u/L n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f eGGffn] sfg"gL Joj:yf of]hgf÷sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 rqmdf klg n}lËs b[li6sf]0f ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a'emfpF5 . t;y{, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ dxTjk"0f{ pkfosf ?kdf dfGg ;lsG5 .

n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f j:t'tM /0fgLlt xf] . n}lËs lje]bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd / sfo{ljlw th'{df Pjd\ sfo{Gjog k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t ljsf;sf d'2f, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?df dlxnfx?sf OR5f, cg'ej Pjd\ b"/blz{tfsf] ;lDdng / dlxnfx?sf] Jojxfl/s cfjZostfsf ;fy} /0fgLlts lxtsf] ljZn]if0f Pjd\ ;Daf]wg kb{5g\ . n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ ljz]if u/L If]qut ljsf;df n}lËs rf;f] PsLs/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf klg lng] ul/G5 h;n] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn zf;g (Gender Responsive Governance)xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

97

cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x?

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] k|jw{g / n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o Pjd\ /fli6«o ?kdf ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf] kfOG5 h;nfO{ o;kl5sf v08df ;+lIfKtdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf clwsf/sf ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf …dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ dxf;lGw !(&(Ú nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf ?kdf dflgG5 . o; b:tfj]hn] dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x?nfO{ h'g;'s} If]qdf dlxnfk|ltsf] e]befj b"/ ug{ / dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;Fu} ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df dfgjLo clwsf/ / g};lu{s :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug]{ k|Tofe"lt lbg pko'St sbd rfNg cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 .

To;kl5sf lbgx?df ljsf; klqmofsf] d"nk|jfxdf dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg ?kn] ;xefuL u/fpg], dlxnf clwsf/x? :yflkt u/fpg] ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgdf ljleGg ;dodf ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngx? cfof]hgf eP . log}dWo], ;g\ !((% df rLgsf] a]Olhªdf cfof]lht rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . dlxnfx? k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf lzIff :jf:Yo nufotsf cfwf/e"t hLjgf]kof]uL ;'ljwfaf6 kl5 k/]sf] ;Gbe{df o; ;Dd]ngn] dlxnf / ul/aL, dlxnfsf] lzIff bLIff, dlxnf / :jf:Yo, dlxnf / cy{tGq nufot !@ j6f ;/f]sf/sf If]qx? klxrfg u/L kl/jt{gsf] k|ltj4tf JoSt u/]sf] lyof] / o;sf] nflu n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ Ps k|d'v /0fgLltsf] ?kdf lnPsf] lyof] .

;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] ;g\ @))) df lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf ;fdflhs ;"rsx?df ;'wf/ u/L ljZjJofkL zflGt, ;d[l4, ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf ;fy} dfgjLo cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu cf7j6f nIox? ;dfj]z u/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo lgwf{/0f u¥of] . ;x;|fAbL nIodWo]sf] t];|f] / kfFrf} nIox? n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zStLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf lyP h;sf] pknAwL :j?k lzIff, dlxnf ;fIf/tf, dft[:jf:Yo h:tf ;"rsdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] ;g\ @)!% df cfP/ cfufdL !% jif{sf nflu ljZjJofkL zflGt, dfgjhflt, k[YjL / ;d[l4sf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf nIosf] ?kdf !& j6f nIo 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] kfFrf} nIodf n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g Pjd\ dlxnf / aflnsfsf] ;zStLs/0fsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 of] :ki6 x'G5 ls n}lËs ;zStLs/0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f Pjd\ d"nk|jfxLs/0f h:tf ljifox? ljZjJofkL ;/f]sf/sf ljifo x'g\ . t;y{ xfnsf] ;Gbe{df, n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f / n}lËs ;zStLs/0fsf ljifox? cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yf tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;d]t k|d'v k|fyldstfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] n}lËs lje]bsf] cGTo u/L ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNk ug'{sf ;fy} n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{u/L kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . n}lËs lje]bnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf b08gLo agfpg'sf ;fy} dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs

98

ljsf; / ;zStLs/0fsf nflu dlxnfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf ?kdf :Yfflkt ul/Psf] 5 . /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf dlxnfnfO{ ;xefuL x'g] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xssf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

gLltut ?kdf g]kfndf ljsf; sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug]{ 5'§} gLlt ;j{k|yd 5}7f}+ cfjlws of]hgf -@)#&–$@_ b]lv ;dfj]z ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . To;kl5sf ljleGg of]hgfdf n}lËs ;dfgtf, n}lËs ;zStLs/0f k|jw{g ug]{, dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs pTyfg ug]{, Ifdtf ljsf;df k|fyldstf lbg], dlxnfx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug]{ nufotsf ljleGg sfo{gLltx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfn sfo{Gjogdf /x]sf] rf}wf}F of]hgfdf ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj;/x?df ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ nIosf ;fy} n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|To]s tx / ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;a} r/0fdf dlxnfx?sf] pNn]vgLo / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf a9fpg] /0fgLltsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

ljQLo ljlgof]hgsf] cefjdf n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL ck]lIft pknAwL xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] lgSof}{n ;lxt cGt/f{li6«o hut\df n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 -Gender Responsive Budget_ sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?jft\ eof] . o;}af6 k|efljt eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;a} If]qut lgsfox?af6 ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] p2]Zon] cf=j= @)^$÷^% b]lv n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ jflif{s ah]6nfO{ n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] k|ToIf, ck|ToIf / t6:y u/L tLg lsl;dn] juL{s/0f u/L sfo{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

sfo{qmlds b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljkGg dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;zStLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] nlIft dlxnfsf] Go"gtd ;zStLs/0fsf] :t/ xfl;n ug]{ tLg dxTjk"0f{ cfofdsf ?kdf ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;zStLs/0f / d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ lnPsf] 5 . oBlk, lhNnfl:yt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfo{nox?sf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L a9b} uPsf] cj:yfdf lhNnfl:yt ljleGg Line agency x?;Fu lgoldt ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

;+/rgfut Joj:yf

n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g Pjd\ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;DaGWfL sfo{sf nflu k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno kb{5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug]{ sfo{ o; dGqfnon] ub{5 . o; dGqfno cGtu{t s]Gb|df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu lhNnf:t/df k|To]s lhNnfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no /x]sf 5g\ h;n] n}lËs ;dfgtf, n}lËs ;zStLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f / d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf d'2fnfO{ phfu/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy}, dlxnfsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g u/L ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf dlxnfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;dflxt ug{ / dlxnf clwsf/ / n}lËs Gofo sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf ?kdf Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 .

99

oBlk, n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL nIox? ax'cfoflds ljifo ePsfn] Pp6f dGqfno / ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] Psn k|of;n] dfq xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{, o; ;DaGwL sfo{df ljleGg If]qut dGqfno tyf dftxtsf sfof{no, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? ;a}sf] of]ubfg cfjZos x'G5 . o;} ljifonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn of]hgf th'{dfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon] k|To]s If]qut dGqfno, lgsfox?df n}lËs ;Dks{ JolSt -Gender Focal person_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] s]xL lgsfox?df n}lËs ;Dks{ OsfOsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno nufotsf s]xL dGqfnox?n] cfˆg} GESI Policy ;d]t th'{df u/L sfo{Gjog u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L, n}lËs tyf afnclwsf/sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f sfo{lgb]{lzsf, @)^! adf]lhd lhNnfl:yt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nonfO{ ;Dks{ lgsfo -Focal agency_ sf ?kdf tf]sL lhNnfdf cjl:yt If]qut sfof{no, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?h:tf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?dfem sfo{ut ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f k|jw{g ug]{ lhDd]af/L k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu ;Dks{ lgsfon] gLlt ;dGjo, dlxnf ;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfsf] sfo{Gjog, n}lËs ljZn]if0f, k}/jL tyf r]tgf clej[l4, n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg, n}lËs v08Ls[t tYofÍ nufotsf cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] s'/f klg sfo{lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;d:of / r'gf}tL

n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd ljleGGg gLltut, sfg"gL Pjd\ ;+/rgfut Joj:yfsf afjh"b klg ck]lIft ?kdf n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / lg0ff{os txdf dlxnfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Psflt/ n}lËs ?kdf ;+j]bgzLn gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd kof{Kt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ s]xL ag]sf ePklg k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;f] x'g'df ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, cfly{s Pjd\ /fhgLlts sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ . k'?if k|wfg ;dfhsf] ljBdfgtf, n}lËs lje]bsf] cj:yf, dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf cj;/df c;dfgtf, n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn ;f]rsf] cefj, cflb s]xL k|d'v sf/ssf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy}, gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] n}lËs ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL bIf hgzlStsf] cefj, n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ .

o;}u/L, rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] b:tfj]hn] cfly{s–;fdflhs hLjgdf dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifs} xf/fxf/Ldf Nofpg', n}lËs lx+;f tyf 3/]n' lx+;f 36fpg', dlxnfx¿aLr hftLo, If]qLo / juL{o lje]b ;dfKt kfg{', u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{qmd ;~Rffngdf Nofpg' / afnljjfx, bfOhf] k|yf 5fpk8L / af]S;Lk|yf h:tf s'/LlthGo xflgsf/s Jojxf/sf] cGTo ug'{nfO{ k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .

100

efjL sfo{lbzf

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o Pjd\ /fli6«o :t/af6 ePsf ljleGg k|ltj4tfnfO{ xfl;n ug{sf ;fy} /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] /0fgLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu pRr:t/sf] /fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf ;fy} gLltut Pjd\ sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] klg Tolts} cfjZostf b]lvG5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd Pjd\ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu la:t[t ;doj4 sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf, k|ltj4 hgzlSt Pjd\ sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy} cfjZos ah]6 ;d]t pknAw u/fPdf dfq ck]lIft kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cnfjf, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ n}lËs ;"rsdf ;'wf/ ug{ /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf, n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu ljlzi6 gLlt, n}lËs v08Ls[t tYofÍ / ;"rgf, n}lËs ;DaGw ljifosf] ;du| 1fg (Knowledge of gender related measures), k|zf;lgs Ifdtfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L, kof{Kt dfqfdf dfgjLo tyf cfly{s ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yf, ;fj{hlgs tyf /fhgLlts lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnfx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf nufotsf ljifodf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

lgisif{

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ljifo Ps cross cutting ljifo ePsfn] o; ;DaGwL sfo{ s'g} Pp6f dfq lgsfosf] k|of;n] xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ If]qut lgsfox?, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? ;a}sf] k|of; s]lGb|t x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;Dk"0f{ lgsfon] ;~rfng ug]{ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ n}lËs ?kdf ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] sfo{nfO{ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f elgG5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg P]g, lgod, /0fgLlt / sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf eP tfklg ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ePsf] b]lvFb}g . cem klg k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s x}l;ot sdhf]/ g} /x]sf] / gLlt lgdf{0f Pjd\ lg0f{o txdf dlxnfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf sd} /x]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{, ljsf;sf k|To]s r/0fdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf xfl;n u/L n}lËs ;dfgtfsf ;DaGwdf nIox? xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ klg n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] /0fgLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&@ _, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng dfu{bz{g, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/ .

• u+ufbQ cj:yL -@)&#_, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fM cjwf/0ff, cfjZostf / sfo{If]q, tflnddf k|:t't sfo{kq, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f tflnd–dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/ .

• g]kfn ;/sf/, -@)&#_, rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] b:tfj]h, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . • g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&@_, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"gL lstfa Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ . • g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&#_, jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)&@÷&#, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/ .• Gender mainstreaming: concepts and definitions, http://www.rodicovstvo.sk/buletin/gender_def_Equal_

TCA_June.htm, accessed on 24 May 2017

101

lbuf] ljsf; nIox? / g]kfnsf] cj:yf

— ?kgf/fo0f vltj8f*

;f/f+z

lbuf] ljsf; nIox? (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efaf6 cg'df]lbt ljZjJofkL ljsf;sf nIox? x'g\ . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo -;g\ @)))–@)!%_ sf] ;dflKt;Fu} ;g\ @)!^ b]vL ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf] !% jif]{ cjwLdf xfl;n ul/;Sg'kg]{ u/L oL nIox? lgwf{/0f ePsf x'g\ . ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf dflg; / k[YjLnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfu{df Nofpg to ul/Psf ;femf b[li6sf]0fsf ?kdf oL nIox?nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;j{;Ddt ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf ljZjJofkL ljsf;sf oL nIox? xfl;n ug'{ /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o /fi6« / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsf gftfn] g]kfnsf nflu klg plts} ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, g]kfnn] ;g\ @)#) ;Dds} ;do ;Ldfdf b]znfO{ dWod cfoju{sf] d'n'sx?sf] :t/df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ ;f]r;d]t cl3;f/]sf] 5 . :t/f]Ggltsf] of] nIo xfl;n ug{;d]t lbuf] ljsf; nIox?nfO{ ;xhtfk"j{s xfl;n ug'{ b]zsf] casf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIox? cfkm}+df Jofks, dxTjfsf+IfL / r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ . oL nIox?sf] k|fKtLdf g]kfnh:tf] cltsd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] PSnf] k|of; dfq sfkmL gx'g] ePsf]n] o;sf nflu /fli6«o k|of; ;Fu;Fu} ljZjJofkL k|oTg / ;fem]bf/Lsf] ckl/xfo{tf 5 .

*zfvf clws[t, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

lbuf] ljsf; nIox? (Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ngaf6 o; ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] 8]9 bzs -;g\ @)!^ b]vL ;g\ @)#)_ sf nflu ljZjJofkL ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rLsf ?kdf cl3 ;f/]sf nIox? g} lbuf] ljsf; nIox? x'g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] &) cf}+ dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/ @% df cg'df]lbt ljleGg !& j6f nIo / !^( j6f dfkgof]Uo nIo ;"rsx?sf] ;di6LnfO{ lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf ?kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 . vf;u/L ;g\ @)!@ df a|fhLnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of]df ePsf] lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ngaf6 oL nIox?sf] lahf/f]k0f ePsf] xf] . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo -;g\ @)))–@)!%_ sf] ;dfKtL;Fu} tL nIox?n] lnPsf

102

afFsL nIox?nfO{ k'/f ug]{ k|ltj4tf ;lxt gofF ljZjJofkL Ph]08fsf ?kdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo to ul/Psf] xf] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -UNDP_ n] lbuf] ljsf; nIox?nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpFb} lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. These Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another.

lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] k|fKtLsf nflu kfFr j6f P sf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . h;df dflg; (People), ljZj (Planet), ;d[l4 (Prosperity), zfGtL (Peace) / ;fem]bf/L (Partnership) /x]sf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox?n] ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] / lj:t[t t'NofpFb} ljZjnfO{ ef]s, ul/aL, clzIff / jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngaf6 d'Qm agfpg] clei6sf ;fy cfˆgf] sfo{;"rL to u/]sf 5g\ .

lbuf] ljsf; nIosf !& j6f nIox?

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo cGtu{t ljleGg !& j6f nIo / oL nIo cGtu{tsf !^( j6f dfkgof]Uo nIo ;"rs /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf !& j6f nIox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= ;a} 7fpFdf ;a} :j?ksf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug]{{ (End Poverty in all its forms everywhere.)@= ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB ;'/Iff xfl;n ug]{, kf]if0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], lbuf] s[ifL ljsf;sf]

k|j4{g ug]{ (End Hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.)

#= ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a}sf] :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.)

$= ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, ;a}nfO{ hLjg ko{Gt l;sfO{sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ (Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.)

%= n}+lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{, ;a} dlxnf / aflnsfx?nfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{ (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.)

^= ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] lbuf] pknAwtf / Joj:yfkgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.)

103

&= jxg of]Uo, e/kbf]{, lbuf] / cfw'lgs pmhf{df ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ (Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.)

*= lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, ;a}sf nflu k"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L Pj+ ;Ddfghgs sfdsf] k|j4{g ug]{ (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. )

(= k|lt/f]wL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cf}wf]lus/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ tyf vf]h Pj+ gjLgtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ (Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.)

!)= b]zLo / cGt/b]zLo c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ (Reduce inequlity within and among countries.)

!!= zx/ tyf dfgj a:tLnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, k|lt/f]wL / lbuf] t'Nofpg] ( Make cities and human sattlements inclusive, safe, resilient and Sustainable.)

!@= lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]u z}nLsf] ;'lglZrttf (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.)

!#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/x?;Fu h'Wg lz3| kxnsbdL ug]{ (Take urgrnt action to combat climate change and its impacts.)

!$= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu dxf;fu/Lo, ;fd'G›Ls / ;d'›L lsgf/sf ;|f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]u ug]{ (Conserve and sustainably use the ocean, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.)

!%= e"–kfl/l:yltsLsf] lbuf] pkof]u, ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{, jgh+unsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, d?e"dLs/0f;Fu h'Wg], e"Ifo / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f;nfO{ /f]Sg] (Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.)

!^= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu zfGt / ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] k|j4{g ug]{, Gofodf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ / ;a} txdf k|efjsf/L, pQ/bfoL tyf ;dfj]zL ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yf ug]{ (Promote Peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to Justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive Institutions at all levels.)

!&= lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjogsf dfWodx?nfO{ ;an agfO{ ljZj ;fem]bf/LnfO{ k'ghf{u[t ug]{ (Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.)

lbuf] ljsf; nIosf pNn]lvt nIox¿ d"ntM cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fLo, zf;sLo / g}lts ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx?df s]lGb|t /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;sf nIox?nfO{ x]bf{ lbuf] ljsf; nIon] ef}lts ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} ljZjJofkL zflGt, ;'zf;g / ;fdflhs Gofo h:tf ax'cfoflds ljifox?nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] ;dfKtL;Fu} hf/L ePsf] ePtfklg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf

104

xfl;n x'g g;s]sf nIox? k|fKt ug]{ kl/k'/s nIo dfq geO{ lbuf] ljsf; nIox? ljZjJofkL ljsf;sf ;do;fk]If Ph]08f klg x'g\ .

g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf

g]kfn ef]s, ul/aL, clzIff, n}+lus c;dfgtf / /f]uAofwLn] u|:t cltsd ljsl;t d'n's ePsfn] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o /fi6«sf x}l;otn] g]kfnn] lbuf] ljsf; nIox?nfO{ cg'df]lbt u/L k|lta4tf hgfPsf]] / sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf tkm{af6 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] o;;DaGwL /fli6«o k|ltj]bg ;d]t tof/ u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bgdf k|To]s nIosf ;doa4 ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . h;df, ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof cyf{t\ k|ltlbg ! bzdnj @% cd]l/sL 8n/ eGbf sd cfo ePsf hg;+Vof % k|ltztdf emfg]{, ul/aL ;3gtf @=* k|ltztdf emfg]{, k|ltJolQm s"n /fli6«o cfo @ xhf/ % ;o cd]l/sL 8n/ k'¥ofpg], s"n ah]6sf] !% k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff If]qdf ljlgof]hg ug]{, hg;+Vof /f]huf/L cg'kft &% kfg]{, cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rs !*=( df emfg]{ nufotsf pknAwL ;"rs /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, dft[ d[To'b/ k|lt ! nfv hGddf @ ;o %* hgfaf6 &) hgfdf emfg]{, #) jif{b]lv &) jif{ ;d"xdf Åbo3ft, SofG;/, dw'd]xh:tf /f]uaf6 d[To' x'g] ;+Vof @@ k|ltztaf6 & bzdnj # k|ltztdf emfg]{, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos zLk ePsf o'jf tyf k|f}9x¿sf] ;+Vof k|ltxhf/df a9fP/ *& bzdnj % k'¥ofpg] h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox? klg to ul/Psf 5g\ .

vfg]kfgLsf] ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;+Vof *# bzdnj ^ k|ltztaf6 (( k|ltzt k'¥ofpg], ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;+Vof &$ k|ltztaf6 j[l4 u/L (( k|ltzt k'¥ofpg], k|ltJolQm s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l4b/ $ k|ltztaf6 & k|ltztdf k'¥ofpg], pkef]u lugL ;"rsfÍ z"Go bzdnj !^ df emfg]{, cJojl:yt a;f]af; ug]{ hg;+Vof k|ltxhf/ % ;oaf6 ! ;o @% df ;Lldt ug]{, cf}Bf]lus If]qaf6 pT;h{g x'g] xl/tu[x Uof; !@ k|ltztnfO{ 36fP/ ^ k|ltztdf ;Lldt ug]{ h:tf nIox? /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . e"–pTkfbsTj # bzdnj ^ d]l6«s6g k|ltx]S6/nfO{ j[l4 u/L ^ d]l6«s 6g k|ltx]S6/ k'¥ofpg], ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf k'¿if Hofnf ;dfgtf cg'kft z"Go bzdnj ^@ af6 ! k'¥ofpg], >d zlQmdf dlxnf k'¿if ;xeflutf z"Go bzdnj (# k|ltztnfO{ a9fP/ ! k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox? k|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L, cfly{s j[l4, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, pmhf{, ;'zf;g nufotsf lglb{i6 nIo k"/f ug{ ljZj ;fem]bf/L sfod ug]{ nIo g+ !& sf pknAwL ;"rs :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 lbuf] ljsf; nIox? ;j{;Ddt ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Pkl5sf] klxnf] of]hgfsf ?kdf /x]sf] rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$– @)&%÷&^_ ;d]t lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug]{tkm{ pGd'v /x]sf] 5 . of]hgfdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? / ;g\ @)#) ;Dd dWod cfoju{sf] d'n'sx?sf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo;d]t xfl;n x'g] u/L of]hgf Pj+ jflif{s sfo{qmd to ug]{ ;Gbe{df jt{dfg of]hgf klxnf] cj;/sf ?kdf /x]sf] pNn]v 5 . o;}u/L, lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jojl:yt

105

agfpg s]xL ;docl3 k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ^ ;b:oLo pRr:tl/o s]Gb|Lo lgb]{zs ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . pQm ;ldltdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf pk;+of]hs tyf cy{ dGqL, k//fi6« dGqL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj ;b:o /xg] tyf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;lrj ;b:o–;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm ;ldlt cGtu{t lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf tyf ah]6, jfXo ;xof]u kl/rfng / sfof{Gjgosf] cg'udg ug{sf nflu sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf ljleGg ( j6f ljifout ;ldltx? ;d]t u7g eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .

lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] k|fKtLsf ;Gbe{df ljBdfg cj;/x?

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df lbuf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj;/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . oBkL, oL nIox?sf] k|fKtLsf ;Gbe{df g]kfndf r'gf}tLsf] rfª dfq} /x]sf] 5}g, y'k|} cj;/x? klg laBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .

• o; ztfAbLsf] klxnf] 8]9 bzssf nflu ljZjJofkL ?kdf lgwf{l/t ljsf;sf] ;femf Ph]08fsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf g]kfnn] pNn]Vo k|ult u/]sf] 5 . nIo / ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df g]kfnn] ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIodf xfl;n u/]sf] k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs / pT;fxhgs g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] hudf 6]s]/ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug{;Sg] cj;/ ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .

• gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} /fhg}lts ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cGTo eO{ ljsf;sf kfqx?sf] cfufdL k|of; b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f tkm{ s]Gb|Ls[t eO{ nIok|fKtLdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug;Sg] cj:yf 5 .

• gofF ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k ?kfGt/0fsf qmddf /x]sf] b]zsf] ;+3Lo :j?kn] lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] k|fKtLdf :yfgLotfdf cfwfl/t 9fFrf cjnDag ug{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ dfu{k|z:t u/]sf] 5 .

• g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+Vofdf cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft a9\b} uPsf] / cfufdL s]xL bzs;Dd hg;f+lVos nfesf] cj;/ pknAw /x]sf cj:yfn] klg lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox?sf] k|fKtLnfO{ ;xh agfpg;Sg] cj:yf 5 .

• xfn;Dd ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ dfgjLo ljsf;sf If]qdf ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd k|ltkmn lng;Sg] cj:yf laBdfg /x]sf] 5 .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt k"FhL, ;Lk, k|ljwL, 1fg / pBdzLntfaf6 g]kfnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu yk cj;/ k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 .

• utjif{sf] lagfzsf/L e"sDk / gfsfaGbLsf] df/n] rf}tkmL{ lk8f / Iflt ePklg oL b'j} 36gfqmdx?n] ;Gt'lnt cGt/lge{/tfsf cfwf/df cfTdlge{/tf tyf lbuf] ljsf; cuf8L a9fpg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; / jftfj/0f lar ;fdLKotf sfod /fVg] ;Gbe{df gful/s r]tgf:t/ XjfQ} psfl;Psf] 5 . o;af6 jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] cj:yf 5 .

106

• cGt/;/sf/L d~r, cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo ;+3;+:yf dfkm{t g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L / pRr j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|ltj4tf k|fKt eO{/x]sf] tyf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . oL kl/b[iox?n] lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] k|fKtLsf] nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg Jofks cj;/sf] l;h{gf eO{/x]sf] 5 .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf ljleGg hl6ntfx?sf afah'b g]kfnsf] k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs g} /x]sf] lyof] . 7f];?kdf, ul/aLsf] b/ 36\g', ljBfno egf{b/ tyf ljBfno txdf n}ª\lUfs ;dtfb/ pNNf]v ¿kdf ;'wf/ x'g', afnd[To'b/ Pj+ dft[ d[To'b/df pNn]Vo sdL cfpg', vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g' h:tf ;'wf/x? d'n'ssf nflu ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]t x'g\ . of] l:yltdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df klg cfzf ug{;lsg] 7fpF / ;do afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] k|fKtLdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tL

g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldfleq ;xhtfk"j{s xfl;n ug{df Jojwfg v8f ug{;Sg] r'gf}tLx? klg plQs} /x]sf 5g\ . oL nIox?sf] ;xh k|fKtL d'n's / oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ cfd g]kfnLx?sf nflu plts} dxTjk"0f{ /x]tfklg clxn]sf] cxd\ r'gf}tL lglb{i6 ;do ;Ldfleq lgwf{l/t nIox?sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog dfkm{t tf]lsPsf] pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ g} xf] . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfndf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx? o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / a9\bf] /fhg}lts ;+qmd0fsfn g]kfndf nfd} ;dob]vL sfod /x]sf] /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / lg/Gt/sf] /fhg}lts ;+qmd0f cfkm}df r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts cj:yfsf sf/0f b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] Ph]08f klg nfd} ;dob]vL cf]em]ndf kl//x]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} /fhg}lts l:y/tf axfnL eO{ cfly{s ?kfGt/0f tkm{sf] ofqfdf b]z cl3 a9\g] cfd ck]Iff k'/f x'g g;ls/x]sf] l:yltdf lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] sfof{Gjog r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefj / pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u lbuf] ljsf; nIox?df lglb{i6 ax'cfoflds / ax'klIfo nIox?sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos kg]{ 7"nf] ;|f]t;fwgsf] hf]xf] ug{' / pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{' g]kfnsf nflu r'gf}tL xf] .

• lbuf] ljsf; nIox?nfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;Da4 km/flsnf nIox?nfO{ b]zsf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx?df sfof{GjozLn ?kdf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

• cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo sfod ug]{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lbuf] ljsf; nIox? h:tf] ax'klIfo ;/f]sf/sf] Ph]08fnfO{ ;Da4 lgsfox?aLr ;'b[9 ;dGjo sfod u/L sfo{?kdf ptfg{ cfkm}+df r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfo{ k'/f u/L ;/sf/sf txx?aLr ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L sfod ug]{ gofF ;+ljwfg cg'?k /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DkGg u/L k'g;{+/lrt ;/sf/sf txx? lardf nIo xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

107

• xfn;Dd k|fKt pknAwLdf lbuf]kgf sfod ug]{ g]kfnn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] ePklg tL pknAwLnfO{ k|ult pGd'v ?kdf sfod /fVb} lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{df dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ r'gf}tL d'n's;fd' /x]sf] 5 .

• sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ kl5Nnf jif{x?df g]kfndf k'FhLut vr{sf] cj:yf v:sFbf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df klg vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] r'gf}tLs} ?kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L ;/sf/sf ltgj6} txdf ;'b[9 ljsf; Joj:yfkg / vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ yk r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

• ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;fem]bf/L / j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ sfod /fVg] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;xof]u ul//x]sf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ l6sfO{ /fVg], ;xfotf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf lbuf] ljsf; nIox? ;Da4 k|fyldstfsf sfo{qmdx?df ;fem]bf/x?sf] nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

• cg'udg / d"Nof°gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] lbuf] ljsf; ;Da4 sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L t'NofO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

r'gf}tLnfO{ lrg]{ pkfox?

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo k|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ k/f:t ub]{ oL nIox? ;xhtfsf ;fy xfl;n ub}{ ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf dWod cfoju{sf] d'n'sx?sf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo;d]t k|fKt ug{ d'n'ssf] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg s]lGb|t x'g h?/L 5 . o;sf nfuL lgDg pkfox?sf] cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

• /fhg}lts ;+qmd0fsf] cGTo u/L l:y/tf axfnL ug]{ d'n'sdf aiff}{+b]vL b]lvPsf] /fhg}lts ;+qmd0f / lsrnf]sf] cGTo u/L gofF ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu} cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] Ph]08fnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' gagfP;Dd o; lsl;dsf] nIo k|fKtL ug{ g;lsg] lglZrt 5 . /fhg}lts If]qsf] k|lta4tf xfl;n geP;Dd nIok|fKtL ;xh aGgg;Sg] l:ylt xfn;Dds} cEof;af6 klg k'i6L eO{;s]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIok|fKtLsf nflu b"/bzL{ / ljsf;d'vL /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] vfFrf] b]znfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

• lbuf] ljsf; nIox?nfO{ b]z ljsf;sf Ph]08fx?df cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ax'cfoflds ljifox?nfO{ cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;Daf]wg u/L ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{, sfof{Gjogsf] ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/L ls6fg u/L hjfkmb]xLo'Qm t'Nofpg tyf ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf] ah]6 Pj+ sfo{qmdnfO{ lbuf] ljsf; nIo d}qL / nIo s]lGb|t t'Nofpg cfjZos 5 .

• sfof{Gjog Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ d'n'ssf] ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ r':t, sfdofjL / pQ/bfoL agfO{ vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 gu/];Dd o; lsl;dsf ljsf;] Ph]08f ;xL / ;kmn ?kdf cl3 a9fpg g;lsg] l:ylt ePsf]n] o;tkm{ klg Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 .

108

• lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox?;Fu Jofj;flos If]qnfO{ hf]8\g] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ub]{ d'n'sL ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;/sf/sf] Psf+sL k|of; dfq geO{ lghLIf]q, ;xsf/L If]q, ;fd'bflos If]q, ;fdflhs If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{, ;fem]bf/L / ;xefuLtfsf] klg plQs} h?/L 5 .

• cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ;xof]u, ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug]{ lbuf] ljsf; nIo k|fKtLsf nflu g]kfndf ljBdfg /xFb} cfPsf] ljlQo ;|f]t, k|ljwL / Ifdtfsf] Go"gtf k"lt{sf nflu ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? nufot cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu ;'b[9 ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

• If]qLo PsLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg] lbuf] ljsf; nIox?sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh agfpg ;fs{ / lad:6]s h:tf If]qLo d~rx?sf] pkof]u Dffkm{t ef}uf]lns ;fdLKo, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;dfgtf / ;femf r'gf}tLx?;Fu n8\g] k|lta4tfsf] nfe lnO{g' h?/L 5 .

• ;'b[9 ;dGjo, k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nof°g M lbuf] ljsf; nIok|fKtLsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?df ;+nUg /xg] lhDd]jf/ lgsfo tyf /fHo afx]ssf If]qx?;Fu ;d]t ;'b[9 ;dGjo sfod u/L sfof{Gjogdf ;fd~h:otf Nofpg' h?/L 5 . o;} u/L, k/Dk/fut cg'udg, d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ r':t agfpg klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .

lgisif{

lbuf] ljsf; nIodfkm{t g} g]kfnsf] :t/f]Ggltsf] nIo;d]t xfl;n eO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] clenfiff k'/f ug{;lsg] ljifodf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? dt}So x'g h?/L 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIoh:tf] ax'cfoflds nIo ;xh?kdf xfl;n ug{df nIo cg'?ksf] k|efjsf/L sfo{of]hgf, pTs[i6 sfof{Gjog / o;sf nflu /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf] P]Soa4tf Pj+ k|zf;lgs sf}zntfsf] cfjZostf d'n'snfO{ v8\lsPsf] 5 . ctM ;/sf/ nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Wofg lbuf] ljsf; nIonfO{ d'n'sL ljsf;sf] Ph]08fsf ?kdf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{df uDeL/tfsf ;fy cfs[i6 x'g;s] o;af6 b]zn] sf]N6] km]g{;Sg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?• zf;g k|0ffnL tyf ;d;fdlos ljifo, t];|f] ;+:s/0f, ;'/]z clwsf/L, s/Lo/ sfplG;ln+u ;]G6/ k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+ .• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .• zfvf clws[t k|Zgf]Q/, @)&#, ?kgf/fo0f vltj8f -;xn]vg_, s/Lo/ sfplG;ln+u ;]G6/ k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+ .• …lbuf] ljsf; nIo / g]kfnsf] cj:yfÚ, ?kgf/fo0f vltj8f, @)&#.(.@%, cfly{s b}lgs, rfxgf klAns]zG;

k|f=ln=, nlntk'/ .• x'nfs, jif{ %$, k"0ff{+s !(%, x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .• r}tGo d~r, jif{ ! c+s !, P]Zjo{ k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+ .• Envisioning Nepal 2030, Procedings of the International Seminar, 2016, National Planning

Commission÷Asian Development Bank.• http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html• https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/

109

k'glg{df{0fdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf

— k|sfz b]jsf]6f*

;f/f+z

e"sDk k|fs[lts k|sf]k xf] . ljkb hlxn] klg ;fk]If geO{ lg/k]If x'G5 . o;n] dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofpFb5 . @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k"jf{wf/sf ;+/rgfx? Wj:t ePsf 5g\ eg] *&() hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ejg, lghL ejg nufot k"jf{wf/sf cGo ;+/rgfx? IftljIft\ ePsf 5g\ . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf] r/0f s/La k"/f e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] ;+:yfut u7g ePsf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg gLltut tyf Joj:YffksLo kIfsf] th'{df u/L sfof{/De ul/;s]sf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@ :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . e"sDk k|efljt #! lhNnfx?df k'glg{df{0f / lhljsf]kfh{g sfo{sf nflu ljleGg I/NGO's af6 kl/of]hgf k|:tfj dfu u/L k|:tfjsf] 5gf}6 u/L lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf u/L sfo{ ug{ I/NGO's nfO{ sfof{b]z lbg] sfd /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] cf/De ul/;s]sf]] 5 . oBkL I/NGO's kl/rfng ;DaGwdf y'k|} r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? 5g\ oL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ cToGt h?/L 5 . vf;u/L I/NGO's sf] j:t'lgi7 / Jojxfl/s ?kn] cg'udg / d"Nof°g ug{ ;lsof] eg] k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf nflu u};;sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g] s'/fdf lglj{jfb 5 . t;y{, k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] :ki6 sfo{of]hgf, plrt dfgj;|f]t / k|ltj4tfsf ;fy cg'udg ug{eg] la;{g' x'Fb}g .

*zfvf clws[t, /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, l;+xb/af/ .

k[i7d"ld

ljkb eGgfn] ;'Vvf v8]/L, dxfdf/L, e"Ifo, lxdkft, cfFwLt'kmfg, cfunfuL, e"sDk cfbL a'emfpFb5 . d"ntM dfgjåf/f lgld{t / k|fs[lts u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljkb x'G5g\ . lj=;+=@)&@ j}zfv !@ / @( ut] uPsf] e"sDk qmdzM &=^ / ^=* DofUgLr'8 /]S6/ :s]nsf] lyof] . klxnf] e"sDksf]] Epicenter uf]/vfsf]

110

jf/kfs / bf]>f]] bf]nvf lyof] . e"sDk lg/k]If x'G5, of] k|fs[lts k|sf]k xf] . e"sDk af/]df j}1flgsn] ;Defljt cg'dfg dfq ug{ ;S5g\ t/ slxn] / sxfF o;sf] s]Gb|laGb' sfod /xG5 eGg] s'/f pgLx?n] klg 7f]s'jf ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 .

ut j}zfvsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / tt\kZrft\sf k/fsDkgx?n] 7"nf] dfqfdf dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn, lghfdtL sd{rf/L, u};;, gful/s ;dfh nufot ljleGg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL p4f/sdL{n] 7"nf] cys kl/>d ug'{k/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;dGjodf ljleGg d'n'ssf p4f/sdL{x? h:t}M :k]g, cNh]l/of, OG8f]lgl;of, rfOgf, hfkfg, ef/t, cd]l/sf, l;Ëfk'/af6 cfˆg} b]zsf] Air Force åf/f ljleGg Resque Team, Snifing Dog ;lxt g]kfn cfO{ pgLx?n] vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP . of] Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq xf] . ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] g]kfndf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5 . clt k|efljt / k|efljt u/L #! j6f lhNnfx? e"sDkaf6 IftljIft ePsf 5g\ . ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf d"NofÍg cg';f/ *&() hgfsf] d[To', @@#)) hgf 3fOt] lghL cfjf;sf ejgx? $(**%@ j6f / @^%^ j6f ;/sf/L ejgx? k"0f{ Iflt ePsf 5g\ . k|ltj]bgn] ^ va{ ^( ca{sf] ah]6 k'glg{df{0fsf nflu k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] s/La k|f/lDes tYofÍ s/La & va{ 5 . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf] sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . /fxtsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ :j?k ;'?df ! nfv $) xhf/ -d[tssf xsdf_ ?=!% xhf/ c:yfoL jf;:yfgsf nflu h:tfkftf vl/b ug{sf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] /sd kLl8tn] k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . Post Disaster Need Assessment sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljleGg bft[ ;d'bfon] sl/a ^=& Billion USD sf] ;xof]u k|ltj4tf hgfO ;s]sf 5g\ . casf] ;do k'glg{df{0f xf] . of] Disaster cycle sf] dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . o; r/0fdf ;/sf/, lghLIf]q, u};;, gful/s ;dfh ;a}n] xft]dfnf] u/]/ a9g h?/L 5 . ;/sf/ / u};;sf] ;xsfo{ o; sfo{sf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .

k'glg{df{0f

k|fs[lts / s[lqd k|sf]kn] IftljIft ePsf] ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] Rebuild, Reconstruction ug'{ g} k'glg{df{0f xf] . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] dd{t, ;Def/ / gjlg{df{0f g} k'glg{df{0f xf] . k'glg{df{0f nfO{ sfg"gtM æe"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] lbuf], bl/nf] / of]hgfa4 ?kdf ul/g] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ gjlgdf{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Dem\g' kb{5Æ egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . ljkbkl5sf] cfjZostf d"NofÍg ;DaGwdf sf7df8f}++df ut July @%, @)!% df International Conference on Nepal reconstruction (ICNR) cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg eof] . pSt ;Dd]ngaf6 k|fKt ;Nnfx / ;'emfj cg';f/ /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf P]g th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . pSt P]gsf] bkmf #! df o; P]gsf] clwgdf /xL /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;+~rfng ug{ cfjZos lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu' ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] k|fjwfg cg';f/ k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@ tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . o;} k|sf/n] k'glg{df{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{ljlwx? tof/ eO{ nfu' e};s]sf 5g\ .

111

vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf] ;dodf ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u};;sf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} If]qdf o:tf ljgfzsf/L ljkb cfOkbf{ oL ;+:yfn] dfgjLo p4f/ tyf /fxt ljt/0fdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5g\ . g]kfndf ljgfzsf/L e"sDk kZrft\ vf]h, p4f/ tyf /fxtsf] r/0f sl/a cGTo e};s]sf] 5 . casf] r/0f eg]sf] k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf xf] . Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx? h:t}M lghL cfjf;, ;fj{hlgs ejg, c:ktfn, ljBfno cflb If]qsf] k'glg{df{0f (Reconstruction) ug'{kg]{5 eg] csf]{lt/ k'g:yf{kgf / lhljsf]kfh{gsf] ljifo r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . cfocfh{g, tflnd tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 Pjd\ ca lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgfx? lbuf], bl/nf] / e/kbf]{ u/L Resillent Structure agfpg' kg]{5 . casf] k'glg{df{0f sfo{ cem alnof] cyf{t\ Build Back Better-BBB agfpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfndf ljgfzsf/L e"sDk cem+} klg gcfpg] eGg] 5}g . ljkb lg/k]If x'G5 t/ ljkb\sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ eg] h?/L 5 . ljkb\ Joj:Yffkgsf nflu ;/sf/ dfq PSnf] cleoGtf geO{ u};;, gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qx?n] cfjZos ;xof]u / lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kb{5 .

k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f u7g ePsf] 5 . o; lgsfon] % -kfFr_ jif{;Dd cfˆgf] sfo{ ug]{ / cfjZostf ePdf Ps jif{ yk x'g;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5 . o; k|flws/0fn] e"sDk k|efljt #! j6f lhNnfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{If]q agfPsf] 5 .

ljkb\kl5sf] cfjZostf d"NofÍgn] cf}+NofPsf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{ bftfn] ICNR sf] ;dodf ;xof]usf] k|lta4tf u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fnfO{ kof{Kt gePklg ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpg] k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . kmn:j?k /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] Ifltu|:t lhNnf uO{ k|fylds/0f u/L k|f/lDes r/0fdf bf]nvf lhNnfsf] l;+u6Laf6 k'glg{df{0fsf nflu lghL cfjf; cg'bfg sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ;'? u/L clt k|efljt dWo]sf !! lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng cf/De ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo / u};;sf] ;xof]udf xfn} dfq k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] % -kfFr_ jif{sf nflu -;g\ @)!^– @)@)_ (Post Disaster Recovery Framework) th'{df u/L hf/L u/]sf] 5 . k'glg{df{0fsf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f;Fu xft]dfnf] u/L cl3 a9\g ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]usf] nflu cfXjfg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; Recovery Framework n] I/NGO's, civil society ;a} If]qsf] 7f]; ;xof]u / of]ubfg vf]h]sf] 5 . k|fyldstfsf If]q tf]sL %-kfFr_ jif{df ;DkGg ug]{ u/L x/]s jif{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /lfi6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ cg'/f]w ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+:Yffx? dfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ ;/n, ;xh / kf/bzL{, PsLs[t Pjd\ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng Pjd\ tL ;+:yfsf] ;dGjo k|efjsf/L agfpg k'glg{df{0f P]gsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k sfo{qmdsf] th'{df :jLs[lt sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

112

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_

u};; eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] d'gfkmf/lxt ;+3 ;+:YffnfO{ a'emfpF5 . d"ntM gfkmf/lxt, :jod\;]jL, /fli6«o ljsf;df 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ul7t /fli6«o, cGt{/fli6«o ;+u7gx? u}/;/sf/L ;+:Yff x'g\ . oL ;+:Yff gfkmfsf] p2]Zon] u7g ePsf x'Fb}gg\ . u};;sf] p2]ZonfO{ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] vf;u/L k/f]ksf/L (Charitable), ;]jfefjk"0f{ (Service Orientation), ;xeflutfd"ns (Participatory) / ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbg] k|j[lQsf x'G5g\ . sfo{:t/sf lx;fan] x]g]{ xf] eg] u};;x? ;d'bfo :t/df, :yfgLo :t/df, /fli6«o :t/df / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a}sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] Nation Building and social welfare g} xf] .

u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf xfd|f] b]zdf ljleGg gLltut kIf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3;+:yf kl/rfngnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . xfn clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] !# cf}+ of]hgfn] klg u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . :YffgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, lgodfjnL, ah]6 sfo{qmd tyf j}b]lzs nufgL gLlt, ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! n] cGt/f{li6«o u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf JofVof ljZn]if0f u/L pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L NGO's :yfgLo k|zf;gdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{, gjLs/0f x'G5g\ eg] I/NGO's sf] xsdf ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb / ;DalGwt ljifout dGqfno;Fu General Agreement / MOU u/L sfo{ ;~rfng ub{5g\ . xfnsf] cfFs8fnfO{ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] s/La #%)) eGbf a9L NGo's / @%) eGbf a9L INGo's 5g\ . ;+of]hg u/]/ x]bf{ I/NGo's eg]sf ;/sf/sf ;xofqL x'g . oLgLx?n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv I/NGo's nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf ;/sf/sf ;xof]uL kfq Actors sf ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf]] 5 . ;/sf/sf] gLlt, lgb]{zg adf]lhd oL ;+:yfn] xft]dfnf] u/L d'n'ssf] ;d[4 ljsf;sf nflu :ki6 of]hgf agfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

ljgfzsf/L e"sDk kZrft\ d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:Yff sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f u/L gful/ssf] hglhljsfnfO{ ;xh / ;'rf? agfpg ;/sf/n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgefpgsf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] u7g u/L sfo{sf] z'ef/De ul/;s]sf] Joxf]/f 3fdh:t} 5n{Ë 5 . u};; ;DaGwL ljleGg gLltut Joj:yf df}h'bf ePtfklg u};; kl/rfngdf ;xh, 5l/tf] / kf/bzL{ xf]; eGg] x]t'n] u};; ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw k|flws/0fn] NofPsf] xf] . /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws0fn] u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|flws/0fsf] lgb]{zgleq cfj4 eO{ e"sDk k|efljt #! j6f lhNnfdf sfo{ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] dtna c? geO{ sfo{qmdsf] Duplication gxf];, Uniformity / Transparency sfod xf]; eGg] g} xf] . pSQ sfo{ljlwnfO{ I/NGo's n] kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . pSt k|:tfjnfO{ ;x;lrj ;+of]hs /x]sf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . sfo{sf/L ;ldlt k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t -CEO_ cWoIf /xg] h:df lj1 ;b:oaf6 ;d]t k|:tfljt kl/of]hgf :jLs[t eO{;s]kl5 lqkIfLo ;emf}tf x'g] Joj:Yff 5 . lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfdf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f -klxnf] kIf_ ;DalGwt CLPIU (Centre Level Project Implementation Unit) -bf]>f] kIf_ / t]>f] kIfsf ?kdf ;+DalGwt I/NGo's g} /xG5g\ .

113

ljutdf I/NGo's sf] ljifodf ljleGg l6sfl6Kk0fL gePsf] eg] xf]Og . h:t} Family Buisness, Religious mania / ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/ zlQmsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g vf]Hg] kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL gaGg] h:tf k|j[lQ klg gb]lvPsf xf]Ogg\ . tyflk I/NGo's eg]sf ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ g} x'g oLgnfO{ ;+of]hg Accomodate u/L n}hfg] bfloTj g} ;/sf/sf] xf] o; d"ndGqnfO{ dWogh/ u/L /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] e"sDk k|efljt If]qdf nfeu|fxLnfO{ 7f]; 6]jf k'¥ofpg gLltut lg0f{o u/L u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw kfl/t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . lghL cfjf; k'glg{df{0f ;fd'bflos ejg k'glg{df{0fdf I/NGo's sf] cxd e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{df klg I/NGo's n] pTs[i6 sfo{ u/]sf pbfx/0fx? k|z:t} 5g\ . Umbrella approach sf ?kdf NRA (National Reconstruction Authority) n] sfo{ljlw NofPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ cIf/zM kfngf eof] eg] kSs} I/NGo's e"ldsf k'glg{df{0f sfo{df pRr x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . k'glg{df{0f sfo{ / u};;sf] 7f]; e"ldsfaLr ;+of]hg ug{ ;lsof] eg] ;fFlRrs} ?kdf Build Back Better sf] cfzo k'/f x'g;S5 . k'glg{df{0f / u};; kl/rfngdf tfbfTDotf ldnfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ca x'g] k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0f sfo{df /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] u};;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;+nUg u/fpg h¿/L 5 .

;d:ofx?

g]kfndf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ljljw ;d:ofx? 5g\ . tL dWo]sf s]xL ;d:ofx? b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

• I/NGo's kl/rfng x'g] If]qsf] Mapping ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] g;Sg', • b'u{d If]qdf I/NGo's kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg',• e"sDk kZrft\ Ifltu|:t #! lhNnfx? dWo] clwsf+z u};;n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf jl/k/L /x]sf

lhNnfdf dfq kl/of]hgf k|:tfj ug{ rfxg',• kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd vr{sf] t'ngfsf k|zf;lgs vr{ a9L ug{ rfxg',• u};;sf] clen]v Joj:Yffkg sdhf]/L x'g',• ;/sf/n] u};;sf] sfo{ k|ult cg'udg ug{ g;Sg', • k|ult ;dLIff, hgn]vfk/LIf0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{k|lt j]jf:tf x'g', • u};;n] Demand base eGbf klg cfˆgf] ks8 ePsf] Pocket If]qdf dfq sfd ug{ pT;'s x'g',• k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x? vf;u/L Road Connectivity, Hydropower h:tf Mega Project

df I/NGo's sf] k|:tfj gcfpg', Technical support eGbf social awareness h:t} WASH, Educaton, Nutrition etc. output measurement ug{ g;lsg] cfof]hgfdf k|:tfj cfpg',

• u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / e/v/} sfof{/De yfngL u/]sf] /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fx?aLrsf] ;dGJojf6 I/NGo's sf] d"NofÍg x'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf gx'g',

• k'glg{df{0f ;Gbe{df Reconstruction ofg]sL Building, Housing Construction eGbf klxn] Livelihood sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg',

114

• I/NGo's n] Local Partner sf ?kdf NGO nfO{ cfˆgf] Private Partner h:tf] u/L NGo 5gf}6 ug'{,

• I/NGO sf] k|:tfjdf k|zf;lgs vr{ @) k|ltzteGbf a9L gb]vfP klg Jojxfl/s ?kdf of] a9fpg] u/]sf], oyfy{ n]vfÍg, k/LIf0f k4ltk|lt ;DalGwt kIf pbf;Lg x'g',

• I/NGo sf] fund assure gx'g' (Social Welfare Council) ;Fu General Agreement kZrft\ Fund Raise ug]{ cj:yf x'g',

• ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] I/NGo's kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ;t{sf clwgdf /xL ;Demf}tf u/] tfklg dftxtsf] lhNnf:t/sf] lgsfonfO{ pQm I/NGo's sf] af/]df af]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{ lbg cfgfsfgL ug'{,

• I/NGO's n] hgtfsf nflu hgtf;Fu sfd ug{ grfxg',• I/NGO's ;/sf/;Fu ;xhLs/0f / ;xof]ueGbf klg k|lt:kwf{, bftfsf] nljª / /fhgLlts k|efj kfg]{

sfo{df a9L pT;fxL x'g' cflb .

%=;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

ljkb\ cfkm+}df ;d:ofu|:t cjwf/0ff xf] . o;n] ;[hgfTds eGbf klg ljgfzsfl/tf lgDTofpF5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg pk/ w]/} r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? 5g\ . olQdfq geP/ ljkb\ kZrft\sf] vf]h p4f/, /fxt sfo{df w]/} ;d:ofx? cfpg] ub{5g\ . lj=;+=@)&@ j}zfvsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk uP kZrft\ w]/} ;d:ofx? ljz]ifu/L hgzlQm kl/rfng, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;dGjodf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? xfd|f;fd' 5n{Ë / k]lrnf 5g\ . To;}u/L /fxt kZrft\ k'glg{df{0f, k'g:yf{kgf tyf lhljsf]kfh{gsf klg ;d:ofx? hNbfaNbf 5g\ . s]xL ;d:ofnfO{ dflyNnf] cg'R5]bdf pb\w[t ;d]t ul/;lsPsf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/dfq PSnf] cleoGtf geO{ ljleGg u};;, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . oL ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfaLr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ h'6fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . t;y{, s]xL ;'emfjx? oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

• k'glg{df{0f sfo{df /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o u};; kl/rfng ug{sf nflu Need Assessment u/L sxfF s'g If]qdf u};;sf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 < cfjZostf, gSzf+sg Mapping ug'{kb{5 .

• ;'ud eGbf klg I/NGo's nfO{ b"/b/fh cyf{t b'u{d lhNNffx?df sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] kxn ug'{kb{5 .

• I/NGo's n] kl/of]hgf k|:tfj ubf{ cToGt kl5 k/]sf ul/a, l;dfGts[t Highly Vulnererable society nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f ;dIf k|:tfj ug'{kb{5 .

• sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ I/NGo's n] k|zf;lgs vr{ @) -aL;_ k|ltzt eGbf a9L /fVg' x'b}+g, ;|f]tsf] Uof/]G6L x'g'kb{5 .

• u};;sf] clen]v Joj:Yffkgsf nflu cy{dGqfnosf] Aid Management Platform -AMP_ df clgjfo{ ?kdf sfo{qmd / ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f k|lji6L ug'{kb{5 .

• lhNnfdf sfo{/t u};;sf] k|ult ;dLIff, hgn]vfk/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, sfo{qmd ;~rfng klxn] lqkIfLo ;emf}tf ofg]sL k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf nflu NRA, ;DalGwt kIf / CLPIU aLr ;emf}tf ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

115

• I/NGo's nfO{ Social awareness eGbf Technical support ug]{ cfof]hgf vf;u/L Hydropower, Road connectivity, irrigation project df kl/rfng ug'{kb{5 . k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0f eP kZrft\ lhljsf]kfh{gsf sfo{x? ;~rfng ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

• u};; kl/rfngsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, cy{dGqfno, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno Pjd\ cGo Line Ministry aLr cg'udg, d"NofÍgdf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ x'g'kb{5 .

• ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;zSt / k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 .• International organizationsaf6 Budget Assure ePkl5 dfq General Agreement / Project

Agreement ug'{kb{5 .• I/NGo's n] k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ u}/wfld{s, Non ethinic and non political eO{ sfo{

ug'{kb{5 .

^= lgisif{ tyf ;'emfj

ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . k'glg{df{0f sfo{ % jif{leq ;DkGg ug]{ x]t'n] ;/sf/n] /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f u7g u/L ljleGg gLltut / ;+u7gfTds Joj:Yff sfod u/L sfof{/De u/]sf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f sfo{df ;/sf/sf] dfq geP/ u};;, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn tyf nAwk|ltli7t ju{ ;a}sf] ckgTj x'g h?/L 5 . k'glg{df{0f sfo{ j:t'ut oyfy{k/s / k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljwL, @)&@ :jLs[t u/L nfu' u/]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k ljleGg /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfn] lghLcfjf; lgdf{0f, ljBfno tyf c:ktfn nufotsf ;fd'bflos ejgx? k'glg{df{0f ug]{ tyf lhljsf]kfh{g ;DaGwL ljleGg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf cfocfh{g sfo{x? ug]{ u/L ljleGg kl/of]hgf k|:tfjnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . k'glg{df{0f dxfcleofg ePsf]n] o;nfO{ tLj|tfsf ;fy cl3 a9fO{ e"sDkaf6 kLl8t gful/snfO{ /fxt lbg ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] e'Ng' x'Fb}g . k'glg{df{0f sfo{nfO{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf k'/fug{ bx|f] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf ?kdf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ ;|f]t cfFsng Pjd\ kl/rfng ug{ ;a} kIfsf] k|ltj4tf ckl/xfo{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df I/NGOS sf] e"ldsf cem} a9L pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] ljz]if dxTj / k|fyldstf lbg} kb{5 .

&= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

• /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf gLlt,@)&@

• e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, @)&@

• k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@

• bfxfn, ;'dg M /fli6«o ljsf;df u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf, /fi6«;]js bk{0f

116

g]kfndf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] cfjZostf

— uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f*

;f/f+z

cfof]hgfn] To:tf] ;'lgof]lht sfo{k4ltnfO{ hgfpFb5, h'g sfo{k4lt s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] ckgfOPsf] x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] th{'df s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ cyjf s'g} lglZrt /rgfTds sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/G5 . cfof]hgfsf] th'{df ubf{ ;DalGwt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu rflxg] lglZrt ;|f]t / ;fwg, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu rflxg] nfutsf] cg'dfg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ lglZrt ;do lgwf{l/t ul/G5 . o;y{, cfof]hgf To:tf] sfo{z}nL xf] h;sf] clwgdf /xL s'g} lglZrt sfo{ lglZrt ;doleq lglZrt k|lqmofåf/f lglZrt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]uåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . cfof]hgf :jo+df s'g} sfo{ xf]Og, sfo{z}nL dfq xf] . cfof]hgf eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu Psk6ssf] sfo{ Pjd\ lqmofsnfk jf k|of; xf]Og, a? ljleGg jf ljljw lqmofsnfkx¿sf] s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ PsLs[t k|of; xf] . cfof]hgf ;fdfGotof cNksfnLg x'G5 . cfof]hgfn] b]zJofkL ljsf;sf] nIo /fv]sf] x'Fb}g . o;n] s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ nIo dfq /fv]sf] x'G5 . cfof]hgf sltko cj:yfx¿df /fli6«o of]hgfsf] Ps efusf] ¿kdf /x]sf] klg x'g ;S5 t/ ;fwf/0ftof cfof]hgfx¿ of]hgf eGbf leGg / :jtGq x'G5g\ . of]hgf / cfof]hgfaLr k|d'v leGgtf of] /x]sf] 5 ls of]hgfdf ls6fg ul/Psf] ;dofjlw Tolt dxTjk"0f{ dflgFb}g / ;fwf/0ftof clwsf+z of]hgfx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k"/f x'Fb}gg\ eg] cfof]hgfdf ls6fg ul/Psf] ;dofjlw cTolws dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

cfof]hgf d"Nof°g eGgfn] cfof]hgf ;dflKtsf] r/0fsf] d"Nof°g ldlnOPsf] 5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] hLjgrqm (Life cycle) sf] kl/k|]Iodf cWoog ubf{ d"Nof°gnfO{ xfdL PsLs[t k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lnO{ o;nfO{ klg cfof]hgfsf] k|ult / o;af6 kg]{ ;dli6ut k|efj d"Nof°g ug]{, ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ / ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxrfg ug]{ PsLs[t k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf xfdLn] lng ;S5f} .

*;x–k|fWofks, cy{zf:q, eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .

117

cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g k|lqmof s'g} klg ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf lgldQ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] . vf;u/L u|fdL0f ljsf; cfof]hgf ul/aL pGd"ng / k|foM ax'cfoflds u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] nIon] k|]l/t ePsf hl6n cfof]hgfx¿sf] lglDt l56f] 5l/tf] cg'udg / d"Nof°g k|0ffnL clt cfjZos x'G5 . cg'udg eGgfn] Joj:yfkgåf/f sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] x/]s txdf ul/g] lg/Gt/ jf cfjlws cfjZos kg]{ nufgL sfo{tflnsf cg';f/sf] sfo{ / kl/nlIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{sf lglDt sfo{ ;~rfng e}/x]sf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug{ o; k|sf/sf] lg/LIf0f / hfFra'em ul/G5 cg'udgn] Joj:yfksnfO{ s'g} cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ljBdfg ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/]/ ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? klxNofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . kl/jt{gsf] lbzf / :j?knfO{ kQf nufpg klg cg'udg ;xfosl;4 x'G5 .

kl/ro

cfof]hgf (Project) eGgfn] To:tf] ;'lgof]lht sfo{k4ltnfO{ hgfpFb5, h'g sfo{k4lt s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] ckgfOPsf] x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] th{'df s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ cyjf s'g} lglZrt /rgfTds sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/G5 . cfof]hgfsf] th'{df ubf{ ;DalGwt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu rflxg] lglZrt ;|f]t / ;fwg, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu rflxg] nfutsf] cg'dfg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ lglZrt ;do lgwf{l/t ul/G5 . o;y{, cfof]hgf To:tf] sfo{z}nL xf] h;sf] clwgdf /xL s'g} lglZrt sfo{ lglZrt ;doleq lglZrt k|lqmofåf/f lglZrt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]uåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . cfof]hgf :jo+df s'g} sfo{ xf]Og, sfo{z}nL dfq xf] . csf]{ zAbdf, s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] nflu pkof]u ul/g] ;fwg, sfo{k|0ffnL, sfo{ k"/f ug]{ cjlw cflbsf] k"j{lgwf{l/t k|f¿k g} cfof]hgf xf] . s'g} klg ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;kmntfsf] dfu{df nDsfpgsf nflu cfjZos tof/L (Preparation), ;dGjo (Cooperation) / k|lqmof (Process) Pjd\ j}1flgs of]hgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h'g s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt Jojl:yt cfof]hgf (Project) af6 dfq k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] ljsf;sf s'g} klg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ cyjf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;kmntf klxrfg ug{ jf ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L (Effective) ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]hgfsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . cfof]hgfn] ;j{k|yd ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;DefJotf cWoog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . clg ;DefJo cfof]hgfsf] Jojl:yt tof/L / sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;fdfGotof s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo jf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf lglDt tf]lsPsf ;do, ;|f]t / nfutdf u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{k4lt g} cfof]hgf xf] .

cd]l/sL cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;+:yf (American Project Management Institute) n] lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ æcfof]hgf eGgfn] k"j{lgwf{l/t nIo k|flKt ug{sf nflu ag]sf] To:tf] c:yfoL ;Ë7gnfO{ hgfpFb5 h'g Ps}k6s ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdsf] ;DaGwdf :yflkt ul/G5 . o:tf] c:yfoL ;Ë7gn]

118

;DalGwt sfo{qmdsf] nIo, sfo{qmd k"/f ug{sf nflu rflxg] dfgjLo / u}x|dfgjLo ;Dkbf, ;Lk, ;fwg cflbsf] ;+of]hg ;DaGwL s'/fx¿ clu|d¿kdf lgwf{l/t u/]sf] x'G5 .Æ Jofkf/ / Joj:yfkgsf] ljZjsf]if (Encyclopedia of Commerce and Management) cg';f/ s'g} ;Ë7gn] ljleGg a]Unfa]Un} ljefu / lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo sfod u/L sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ lglZrt ;doleq sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ Ps hl6n Joj:yfnfO{ cfof]hgf eGb5g\ .

ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t s'g} ef}uf]lns If]q jf sfo{If]qdf lglZrt cjlw / nufgL /sd tf]sL k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zosf] lgldQ ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t s'g} ef}uf]lns If]q jf sfo{If]qdf lglZrt cjlw / nufgL /sd tf]sL k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zosf] lgldQ tof/ ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfof]hgf elgG5 . o;y{ s'g} klg ;|f]t, ;fwg / dfgjLo Pjd\ u}x| dfgjLo kl/rfng ul/Psf] c:yfoL ;Ë7g g} cfof]hgf xf] . h;sf] ;'?jft / cGTo tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ ;'lgof]lht p2]Zo k|flKtsf lglDt ;Lldt ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;dosf] kfjGbLleq /x]/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] jf ul/g] Jojl:yt sfo{k4lt g} cfof]hgf xf] . s'g} klg cfof]hgf (Project) ;a} ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ kl/rfngk|lt s]lGb|t /xG5 . of] Pp6f Jojxfl/s / kl/l:yltsf] sfo{k4lt klg xf] . lsgls cfof]hgfsf] tof/L ;~rfng Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns jftfj/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] cWoog ul/G5 .

;dli6¿kdf x]bf{ of]hgfnfO{ a[xt ?k (Macro level) df x]l/G5 eg] cfof]hgfnfO{ ;"Id (Micro) sf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . cfof]hgf lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg] lqmof xf]Og . lglZrt cjlwleq o;sf] sfo{ ;dfKt x'g'k5{ . jf:tjdf cfof]hgf lglZrt s'/fx¿nfO{ lglZrt p2]Zo / nIosf] ;Ldfleq cfa4 u/L lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf tf]lsPsf] >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;Ldfleq cfa4 u/L s'g} sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ Joj:yf xf] . cfof]hgf ;fdfGotof cNksfnLg cjlwsf] x'G5 . cfof]hgf eGgfn] o;n] s'g} p2]Zo jf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ul/g] sfo{qmdnfO{ hgfpFb5 . s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo x'g'sf ;fy} o;sf] ;'?jft tyf cGtsf] ls6fg ePsf] x'G5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfng s'g :yfgdf x'g] tyf o;af6 s;nfO{ s]–slt kmfObf x'g] xf] ;f]af/] s]xL lgwf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . of] lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg] lqmof xf]Og . lglZrt cjlwleq o;sf] ;dflKt x'g'kb{5 . cfof]hgf lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf tf]lsPsf] >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+of]hgaf6 ;DkGg ug]{ Joj:yf xf] . j:t'tM of] k6sLo, k|f/De / cGTo ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ Joj:yf xf] .

cfof]hgf ;fdfGotof cNksfnLg x'G5 . cfof]hgfn] b]zJofkL ljsf;sf] nIo /fv]sf] x'Fb}g . o;n] s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ nIo dfq /fv]sf] x'G5 . cfof]hgf sltko cj:yfx¿df /fli6«o of]hgfsf] Ps efusf] ¿kdf /x]sf] klg x'g ;S5 t/ ;fwf/0ftof cfof]hgfx¿ of]hgf eGbf leGg / :jtGq x'G5g\ . of]hgf / cfof]hgfaLr k|d'v leGgtf of] /x]sf] 5 ls of]hgfdf ls6fg ul/Psf] ;dofjlw Tolt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgFb}g / ;fwf/0ftof clwsf+z of]hgfx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k"/f x'Fb}gg\ eg] cfof]hgfdf ls6fg ul/Psf] ;dofjlw cTolws dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . cfof]hgfsf ljz]iftfx¿df c:yfoL k|s[lt, cjlwsf] ;Ldf aGwg, p2]ZohGotf, nIof]Gd'vtf, clglZrttf / hf]lvdhGotf, k'g/fj[lQljxLgtf, ;dGjohGotf, ;fd"lxstf, g]t[Tj, lg/Gt/tf, r/0fa4tf, kl/jt{gzLntf, clåtLotf, s/f/hGotf cflb

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/x]sf 5g\ . lglZrt cfof]hgf lglZrt p2]Zo jf nIo lnP/ ;'? x'G5 . lglZrt p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf lglDt dfgjLo Pjd\ u}/ dfgjLo ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿;Fu ;+nUg /xL ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ub{5 / p2]Zo k|flKt kZrft\ /f]lsG5 .

cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

cfof]hgfn] s'g} p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu ul/g] sfo{qmdnfO{ hgfpF5 . s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo x'g'sf ;fy} o;sf] ;'?jft tyf cGtsf] ls6fgsf cltl/Qm cfof]hgfsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf o;af6 s;nfO{ s]–slt kmfObf x'g] xf], ;f] af/] lgwf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{ b]xfosf ljifox?df Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .

-!_ cfof]hgf ;DaGwL ljrf/ ug'{ -@_ To;sf] ahf/ / Ol~hlgol/Ësf] cWoog ug'{ -#_ cfof]hgfsf] klxnf] l8hfOg tof/ ug'{, -$_ hgzlQmsf] ;DefJotf lg0f{o ug'{, -%_ cfly{s b[li6n] kmfObf 5 ls 5}g lg0f{o lng', -^_ ;DefJotf cWoog u/L ;'emfj ug'{ -&_ cfof]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg', -*_ cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{, -(_ cfly{s ;xof]usf] :jLs[tL lng', -!)_ cfly{s ;xof]uaf/] ;Demf}tf ug'{ -!!_ cfof]hgfsf nflu rflxg] ;Ë7gsf] ;[hgf ug'{ -!@_ Ol~hlgol/Ë l8hfOg k"/f ug'{, cfof]hgf 7]Ssfk§f ug'{ -!#_ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu lbOg' .

cfof]hgfsf ;|f]tx¿

cfof]hgfsf] ;|f]t ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu jf sfof{nox¿ g} x'g\ . cfof]hgf kQf nufpg ;e]{If0f ug]{ / cfjZostf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;/sf/;Fu cfˆg} ;+oGq x'G5 / ;/sf/n] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fyldstf / gLlt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] If]qdf ljQLo ;+:yfgx¿n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . o;df d'Vo u/]/ tLg j6f lgsfox¿ 5g\M-s_ ;/sf/L c+u -v_ u}/;/sf/L ;Ë7g tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ -u_ hgtf .

cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgfsf] ljz]iftfx? (Salient Features of Project)

• ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Specific Objectives)

p2]Zo lagf s'g} kl/of]hgf aGg ;Sb}g . x/]s kl/of]hgfn] cfˆg} ljlzi6 p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsfn] g} logLx? Ps csf{;Fu km/s x'G5g\ . s'g} klg kl/of]hgf p2]Zo xfl;n geP;Dd cl:tTjdf /xG5 . p2]Zo k"j{lgwf{l/t / df}lns cyf{t\ csf]{ kl/of]hgf;Fu gldNg] x'G5g\ . kl/of]hgfdf cfˆg} If]q, ljz]iftf, p2]Zo / ck]lIft nfe lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . To;}n] x/]s kl/of]hgfsf] km/s km/s cl:tTj /x]sf] x'G5 .

• hLjgrqm (Life Cycle)

s'g} klg kl/of]hgfx? cGToxLg x'Fb}gg\ . Pp6f lglZrt sfnv08 k'/f u/]kl5 logLx? ;dfKt x'G5g\ . k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft / cGTo x'G5 . kl/of]hgf eg]sf] "One-time only set objective" ePsf]n]

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x/]s lqmofsnfkx? >[Înfa4 9+uaf6 k"/f ul/G5g\ . s'g} Pp6f r/0f kf/ ul/;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ r/0f ;'? x'G5 . o;n] Pp6f rqm kf/ u5{ . h:t} kl/of]hgfsf] 5gf]6 (Selection of project), of]hgf sfof{Gjog (Implementation) / d"NofÍg (Evaluation) cflb .

• ;Lldttf (Constraints)

kl/of]hgf Pp6f lglZrt bfo/fleq 5gf]6 / nfu' ul/G5 . Pp6f lglZrt ;Ldfleq cg'alGwt ePsf] x'G5 . vf;u/L kl/of]hgfx? ;do, d"No / p2]Zosf] ;Ldf leq /xG5 . of];Fu ;a} lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu ;dotflnsf (Time Schedule) x'G5 . d"No lgoGq0f ug{ cfˆg} lgwf{l/t ah]6 x'G5 . of] :ki6?kdf k|ltkmn -3f]lift_ k|fKt ug{ pGd'v x'G5 .

• ljlzi6tf (Uniquences)

x/]s of]hgfx? Ps csf{;Fu km/s x'G5g\ . s'g}klg kl/of]hgfx? csf]{ kl/of]hgf;Fu b'?:t} ldNb}gg\ . ;do, ah]6 / p2]Zo nufot cGo b[li6sf]0faf6 logLx? Ps csf{;Fu km/s cyf{t\ ljlzi6 x'G5g\ .

• ;fd"lxs sfo{ (Team Work)

kl/of]hgf "Team work" xf] . o;nfO{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu s'g} Ps kIf jf JolQmsf] eGbf klg ;fd"lxs k|oTgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;d"xdf ljljw ljifodf bIftf, cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf ;b:ox? ;xefuL x'G5g\ . x/]s ;b:ox?sf] cg'ej / bIftfnfO{ Pp6} v]nsf nflu ;dfof]hg, ;dGjo (Cordination) ug]{ lhDd]jf/L "Team leader" cyf{t\ kl/of]hgf Joj:yfks (Project Manager) sf] x'G5 . h;/L v]n lhTgsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ v]nf8Lx?sf] ;fd"lxs k|oTg h?/L x'G5 . l7s To;} ul/sg kl/of]hgf ;DkGg ug{ klg ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/L, pQ/bfloTj / k|oTg cfjZos kb{5 . kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo ljz]iftfsf ?kdf ;fd"lxs sfo{nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . kl/of]hgfdf s'g} Pp6f ljifo . If]qsf dflg; ;+nUg geP/ y'k|} ljifo / If]qsf dflg; ;+nUg x'G5g\ / pgLx?sf] ;fd"lxs tyf ;ª\ul7t k|of;af6 g} cfof]hgfsf] ;kmntf lge{/ ub{5 . h:t} s'g} klg kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu lgb]{zs tyf ;fdfGo sd{rf/L ;a}n] cfk;df ldnL ;d"xut sfo{ ub{5g\ .

• nlrnf]kgf (Flexibility)

kl/of]hgfx? s7f]/ (Rigid) geP/ nlrnf] (Felexible) x'g'k5{ . Pp6f ultzLn (Dynamic) / kl/jt{gzLn (Changeable) jftfj/0fdf ;dfof]hg x'gsf nlfu kl/of]hgf nlrnf] / kl/jt{gzLn x'g' h?/L 5 . hl6ntf / s7f]/tfn] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df ;d:of pTkGg u5{ . sfof{Gjogsf ljleGg r/0fdf cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLnfO{ lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ nrstf dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . kl/of]hgf kl/l:ylt hGo nlrnf] ;+u7g xf] . kl/jlt{t ;do;Fu} cfof]hgfnfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] cfof]hgfsf sfo{qmdx?df kof{Kt nrstf /xG5 . To;}n] of] oflGqs ;+u7g xf]Og . ;du|df eGbf b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo tyf /fhg}lts jftfj/0fdf cfpg] jf cfpg ;Sg] kl/jt{g;Fu} kl/of]hgfnfO{ klg ;dfof]hg ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 .

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• ;do ;Ldf (Time Limit) : kl/of]hgfsf] ;'? / cGTo k"j{lgwf{l/t x'G5 . kl/of]hgfsf] lglZrt hLjg cjlw x'G5 . ;fdfGotof kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zodf g} cfof]hgfsf] ;dofjlw :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . cyf{t k"j{lgwf{l/t p2]Zo lglZrt ;dofjlwleq k|fKt ul/;Sg'kb{5 .

• Psn cl:tTj (Single Entity) : kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L s'g} Ps JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf qmddf y'k|} ;xof]uLx? ;+nUg ePklg PsfO{ut lx;fan] kl/of]hgfsf] lhDd]jf/L Pssf] dfq x'G5 .

• c:yfoL k|s[lt (Temporary Nature) : kl/of]hgfsf] cfwf/e"t k|s[lt g} c:yfoLkg xf] . lsgsL kl/of]hgf lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf] x'G5 . p2]Zo xfl;n ePkl5 kl/of]hgfsf] ;+u7g :jtM ;dfKt x'G5 . o;sf] :yfloTj of]hgfsf] ljifoj:t' / o;n] lng] ;dofjlwdf lge{/ ub{5 .

• ljlzi6 k|s[lt (Unique Nature) : k|To]s kl/of]hgfx? tLgsf p2]Zo cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g] ub{5g\ . To;}n] kl/of]hgfdf cfˆg} If]q, ljz]iftf, p2]Zo / ck]lIft nfe lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . Pp6f cfof]hgfsf] dfkb08 csf]{ cfof]hgfsf] nflu ljns'n cg'kof]uL x'g ;Sb5 .

• hl6ntf (Complexity) : cfof]hgfdf hl6n k|s[ltsf s'/fx? Ps cfk;df h]lnP/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . k|fljlws ;j]{If0f / pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6 d]l;g tyf pks/0fsf] Joj:yf, pko'Qm hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf, sfo{;~rfngsf] tflnsf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog, p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;a}sf] tfnd]n ug]{ h:tf hl6n sfo{x? o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .

• u|fxs pGd'v (Costomer Oriented) : s'g} klg kl/of]hgf u|fxssf] dfu tyf rfxgfdf ;~rflnt x'g] x'Fbf of] u|fxs pGd'v /xg] ub{5 . kl/of]hgf klxrfg, n]vfhf]vf, sfof{Gjog tyf kl/of]hgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jf ;a} u|fxss} ;]/f]km]/f]df x'G5g\ . ;du|df eGbf pkef]Qmfs} rfxgf cg'?k j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug]{ To;sf] ljt/0f ug]{ h:tf p2]Zox? cfof]hgfsf] /x]sf] x'G5 .

cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g

;fdfGo cy{df sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf sfo{ tyf lqmofsnfkx?sf] jt{dfg k|ult l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g} cg'udg elgG5 . of] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] Ps cleGg c+u xf] . j[xt cy{df sfof{Gjogdf uPsf gLlt, of]hgf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0fåf/f pQm gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ glthfd"ns tj/n] cuf8L a9fpg] sfo{ cg'udg xf] . jf:tjdf cg'udg Joj:yf s'g} klg gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cleGg cjoj g} xf] eGg ;lsG5 . o;df lg/Gt/ ?kdf jf cfjlws ?kdf sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lgu/fgL, b[li6 jf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ul/G5 . k"j{ lgwf{l/t of]hgf, lgb]{zg, k|lqmof, dfkb08÷dfgb08, sfo{tflnsf Pj+ cGo kIfx? ;f] cg'?k eP gePsf] lglZrt u/L sfof{Gjog sfo{k|lt lglZrt x'g tyf sfof{Gjogdf ultzLntf k|bfg ug{ cg'udg ug'{ ckl/xfo{ g} x'G5 . s'g} lglb{i6 sfo{ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ nufgL sfo{tflnsf / kl/nlIft k|ltkmn tyf pknAwLnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ;f] cg'?k sfo{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug{s} nflu cg'udg ul/G5 . o;n] sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg, sfof{Gjogsf] k|f/De e};s]sf t/ aLr}df ca?4 ePsf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf

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cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg / sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\b5 . o;/L 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg] s'g} klg gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ ltgLx?sf] u'0ffTdstf clea[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf cg'udg s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 .

d"NofÍg eGgfn] cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zosf cfwf/df o;sf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;fGble{stf, bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / k|efjsf] ;'Jojl:yt / p2]Zo k"0f{ tl/sfn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ Ps k|lqmof xf] . of] rfn' sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ / eflj of]hgf jf sfo{qmd / lg0f{o k|ljlwdf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pp6f ;+u7gfTds k4lt xf] . g]kfndf d"NofÍgsf] Joj:yf k|f/lDes ?kd} ePklg @)!# ;fndf klxnf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog nuQ} g} ePsf] kfOG5 . d"NofÍgnfO{ vf; u/L @)@( ;fnsf] of]hgf ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf kZrft\ tLg lsl;dn] Jojxf/df NofPsf] kfOG5 . cfof]hgfsf] rfn' cjlwdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/g] d"NofÍg ;fljsdf #÷# dlxgfdf / xfnsf jif{x?df $÷$ dlxgfdf dGqfno :t/df ;DalGwt dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf klxnf] d"NofÍg Joj:yf xf] / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg eGg ;lsG5 . of] d"NofÍgdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf k|ltlglw klg ;lDdlnt x'G5g\ . To;}u/L cfof]hgfsf] k|ult ;ldIff k|To]s ^÷^ dlxgf / jflif{s ?kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ul/G5 . vf;u/L of] ;ldIffdf cfof]hgfsf] pknAwLsf] ;ldIff ul/G5 . o;nfO{ klg lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg eGg ;lsG5 .

cg'udg

Monitoring is the continuous or periodic superveillance (oversight, revew) over the implementation of an activity (and its various components) to ensure that input devices, work schedules, target output and other required actions are proceeding according to plan. -cg'udg eg]sf] s'g} sfo{ / o;sf ljleGg kIfx?sf] cfut tTjx?, sfo{ tflnsf, nlIft pknAwL tyf cGo cfjZos sfo{x? of]hgf cg';f/ g} cuf8L al9/x]sf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;'lglZrt x'g ul/g] lgoldt jf cfjlws b[li6uf]r/ ug]{ sfo{ xf] ._ (IFAD Guidline)

s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf Joj:yfkgåf/f kl/nlIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{sf] nflu lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ sfd ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf x/]s txdf ul/g] lg/Gt/ / cfjlws k'gM lg/LIf0f, hfFra'em / b[li6uf]r/sf] sfdnfO{ g} cg'udg elgG5 . cg'udgstf{n] lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx? ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f u/L cWoog u/]/ ;DalGwt kIf -Joj:yfkg_ nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ cg'udg dfkm{t\ s'g} klg sfo{qmd, kl/of]hgf jf lqmofsnfk lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 jf 5}g, xfn;Ddsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgaf6 cfzftLt pknAwL tyf glthf k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 jf 5}g, To;af6 nlIft ju{df cfzftLt k|efj k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgfdf s]xL ;'wf/ jf ;+zf]wg ug'{ cfjZos 5 jf 5}g, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' h?/L 5 jf 5}g, / gofF sfo{of]hgf agfpg' cfjZos 5 jf 5}g eGg] k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]lhG5 .

123

cg'udgsf] p2]Zo

cg'udgn] Joj:yfksnfO{ s'g} cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ljBdfg ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/]/ ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? klxNofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . kl/jt{gsf] lbzf / :j?knfO{ kQf nufpg klg cg'udg ;xfosl;4 x'G5 . cg'udgn] cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;do tflnsf leq} /fVg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] sfo{qmdsf] ck]lIft k|ltkmntkm{ ePsf] k|ultnfO{ dfkg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx? pknAw u/fpF5 . cg'udgn] cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf ;~rfnsx?nfO{ dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ / cgfjZos vr{ s6f}lt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . log} s'/fx?sf] ;Gbe{df cfwfl/t eP/ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf p2]Zox?nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–

!= ;d:ofx?sf] ;dod} klxrfg u/L lg/fs/0f ug'{@= tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sfo{x? ug'{#= ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L w]/} pknAwL xfl;n ug'{$= of]hgf cjlwdf b]vfkg]{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo tyf sfg"gL Pj+ gLltut kIfx?sf]

kl/jt{gaf6 kg{ ;Sg] c;/nfO{ Go"g u/L lglb{i6 nIo xfl;n ug]{ lbzfdf lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xg'%= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] kl/0ffd / u'0f:t/df b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?sf] ;dod} lgoGq0f u/L ltgLx?nfO{

eljiodf k'gM bf]xf]l/g glbg',

cg'udgsf p2]Zox?nfO{ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx?af6 ;d]t a'em\g ;lsG5 .

• s'g} gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df cfOk/]sf ;d:of tyf cj/f]wx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] lg/fs/0fsf] lglDt pko'Qm pkfo cjnDag ug]{ .

• lglb{i6 ;doleq} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .• ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u u/L ck]lIft pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .• sfof{Gjogsf qmddf Ps k6s klxrfg ePsf uNtL, sdL, sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ k'gM bf]xf]l/g glbg]

Joj:yf ldnfpg] . • lglb{i6 sfo{x? lg/Gt/, lgoldt Pj+ :jrflnt 9+un] ;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . • sfo{ ;~rfng ;DaGwdf Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f tyf cu|kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg] . • sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg] . • ;f+u7lgs lg/Gt/tf Pj+ j}wtf :yflkt ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ . • clGtd d"NofÍgsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ .

-s_ :j–cg'udgM s'g} klg gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo, OsfO{ jf JolQm cfkm}+n] cfˆgf] lqmofsnfkx? k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo, of]hgf tyf k|lqmof adf]lhd eP gePsf] x]g]{, hfFra'em ug]{ tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ k4ltnfO{ g} :j–cg'udg elgG5 . :j–cg'udg :j–Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff tyf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . of] cg'udgsf] k|fylds tx klg xf] .

124

-v_ cfGtl/s cg'udg M s'g} klg ;+u7g jf ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] cg'udg ug{sf nflu cfGtl/s ?kdf Joj:yfkg leq} Jojl:yt ul/Psf] OsfO{, lgsfo tyf k4ltåf/f ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ cfGtl/s cg'udg elgG5 . o;nfO{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Joj:yf klg eGg] ul/G5 .

-u_ afx\o cg'udg M s'g} klg ;+u7gsf ;+:yfsf] lqmofsnfkx?af6 k|efljt ePsf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?åf/f ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ afx\o cg'udg elgG5 . o;df ;DalGwt ;+:yf;Fu ;/f]sf/ gx'g] ;+:yf tyf kbflwsf/L eg] cg'udg sfo{df ;+nUg x'Fb}gg\ . cg'udg ul/g] ljifoj:t' tyf If]qsf] cfwf/df cg'udgnfO{ k|lqmof cg'udg / glthf cg'udg u/L @ k|sf/df ljefhg ug]{ ul/G5 . ltgLx?sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro tn lbOPsf] 5 .

-c_ k|lqmof cg'udg (Process Monitoring): s'g} sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ lglb{i6 sfo{ k|lqmof tyf sfo{ljlw cg'z/0f u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ k|lqmof cg'udg elgG5 . o;nfO{ lgoldttfsf] cg'udg klg eGg] ul/G5 . o; cGtu{t s'g} sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu lglb{i6 P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, kmf/fd tyf sfo{ljlwsf] cg'z/0f eP gePsf], tf]lsPsf] k|lqmofsf] qmdfg';f/ eP gePsf] cflb h:tf s'/fx? x]g]{ ul/G5 .

-cf_ glthf cg'udg (Result Monitoring) : s'g} sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ lglb{i6 nIo, p2]Zo tyf pknAwL xfl;n eP gePsf] cyf{t\ x'g] jf gx'g] ;DaGwdf ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ glthf cg'udg elgG5 . csf]{ cy{df s'g} sfo{af6 k|fKt glthf / To;sf] nIo tyf of]hgfaLr t'ngf u/L olb s'g} aLrng cyf{t\ sdhf]/L e]l6Pdf To;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ lx;fan] g} glthf cg'udg ul/G5 . glthf cg'udg lgoldt ?kdf jf cfjlws ?kdf ug]{ ul/G5 . lglb{i6 ;dodf ePsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg cj:yf cyf{t\ sfo{ ;DkGg k|ltj]bg cWoog, cjnf]sg cflbsf] dfWodaf6 glthf cg'udg ug{ ;lsG5 . glthf tyf pknAwL cg'udgdf kl/df0f (Quantity), u'0f:t/ (Quality), k|lt OsfO{ vr{ (Cost Per Unit), pknAwL k|fKt ug{ nfu]sf] ;do (Time Period) sf] cg'udg ul/G5 . To:t} glthfsf] cg'udg ug]{ qmddf cNksfnLg p2]Zo -!–@ jif{_ sf] k|ltkmn (Output), dWosfnLg p2]Zo -#–% jif{_ sf] c;/ (Effect) / bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo -% jif{ eGbf a9L_ sf] k|efj (Impact) cg'udg ug]{ ul/G5 .

cfof]hgfsf ljleGg kIf jf r/0fdWo] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg klg Ps xf] . cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg s'g txdf x'G5 egL To;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf lglDt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] :ki6 Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . cfof]hgf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgn] cfof]hgfsf uNtL ;Rrfpg pNn]vgLo e"ldsf v]Nb5 . of] cfof]hgf ;'wf/sf] e/kbf]{ ;fwg xf] . To;}n] cfof]hgfdf o;sf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

ljleGg kIf, If]q jf ;"rsx¿n] cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgfTds agf}6, k|efjsf/Ltf, sfof{Gjog Ifdtf, tTk/tf cflb s'/fx¿ k|:6\ofpF5g\ . oL kIfx¿ jf If]qx¿sf cltl/Qm cfof]hgf Joj:yfkssf] Ifdtf, sfo{sf/L lg0f{o ;dfhzf:qL, cy{zf:qL, gLlt–lgdf{tf cflbsf] lg0f{o, k|ltkmnsf] ljt/0f, låtLo kmfObfx¿ gb]lvg] kmfObfx¿ cflbnfO{ klg cfof]hgf :qmLlgËsf] cfwf/ jf If]qsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . o;k|sf/ tTsfnLg :yfgLo ;d:of;Fu s]lGb|t, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0f ;'xfpFbf], k|zf;lgs

125

sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf emlNsg] cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjdf jf tof/L tyf ljZn]if0f ;DalGwt af]8{ jf ;+3 ;+:yf, OsfO, lgSof}{nsf] uxg cWoog u/L n]vfhf]vf ub{5g\ / 5gf}6 ub{5g\ . o;k|sf/ cfof]hgfsf ljleGg ;"rs (indicators) x¿nfO{ d"NofÍg / b[li6ut u/L ljleGg cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;"rLaf6 ;a}eGbf ;DefJo jf /fd|f] cfof]hgf 5fGg] k|lqmof (Project selection process) g} cfof]hgf :qmLlgË (project screening) xf] .

d"Nof°gsf] cy{

sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu lzIff lng] p2]Zon] oL kIfdf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|lqmof d"NofÍg xf] . o;df lgDg kIfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .

• ;fGble{stf (Relevance) • k|efjsfl/tf (Effectiveness)• sfo{s'zntf (Efficency) • k|efj (Impact) • lbuf]kgf (Sustainability)

d"NofÍg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . ljz]iftM cfof]hgfsf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ r/0fx?df sfof{Gjog k"j{sf] r/0f / sfof{Gjog ;dflKtsf] r/0f . o;dWo] sfof{Gjog k"j{sf] r/0fsf] d"NofÍgnfO{ k|f]h]S6 Pk|}hn (Project Appraisal) elgG5 / sfof{Gjog ;dflKtsf] r/0fsf] d"NofÍgnfO{ (Project Evaluation) elgG5 . oL b'j} lsl;dsf d"NofÍg ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . vf;u/L Project Appraisal cfof]hgfsf] ;j{kIfLo pko'Qmtf ;DaGwdf cfZj:t x'g / sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ul/G5 . of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/ xf] / o;}sf] dfWodaf6 Joj:yfkgn] cfof]hgfsf] ljz]if kIf Pj+ dxTjk"0f{ If]qx?df dWo gh/ /fVg] / cfof]hgfsf] ;Dkfbg lgwf{l/t nIo cg';f/ eP gePsf] af/]df cfZj:t x'g ;S5 .

csf]{ Project Appraisal g} Project evaluation sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . o;} b:tfj]h (Document) df ck]Iff ul/Pcg';f/ nIo jf p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ u/L cfof]hgfn] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 5}g eGg] ;dflKt r/0fsf] d"NofÍg Evaluation af6 x'G5 . To;}u/L Project Appraisal cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog k"j{ / cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog r/0fdf klg k|To]s ;'k/Lj]If0f :t/df x'G5 . t/ Evaluation rfFlx cfof]hgf ;dflKtsf] r/0fdf dfq x'G5 .

d"Nof°gsf] p2]Zo (Objectives of Evaluation)

cfof]hgf d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zo vf; u/L cfof]hgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' xf] . sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf s'g} leGgtf b]lvPdf To;nfO{ hfgsf/Ldf Nofpg', ljZn]if0f ug'{ / pRr Joj:yfkg jf sfo{sf/L Joj:yfksnfO{ cfof]hgf ;DaGwdf af]w u/fpg' xf] . t/ klg :ki6 ?kdf cfof]hgfsf] d"NofÍg (Evaluation) sf] p2]ZonfO{ xfdL lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;S5f}+ .

126

!= ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgfsf] nfut, tflnsf / sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd kf/bzL{ u/fpg',

@= s'g} ;d:of cfOkg'{ cufj} To;sf] klxrfg u/L ljkl/t k|efjnfO{ sd ug'{,

#= dxQd cj;/x? klxrfg u/L tflnsf aflx/ hfg glbg', nfut sd ug'{ / k|fljlws sfo{nfO{ ultzLntf k|bfg ug'{ .

cfof]hgf d"NofÍg (Evaluation) sf] dfly pNn]lvt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu s]xL k"j{ zt{x? k"/f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= cfof]hgfsf] ;fdfGo / ljz]if p2]Zo ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tof/ ug'{@= cfof]hgfsf] d"NofÍgsf] p2]ZonfO{ kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds ?kdf k|s6 ug'{#= :t/ sfod ug'{$= j}1flgs lsl;dsf] d"NofÍg cfwf/ 5gf}6 ug'{%= cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf k|f/lDes / ;xfos ;|f]taf6 ;+sng ug'{ .

d"Nof°g ug]{ ljlwx?

• pknAwL d"Nof°g M k|To]s cfly{s jif{ Joltt ePkl5 ;DalGwt dGqfnon] / ;du|df cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] jflif{s d"NofÍg ub{5 .

• k|ltkmn d"Nof°g M k|To]s cfly{s jif{ Joltt ePkl5 If]qut dGqfnon] cfˆgf gLlt÷sfo{qmdn] ck]Iff u/]sf] Outcome k|fKt eof] ls ePg egL ;dLIff ub{5g\ . o:tf] k|ult d"NofÍgsf] ;du| k|ltj]bg eg] k|sfzg ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

• k|efj d"Nof°g M o; k|sf/sf] d"NofÍg ;fdfGotofM /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 x'g] ub{5 . ;/sf/sf ;a} cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] k|efj d"NofÍg ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

cg'udg / d"Nof°g k|lqmof

"M & E is defined as a tools & process to input what works, what does not and the reason why"

• M & E sf] ;femf p2]Zo• lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf k|efjsfl/tf• hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g• ;xhLs/0f / lzIff• Ifdtf ljsf;

cg'udg / d"Nof°gsf ;d:of• cg'udg e|d0fdf l;ldt÷clen]va4 gx'g] / q'6L g;lRrg] • Routine Work sf] ?kdf l;ldt• cg'udg / d"NofÍg kl/;'rsx?sf] ckof{Kttf

127

;dfwfgsf pkfox?

• cg'udg k|ltj]bgsf] clgjfo{tf • cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg • cg'udg / d"NofÍg kl/;"rsx?sf] tof/L

g]kfndf of]hgf cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gdf x]l/g] ljifo

• cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmdaLrsf] cfj4tf (Linkage between periodic plan and annual plan)

• lqmofsnfk / nfutaLrsf] cfj4tf (Linkage between activities and cost)• lqmofsnfk / pknAwL aLrsf] cfj4tf (Activities delivered & expected

result/performance)• lqmofsnfk / ;doaLrsf] cfj4tf (Activities delivered and time)• k|fKt pknAwLsf] u'0f:t/ (Quality of the performance)

g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf ;+:yfut Joj:yfx?

• /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt -dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt_• cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf -If]qut dxfzfvf / zfvfx?_• dGqfnox?sf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf÷zfvf -cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;'k/Lj]If0f ;ldlt_• k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no / dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno -t];|f] kIf cg'udg ;+oGq_• /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| (Joint Missions -Policy Advisory and Co-ordination Committee)

cfof]hgf n]vfhf]vf tyf d"NofÍg Pp6f ;"Id of]hgf ljlw xf] . of] ljlw cfof]hgfsf] nfe tyf nfutsf] d"NofÍg ug{ k|of]u x'G5 s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ul/g] k|:tfljt nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfe tyf nfut b/ s'g txdf k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljifo;Fu cfof]hgf n]vfhf]vf tyf lg0f{o s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ pQm of]hgf k|fljlws, cfly{s, ljQLo, Joj:yfksLo, jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;Ifd Pj+ ;Dej / pko'Qm 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 . pQm of]hgfn] :yfgLo ;fdflhs tyf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] ;Gbe{df g} cfof]hgfsf] n]vfhf]vf / To;sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos lg0f{o ul/G5 .

u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu cg'udg / d"Nof°gsf] k|efjsf/Ltf

cfof]hgf n]vfhf]vf tyf lg0f{o cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ k|efj / To;sf] k|ltkmn;Fu s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg k|:tfljt cfof]hgf jf ;~rflnt cfof]hgfn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] Jojl:yt, j:t'ut / a[xt n]vfhf]vf ug]{ Wo]o;Fu cfof]hgf n]vfhf]vf tyf lg0f{o s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 . cfof]hgf ;fdflhs ¿kdf nfebfos 5 jf 5}g < ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df s]lGb|t 5 jf 5}g < cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5 jf ;Sb}g < ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf d"No dfGotf, cfbz{

128

cflb;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 jf 5}g < ;fdflhs r]tgf / ljsf;sf sfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 jf lbb}g < vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo lzIff cflb kIfdf cfof]hgfn] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 jf ;Sb}g < /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 jf ;Sb}g < nufgL eGbf k|ltkmn a9L x'G5 jf x'Fb}g cyf{t\ 5 jf 5}g < cflb ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] d"NofÍg tyf lg0f{o ul/G5 . cfof]hgf d"NofÍg tyf lg0f{o ljlw ljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} d"nsdf k|of]u eP kl5 ljsf;f]Gd'v d"n'sx¿df o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf / pkof]lutf c? a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . :yfgLo If]qdf /x]sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ kmfObf tyf ;sf/fTds pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfof]hgf n]vfhf]vfn] hf]8 lbG5 . cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug'{cl3 ;|f]t, ;fwg, k|ljlw, ef}uf]lns If]q, ljQ, ahf/, cfof]hgfsf] ;sf/fTds k|efj cflbsf] ;Defjgfsf] ;DaGwdf g} cfof]hgfsf] n]vfhf]vf tyf d"NofÍg ul/G5 . olb cfof]hgfaf6 ;sf/fTds k|ltkmn xfl;n x'g] ;Defjgf cyf{t\ ;fdflhs nfe k|fKt x'g] lglZrt ePdf cfof]hgf :jLsf/ ul/G5 . To;}u/L k|:tfljt cfof]hgf nufgLsf] k|ltkmn nfut tyf nufgLsf] t'ngfdf sd k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf /x]df cfof]hgf c:jLsf/ ul/G5 / sfof{Gjog ul/Fb}g .

lgisif{

g]kfndf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ k4lt / cEof; ;'? ePsf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . lj=;+= @)$& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kl5 dfq} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)$& ;fnkl5 ag]sf] klxnf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] kxndf /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf vf]lnPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf;nfO{ lgofNg] xf] eg] cf7f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv ljsf; of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfnfO{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 . xfdL xfd|f hLjgdf klg hfg]/ jf ghfg]/, cg'udg eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . cg'udg zAbn] s'g}klg of]hgf / kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd, ultljlw, lqmofsnfk, sfo{;~rf/ ;Gb]z k|jfx / ;Dk|]if0f k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/ lgofNg', lgl/If0f ug'{ lgu/fgLdf /fVg' / b]lvPsf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f / ;Nnfx ;'emfj k|bfg u/L of]hgf kl/of]hgfnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L Pjd\ glthfd'vL 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ ;3fpg] lqmofsnfk g} cg'udg xf] . cg'udg eGgfn] s'g}klg of]hgf, sfo{qmd,kl/of]hgf / lqmofsfnfkx? sfo{Gjog ug]{ qmddf lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ultljlw ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ egL lgoldt ;"rgfx? ;+sngu/L ;Da4 lgsfodf k]z ug]{ ;du| k|lqmofnfO{ cg'udg elgG5 .

ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|oTg x'Fb} cfPsf] eP klg df}h'bf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yf ck]lIft ?kdf glthfd'ns tyf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d]t jfl~5t ?kdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lqmof ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ glthfd'ns, lgoldt, e/kbf]{ / ;+:yfut agfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg' k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{

129

glthfd'ns, lgoldt / e/kbf]{ agfpgsf] nflu o; ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf th'{df u/L nfu' ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg] s'/fdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;d]t rf;f] /x]sf] s'/f pNn]vgLo 5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{ k|efjsf/L ePdf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ul/Psf] nufgLk|lt ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtf a9\g hfg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ljsf; sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf lglDt cj;/sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 k|efjsf/L / e/kbf]{ Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fO{ ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx? lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut, kl/df0f / u'0f:t/df sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L of]hgfsf] nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

• uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|lqmofsf] dxTj Ps rrf{, sfdfb, ljrf/ k|wfg -dfl;s_, jif{ @, c+s *, @)%(, >fj0f, sf7df8f}+ .

• uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, kl/of]hgfsf] kl/ro / d"NofÍg k|lqmof Ps rrf{ Sourvenir to Commemorate 4th National Convention and 6th General Assembly of CAN Nepalese Construction g]kfnL lgdf{0f A Journal of Federation of contractors Association of Nepal, Vol-9, No. 12, Feb, 2000, g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;+3sf] hg{n, jif{ (, c+s !@, kmfNu'0f @)%^ .

• uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog d"NofÍg k|lqmofsf] cfjZostf / dxTj, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o d~r (National and International Forum), Monthly, jif{ %, c+s !, k"0ff{Í–@*, @)%( df3, (Year-5, Issue-28, January 2003).

• uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfndf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg k|zf;g (Prashasan), -;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf_, (The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration), jif{ #&, c+s !, @)^@ sflt{s, Nov 2005, k"0ff{Í !)!, 101th Issue, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .

• 9'Ëfgf, 6]sk|;fb, bfxfn, gj/fh, cfrfo{, 6Lsf/fd, sf]O/fnf, pd]z, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / Jojxf/ (Consumer Protection : Concept, Law and Pratice), klxnf] ;+:s/0f @)^@ .

• 8f=;'j]bL, k'?iff]Qd, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgM lgb]{zs l;4fGtx?, a'4 Ps]8]lds OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln=, bf];|f]k6s M @)%& cfiff9 .

• sfsL{, /fh]Gb|, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg (Project Management), First Edition, 2000.

• zdf{, r'8fdl0f, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne"t kIfx? (Fundamental Aspects of Public Administration), @)^# sflt{s .

• ;'j]bL, zfGt/fh, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u, g]kfn (Nepal), k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg ljz]iffÍ, jif{ #%, cÍ #, k"0ff{Í !%@, @)^! d+l;/–kf}if .

• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷@)&$—@)&%÷@)&^_, g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+

130

jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] b'ikl/0ffd Mhnjfo' kl/jt{g / /f]syfddf ljZj ;d'bfo

— k|]daxfb'/ yfkf*

;f/f+zjfo'd08ndf k[YjLnfO{ tftf] agfpg cfjZostfeGbf a9L sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof; pTkGg ePdf k[YjL tfltFb} hfG5, o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkåf/f ;[lht xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/s tTj xl/tu[x Uof; xf] . ;g\ @))& sf] cfO=kL=;L=;L= k|ltj]bg cg';f/ jfo'd08ndf pT;h{g ug{] xl/tu[x Uof;df OGwgsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @%=( k|ltzt, snsf/vfgf !(=$ k|ltzt, jg If]qaf6 !&=@) k|ltzt, s[lif If]qaf6 !#=% k|ltzt, oftfoftaf6 !#=! k|ltzt, ejgaf6 &=( k|ltzt / kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf kmf]xf]/ kfgLaf6 @=( k|ltzt xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g x'G5 . o:tf lsl;dsf Uof;x¿ jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f u/fpgdf d'Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . jftfj/0f k|b'if0faf6 pTkGg x'g hfg] b'ikl/0ffd hnjfo' kl/jt{g xf] .

bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf x'g] tfkqmd j[l4, jiff{, jfo', cfb|{tf / jfo'd08nLo rfkdf x'g] k|lts"ntf cyf{t\ cgk]lIft kl/jt{g g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g xf] . ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:of emg k]lrnf] aGb} uPsf] 5 . ljZjsf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿n] xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] &) k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\, h;df rLgn] dfq s'n xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] @%=@^ k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\5 . cd]l/sfn] To;sf] cfwf !$=$ k|ltzt, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog ;Da4 b]zx¿n] !)=!^ k|ltzt cf]u6\5g\ . g]kfnn] ljZjsf] s'n xl/tu[x Uof;sf] )=)@& k|ltzt pT;{hg u/]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b'ikl/0ffd kof{j/0fdf c;Gt'ng x'g uO{ dfgjLo nufot ;Dk"0f{ hLjfTdfsf] :jf:Yodf k|ToIf tyf k/f]If 9+un] gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ e"–Ifo x'g], lxpF tyf lxdgbL kUng] qmddf j[l4, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljgfz, afnLrqmdf kl/jt{g, ;d'Gb|sf] kfgLsf] ;txdf j[l4, kfgLsf] ;tx a9\b} hfFbf cfFwL / rqmkftdf j[l4, v8]/Lsf] cjlw nlDag] / jiff{t\sf] cjlw 5f]l§g], lr;f] xfjfaf6 zLtnx/ / tftf] xfjfaf6 …n'Ú sf] c;/n] d[To' x'g] dflg;sf] ;+Vof a9L x'g], ljljw /f]ux¿sf] j[l4 / 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ub{5 . a9\bf] cf}wf]lus/0f / cJojl:yt dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:ofn] eofjx ¿k ln+b} hfg] b]lvG5 . o;y{, jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] b'ikl/0ffd, hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ arfpg ljsl;t tyf cf}wf]lus d'n'sx¿n] cfˆgf] :jfy{?kL w/ftneGbf dfly p7]/ /f]syfdsf nflu 7f]; kxnsbdL lng'kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

*sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs, ;j}sf nflu :jf:Yo cleofg dfl;s .

131

ljifo k|j]z

hnjfo' d'VotM df};dL cj:yf xf] . o; cGtu{t tfkqmd, ;fk]lIft cfb|tf, jfo' -xfjf, x'/L, cfFwL, t'kmfg_, jfo'd08nLo rfk, jiff{ ;'gfdL, af9L, klx/f] cflb df};dL k|sf]k kb{5g\ . k[YjL tfTg] qmdn] jfo'd08ndf tfkqmd j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5, o;n] ubf{ df};dL cj:yfdf klg kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L df};dL cj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ g} ;/n cy{df hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . of] k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts k|lqmofleq kg{] ultljlw xf] . h'g nfdf] ;dosf] hnjfo';DaGwL tYofª\ssf] lgodldttfdf b]lvg] :yfoL k|s[ltsf] kl/jt{g xf] . t/ a]nfa]nfdf df};ddf cfpg] ptf/r9fjnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g dflgFb}g . vf;u/L #) jif{sf] cf}ift df};dL k|lqmofnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 . jfo'd08ndf k[YjLnfO{ tftf] agfpg cfjZostfeGbf a9L sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof; pTkGg x'Fbf k[YjL tflt+b} hfG5, o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkåf/f ;[lht xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/s tTj xl/tu[x Uof; xf] .

k[YjLdf ;f}o{ ljls/0fdfkm{t\ tfkzlSt k|fKt x'G5 / oxL ;f}o{ ljls/0fsf] sf/0f k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nLo txsf] tfkqmd ;Gt'ng /xg] ub{5 . k[YjLn] ;"o{af6 hlt ;f}o{ ljls/0f k|fKt ub{5 Tolt g} k'gM cGtl/Ifdf lkmtf{ k7fpF5, h;n] ubf{ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd l:y/ /fVgdf d2t ldNb5 . t/ sf/0fjz ljls/0fsf] n]gb]gdf 36a9 x'g uO{ c;Gt'ng x'g uPdf k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd 36a9 x'g hfG5 / hnjfo'df kl/jt{g b]vfkb{5 . t;y{, bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf x'g] tfkqmd j[l4, jiff{, jfo', cf›tf / jfo'd08nLo rfkdf x'g] k|lts"n cyf{t\ cgk]lIft kl/jt{g g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g xf] .

ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:of emg k]lrnf] aGb} uPsf] 5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf tfkqmddf j[l4 cyf{t\ pi0fLs/0f (Global Warming) n] hnjfo'sf] ljBdfg 9fFrfdf c:jfefljs kl/jt{g NofOlbPsf] 5 . xl/tu[x Uof; jfo'd08nsf] tNnf] txdf y'lk|Fb} uPkl5 ;f}o{ ljls/0f hldgaf6 k/fjt{g eP/ jfo'd08n;Dd k'Ug gkfpg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g'n] k[YjL / o;sf] tNnf] txsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd a9\g uO{ xl/tu[x k|efj b]lvg] ub{5 . o;df s]xL ljiffSt Uof; lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\, h;nfO{ xl/tu[x Uof; elgG5 . xl/tu[x Uof;sf k|d'v sf/ssf] ¿kdf sf]Onf tyf vlghhGo OGwgsf] cTolws k|of]u, cf}wf]lusLs/0f / jgh+un ljgfz h:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ . cf}Bf]lus tyf ljljw k|of]hgsf nflu bf]xg ul/g] sf]Onf, t]n tyf k|fs[lts Uof;h:tf h}ljs OGwgaf6 7"nf] kl/df0fdf xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g x'g] ub{5 . ;g\ @))& sf] cfO=kL=;L=;L= k|ltj]bg cg';f/ jfo'd08ndf pT;h{g ug{] xl/tu[x Uof;df OGwgsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @%=( k|ltzt, snsf/vfgf !(=$ k|ltzt, jg If]qaf6 !&=@) k|ltzt, s[lif If]qaf6 !#=% k|ltzt, oftfoft !#=! k|ltzt, ejgaf6 &=( k|ltzt / kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf kmf]xf]/ kfgLaf6 @=( k|ltzt xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g x'G5 .

hnjfo' If]qsf j}1flgsx¿ ;d]t xfn eO{/x]sf] ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4df dfgj l;lh{t xl/tu[x Uof;sf] k|efj a9L ePsf] s'/fdf ;xdt 5g\ . pBf]u, snsf/vfgf tyf ;jf/L ;fwg, ljleGg cfw'lgs pks/0f nufotn] pT;h{g ug{] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6«;cS;fO8, xfO8«fˆnf]/f] sfa{g,

132

k/ˆnf]/f]sfa{g, ;Nkm/ x]S;fˆnf]/fO8, / gfO6«f]hg 6«fOˆnf]/fO8 u/L & j6fnfO{ xl/tu[x Uof;sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf Uof;n] k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g eO{ hfg] ljls/0fx¿nfO{ jfo'd08ndf g} /f]sL k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9fpgdf ljz]if e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . Sof]6f] k|f]6f]snn] pNn]v u/]sf pko'{St d'Vo & xl/tu[x Uof;dWo] ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0fdf ;a}eGbf w]/} e"ldsf v]Ng] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 /x]sf] 5 .

c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf ljZjdf ha cf}wf]lus qmflGt ;'? eof], To;kl5 pBf]ux¿n] jfo'd08ndf cToflws dfqfdf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof; pT;h{g ug{ yfn], o;sf sf/0f k[YjL tfTg] qmd klg tLj| aGb} uof] . kl5Nnf] @ ;o jif{sf] cjlwdf ldy]g gfO6«;cS;fO8, sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 h:tf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf a9\b} hfFbf pkof]uL cf]hf]g tx ljgfz ug{] Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f]sfa{g h:tf ljiffSt Uof; lbg k|ltlbg jfo'd08ndf ylkFb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))& sf] cfO{kL;L;Lsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ k[YjLsf] pQ/L / blIf0fL b'j} uf]nf4{df lxpF kUng] / lxdtfn 36\g] qmd lg/Gt/ hf/L 5, o;sf] sf/0f ;d'b|L ;tx klg lbg k|ltlbg a9\g] qmddf ltj|tf cfPsf] 5 . lxdtfn k|To]s jif{ 36\b} uPsf] / ;fgf–;fgf tfn nf]k g} x'g yfn]sf] tYo lxdfnL hnjfo'sf] If]qdf sfd ug{] ;+:yf Ol;df]8n] k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !*%) b]lv ;g\ @))) ;Dd xl/tu[x Uof; a9fpg] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 #^ k|ltzt, ldy]g !& k|ltzt / gfO6«; cS;fO8 !%! k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies sf] cWoog cg';f/ ljZjsf] cf};t tfkqmd ;g\ !**) b]lv )=* l8lu| ;]lN;o;n] a9]sf] tYofÍaf6 klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g tLj| x'Fb} uPsf] k'li6 x'G5 . ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0fsf sf/0f ;g\ !(^! b]lv @))# ;Dd ;d'b|sf] ;tx k|ltjif{ !=* ldlnld6/n] a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . w'j|Lo efu, lxdfndf lxpFsf] 7"nf] dfqf klUnP/ gi6 eO/x]sf] 5 . of] /ˆtf/n] ;d'b|df kfgLsf] ;tx j[l4 x'Fb} hfFbf ;d'b|sf] t6 jl/kl/ a;f]af; ug{] ljZjsf &) k|ltzt dflg;sf] eljio hf]lvddf kg{] b]lvG5 . Psflt/ hnjfo' z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof lbgk|lt lbg al9/x]sf]5 eg] csf{]lt/ w]/} hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kk'jf Go"lugLsf] 8\o's ckm of]s{ 6fk'sf] tNnf] efuaf6 ;g\ @))) df @) xhf/ dflg;nfO{ cGoq ;fl/Psf] lyof] . To:t} dflNbE; h:tf 6fk'o'St b]zsf] eljio klg clglZrt aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . ;u/dfyf If]qdf /x]sf] lxd/]vf ljut sl/j ( bzssf] bf}/fgdf ##) lkm6 prfO{ ung (Vertical Loss) ePsf] 5 .

hnjfo'df cfPsf] o:tf] c:jefljs kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f kof{j/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ljsf;sf ;+/rgf ;fy} :jf:Yosf] If]qdf g/fd|};Fu c;/ k'u]sf] s'/f ljleGg 36gf / tYofÍn] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g x'g'df dfgjLo / k|fs[lts b'j} sf/0f 5g\ . ;g\ @))& df Inter Governmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) åf/f k|sflzt rf}yf] d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg cg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g tLa| ultdf x'g'df dfgjLo sfo{snfkx¿ g} a9L lhDd]af/ b]lvG5g\ . hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf] Ps cWoogn] g]kfnsf] cf};t jflif{s tfkqmddf )=)$&^ l8lu| ;]lN;o;n] a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df tfkqmd j[l4sf] b/ t/fO{ / l;jflns If]qsf] t'ngfdf pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf a9L ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . sl/a !( nfv g]kfnL gful/s hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ eg] yk ! s/f]8 gful/s vt/fdf /xg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!) df tof/ u/]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd -gfkf_ n] s[lif / vfB ;'/Iff, hn>f]t / phf{, jg / h}ljs

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ljljwtf, hg:jf:Yo, zx/L a;f]jf; / k"jf{wf/, hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t k|sf]kh:tf ^ If]qx¿nfO{ a9L hf]lvdhGo If]qx¿sf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . Maplecroft's Climate Change Risk Atlas, 2011 cg';f/ g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f hf]lvdsf] lx;fan] ljZjdf rf}yf] /fi6«sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfn klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b'ik|efjaf6 c5'tf] /xg g;s]sf] b]vfpF5 . ;':t ultsf] ljsf; / oxfFsf] e"–agf}6n] ubf{ g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{ghGo hf]lvdaf6 cem a9L df/df k/]sf]] 5 . ;fy} ljBdfg hnjfo' kl/jt{g / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] tfkqmd j[l4sf] k|If]k0fn] klg g]kfnsf ljljw If]qx¿df gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s;sf] e"ldsf slt <

ljZjsf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿n] xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] &) k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\, h;df rLgn] s'n xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] @%=@^ k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\5 . cd]l/sfn] To;sf] cfwf !$=$ k|ltzt, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog ;Da4 b]zx¿n] !)=!^, ef/t ^=(^, /l;of %=#^, hfkfg #=!!, a|flhn @=#$, OG8f]g]l;of !=&^, d]lS;sf] !=^& tyf O/fgn] !=^% k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\5g\ . g]kfnn] ljZjsf] s'n xl/tu[x Uof; pT;{hgsf] )=)@& k|ltzt pT;{hg u/]sf] 5 . o; lx;fan] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf d'Vo sf/s cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] Jofks lj:tf/ ePsf d'n'sx¿ g} x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu kl5Nnf jif{x¿df rLgdf a9]sf] af9L–klx/f], cd]l/sfdf ;fd'l›s cfFwLdf eO/x]sf] j[l4, / k|lts"n df};dsf] c;/, ef/tdf ;'Vvf v8]/Ln] NofPsf] k|sf]k, c:6«]lnofsf] h+un If]qdf km}lng] 89]nf]sf] lj:tf/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf s]xL gsf/fTds c;/ x'g\ . oBlk cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/af6 cgle1 eg] 5}gg\ . o;af6 x'g] Iflt cGo b]zsf lgbf{]if gful/sn] ;d]t Joxf]g{' kl//x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L Pl;of / clk|msL If]qsf ul/a b]zx¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu} a9]sf k|fs[lts k|sf]k, v8]/L, hn;|f]tsf] ljgfz tyf k|lts"n df};dsf sf/0f ef]sd/L / ljleGg ;dodf b]lvg] /f]uJofwLsf] dxfdf/Laf6 u'lh|/xg' k/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ e"–w/ftnLo tyf cfly{s–;fdflhs lx;fan] sdL jf a9L b]lvPnf, t/

o;sf] c;/ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g /f]syfddf pbfx/0fLo k|of;

dflNbE;n] ;g\ @))( cS6f]a/ @) tfl/vdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljZjsf] Wofg cfslif{t ug{ ;d'b|L ;txeGbf hDdf ^ ld6/dfly #) ldg]6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s a;fn]sf] lyof] . lsgeg] ;g\ @))& sf] cfO{=kL=;L=;L=sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;g\ !(^! b]lv ;g\ !((# aLrdf cf}ift ;d'b|sf] ;tx !=* -!=# b]lv @=#_ ldlnld6/ a9]sf] tyf To;kl5 #=! -@=$ b]lv #=*_ ldlnld6/sf b/n] k|ltjif{ al9/x]sf] 5 . dflNbE;sf] tLg rf}yfO{ hldgsf] efu ;d'b|sf] ;txaf6 Ps ld6/eGbf sd prfOdf /x]sf] 5, pko'{St 9+un] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] ;d'b|sf] ;tx a9]/ s]xL ztfAbLd} k'/} dflNbE; hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] rqmJo"xdf k/L hnjfo' z/0ffyL{ aGg ;Sg] cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 .

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hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] klg lj=;+= @)^^ dl;+/ !( ut] ;jf{]Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ glhs /x]sf] sfnfkTy/ -!&,!(@ lkm6 prfO{_ df @) ldg]6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;DkGg u/L lxdfnL /fi6«nfO{ arfpg ljZjsf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{n] 8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ugdf x'g uPsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngnfO{ 7"n} bafa k/]sf] lyof] . o:t} Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sbdsf] ¿kdf ;g\ @)!@ df g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL kj{tLo /fi6«x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng kj{tLo d'n'sx¿sf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljljw kIfx¿ ;Daf]wgsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of;nfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!$ / !% df u/L b'O{ jif{sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+/rgf dxf;lGwsf] jftf{ k|lqmofdf cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf] cWoIftf u/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/df klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf bl/nf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgf cjlwdf jghËnn] 9fs]sf] If]q $) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnOPsf]df $$=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . of] klg sfa{g pT;h{g Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL xf] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL k|To]s jif{ /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ;ef ;Dd]ng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o gLlt lgdf{0f, ;lGw, ;Demf}tf cflb sfof{Gjog x'Fb} cfO/x]sf klg 5g\ . j}1flgs cWoog tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGt/ ;/sf/L d~rsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf Jofkstf cfPsf] k'li6 ePkl5 ;g\ !(() df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljZjJofkL ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ cfXjfg u¥of] . ;f]xL cg'¿k ;g\ !((@ d] dlxgfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+/rgf dxf;lGw (UNFCCC) tof/ eof] . o; dxf;lGwn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] lgDTofPsf / lgDTofpg ;Sg] r'gf}tLx¿;+u ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;fdgf ug]{ vfsf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((@ sf] a|flhnsf] 'Earth Summit' b]lv @)!$ sf] l8;]Da/ !$ ;Dd slDtdf !^ j6f ;Dd]ng hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf eO;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] klg oL ;Dd]ngdf ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;xefuL hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

kof{j/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf k|efj

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b'ikl/0ffd kof{j/0fdf c;Gt'ng x'guO{ h}ljs ljljwtfdf k|ToIf tyf k/f]If 9+un] gsf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ M

• e"–Ifo x'g], h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljgfz, afnLrqmdf kl/jt{g, b'lift kfgL tyf nfdv'§]af6 ;g{] /f]udf j[l4, gofF–gofF k|hfltsf /f]u afnLgfnLdf b]vfkg{],

• df};dsf] r/d cj:yfx¿ (Extreme events) b]vfkg{], lxpF tyf lxdgbL kUng] qmddf j[l4, lgoldt jiff{df u8a8L cfpg], kfgLdf cDnLokgsf] dfqf a9\g], kfgLsf ;|f]t / vf]nfgfnfdf kfgLsf] dfqf 36\b} hfg], vfg]kfgLsf] cefjn] a;fOF;/fOdf j[l4,

• ;d'b|df kfgLsf] ;tx a9\b} hfFbf cfFwL / rqmkftdf j[l4 x'g], ;tx a9\gfn] t6Lo If]q 8'afgdf kg{], v8]/Lsf] cjlw nlDag] / jiff{t\sf] cjlw 5f]l§g], dxf;fu/df kfgLsf] tfkqmd a9\g] / To;n] ljZjJofkL tfkqmddf j[l4 x'g],

135

• lxdtfn km'6\g], lxdgbL ;'Sb} hfg], lxpF kUng] qmddf ltj|tf, lr;f] xfjfaf6 zLt nx/ / tftf] xfjfaf6 …n'Ú sf] c;/n] d[To' x'g] dflg;sf] ;+Vof a9L x'g], af9L, klx/f], 88]nf], v8]/L, cfFwLa]x/Lsf] cjlw / tLa|tfdf j[l4 x'g],

• t';f/f] /lxt Ct', jiff{ k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g h:t} M !)) ld=ld= jf ;f] eGbf a9L kl/df0fdf kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿ cyf{t\ d';nwf/] jiff{ x'g] lbgsf] ;+Vof a9\b}5 . kfgL kg]{ ;do / cjlwdf kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . jiff{ k|lqmof -cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;3g j[li6_ tyf Ct'sfndf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .

• af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo, v8]/Lsf] ;d:of l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;n] ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of a9]sf] 5 eg] kfgL k|b'lift eO{ kfgLhGo /f]ux¿ h:t}M cfpF, x}hf / emf8fkvfnfsf] ;ª\qmd0f a9]sf] 5 . pRr tyf lr;f] :yfgsf] tfkqmd a9\gfn] lem+uf / nfdv'§]sf] ;+Vofdf cTolws j[l4 ePsf] 5 . /f]uafxs sL/fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljleGg /f]u tyf dxfdf/L km}ng] r'gf}tL a9]sf] 5 .

• ;fljssf] ;doeGbf klxn] la?jfdf km"n nfUg] / r/fr'?ËLn] l56\6} c08f kfg{] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] k+IfL tyf cGo hgfj/sf] vfB rqm / >[+vnfdf c;Gt'ng x'g k'uL l;+uf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf g} c;Gt'ngsf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 .

• s's'/, la/fnf], d';f nufot cGo hgfj/sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] 5 . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{]eGbf logLx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\gfn] /]lah /f]uLsf] ;+Vof a9]sf] 5 eg] cGo /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f klg plQs} a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(#) df hfkfgdf b]vfk/]sf] :qma 6fOkm; -d';f k|hfltdf kfOg] dfp6_ n] dflg;nfO{ 6f]s]kl5 b]vfkg{] /f]u g]kfndf ;g\ @)!% df km]nf k/]sf] lyof] . of] klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] HjnGt c;/ xf] .

• jfo'd08nLo cf]hf]g txsf] IfoLs/0fn] k/fj}hgL ljls/0fsf] dfqf a9]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;Lwf c;/ 5fnfsf] SofG;/, cGwf]kg, ckfËtf nufot zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s b'a{ntfdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] /f]syfdsf pkfo

hnjfo' kl/jt{g /f]syfd ug{ plrt :yfgdf j[If/f]k0f ug{'kb{5, h;n] sfa{gsf] dfqfnfO{ s6f}tL ub{5 . lxdfnL If]q tyf r'/] kxf8sf] ;+/If0f ug{], jftfj/0fd}qL ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] k|of]u, kf7\oqmddf jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lsf] ;dfj]z / j}slNks phf{sf] k|of]un] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ sdug{ ;lsG5 . ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;~hfnLs/0fsf] ljsf; ub{} hLjg aLdf, kz' aLdf, afnL aLdfsf] Joj:yf, cfsfz] kfgLsf] ;+sng, hldgnfO{ k'gM cfjfbLof]Uo -v]tLof]Uo_ agfpg], afof]Ol~hlgol/Ë, s'jf tyf Ogf/sf] lgdf{0f, ljsf; / lj:tf/n], ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf :jf:Yosf] If]qdf kg{ uPsf] c;/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

jg, h+un a9fpg], ;bfaxf/ v]tLkftLdf hf]8 lb+b}, xl/tu[x Uof;sf] k|of]udf sdL Nofpg], cf}wf]lus /fi6«x¿n] sfa{g pT;h{g u/] jfkt Gofof]lrt 9+un] Go"g sfa{g pT;h{g /fi6«nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg'kg{], jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf sfd ug{] ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yfx¿n] k|efjsf/L 9+un] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . s[lif tyf jgsf] If]qdf bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ljz]if sfo{qmd NofO{ ls;fgsf] hLjg lbuf] ¿kdf ;'/lIft agfpg] /0fgLlt lng'kg{], ljB'tLo phf{sf] If]qdf

136

kof{Kt pTkfbg ug{], jgh+unsf] ;+/If0f ug{], ljB'tLo /]n tyf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|of]unfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'kg{], jg h+undf cfuf] k"0f{ ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{'kg{], kfgLsf ;|f]tdf xl/ofnL sfod ug{'kg{] h:tf sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg{] cfjZostf 5 .

lgisif{

o;k|sf/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjs} nflu Pp6f HjnGt ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g l;ª\uf] k[YjL / o;df cjl:yt cfd ;d'bfosf] ;femf ;d:of xf] . o:tf] ljZjJofkL ;d:of cGt/f{li6«o :t/af6} Go"lgs/0f ug{'kb{5 . Pp6f /fi6«n] dfq of] ;d:ofnfO{ g t Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;S5 g ls cg's"lnt jftfj/0f g} l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ tTj xl/tu[x Uof;x¿ g} x'g\ h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g u/fpg sf/ssf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] h}ljs ljljwtf tyf dfgjLo :jf:Yosf] ;DaGwdf ljZjsf] Wofg cfs[i6 t ePsf] 5 . t/ /f]syfdsf nflu rflng'kg{] sbd cem} kof{Kt ePsf b]lvFb}gg\ . cf}Bf]lus tyf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu bf]xg ul/g] sf]Onf, t]n tyf k|fs[lts Uof;h:tf h}ljs OGwgsf] k|of]uaf6 7"nf] kl/df0fdf xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g eO/x]sf] 5 . To;sf] b'ikl/0ffd hnjfo' kl/jt{g ePsf] / ;f]sf] k|efjdf cfd ljZj;d'bfo g} k/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L lxdfnL b]zx¿ / ;d'b|L t6sf /fi6«x¿ o;af6 a9L k|efljt 5g\ . To;}n] ;dod} o;tkm{ plrt sbd grfNg] xf] eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lau|x ¿kn] eljiodf eofex ¿k ln+b} hfg] b]lvG5 . o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu 7f]; Pjd\ ;dofg's'n gLlt, lgod Pjd\ ;f] cg'¿ksf sfo{qmdx¿ th{'df u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"lgs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo :t/;Dd cg's'ngsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 . jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] b'ikl/0ffd, hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ arfpg ljsl;t tyf cf}wf]lus d'n'sx¿n] cfˆgf] :jfy{?kL w/ftneGbf dfly p7]/ /f]syfdsf nflu 7f];\ kxnsbdL lng'kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC(2007).• http://www.nepalipatra.com/news/trend/silent-killer-air-pollution 4498• http://kantipur.ekantipur.com/news/2016-11-30/20161130081340.html• http://www.digitalpati.com

• http://www.hankweekly.com/index.php?action=news&id=2186• https://www.maplecroft.com

• https://www.giss.nasa.gov/• https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf• 9sfn, xl/k|;fb-@)&!_, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ . ;a}sf nflu :jf:Yo cleofg, jif{ #,

c+s !, k]h @&–@( .• yfkf, k|]daxfb'/-@)&!_, ljZjsf] r'gf}tL M hnjfo' kl/jt{g / kof{j/0fLo c;/ . g]kfn ;/sf/, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf

jftfj/0f dGqfno, jftfj/0f ljefu, k]h &@–&* .• a'9fyf]sL, l;=aL / jfUn], la=kL= -@)^(_ . ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo tyf ;+u7g -k|yd ;+:s/0f_ . sf7df8f}+ M lkgfsn

klAns]zg .• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#–@)&^_ . g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+ .

137

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg / r'gf}tL

— /fhg e§/fO{*

;f/f+z

/fHosf gful/sdf 8/, qf;, cefj / ul/aLaf6 pGd'lQmsf] cg'e"lt / k|Tofe"lt g} ;'/Iff xf] . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff låtLo ljZjo'4kZrft\ ;g\ !($% df cd]l/sfaf6 ;'? ePsf] / ;g\ !(&) kZrft ;}Gosf cltl/St /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, cfly{s / kof{j/0fLo cj:yf;Fu dfgjLo hLjgnfO{ ufF;]/ /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ JofVof ul/of] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf /fHosf] cv08tf, Pstfsf ;fy} k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, df}lns clwsf/, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fh:tf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf rf;f]x¿ ag]sf 5g . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofdx¿df ;}Go zlQmh:tf] s7f]/ zlQm (Hard Power) / cfly{s, s'6gLlts, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts h:tf g/d zlQm (Soft Power) b'j}nfO{ ;+of]hg u/L gofF vfnsf] r':t zlQm (Smart Power) x¿sf] ;+of]hg /x]sf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f;Fu} /fi6« lgdf{0f cleofg ;'? ePsf] xf] . kl5Nnf lbgdf g]kfndf c;n zf;gsf] cefj, cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] jl~rtLs/0f, dfgj clwsf/sf pnª\3gsf sf/0f lx+;f, åGå / cfGtl/s lj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo ;+s6sf z[ª\vnf a9]sf cg'ej JofKt 5g\ . g]kfndf ;d]t ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cjz]if afFsL /x]sf]n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf d'4f ;xL /0fg}lts gLltsf] cefjdf vt/fsf] ;ª\s]t ag]sf 5g . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] ;j{:jLsfo{tf, ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ;+3Lotf Joj:yfkgsf sf/0f klg cfGtl/s ;'/Iff gLltdf yk r'gf}lt ylkPsf] kfOG5 eg] e"kl/j]li7t /fHo g]kfnsf nflu afXo r'gf}lt ;b}j /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# df /fhg}lts, sfg'g Joj:yf;Da4, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ljkb\ / k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cltjfbsf sf/0f pTkGg l:yltsf] Joj:yfkg h?/L ePsf] pNn]v 5 . v'nf cGt/fli6«o ;Ldfgf, ;Ldf cltqmd0f, OGwg / pmhf{ ;+s6, If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f, ;fdl/s k|lt:kwf{, afXo x:tIf]k cflbsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

*of]hgf clws[t, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno .

138

!=! cjwf/0ff

s'g} klg /fHosf gful/sdf 8/, qf;, cefj / ul/aLaf6 pGd'lQmsf] cg'e"lt / k|Tofe"lt g} ;'/Iff xf] . k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf ?kdf s'g} klg b]z / ToxfFsf hgtfnfO{ afXo b]z jf cft+saf6 /Iff ug{' xf] . ;Lldt ?kdf /fi6«sf hgtf / e"–efunfO{ ef}lts 9ª\un] ;}Go tyf afXo x:tIf]kaf6 hf]ufpg] sfo{ o; cGtu{t kb{5 eg] Jofks cy{df /fhgLlts ljlw;Ddt dfWod dfkm{t /fHosf cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs df}lns dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . cfw'lgs kl/efiffsf lx;fadf ;'/Iffn] gful/s ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;DkGgtf, c;n hLjgofkgsf] /Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf, lgaf{w :jtGqtf, ;?jf /f]usf] lgoGq0f, ul/aLaf6 pGd'lQm, clzIffsf] cGt, dfgjLo / k|fs[lts ljklQaf6 arfj6, :t/Lo hLjgsf] ;xh cjt/0fh:tf ;Gbe{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . To;}n] ;'/Iffsf] ;f]r /fHonfO{ hLjGt /fVg] dfWod xf] h;leq cfly{s zlQm, s'6gLlts zlQm / /fhgLlts zlQm;lxt dfgj ;'/Iffsf cg]sf}+ dfGotf lglxt /xG5g\ .

g]kfnn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff /fi6«nfO{ hLljt / ljsf;tkm{ n}hfg] k|lqmof ePsf]n] /fHon] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf a'l4dQf lx;fjn] /0fgLlts ;f]r clVtof/ ug{ h?/L 5 . klxn] ;}Go If]qdfq ;'/Iffsf] ljifo dflgP tfklg kl5Nnf] r/0fdf o;nfO{ dfgjs]lGb|t wf/0ffsf ?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . ca /fHon] l5d]sL /fi6«;Fu ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ s'6gLltsf lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 eg] cfGtl/s ?kdf hgtfsf] hLjgk4ltdf ;zlQms/0f / ;Ifdtfsf gLlt canDag ug{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnn] afXo cfqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]weGbf klg cfGtl/s nufgLdf a9f]Q/L ug{ h?/L 5 .

s'g} klg /fHosf gful/sdf 8/, qf;, cefj / ul/aLaf6 pGd'lQmsf] cg'e"lt / k|Tofe"lt g} ;'/Iff xf] . k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf ?kdf s'g} klg b]z / ToxfFsf hgtfnfO{ afXo b]z jf cft+saf6 /Iff ug{' xf] . ;Lldt ?kdf /fi6«sf hgtf / e"–efunfO{ ef}lts 9ª\un] ;}Go tyf afXo x:tIf]kaf6 hf]ufpg] sfo{ o; cGtu{t kb{5 eg] Jofks cy{df /fhgLlts ljlw;Ddt dfWod dfkm{t /fHosf cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs df}lns dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . cfw'lgs kl/efiffsf lx;fadf ;'/Iffn] gful/s ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;DkGgtf, c;n hLjgofkgsf] /Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf, lgjf{w :jtGqtf, ;?jf /f]usf] lgoGq0f, ul/aLaf6 pGd'lQm, clzIffsf] cGTo, dfgjLo / k|fs[lts ljklQaf6 arfj6, :t/Lo hLjgsf] ;xh cjt/0fh:tf ;Gbe{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . To;}n] ;'/Iffsf] ;f]r /fHonfO{ hLjGt /fVg] dfWod xf] h;leq cfly{s zlQm, s'6gLlts zlQm / /fhgLlts zlQm;lxt dfgj ;'/Iffsf cg]sf}+ dfGotf lglxt /xG5g\ .

139

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff låtLo ljZjo'4 kZrft\ ;g\ !($% df cd]l/sfaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . s'g} klg /fi6« ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] ;f]rn] ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ dfGotfaf6 ;'/Iff ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lgb]{lzt 5 . yf]d; xA;n] ;g\ !^%! df zlQmzfnL /fHo lgdf{0fdf ;fj{ef}d ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff NofPsf lyP eg] Odfg'cn sfG6n] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:tf/ ?kdf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts kIf;Fu hf]8]/ rrf{ u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(&) kZrft\ s'g} klg /fi6«n] ;fd'bflos / /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cltl/St /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, cfly{s / kof{j/0fLo cj:yf;Fu dfgjLo hLjgnfO{ ufF;]/ ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] sfo{k|lt hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] hgtfsf] hLjg / ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug]{, hgcfsf+Iff cg'?k ;]jf k|jfx ug]{, hgtfsf] cjlzi6 clwsf/, k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fh:tf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf rf;f]x¿ x'g . ctM sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] kfngf u/fpg', k|fs[lts / dfgjLo ;DefJotfsf] klxrfg;Fu} ljsf; Pjd\ /Iff ug'{, /fi6«sf] :jtGq, ;fj{ef}d / cv08tfsf] ;+/If0fsf ;fydf cfGtl/s ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o lgsfoaf6 /fHonfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] c:q;d]t o;leq ;d]l6G5g\ . t;y{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffleq lgDglnlvt ljifo ;d]l6G5g\ M

• s'6gLltsf dfWodaf6 j[xt\ hgtfsf] lxt / eonfO{ k[ys ug]{ .• cfly{s zlQmsf] ;xhLs/0f / k"0f{ ;x;DaGw sfod ug]{ .• ;z:q zlQmsf] k|efjk"0f{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ .• gful/s /Iffsf] sfof{Gjog / cfsl:ds tof/Lsf] dfkgdf hf]8 lbg] .• ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ .• cg';Gwfg Jo'/f] / kmf];{sf] k|of]uaf6 cfGtl/s eo x6fpg] .• ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ dha't kf/L tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg] .

!=@ kl/efiff

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] kl/efiffsf af/]df Ps?ktf kfOFb}g . ;'?sf lbgdf ;}Go / afXo x:tIf]kaf6 /fi6«nfO{ hf]ufpg' g} ;'/Iff 7flgGYof] . ;g\ !^%! df Thomes Hobes n] ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf] o'4 / czflGtsf] cGt u/L :yfoL zflGt sfod ug]{, gLlt lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ / o'4 cGt u/L ;Demf}tf k'Ug] clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ ?kdf /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ lnPsf] kfOG5 . o; ;doaf6 ;'/IffnfO{ s]jn ;}Go zlQm;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof ug{ yflnof] . t/ ;g\ !(*) kl5 o;n] lj:t[t cy{ / ;f]rnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] e]l6G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] ;}Go zlQmn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] kl/efiff lbFb} eg]sf] 5 ls of] ;fd"lxs zAb xf] h;n] /fli6«o k|lt/Iff / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;g\ @)!) df cd]l/sL XjfO6 xfp;n] (White House) /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] /0fgLltnfO{ ljZjJofkL ;Gbe{df ljj]rgf ub}{ cljl5Gg sfo{sf ?kdf ;+/If0f, ;an / ;d[l4k"0f{ cfly{s k|0ffnL, ljZjJofkL d"No, ljZjJofkL r'gf}tL u/L rf/j6f tTjnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ljifosf ?kdf x]/]sf] 5 . o:t} Macmillan Dictionary n] gful/ssf] uf]Ko ;+/If0f cyjf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] eg]sf] 5 . Walter Lippmann n] j:t'k/s ?kdf eosf] cg'kl:ylt / cfTdk/s ?kdf 8/sf] cg'kl:ylt h'g d"Nodfly k|xf/ ul/G5 eGg] lgisif{ lbPsf 5g\ .

140

Harold Brown n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff /fi6«sf] ef}lts Pstf / e"–efudflysf] bafa Ifdtf h'g ljZjsf] cfly{s ;DaGw, ;+:yf, zf;g, cfGtl/s / afXo åGåsf] lgoGq0fnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] kl/efiffdf ;d]6]sf 5g\ . National Defence College, India n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffleq /fhgLlts kl/kSjtf, dfgj ;|f]t / ;fwg, cfly{s ;+/rgf / Ifdtf, cf]Bf}lus k|0ffnL, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg k|flKt, ;}Go zlQmsf ?kdf ;a} ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ Jofks ?kdf ljj]rgf u/]sf] 5 .

Charles Maiers (1990) n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffleq /fHosf] lgoGq0f Ifdtf h;n] afXo / cfGtl/s cj:yfnfO{ j0f{g ub{5 / h'g ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] cfgGb, :jfoQtf, ;d[l4 / sNof0fsf] ljZj;gLo wf/0ff klg xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 k|sflzt dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg -!(($_ df dfgj ;'/IffnfO{ /fHosf] d"n s]Gb| agfP/ o;sf] kl/efiff x'g yfn]kl5 ;'/Iff s]lGb|t dfGotfdf kl/jlt{t :j?k b]lvPsf 5g\ . dfgj ;'/Iffdf ;}GoaneGbf dfgjsf] ef}lts / dgf]j}1flgs ;'/Iff kb{5g\ . /fHosf gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ zflGtsf gofF r'gf}tLdf cfj4 u/fpg / ljsf; ;fem]bf/Lsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug{ yk ef/ ylkPsf 5g\ . cfh ljZje/ ;fj{ef}d /fi6«n] ;fj{ef}d k|fKt ug]{x¿af6 zfl;t x'g' g} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf dflgG5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3sf] dfgj k|ltj]bgn] s'g} klg /fi6«n] sl/a @) k|ltzt / j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] @) k|ltzt vr{ x'g] tYofª\s ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .

!=# /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofdx¿ (Dimension of national security)

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofdx¿df ;}Go zlQmh:tf] s7f]/ zlQm (Hard Power) / cfly{s, s'6gLlts, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts h:tf g/d zlQm (Soft Power) / oL b'j}nfO{ ;+of]hg u/L gofF vfnsf] r':t zlQm (Smart Power) x¿sf] ;+of]hg /x]sf] x'G5 . ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gjLg cjwf/0ffx¿n] dfgj ;'/Iff (Human Security) sf] cfofdnfO{ d"n s]Gb| agfP/ To;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df nufgL ug{ cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . dfgj ;'/Iffsf l;4fGtn] s'g} klg /fi6«sf lglZrt e"efudf a:g] dflg;x¿sf] xltof/ljgf ljsf; ug]{ dfGotfnfO{ jsfnt u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] lbuf] ljsf;sf] vf]hdf lxF8\g] ofqf klg xf] . ljsf;sf] gj?k h;n] ;xcl:tTjsf dfWodaf6 /fli6«o, If]qLo, ljZjsf ;fem]bf/L ;+oGq;Fusf] (Institutions) ;xsfo{ ug{ pBt x'G5g\ . To;}n] ca xltof/ lgdf{0f / vl/b xf]Og, ljsf;df nufgL u/ egL zf;snfO{ dfgj ;'/Iffsf wf/0ffn] ;r]t u/fPsf 5g\ . t;y{ JolStsf] ef}lts / dgf]j}1flgs ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrt ub}{ /fi6«sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0fLo, ;|f]t ;+;fwgsf] ;du| cfofdsf] k|Tofe"lt dfgj ;'/Iffn] ub{5 . o;}n] /fHodf gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ zflGt Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfu|x ul/Psf] 5 .

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] ;}Go zlQm ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 tfklg ;}Go zlQmsf k5fl8 ;'/Iffsf cGo ?kn] klg ljsf;zLn e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g\ / dfgj ;'/Iffdfly ul/Psf] nufgL lbuf] aGb5 . s'6gLlt / /fhgLlt, ;dfh / jftfj/0f, pmhf{ / k|fs[lts ;|f]t / cy{Joj:yfn] ;d]t /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofd dflgG5 . Romm (1993) n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf tTjdf cfly{s ;'/Iff, jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff, pmhf{ ;'/Iff u}x| ;}Go ;'/Iffx¿ ;d]l6g] ts{ lbPsf 5g\ . oBlk ;'/Iffsf cfofdnfO{ lgDg tj/n] a'‰g ;lsG5 M

141

!=#=! ;}Go ;'/Iff (Millitary Security )

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] pRrf/0f ugf{;fy ;}Go ;'/IffnfO{ a'lemG5 . ;}Go If]qsf] ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 /fi6«n] cfkm} k|lt/Iff Ifdtf a9fpg] sfo{ klg ub{5 / ;'/Iff l:yltnfO{ bl/nf] sl;nf] t'NofpFb5 . ;}Go ;'/IffnfO{ ;]gfsf] andf /fi6«sf] zlQm nfb\g] k|lqmof jf gLltsf ?kdf o;nfO{ a'lemG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu @* cGtu{t wf/f @^& sf] pkwf/f ! df g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] /Iffsf nflu o; ;+ljwfgk|lt k|ltj4, ;dfj]zL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps ;+u7g /xg] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 .

!=#=@ /fhgLlts ;'/Iff -Political security)

/fHosf] gLlt /fhgLlt xf] / o; /fhgLlts ;'/Iffn] ;fdflhs ;'Joj:yfnfO{ :yfloTj lbG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] :d/0f ugf{;fy To;sf] k|m]dleq /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff :jtM ufFl;g cfOk'Ub5g\ . Jof/] a'hg / cf]n j]e/n] /fHosf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ /fhgLlts cfFvfn] x]g{ cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ljz]if u/L ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] eo (Threats to Sovergitnty) ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;'/Iffsf af/]df g]kfnsf tTsfnLg zf;s k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn b'O{ 9'+uf aLrsf] t?n ePsf] pb\3f]if u/]kl5 zf;gsf kl5Nnf cg'ofoLsf ;dosf ;d]t rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts ;'/Iffsf lgDg wf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ h?/L 5 M

• gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf gofF r'gf}tL tyf eo ;DaGwL 1fg .• ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;'wf/ .• /fHosf k|hftflGqs d"No, cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;Fu} ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+of]hg .• gofF gofF ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx¿sf k'gd{"NofÍg / gj ;'/Iffsf /0fgLltsf] g]t[Tj .• /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k'gM;'wf/, k'gM:yfkgf / ;+of]hg -/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gLltnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/_ sf]

sfo{ .• ;}Go zlQmsf] ;dflxt ;lxt /Iff dGqfnosf] k'gM;'wf/ .• k|x/L k|zf;gsf] Jofj;flos k'gM;'wf/ / k|efjsf/L nf]stflGqs ;dfof]hgsf sfo{ .• ;+;bsf] Ifdtf ;zlQms/0f ljsf; / k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf sfo{ .

!=#=#= cfly{s ;'/Iff -Economic security _

/fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dha'tLsf] dfWodaf6 ljZjsf] gj cfly{s l:ylt;Fu ;dfof]lht k|lqmofdf hfg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ k4ltnfO{ cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] ?kdf a'lemG5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] hl6n k|0ffnL, ax'/fli6«o ;Demf}tf, kf/:kl/s cGt/lge{/tf, ;|f]t ;+;fwgsf] pknAwtf, /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ax'ljsNk, cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] ;f/k"0f{ ?k o;leq ;d]l6G5g\ / o; ljwf /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;}Go ;'/Iffdf ;d]t ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

142

!=#=$ jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff -Environmental security_

jftfj/0fsf hnjfo' kl/jt{g, sfa{gsf] pTkfbg, k|b"if0fh:tf hNbfaNbf d'2fn] s'g} /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t uDeL/ r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g\ . Romm -!((#_ n] df jftfj/0fsf d'2fnfO{ ax'kIfLo /fli6«o r'gf}tL (Transnational), /fli6«o r'gf}tL / ljZj r'gf}tL u/L tLg k|sf/df aFf8]sf 5g\ . ax'kIfLo /fli6«o r'gf}tL (Transnational) df hnjfo' kl/jt{g, jgljgfz, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+s6 k5{g\ . ;|f]t ;+s6n] ljZjsf] zflGt ;'/Iffdf tgfj lgDTofPsf 5g\ . ?jfG8fdf a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] sf/0f v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ljgfz, cd]l/sf / leotgfd o'4sf sf/0f a9\bf] jgljgfz, ;2fd x';]gsf] ;dodf ePsf] uNkm o'4 jftfj/0fLo o'4sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

!=#=% pmhf{ / k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] ;'/Iff -Security of energy and natural resources_

k|efs/0f kfn]/L -@))*_ n] ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ h}ljs, ch}ljs, gjLs/0fLo, cgljs/0fLodf juL{s/0f u/L] dfgj hfltnfO{ pRr sNof0fsf] dfu{df n}hfg] tTjsf ?kdf lrgfPsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf kfgL, hldg, vlgh k5{g / s'g} klg /fi6«df logsf] pknAwtf / k|of]un] cf}Bf]lus ;d[l4 tyf cfly{s zlQmsf] pRrtd e"ldsf v]N5g\ . ;|f]tsf] pRrtd k|of]uaf6 rLg kSs} klg gofF cfly{s zlQmsf] ?kdf pbfPsf] xf] . ;g\ !((! sf] uNkm o'4 cfly{s dfldnfsf] pkh xf] hxfF O/fsn] s'j]tdfly t]nsf] nflu u/]sf] åGå To;sf] kl/0ffd xf] . Nuclear powers dflgg] ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr klg k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] tgfjn] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgdf hl6ntf hGd]sf 5g\ . To;}n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf ;fwgx¿ ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tL, bafa, ;f}bfafhL, Jofkf/sf ljifo ;d]t ag]sf 5g\ .

!=#=^ ;fOa/ ;'/Iff -Cybersecurity _

;fOa/ ;'/Iff /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gjLgtd dfGotf xf] . On]S6«f]lgs ;"rgfsf] eª\u ePdf /fh}lgs, cfly{s, ;}Go ;'/Iffdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ tYo lglj{jfb 5 . /fHoleqsf cf+tsjfbL tyf u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf sf/0f ;'/Iff ;b}j ;+j]bgzLn ljifo aGb5 . cd]l/sL k"j{ /fi6«klt hh{ j';sf kfnfdf Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI) ;fOa/ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfg"g NofOPsf] lyof] . cd]l/sfsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ :tDe ;fOa/ ;'/Iff ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] cd]l/sL tTsfnLg /fi6«klt cf]jfdfn] ;d]t ;fOa/ r'gf}tL d'Vo Psdfq ;+j]bgzLn d'2f ag]sf] :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . ;g\ @)!# df pt/ sf]l/ofn] blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] k|zf;lgs lg0f{ox¿ rf]/]sf] cf/f]kdf b'O{ /fi6«aLr tgfj pTkGg ePsf] lyof] .

!=#=& dfgj ;'/Iff (Human security)

dfgj ;'/Iff ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfgj hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ gjLg cjwf/0ff xf] . of] dfgjs]Gb|L wf/0ffn] /fli6«o, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL u/L tLg txdf l:y/tfsf] vf]hL ub{5 . /fHosf ljleGg ax'ljwfTds

143

/ ax'kIfLo If]q;Fu o; dfgj ;'/Iffn] ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . The United Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report sf] k|ltj]bg dfgj ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf sf]z]9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . 8f= dxa'a pn xsn] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ rrf{ ub}{ dfgj rfxgfaf6 d'Qm (Freedom from want) / eoaf6 d'lQm (Freedom from fear) h:tf dfGotf ljsf; u/]/ dfgj ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5 . xltof/df eGbf dfgj ljsf;df nufgL u/ eGg] lgisif{ o; wf/0ffn] JoQm u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf gofF dfldnfdf s]lGb|t x'g cfu|x ub}{ dfgjLo kIfdf nufgL ug{ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . dfgj ;'/Iffsf] o; gjLg ;"q h;n] /fli6«o, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL Pstfsf] xft]dfnf] ub{5 . dfgj ;'/Iffsf] /f]8 Dofk (Road Map) leq lgDg ;Gbe{ ;d]t ;d]l6G5g\ :

• cfly{s ;'/Iff • ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

• /fhgLlts ;'/Iff • dgf]j}1flgs ;'/Iff

• ef}lts ;'/Iff • vfB ;'/Iff

• :jf:Yo ;'/Iff • jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff

• j}olQms ;'/Iff • ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff

dfgj ljsf; / dfgj ;'/IffaLr leGgtf

!= leGgtfsf cfwf/ dfgj ljsf; dfgj ;'/Iff

@= d"No (Values) sNof0fsf/L ;'/Iff l:y/tf / lbuf]kg

#= em'sfj (Orientation ) dfgj k|ultzLntf (Together we rise)

j}olSQs ;'/Iffdf rf;f]

$= ;dofjlw (Time Frame) bL3{sfnLg (Long Term ) bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLg b'j} ld>0f

%= ;fdfGo p2]Zo Growth with equity Risk klxrfg, pkrf/, Go"gLs/0f

^= gLlt p2]Zo (Policy goals) Empowerment, Sustainability, Equity and Production

Protection and Promotion of human survival

!=$ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf tTjx¿ (Components of National Security)

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k|ToIf ?kdf /fli6«o Pstf / ;fj{ef}dstf;Fu ufFl;g] ljifo xf] / o;n] ef}uf]lns Pstf, /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«o :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}d d"Nosf] k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbG5 . cem kl5Nnf] bzsdf o;n] k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] jsfnt ub{5 . dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gL zf;gsf] a9f]Q/Ldf hf]8 lbg] /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] e"–/fhgLlts ;+j]bgzLntf / e"–/fhgLlts ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu klg cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . oBlk /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] lgDg tTjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{5 M

144

!=$=! /fli6«o zlQm (Naional Power)

d"n ?kdf /fHon] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ dha't t'Nofpg ljleGg zlQmsf] :j?kdf kl/jt{gsf] dfu ub{5 . oBlk o; zlQmnfO{ tLg r/0fdf afF8\g ;lsG5 M

• s8f zlQm (Hard Power)M ;}Go zlQm jf ;'/Iff kmf}hsf lgsfo jf ;+oGqnfO{ s8f zlQmsf ?kdf lnOG5 .

• g/d zlQm (Soft Power)M cfly{s zlQm, s'6gLlts zlQm, /fhgLlts zlQm, ;f+:s[lts zlQm h;n] /fi6«sf kf/:kfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ bl/nf] t'NofpF5g\ .

• Smart Power M s8f / g/d zlQm b'j}sf] ld>0f ?k k|of]unfO{ lnOG5 .

!=$=@ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tL (Naional Security Threats)

k/Dk/fut / u}/ k/Dk/fut r'gf}tL /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tLsf ljifo x'g tfklg o;nfO{ lgDg tj/n] lrgfpg ;lsG5 M

-s_ cfGtl/s r'gf}tL -v_ afXo r'gf}tL• /fhgLlts cl:y/tf • ;}Go cfqmd0f• cfly{s hf]lvdtf / ;+s6 • ;Ldf ljjfb• gLlt cl:y/tfn] hGdfPsf] ;+s6 • Jofkfl/s ljjfb• sfg"gL zf;g / ;'Joj:yfsf] cefj • cft+sjfb• ;dtf / Gofosf] cefj• ;fdflhs, cfly{s, hftLo åGå

!=$=#= /fli6«o rf;f] (National Intrests)

/fli6«o rf;f] eGgfn] /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts / cfWoflTds tTj k5{g h;n] ljsf; / ;'/Iffsf ljifonfO{ ;'lglZrt :j?k lbg] ub{5g\ . o; ljifoleq sfg"gL ;'Joj:yf, afXo cfqmd0faf6 ;+/If0f, /fhgLlts ;'/Iff, cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / zflGtsf nflu of]ubfg, ul/aL lgjf/0f ;d]l6G5g\ / h'g /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;,;|f]t / ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df Lord Palmerston n] eg]sf 5g\ M A nation has no permanent enemies and no permanent friends, only permanent interest. We should take these interest as our guide. o; egfOn] ;d]t /fli6«o rf;f] d'2f cGtlj{ifofTds ag]sf 5g\ .

!=$=$= /fli6«o d'2f (National Agenda)

nfdf] ;dob]lv /fhgLlts lx;fan] ;+qmd0fdf u'lh|/x]sf] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;'/Iffsf /fli6«o d'2f lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\M

145

• ul/aL Go"gLs/0f• lzIff, :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf Jofks nufgL• vlgh / hnljB'tdf nufgL• jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f• dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt• ko{6g Joj;fosf] hu]gf{• cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / pBf]udf nufgL

!=$=% /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gLlt -Naional Security Policy)

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gLltn] lgDg kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ h?/L 5 M

• Civil military Relation • Chain of Command• Condition for Use of force• Role and responsibility in emergency• Natural Disaster• Foreign Affairs• Counterparts or Diplomatic Relation• VVIP security • Democratization and Expansion of Security mechanism

!=$=^ ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] k'gM;+/rgf

;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] k'gM;+/rgf s]jn ;z:q ;'/Iffsf] kIf;Fudfq ;DalGwt 5}g . of] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;fy}, sfo{kflnsfsf] gLlt, Joj:yflksf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;+/rgf;lxt ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] ;j]{If0fdf s]lGb|t x'G5 . o;leq o'4af6 zflGt k|lqmofdf hfFbf ;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkg, /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] df}lns kl/jt{g;Fu} ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] k'gM;+/rgfsf] h?/L kb{5 .

• Panel reform and with informal relation• Linking with non convetional security issues.• Restructuring Ministry of defence and ministry of home affairs.• Ensuring civilian control and parliamentary an oversight• Defeting security doctrine and national security.• Restructring of nepal Armay,• AFP, Police and Intelligence.

146

o;sf cltl/Qm /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# df /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

• ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / v'Nnf l;dfgf

• /fHo k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f

• /fhg}lts cl:y/tf

• wfld{s, ef}uf]lns tyf hftLo ljifox?

• cfly{s ljsf; / cg'zf;gsf] :t/

• tTsfnLg, cNksfnLg, bL3{sfnLg tyf :yfoL k|s[ltsf /fli6«o lxtsf ljifox?

• ljv08gjfbL jf k[ystfjfbL ;d"xsf] ultljlw / ;lqmotf

• l5d]sL tyf cGo /fi6«x?sf] ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]

• /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo :t/sf cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifox?

• lj1fg k|ljlw / cfw'lgs pks/0fsf] b'?kof]u

• ljZjJofkL, If]qLo tyf pkIf]qLo / ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifox?

!=% g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg (Nepal’s National security Management)

g]kfndf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f;Fu} /fi6« lgdf{0f cleofg ;'? ePsf] xf] . b'O{ a[xt /fi6« ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf /x]sf] e"kl/j]li7t g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff dfldnf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxs} kfnfb]lv cGt/f{li6«o rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof] . kl5 ef/tdf Oi6 OlG8ofsf] sfo{sfn /xFbf;d]t g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] hflgkmsf/sf] l6Kk0fL 5 . k|f/Deb]lv g} g]kfnn] e"/0fgLlts cj:yfnfO{ dgg ub}{] ef/t / rLg b'j} l5d]sL /fi6«;Fu c;n ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGq k|flKt ePkl5 ef/t / rLgsf] pkl:ylt ;fdl/s / s"6gLlts tj/n] ;DaGw ;3gtf cfPsf] kfOG5 . cem j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|flKtdf g]kfnn] ljb]zL;Fu nufgLsf] cfu|x ub}{ l5d]sL;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ gofF 9ª\un] kl/eflift u¥of] . kmn:j?k g]kfnn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf kl/of]hgfdf nufgL u/L /0fgLlts ?kdf s'6gLlts ;DaGwnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ k'Uof] . o;af6 ef/tsf] ;xof]udf lqe'jg /fhky lgdf{0f eof] eg] ;fydf rLgaf6 sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f u/L b'j} ldq/fi6«;Fu sf7df8f}Fsf] ;DaGw kx'Frof]Uo aGg k'Uof] . cem g]kfndf Jofkf/ / nufgLsf If]qdf lj:tf/ eO{ ef/t;Fu g]kfnL pTkfbgn] ahf/ k|fKt ug{ yfNof] . la|l6z zf;gsf] cGtkl5 ef/tn] ;g\ !(%) df g]kfn;Fu zflGt / d}qLk"0f{ ;Demf}tf ub}{ b'j} b]zn] ;}Go / ;'/IffnfO{ cfk;L dfdnfsf] ?kdf x]g{ yfn] . ;fy} ;g\ !(^% df ef/tn] g]kfn;Fu ;}Go ;xof]usf] ;Demf}tf u/L xftxltof/ / pks/0f k|bfg;Fu} ;}Go ;'/IffnfO{ dha't agfpg] sfo{ eof] . rLg / g]kfnaLrsf] låkIfLo ;lGwnfO{ ;g\ !(^) df aL= kL= sf]O/fnfn] x:tfIf/ ub}{ b'O{ /fi6«aLrsf] nfdf] ;dob]lv aNem]sf] ;Ldf ljjfb / dfpG6 Pe/]i6 ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ s'6gLltsf dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ul/P .

147

g]kfndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft;Fu} g]kfndf /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|tLssf ?kdf /fhtGqnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ vf]h] / ;'/Iffsf] d"n s]Gb| b/af/nfO{ agfpg vf]h] . o;} qmddf ;g\ !(&) lt/ g]kfnn] b'O{ ;+j]bgzLn dfldnf ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] lyof] To;df ltAatLog z/0ffyL{sf] vDkf ljb|f]x -!(&!_ / l;lSsd cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj -!(&$_ sf] ;fdgf ug'{ lyof] . oL cfGtl/s / afXo sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstf nufotsf ;'/Iff l:yltdf k|ToIf c;/ / k|efj b]lvg yfNof] . g]kfnn] k|ToIf ?kdf afXo cfqmd0f Joxf]/]sf] 5}g tfklg cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] dha'tL klg ;b}j ;+j]bgzLn ag]sf] 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] PsfTds / ;dfj]zL rl/qsf sf/0f g]kfnn] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgsf] s'zntfsf sf/0f ;'/Iffsf] ljifo uDeL/ ljifo ag]sf] b]lvG5 . /fHosf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df ;d]t /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] of]ubfg sd;n ag]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf lbgdf g]kfndf c;n zf;gsf] cefj, cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] jl~rtLsLs/0f, dfgj clwsf/sf pnª\3gsf sf/0f lx+;f, åGå / cfGtl/s lj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo ;+s6sf >[ª\vnf a9]sf cg'ej 5g\ . ljZjdf ljleGg b]zx¿sf] cg'ej x]bf{ hftLo, eflifs / wfld{s kIfsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf tL ljljwtfsf ljifo ;d]t c;'/Iffsf v]n ag]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;d]t ;+qmd0fsfnsf] ;dofjlwdf /x]sf]n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf d'2f ;xL /0fg}lts gLltsf] cefjdf vt/fsf] ;ª\s]t ag]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] sfof{Gjog / ;+3Lotf Joj:yfkgsf sf/0f klg ;'/Iff gLltdf yk r'gf}tL ylkPsf] kfOG5 .

!=%=! g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿

k/Dk/fut ?kdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff k|lt/Iff, ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iff,afXo cfqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]wdf s]lGb|t eP tfklg jt{dfg ?kdf pSt ;f]r kl/jt{g eO{ If]q lj:tf/sf dfWodn] dfgj ;'/Iffs]Gb|L ePsf] 5 . tfklg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf gLlt, Jojxf/ / cEof;sf cfwf/df d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf 5g\ M

• /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Ldf ;+/If0f, /fli6«o :jtGqtf / /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d ;+/If0f ug'{ .• k|hflGqs l;4fGt / d"Nosf] clej[l4, sfg"gL zf;gsf] cg';/0f, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ .• ;dfhsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg, ax'ntfjfbL ;dfhsf l;4fGtsf] cg';/0f, ;dfhsf] cfGtl/s åGåsf]

Go"gLs/0f ug'{ .• l5d]sL /fi6«;Fu lgs6, cfTdLo, ;f}xfb|{k"0f{ s'6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{ .• ljb]zL gLltdf cx:tIf]ksf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ zflGtk"0f{ ;DaGw /fVg' .• bL3{sfn;Dd ;fdflhs d"No, klxrfg, ;+:s[lt, efiffsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ .• cfGtl/s / afXo cfqmd0faf6 /fi6« / hgtfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ .• hgtfsf] hLjg, ;DklQ / k];fsf] ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ .• ;}Go zlQmsf] ;§f dfgjs]Gb|L (People-centric) /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] lrGtgdf a9fjf lbg' .• /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ;+oGqnfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL t'NofpFb} ;dfj]zL / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ .• zflGtk"0f{ s'6g}lts tj/n] ;Ldf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ e"ldsf] ;fj{ef}dsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ .• k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Ldf Joj:yfkg ub}{ cg'udg ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug'{ .

148

• l5d]sL /fi6« / cGt/f{i6«aLrsf] ck/fw, cft+s, nfu"kbfy{ / cGo u}/sfg"gL lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f ug'{ .

• /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] k|hftflGqs / Joj;foLss/0f ug'{ .• /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ;+oGqsf :j]R5frf/Ltfsf] cGTo / Gofok|lt hgtfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg' .• lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfg dd{ cg';f/ /fi6« lgdf{0f k|lqmof, a[xt zflGt k|lqmof

/ /fli6«o kf6L{;Fusf ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug'{ .

!=%=@ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ljBdfg lgsfox¿

g]kfndf /fHosf] ;'/Iff g} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ?kdf nfdf] ;dob]lv kl/eflift x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 / To:tf ;'/Iffsf lgsfon] ljlzi6 JolSt / 6f7faf7fsf] ;'/Iffdf /fHo ;+oGq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . ;'/Iffsf Jofks / lj:t[t If]qnfO{ 5f8]/ afXo cfqmd0faf6 b]znfO{ hf]ufpg] / ;dfhsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ sfddf g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff /0fgLlt ;Lldt 5 . o;}sf] k|of]hgfy{ ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] ;fdl/s ljifo, ;fj{ef}ldstf, If]qLo cv08tf, cltljlzi6 tyf ljlzi6 JolQmsf] ;'/Iff, ef}uf]lns ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iff, cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] ;+/If0f, afXo cfqmd0faf6 ;'/Iff, k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 ;'/Iff cflb ljifox¿ ;d]6sf 5g\ t/ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] Ph]G8f slxNo} /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] uDeL/ 5nkmnsf] ax; aGb}g . s]jn ;Qf afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo dfq aGb5 . k|efjsf/L ;'/Iffsf nflu /fHosf] ;an s'6gLlts Ifdtf, r':t / sfo{d'vL ;+:yf, kof{Kt sfg"g, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, k|lzlIft hgzlQm, kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg cflb zt{ dflgG5 . g]kfndf ;'/Iffsf] ljifosf] rrf{ ubf{ s]jn g]kfnL ;]gf dfq dxTjk"0f{ cª\u dflgG5 . ;}Go andf dfq /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff vf]Hg' cToGt ;+s'lrt wf/0ff xf] . t;y{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ qmddf lgDg lgsfosf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

-s_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu !@ df k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . h'g kl/ifb\df u[xdGqL, cy{dGqL, k//fi6«dGqL, k|wfg;]gfklt cflbsf] Joj:yf /xg'sf ;fy} /Iff ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] pSt efudf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/Lsf] ;d]t pNn]v /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ g]kfnL ;]gf

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/ro k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfb]lv PsLs/0f k|f/De;Fu} ePsf] kfOG5 / h;sf] lgoGq0f /fhfsf] OR5fdf lglxt lyof] . /f0ff zf;gsf] ;'qkft lj=;+= !()# ePkl5 >L # k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf ;]gf /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))& df /f0ff zf;g ;dfKt ePkl5 /fhfs} lgoGq0fdf ;}Go zlQm k|Tofof]hg eof] . kl5 lj=;+= @)!% df k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] dftxtdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fVg] cEof; u/] klg k'gM /fhfs} k|e'Tj / :jljj]sdf ;]gfsf] kl/rfng ePsf] kfOG5 .

149

lj=;+= @)&@ ;fndf hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0f dfGotf cg'?k hgtfsf] ;]gf agfpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . k|rlnt ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt /fi6«klt /xg] Joj:yf 5 eg] ;]gfsf] k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm dGqLkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«kltaf6 x'g] k|fjwfg 5 . g]kfn ltAat o'4sf] ;dodf afXo cfqmd0fsf] ;fdgf u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o rf;f]sf ljifonfO{ d"ndGq agfO{ :jtGqtf, If]qLo cv08tf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f}xfb|tf, nf]stflGqs d"Noaf6 lgb]{lzt sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cf+tsjfbsf] lgoGq0f, ;Ldfdf /x]sf gfsfsf] ;'/Iff, afXo x:tIf]ksf] d'sfanf, ;'/Iff ;+oGq0fsf] ;anLs/0f, ;"rgf ;+sngh:tf sfo{df ;lqmo /x]sf] 5 .

-u_ g]kfn k|x/L

lnR5jLsfndf b08gfosnfO{ xfnsf] k|x/Lh:t} x'nb+uf, rf]/L8s}tL, s'6lk6h:tf u}/ sfg"gL sfo{ lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] a]nfot ofqfkZrft\ a]nfotL k|x/Lsf] Joj:yfaf6 k|efljt eO{ ;g\ !*&$ df ldlnl;ofsf ?kdf rf}sL :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|x/LnfO{ rf}sLbf/L ?kdf t/fO{sf lhNnfsf] ;'/Iffy{ k|of]u ul/P klg k|x/L sfo{df /fdbnsf] k|of]u ;g\ !(#* df ul/of] . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf nflu n8]sf] d'lQm ;]gfnfO{ /fdbndf ld;fOof] / g]kfne/ 5l/Psf d'lQm;]gf, /fdbn, 5l/Psf k'ln;nfO{ ;d]6]/ lj=;+= @))* df k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no :yfkgf eof] . ;g\ !(%% sf] k|x/L ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df lj=;+= @)!@ df g]kfn k|x/Lsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] / o;nfO{ sfg"gL ?k lj=;+= @)!@ df k|x/L P]g hf/L dfkm{t\ k|bfg ul/of] . k|x/L P]g, @)!@ / k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$(, k|rlnt sfg"g cGtu{t !))) eGbf a9L sfo{ ug'{kg]{ g]kfn k|x/Lsf] d"n ?kdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg], ck/fw /f]Sg], ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ h:tf sfo{ kb{5g\ .

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sfg'gadf]lhd lbPsf] cfb]z / jf/]G6sf] tb?stfsf ;fy kfngf, zflGt / ;'Joj:yfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ;"rgf ;+sng / dflyNnf] clwsf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L, hgtfnfO{ cgfjZos emGem6df kg{ arfp ub}{ ck/fw /f]Sg], ck/fwL kQf nufpg' / ck/fwLnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd ;hfo, sfg'g adf]lhd kqmfp ug'{kg]{ JolStnfO{ kof{Kt sf/0f;lxt kqmg', c;dy{, c;xfo, hf]lvddf k/]sfh:tf JolQmx¿sf] p4f/ ug'{, vfgtnf;Ldf x}/fgL jf b'v glbg], ;j{;fw/0f;Fu lzi6 Jojxf/ ug]{h:tf sfo{x? k|rlnt sfg'g cg';f/ k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo /x]sf] 5 .

-3_ ;z:q k|x/L an

g]kfndf lj=;+= @)%@ df dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 ;'? ePkl5 ;f]sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;}Go ansf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . ;]gfsf] kl/rfng /fhfsf] OR5fadf]lhd x'g] xF'bf ;/sf/n] rfx]sf] a]nf zlQm kl/rfng ug{ ;z:q k|x/L an :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L cw{ ;}lgs ansf] ?kdf ;g\ @))! df o;sf] u7g x'g k'Uof] . hgtfsf] hLpm, wg / :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ub}{ ;dfhdf zflGt /

150

;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ o; ;+u7gsf] d'Vo Wo]o xf] . ;z:q k|x/L ansf] kl/rfng ;z:q o'4, ;z:q ljb|f]x, k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng, cf+tssf/L lqmofsnfk, b+uf lgoGq0f, k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/, g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgf ;'/Iff cflb cj:yfdf x'g] ub{5 .

-ª_ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu

/fi6«nfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt hf]lvd kQf nufO{ ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ sfd /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefun] ub{5 . e|i6frf/sf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f, ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] lgoGq0f, cft+sjfbsf] lgoGq0f h:tf sfo{df ;"rgf ;+sng ug'{ o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . u[x dGqfnosf] dftxtdf /x]/ ck|ToIf ?kdf k|ltlglwx? /fv]/ ;"rgf ;+sng ub{5 eg] cf}krfl/s ?kdf lhNnf k|zf;g;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub{5 . lj=;+= @)$^ k"j{ k~rfot gLlt tyf hfFra'em ;ldltn] k~rfot Joj:yfsf] ;dy{s / lj/f]wLsf] ;"rgf ;+sng u/L Jojl:yt tj/n] clen]v /fVbYof] eg] /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefudf lj=;+= @)$^ kl5 /fhgLlts/0fsf sf/0f o;sf] sfo{ k|efjsfl/tfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . k~rfotsfndf clgoldttf / uf]klgotfsf] e+u ug]{ sfo{df k~rfotsfndf 7"nf] ck/fw dflgGYof] t/ oL ljifodf lgoGq0f / lgodg k|lqmof sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . o; k|s[ltsf sfo{x? /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|, g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefu, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cg';Gwfg zfvfn] ;d]t ub{5g\ .

oL ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf cltl/St ;Ldf lgoGq0f k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf u}/sfg"gL lqmofssnfk, cj}w Jofkf/, cj}w xftxltof/sf] Jofkf/, ljb]zL 3';k]7, cjfl~5t lqmofsnfk, /fhgLlt / cfly{s If]qdf k|ToIf x:tIf]kn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL ylkPsf 5g\ . ;Ldf If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§} ;Ldf ;'/Iff an lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5}g . rLg / ef/t;Fusf] l;dfgf ;'/Iffsf nflu g]kfnsf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf lhNnf sfof{non] ;Ldf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ub{5 . oL ;'/Iff lgsfon] gfkL sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf] sfo{ ub{5g\ . g]kfn / ef/taLr k|To]s jif{ x'g] ;Ldf If]q ;'/Iffsf clwsf/Lx?sf] a}7sn] ;Ldf ljjfbnfO{ 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg lgsfNg] ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] Goflos k|0ffnL / To;sf sfdsf/jfxL, ck/fw sfg"g ;DaGwL lgoGq0ffTds pkfox?, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, gful/s ;dfh tyf ;~rf/ dfWod ;d]t g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn lgsfox? 5g\ .

!=^ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf gjLgtd r'gf}ltx? (Nepal's Emerging National Security Issues )

g]kfndf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g k6s k6s eP klg b'O{ bzsb]lv /fhgLlts l:y/tf gcfPsf]n] kl/jt{gsf] nfe ;+:yfut ?kdf :yflkt x'g g;Sbf ;'/Iff l:yltdf lbuf] l:y/tf sfod x'g ;s]g . ;g !(() kl5sf] /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs ;r]tgf, dfgj clwsf/ / :jtGqtf, ldl8ofsf] pkl:ylt, hgtfdf cfPsf] ;'ema'em, gful/ssf] ;zStLs/0fn] klg ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf k'gaf]wsf] cfjfh p7]sf 5g / h;n] lbuf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf] dfu u/]sf 5g . g]kfnsf] laut b'O{ bzsb]lv k/Dk/fut ;}Godf cfwfl/t r'gf}lteGbf klg u}/;}Gosf tTjdf yk r'gf}lt b]lvPsf 5g . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fLo cj:yfn] ;d]t yk r'gf}ltx? hGdfPsf 5g\ .

151

-s_ zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}ltx?

g]kfnsf] df}h'bf ;dodf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sfg'gL zf;gsf] c;kmntf, ljsf; sfo{sf] ;':ttf, c;dfj]zL rl/qsf] cefj, zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] c;Ifdtf, åGåsf] k|efj, cfk/flws ;d'xsf] a9\bf] lqmofsnfk, ;zq åGå, cl:y/tf, clgolGqt lx+;fn] ;d]t ;'/Iffdfly r'gf}lt lbPsf 5g\ . zf;sLo k|0fnLdf jfl~5t ;'wf/ x'g g;Sbf o:tf r'gf}ltx? /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf b]vf k/]sf 5g . ;fy}, dfgj clwsf/ / sfg'gL zf;gsf] lkmtnf] cj:yfn] ubf{ cl:y/tf df}nfpg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo txdf åGå a9\g'sf ;fy} ;|f]t ;+;fwg, /f]huf/ / cj;/df ;d]t ljjfb a9g] b]lvG5 . ljleGg ;z:q ;d"x, dfgj a]rlavg, clgolGqt a;fOF ;/fO, nfu"kbfy{ cf];f/k;f/, cf+tsjfb cflb g]kfn / ef/tsf ;femf ;'/Iffsf r'gf}lt ag]sf 5g .

-v_ hg;f+lVos c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}ltx?

g]kfndf a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf sf/0f ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo åGådf a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 . u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qdf a9]sf] ck/fw / lx+;f lgoGq0f, /f]huf/Lsf nflu o'jfsf] ljb]z knfog, ;fOa/ ck/fw cflbn] klg hg;f+lVos c;Gt'ng Nofpg'sf ;fy} ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf tyf hgzlQmdf ;d]t k|Zg hGdfPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO / ljb]z knfogn] Ifl0fs ?kdf /]ld6fG; j[l4 eP tfklg Pr=cfO{=eL=tyf P8\;sf] ;+Vofdf ;d]t j[l4 lgDTofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;'b'/ klZrdL e"efu c5fd, aemfª, s}nfnL, afh'/f, a}t8Lsf lhNnfdf ef/tsf] d'DaO / lbNnLdf k'u]/ kms]{sf] JolStn] P8\; lgDTofPkl5sf k|efj lgs} bb{gfs 5g\ . To;}n] /fHon] tL If]qdf k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ h?/L 5 . g]kfnLsf] ;x/Ls/0fk|ltsf] df]x / u|fdL0f If]qdf b]lvPsf] l/Sttf klg r'gf}ltsf ljifo x'g\ .

-u_ z/0ffyL{sf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}ltx?

eflifs sf/0fn] e'6fgaf6 lj:yflkt eO{ g]kfndf !,!),))) ;+Vofdf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ df]/ª / emfkfdf a;f]af; u/]sf k|;ª\u klg j0f{gLo 5 . ;fy} g]kfndf @%,))) ;+Vofdf ltAatLog z/0ffyLn] ;]N6/ lnO{ 5l/Psf 5g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf oL cj:yfn] g]kfndf ;fdflhs c;Gt'ng a9]sf] 5 . ljb]zLx?sf] g]kfnleq k|j]z / alx{udg lgodg k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf ck/fw, gful/stf ljt/0f, nfu" kbfy{ a]rlavgdf lgoGq0f, dfgj t:s/Ln] gofF gofF ?k wf/0f u/]sf 5g . ;fy}, dfgj clwsf/ / sfg'gL zf;gsf] lkmtnf] cj:yfn] ubf{ cl:y/tf df}nfpg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo txdf åGå a9\g'sf ;fy} ;|f]t ;+;fwg, /f]huf/ / cj;/df ;d]t ljjfb a9g] b]lvG5 . dlxnf a]rlavg / afnaRrfsf] zf]if0f, k]z]j/ of}gsdL{, a9\bf] nfu" b'Jo{;gstf{, cfGtl/s / afXo a;fOF ;/fO, ul/aLsf sf/0fn] lglDtPsf ;d:ofnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

152

-3_ a;fOF ;/fOsf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}ltx?

g]kfndf lautdf ;d"xut a;fOF ;/fO (Forced migration ) / bz jif]{ hgo'4sf sf/0fn] cfGtl/s lj:yfkg, ;x/L / t/fO{ If]qdf a9\bf] cfk/flws lqmofsnfkn] klg ;'/Iffsf gofF dfldnfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ . United Nations High Commission for Refugee (UNHCR) n] tTsfnLg ;/sf/ / tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL ;d'xaf6 aL; xhf/ dflg;x¿ lj:yfkg ePsf] tYof+s ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] . o'4sf sf/0f dfl/Psf / lj:yflkt ePsfx?sf] ;fdflhs / dfgl;s k|efj / c;/sf] n]vfhf]vfsf] h?/L 5 . cem ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] :yfkgf gx'g' / a]kQf kl/jf/sf] ;Ddfghgs ;Daf]wg gx'g'n] klg åGåsfnLg 3fp aNemg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

-ª_ ck/fwsf z[ª\vnfsf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}ltx?

g]kfnsf] t/fO{df xf];\ of k|d'v ;x/L If]qdf JolStut k|ltzf]wsf lglDt ckx/0f, xTof / lsn/sf] k|of]u a9\bf] 5 . ;fy}, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs hLjgdf k/]sf 36gfnfO{ ;fdfGo ;d]t dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . cfh ;fgf xltof/wf/L ;d"xsf] qf; t/fO{sf lhNnfx? tyf ;x/x?df x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-r_ df}h'bf ;+ljwfg ;j{:jLsfo{ aGg g;Sbfsf r'gf}ltx?

;g @))^ sf] a[xt zflGt ;Demf}tf (Comprehensive Peace Agreement), ljleGg kf6L{, ;d"x,ju{ cflb;Fu ul/Psf ;Demf}tfn] zflGt k|lqmofdf gofF cWofo t ;'? ePsf] lyof] . t/ g]kfnsf] df}h'bf ;+ljwfgsf] ;j{:jLsfo{tfsf] cefjdf gjLg vfnsf r'gf}ltx? b]lvPsf 5g . :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eP klg k|fGt, ;+3sf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L nf]stGqsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug{ ;xdtLo ;+:sf/sf] jftfj/0f h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

-5_ jftfj/0fLosf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}ltx?

g]kfnsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ r'gf}lt jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff xf] . gbL s6fg, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g, dWo kxf8L v08df e"IfoLs/0f, gbLsf] cTolws bf]xg, ;|f]t ;+;fwgsf] bf]xg, hn k|b"if0fsf z[ª\vnfh:tf sf/0fn] k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gf a9]sf 5g . To;}n] cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f Psflt/ a9]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ u|fdL0f If]q z"Go / afFemf] ag]sf 5g . ;'b"/ / dWo kxf8L v08sf b'u{d If]q :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] Joj:yfaf6 ;d]t jl~rt 5 . Asian Development Bank n] /fhwfgLh:tf] sf7df8f}+ ;x/nfO{ k|b"lift ;x/sf] sf]l6df /fv]sf] 5 .

-h_ ;Gt'lnt s'6gLltsf] cefjdf pTkGGf r'gf}ltx?

ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff k|j[lQ / k|s[ltdf cfGtl/s / afXo sf/0fn] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . b'O{ bzsdf ef/tLo / lrgLofF /fi6«sf] /fhgLlts bz{gdf b]lvPsf] j}rfl/s kl/jt{g klg

153

g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff r'gf}ltsf cGtj{:t' x'g . ;g !(*) df rLgsf] v'nf gLlt / ef/tsf] ;g !(*) df b]lvPsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjn]] g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] Jojxf/df ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / /fi6«x?aLrsf] cGt/lge{/tfnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ub}{ ef/tLo / lrgLofF g]t[Tjn] k/Dk/fut gLlt / Jojxf/af6 ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsg] oyfy{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ l5d]sL /fi6«;Fusf] ;xcl:tTj / d}qLk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ dGq agfPsf 5g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf bf]Snfd ljjfbsf sf/0f ef/t / rLgaLr a9\bf] tgfasf] jftfj/0faf6 g]kfndf kg]{ k|efj klg yk r'gf}ltsf ljifo x'g .

ef/t / rLgdf zf;sLo bz{gdf cfPsf] kl/jlt{t d"No;Fu} g]kfnk|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;g !(() sf] dWo bzsdf ef/tn] u'h/fn l;4fGt (Gujral Doctrine) ljsf; ub}{ l5d]sL /fi6«nfO{ x]g]{ k'/fgf] gLltdf ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM cfh g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L txsf cltl/St lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ef/t;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yflkt eO{ ax'lgsfo ;+oGq;Fu lgs6tf a9]sf 5g . tfklg g]kfn / ef/taLr ;Ldf, Jofkf/, ;|f]t, ;lGw;Demf}tf ;DaGwL ljjfb sfod} 5g . o;af6 ;'/Iffsf r'gf}ltdf klg a9f]Q/L x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

rLgn] cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut k//fi6« gLltdf k'gaf]{w (Revitalised) ub}{ l5d]sL /fi6«nfO{ x]g]{ gLltdf a[xt kl/j[Q gLlt (Comprehensive Periphery Policy) sf] dfWodaf6 If]qLo PsLs[tsf] c:q vf]h]sf] 5 / cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts k|e'TjnfO{ l5d]sLk|lt qmdzM lj:tf/ ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . To;}n] rLg / ef/tsf] c;n l5d]sL dflgg] g]kfndf zflGt / ;'Joj:yf pSt /fi6«sf nflu rf;fsf]] ljifo ag]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((( df ef/tLo Po/nfOG;sf] hxfh g]kfnsf] lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf ckx/0fdf k/]sf] 36gfkl5 g]kfnsf] e"ld ef/tLo rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

ef/tn] k6s k6s g]kfndf x'g] kfls:tfgL cjfl~5t lqmofsnfk / rLgn] ltAatL :jfoQ If]qsf afl;Gbfsf lqmofsnfknfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fVb} g]kfn;Fu ;'/Iffk|ltsf] k|Zg ;f]w]sf cg]sf}+ pbfx/0f 5g\ . g]kfnsf oL kl/b[Zosf sf/0f cfGtl/s, If]qLo / cGt/fli6«o ;'/Iff /0fgLltdf kl/jt{g cfpg] ;'lgZrt 5 . ;fy} g]kfnn] tL j:t'tYonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /0fgLlts ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 .

dflysf r'gf}ltsf cltl/St /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# df g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf kg{ ;Sg] vt/f / r'gf}tLx?nfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 M

• /fhg}lts r'gf}tL / vt/f

o; cGtu{t zf;sLo :j?k ?kfGt/0f / ;+qmd0fsfn, /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / ljefhg, cjfl~5t ;d"xsf] w'|jLs/0f, u}/;+j}wflgs ultljlw, cjfl~5t afx\o k|efjh:tf ljifox? /x]sf 5g .

• sfg'g Joj:yf ;Da4 r'gf}tL / vt/f

ck/fwsf] /fhg}lts/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f ug]{ k|j[lt, sfg'gL zf;g / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df cj/f]w, sfg'g pNn+3g ug]{ k|j[lt / b08xLgtf, ck/fwdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] b'?kof]u, lx+;f / ;z:q ck/fwdf j[l4, nfu" kbfy{sf] cf];f/k;f/, xltof/sf] cj}w k}7f/L, e|i6frf/, dfgj a]rlavg, ;+sL0f{ ;fDk|bflostf / If]qLotf cflb r'gf}ltx? pNn]v 5g\ .

154

• ;fdflhs cfly{s r'gf}tL / vt/f

cToGt sdhf]/ cy{tGq / k/lge{/tf, clzIff, ul/aL, cJojl:yt a;fO;/fOF, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] afF8kmf8, /fh:j r'xfj6, nufgL k|lts"n jftfj/0f, gful/s clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u, g}lts d"Nosf] pbf;Lgtf, P8;\, dxfdf/L, wfld{s cltjfbh:tf r'gf}tLx? o; cGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ .

• ljkb / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Iflt ;Da4 r'gf}lt / vt/f

cJojl:yt a;f]af;, e"sDk, e"Ifo, af9L klx/f], 8'afgh:tf k|fs[lts ljklQ, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / kof{j/0fLo x|f;, /f;folgs, ljsL/0f / k|ljlwhGo ljkth:tf r'gf}tLx? o; cGtu{t pNn]v 5g\ .

• cltjfbsf sf/0f pTkGg r'gf}tL / vt/f

c/fhstf, c;'/Iff, cj}w xftxltof/, la:kmf]6s kbfy{ / nfu" kbfy{sf] cf];f/ k;f/, ko{6s nufgL, afXo 3';k]7 / rnv]n, cGt/b]zLo / cGt/;Ldf ck/fw, d'b|f ckrng, t:s/L, cltjfb cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

• afx\o r'gf}lt / vt/f

o;df v'nf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgf, ;Ldf cltqmd0f, OGwg / pmhf{ ;+s6, If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f, ;fdl/s k|lt:kwf{, /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, afXo x:tIf]k cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

!=& g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg

g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff l:yltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ OGb|hLt /fO{n] eg]sf 5g ls g]kfndf afXo cfqmd0feGbf klg cfGtl/s eosf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . /fO{n] g]kfndf ul/aL, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ;d:of, nfdf] ;+qmd0fsfn ;dofjlw /x]sf] / o;n] sfnfGt/df ;'/Iff r'gf}lt Nofpg] ljZn]if0f u5{g\ . o;} qmddf nf]s/fh a/fnn] ;'/Iffsf If]qdf dfgjs]lGb|t ljlw (People-centric approach) sf l;4fGt / Jojxf/ nfu" ug'{kg]{ wf/0ffsf] rrf{ ub}{ nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf;Fu} ;}Go zlQmeGbf klg dfgjs]lGb|t ljlwsf] s'zn sfof{Gjogdf Wofg lbO{ dfgj ;zlQms/0f / ;fdflhs Gofodf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ wf/0ff JoSt u5{g\ .

g]kfnsf] PstfTds / s]Gb|Ls[t /fi6«jfbsf] k/Dk/fut bz{g / hgdfg;df cfPsf] a'emfOk|lt ?kfGt/0f ub}{ /fHo k'g{;+/rgf;Fu} /fli6«o ;'/Iff, Pstf / ;b\efjnfO{ s]GblaGb'df /fVg h?/L 5 . cem kl5Nnf] ;dodf t g]t[Tjsf] csd{Gotf / afXo x:tIf]ksf] v'n]cfdsf sf/0fn] klg ;'/Iff klg ;f]rgLo ljifo ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwd"ns nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfn] j[xt\ ?kdf ;'/Iffsf If]qnfO{ /fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Fu ;fIfL /fvL hgtfnfO{ :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpb} ufF;, af;, skf;sf ;fydf lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ;dtfd"ns Joj:yfkg ug{ h?/L 5 . rf}wf} of]hgfn] d'n'ssf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ / lgikIf Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cg'e"lt hgtfnfO{ lbnfpg] sfo{df ;du| gLlt, ljBdfg ;+oGq, /fHosf] bz{g, sfo{ljlw, s'6gLlt, l5d]sL /fi6«aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt tj/n] kl/rflnt t'Nofpg cfjZos 5 .

155

g]kfndf ;'/Iffsf] ;}4flGts a'emfOdf g]t[Tj k|i6 x'g h?/L 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff eGgf;fy k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;}Go, ;Ldf ;'/Iff, afXo cfqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]w cflb z}nL a'lemG5 t/ kl5Nnf] bzsdf o; cjwf/0ffdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] dfgj ;'/Iff;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] 5 . t;y{ gjLg tj/n] o;nfO{ a'‰g / k'gM kl/eflift u/L ljZj ultzLntf k|lqmg] ;'/Iff gLlt g]kfnn] canDag ug{ h?/L 5 .

;fdl/s e"uf]nsf sf/0f ;b}j g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff hl6n ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] ;j{:jLsfo{ jftfj/0fsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg gePsf sf/0f /fhg}lts kf6L{x? / ;f] ;efaflx/ /x]sf kf6L{aLr /fHo k'g{;+/rgf, gful/stf, ;dfj]zL, zf;sLo :j?k / ljlwsf af/]df ax; ulxl/b}{ uPsf] 5 / a'emfOsf] k[ystfn] ;xdlteGbf klg /fhgLltnfO{ w'j|Ls/0ftkm{ nu]sf] 5 . o;n] cfTdlgwf{/0f ,:jfoQtf,k[ystfsf dfGotfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ yk r'gf}lt b]lvG5 / o;sf gfddf pu| hftLo cfGbf]ngsf afGsL ;d]t b]lvPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf !@% hflt / !@# efiffx¿ /x]sf] ljljwtfnfO{ /fli6«o Pstf;Fu cfa4 ug{ g;s]df ;d:of pTkGg eO{ ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf ;d]t hl6ntf yk cfpg] ;Defjgf 5 . ax'efifL / ax';+:s[ltsf] klxrfg af]s]sf] g]kfndf If]qLo / hftLo d'lStsf gfddf pTkGg cfGbf]ngsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ /fhgLlts kf6L{aLr dt}Sotf sfod x'g g;Sbf ;d]t /fli6«o Pstf / ;'/Iffdf ;+s6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ tkl;nsf dfldnfdf g]kfnsf] /0fgLlts ;'/Iff s]lGb|t x'g h?/L 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt @)&# tyf k|rlnt sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ :jtGq, ;fj{ef}d;tf ;DkGg, :jfwLg, cv08, :jfledfgL, ;an, ;d[4, zfGt, cfTdlge{/ ;lxt a[xQ/ ;f]r / kl/sNkgfsf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf / lxtsf] ;'/Iff, hgtfsf] ;'/Iff, gful/s xs tyf :jtGqtfsf] ;'/Iff, cfly{s ;'/Iff, /fHo Joj:yfsf] ;'/Iff, lj1fg, k|ljlw / ;"rgfsf] ;'/Iff, ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgk4ltsf] ;'/Iff, /fli6«o ;|f]t tyf kof{j/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ ;f] gLltsf k|fyldstfdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . ;f]s} kl/wLdf /x]/ gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L glthf ;"rssf cfwf/df /fHosf gLlt, sfo{qmd, /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 .

!=&=! tTsfn rf;f]sf ljifox¿ (Immediate Concern)

• df}h'bf ;+ljwfgsf] ;j{:jLsfo{tf / ckgTj :yflkt ug'{kg]{ . • ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo, d]nldnfk, ;b\efjnfO{ lgisif{k"0f{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ . • ck/fwhGo l+x+;f / c;'/Iffsf] lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ .• /fhgLlts ;+/lIft ck/fw / c;'/Iffsf] cGTo• ckx/0f, dfgj a]rljvg / dlxnf lx+;fsf] cGTo• cJojl:yt a;f]af;, e"sDk, e"Ifo, af9L klx/f], 8'afgh:tf k|fs[lts ljklQ, hnjfo' kl/jt{g

/ kof{j/0fLo x|f;, /f;folgs, ljsL/0f / k|ljlwhGo ljkt Joj:yfkg

156

• /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / ljefhg, cjfl~5t ;d"xsf] w'|jLs/0f, u}/;+j}wflgs ultljlw, cjfl~5t afXo k|efjsf] ;Daf]wg .

• c/fhstf, c;'/Iff, cj}w xftxltof/, la:kmf]6s kbfy{ / nfu" kbfy{sf] cf];f/k;f/,afx\o 3';k]7 / rnv]n, cGt/b]zLo / cGt/;Ldf ck/fw, d'b|f ckrng, t:s/L, cltjfb lgoGq0f

• sdhf]/ cy{tGq / k/lge{/tf, clzIff, ul/aL, cJojl:yt a;fO;/fOF, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] afF8kmf8, /fh:j r'xfj6, nufgL k|lts"n jftfj/0f, gful/s clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u, g}lts d"Nosf] pbf;Lgtfk|lt ;Daf]wg .

• v'nf cGt/fli6«o ;Ldfgf, ;Ldf cltqmd0f, OGwg / pmhf{ ;+s6, If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f, ;fdl/s k|lt:kwf{, /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, afx\o x:tIf]ksf] ;Daf]wg .

• ;Ldf ;'/Iff an u7g tyf ;'/Iff kmf];{sf] ;ztmLs/0f ug'{kg]{ .• ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffsf] clej[l4 / ;dfhdf lgikIftf / pQ/bfloTjsf] clej[l4 ug]{ .

!=&=@= bL3{sfnLg wf/0ff (Kong term Perspective)

-s_ dfgj ;'/Iff ljlwsf] sfof{Gjog (Human Security apporach)

• ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf nufgL -:jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL_• cfly{s ;'/Iffdf hf]8 -ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, /f]huf/L_• vfB ;'/Iff / clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt• ;dfj];L / ;sf/fTds lje]b gLlt clVtof/

-v_ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;anLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f

• ;}Go zlQm• Gofo k|0ffnL• k|x/L zlQm• hgzlQm Joj:yfkg• Intelligence

-Uf_ gofF ;'/Iffsf dfldnf Joj:yfkg

• jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff• pmhf{ ;'/Iff• ;"rgf ;'/Iff• k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;+zfwg ;'/Iff• ;fOa/ ;'/Iff• ;"rgf Joj:yfkg• s'6gLlt Joj:yfkg cflb

157

!=&=# Ifdtfo'Qm /fHo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# n] klxrfg u/]sf /fHosf] ;+oGqnfO{ Ifdtfo'St /fHo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;sf b]xfosf kIfx?df s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

• ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / /fHosf lgsfosf] ;'b'9Ls/0f,• ljb]zLx?sf] g]kfnleq k|j]z / alx{udg lgodg,• g]kfnsf] xjfO{ / :yn If]qsf] ;'/Iff ;'b[9Ls/0f, cg'udg / lgodg,• ;'zf;g / k|efjsf/L k|zf;g k|0fnLsf] ljsf;,• ck/fw /f]syfd lgoGq0f ,• e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f,• ;+ul7t ck/fw ;~hfnsf] lg/f]w / lgoGq0f,• ;"rgfdf kx'Fr, ;"rgf ;+sng ljZn]if0f / pkof]lutfdf k|efjsfl/tf ,• ljkb\hGo hf]lvdsf] ;Daf]wg / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg,• ;'b[9 / :j:y cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f,• ;a} k|sf/sf ck/fw lj?4 h'‰g] ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; .

!=&=$ ;Gt'lnt s'6gLlts cEof;

ul/jL k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ax'ljifos ;d:ofsf] e"d/Ldf hsl8Psf] tYof+s lbb} oxfFsf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts, zf;sLo, ;'/Iff ;+s6df k/]sf] / cem @!=^Ü dflg;x¿ ul/jLdf k/]sf] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] cj vfB ;+s6, lx+;fsf jftfj/0f, cfjf;sf ;d:of, /f]huf/L, lzIff / :jf:Yodf g]kfnn] nufgL s]lGb|t u/L cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;'/Iffsf] af]w u/fpg h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;} dfGotfdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cfly{s cj:yfdf b]vf k/]sf] kl/jt{g tyf s[lif pTkfbg 36]sf]n] vfB ;'/Iff, dlxnf lx+;fdf a9f]Q/L, lbuf] zflGt lgdf{0f, g]t[Tjsf] tfls{s /fhgLlts l:y/tf lgdf{0fsf] cefj /xsf] 5 . cem kl5Nnf] r/0fdf pu| If]qLotf, hftLo, eflifs ax;n] klg ;'/Iff r'gf}ltsf] cfotgnfO{ km/flsnf] kf/]sf] 5 .

o;} qmddf Olav F. Knudsen n] cfh ljZje/ 7"nf zlQm (Great powers) sf gLltn] ;fgf /fi6«sf] efUo lgwf{/0f x'g] ts{ lbPsf 5g . pgn] cfkm\gf] Analysing Small-State Security: The Role of External Factors n]vdf 7"nf /fi6«sf] pRr / sd b'j} tgfjsf sf/0fn] klg ;fgf /fi6«df ;'/Iffsf] ;d:of pTkGg x'g] ts{ lbPsf 5g . tL /fi6«n] cfkm\gf ;'/Iff If]qnfO{ ;anLs[t t'NofpFbf klg To;sf] k|efj ;fgf /fi6«df kb{5 . To;}n] ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff / :yfloTj l5d]sLsf] k|efj / ;fdYo{df l;w} lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn t ef/t / rLgsf] ;Gt'lnt s]Gb|df k/]sf] /fi6« xf] . g]kfndf s'g} cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdfly c;/ k/]sf To;sf] l;w} c;/ b'j} l5d]sLnfO{ kg]{ ePsf]n] klg afXo rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;y{ ;Gt'ngsf] s'6gLlts dfu{ g} g]kfnsf] pGgltsf] cfwf/ xf] .

158

!=* lgisif{

/fli6«o ;'/Iff /fi6«nfO{ hLljt / ljsf;tkm{ n}hfg] k|lqmof ePsf]n] /fHon] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf a'l4dQf lx;fan] /0fgLlts ;f]r clVtof/ ug{ h?/L 5 . klxn] ;}Go If]qdfq ;'/Iffsf] ljifo dflgP tfklg kl5Nnf] r/0fdf o;nfO{ dfgjs]lGb|t wf/0ffsf ?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . ca /fHon] l5d]sL /fi6«;Fu ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ s'6gLltsf lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 eg] cfGtl/s ?kdf hgtfsf] hLjgk4ltdf ;zlQms/0f / ;Ifdtfsf gLlt cjnDag ug{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnn] afXo cfqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]weGbf klg cfGtl/s nufgLdf a9f]Q/L ug{ h?/L 5 . cem 5l/P/ /x]sf / ;an /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] g]kfndf lbgfg'lbg gofF vfnsf r'gf}tL b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;+qmd0fsfnsf] ;do a9\b} hfg' / o;sf sf/0f ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf hl6ntf ylkPsf / oL d'2fnfO{ s'zn / a'l4dtf tj/n] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]df /fi6« b'3{6gf kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• Adhikari, Jagannath, "Poverty, Globalisation and Gendered Labour Migration in Nepa", New Delhi, SAGE Publication, 2006

• Bhattarai Rajan, Geopolitics of Nepal and International Responses to Conflict Transformation, Kathmandu, 2005

• Chari P R (ed.) Security and Governance in South Asia , New Delhi, 2001• Malla Kamal P. (ed.), Nepal : Perspectives on Continuity and Change, Kirtipur, 1989• Military Act 2007 ( The Nepal Army, Kathmandu, 2007)• National security Policy 2073• Sharma Jagadish, Nepal : Struggle for existence, Kathmandu,1986.• Lama, M.P., “The Forward Policy and South Asia”, Himal Southasia, Kathmandu, 2006.

159

;+3Lotf ;kmntfsf] clgjfo{ ;t{ M ;bfrfl/tf

— ;fu/ kl08t*

;f/f+z

;+;f/df ;a}eGbf pGgt zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ca of] zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmntf k"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf d"No / dfGotnfO{ hgtfs]f 3/b}nf]df OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj aLr ;sf/fTds ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo x'g h?/L 5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;gn] clxn]s} h:tf] Jojxf/ / cfr/0f sfod /fVb} hfg] xf] eg] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmn agfpg lsdfy{ klg ;ls“b}g . of] zf;gnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cTofjZos ;t{sf] ?kdf g}ltstf / OdfGbfl/tfnfO{ lng' k5{ . o;sf] dtna zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs kIfx? ;bfrf/L aGg} k5{ . clxn] :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlgwx? cfPsf 5g\ . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/zLnf tof/ eO;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf /xg] hgk|ltlglwx?, ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx? tyf k|b]z / ;+3 ;/sf/df /xg] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;a} kIfnfO{ g}ltsjfg agfpg ;bfrf/ gLlt cTofjZos 5 . o;nfO{ Pp6f s]Gb|Lo gLltsf] ?kdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx ;a}nfO{ dfGo / afWosf/L x'g] u/L nfu" ug{ l9nfO{ ug'{ x'“b}g .

*cWoIf, g]kfn k|zf;g kqsf/ d~r .

ljifoj:t'

/fhgLlt / k|zf;gs} ;xefuLtfdf hgtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx x'g] ub{5 . ;fdfGotof gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] u5{ eg] To;nfO{ hgtf ;dIf n}hfg] sfd k|zf;g ;+oGqn] ub{5 . gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / To;nfO{ hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofpg] sfddf b'j} kIfsf] s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 . To;}n] oL b'j} kIf g}lts / OdfGbf/ ag]/ hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfddf bQlrQ x'g] xf] eg] hgtfn] ;+3Lo zf;gsf] d"No / dfGotfsf] pkef]u ;lhn} ;“u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . zf;sx?n] k"0f{ ?kdf ;\'zf;g sfod ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . hgtfsf] sfd / ;d:ofnfO{ cfkm\g} sfd / ;d:of h:tf] 7fg]/ ;s];Dd rf8f] eGbf rf8f] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|of; ul/lbg' k5{ . gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ b'j} sfddf ;+nUg x'g] /fhgLlt

160

/ k|zf;g xfSg] kIfx? ;bfrf/L, lgikIf, t6:y, p2]Zod"ns, w}o{jfg, nugzLn, hgtfs]f ;d:ofnfO{ glhsaf6 a'‰g] / ;dfwfg ug]{ u/L ultzLn / rnfodfg x'g ;Sg' kb{5 .

;/sf/sf] ;sf/fTds sbd

k|wfgdGqLn] @)&$ h]i7 @$ df /fli6«o ;bfrf/ gLlt agfpg] d:of}bfdf x:tfIf/ ug'{eof] . of] gLltsf] d:of}bf agfpg] sfd d'Vo ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] Jo"/f]qm]l6s l6daf6 ePsf] lyof] . xfd|f] d'n'sdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq h:tf] ;+;f/s} pGgt zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf x'g ;kmn ePklg o;nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / Jo'/f]qm]l6s l6ddf /x]sf] k'/fgf] / k/Dk/fut dfOG8;]6nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf x6fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ha;Dd k'/fgf] ;f]r / k4ltaf6 dfly p7]/ cfw'lgs ;f]rsf ;fy cuf8L a9\g ;ls“b}g ta;Dd ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g .

ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] xf] eg] s'g} klg zf;s tyf k|zf;s xf];\ jf hgtf tyf cGo h'g;'s} dfgjLo ;d"x g} lsg gx'g' dfgj Jojxf/sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]s} ;bfrfl/tf, g}ltstf / OdfGbfl/tf xf] . of] zf;sx? / k|zf;sx?sf] nflu ;kmntf xfl;n ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . nf]e nfnr gug'{, qmf]wdf]xdf gkg'{, ;f“rf] af]Ng', wd{sd{sf] x]Ssf /fVg', ;xL / unt 5'6\ofP/ lg0f{o ug'{, P]g, lgod / ljlw ljwfgsf] kl/kfngf ug'{, rf]/L gug'{, lx+;f gug'{, s;}nfO{ klg ckdflgt gug'{, ;bf ;bf dfgj sNof0fsf nflu sfo{ ul//xg' g} ;bfrfl/tf / g}ltstf xf] .

o; s'/fnfO{ dgg ub}{ ;/sf/n] l56f] eGbf l56f] ;bfrf/ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' k5{ . ljleGg :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglwx?sf] ?kdf cfPsfx?nfO{ ;'? b]lv g} ;bfrf/ gLlt sf] dfnfdf ;dflxt ug{ ;lsof] eg] pgLx?af6 hgtfn] ;]jf k|jfx /fd|f];“u kfpg ;Sg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

;bfrf/ gLltsf] cfjZostf

b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fO{ d'n'snfO{ k|ult / ;d[l4sf] af6f]df n}hfg, ;]jf k|jfx / zf;sLo Joj:yfsf ;a} txsf ljljw k|j[lQ / ?ksf clgoldttf Pj+ e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f, u/L ;bfrf/o'Qm, g}ltsjfg, ;';+:s[t / ;d[4 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu klg ;bfrf/ gLltsf] cfjZostf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfo, lghL If]q, u}/ ;/sf/L Pj+ ;xsf/L If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf Pj+ kbflwsf/L;Dd k'u]sf] e|i6frf/hGo k|j[lQ, 36gf / sfo{ tyf clgoldttf, l9nf;':tL, nfkf/jfxL, unt lg0f{o, h:tf ljljw vfnsf ljs[lt, lj;+ultnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ klg ;bfrf/ gLlt cTofjZos 5 . o;}u/L g]kfnn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ ;b:o /fi6« ePsfn] pQm dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;xh jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ klg ;bfrf/ gLlt l56f] eGbf l56f] lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf a9]/ uPsf] 5 .

;bfrf/ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf r'gf}tL

b]z ;~rfngsf x/]s cjojdf ;bfrf/ gLltnfO{ nfu' ul/g' k5{ . of] gLlt agfP/ OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s

161

o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg' k5{ . x'gt o;sf nflu ljleGg vfnsf r'gf}tLx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . xfd|]f ljutsf cEof;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] w]/} /fd|f vfnsf gLlt of]hgf / sfo{qmd t agfPsf 5f}+ t/ To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf Jojxf/df ptfg{ xfd|f zf;s k|zf;sx? c;kmn h:t} x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . /fd|f sfo{qmdx? / of]hgfx? sfuhdf dfq} l;ldt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . To;}n] clxn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg / /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ g}lts agfpg Nofpg nfluPsf] ;bfrf/ gLltsf] ;fy{s sfof{Gjog x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfn h:tf] d'n's hxfF zf;g ;~rfng ubf{ hgtfsf] :jfy{ eGbf cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] :Jffy{ ;d"xsf] a9L xLt x]l/g] u5{ . o:tf] d'n'sdf ;bfrf/ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf w]/} ;d:ofx? cfOkg{ ;S5g\ . t/ klg ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL xfSg] zky lnP/ ;Qfdf cfpg] zf;sx?n] ca cfkm\gf] JolQmut / ;d"xut :jfy{af6 dfly p7]/ d'n's / d'n'sjf;Lsf] j[xQ/ xLt x]g'{k5{ . km]l/ clxn] d'n's ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] lzz' cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] 5 . of] lzz' cj:yfnfO{ jo:s / kl/kSj agfpg klg plrt jftfj/0f lbg ;Sg' k5{ . o;sf nflu /fhgLlt / k|zf;g b'j} kIf ;lRrP/ cl3 a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf] cfjZostf

dlg{ª ;f]h\ b 8], lbgsf] ;+s]t laxfgLn] u5{ eg] em} xfd|f zf;sx?n] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;kmntf k"j{s uGtJodf k'¥ofpg ;Snfg of g;Snfg\ eGg] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf cfOg;s] klg s]xL ;+s]tx? eg] b]lvPsf 5g\ . /fhg}lts g]t[Tjdf klxnf eGbf clxn] d'n'ssf nflu s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] ;fdfGo dfgl;stfx? b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo txs]f lgjf{rg klg ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . t;y{ s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfdx? klg cl3 a9]sf 5g\ eg] lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjkgdf ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] xf] sL h:tf] klg b]lvG5 . To;}n] klg sd{rf/L / /fhgLlts g]tf b'j} kIfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg klg g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg h?/L 5 . ;bfrf/ gLlt dfkm{t g} pgLx?df g}ltstf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg] u/L pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;Sg' k5{ . g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfn] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ c;n, hgs]lGb|t / kl/0ffdd'vL agfp“5 . JolQmut hLjgnfO{ ;d]t dof{lbt / tgfjd'St agfpg ;d]t o;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] tgfjd'Qm JolQmsf] l;h{gfTds zlQm klg a9L x'g] u5{ .

g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf k"j{;t{x? M

;bfrf/ ;DaGwL gLlt nfu" ePklg To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] kIfx?n] g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf k"j{;t{sf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg h?/L 5 . g}lts l;4fGt, cg'zf;g / OdfGbfl/tf ;DaGwL l;4fGtx?sf] kfngf x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug]{ ljleGg ;+:yf, k|0ffnL cj:yf / pks/0fx?nfO{ g} g}ltstf / ;bfrf/sf] k"j{;t{sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf, c;n cfrf/;+lxtf, Joj;flos ;fdflhsLs/0f, :jfy{xLgtf, ;Rrl/qjfg, j:t'k/stf, hjfkmb]xLtf, v'nfkg, OdfGbfl/tf, / c;n g]t[Tjz}nL x'g cfjZos 5 . o;sf ;fy} zf;sx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg g}lts lgod ;DaGwL ;dGjosf/L ;+:yfx?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, pQ/bfoL ;+oGq / ;lqmo gful/s ;dfh cfjZos k5{ .

162

g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf nflu x'g g;s]sf sfo{x? M

casf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g 1fg, cfWoflTdstf / wd{df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ eGg] y'k|} ax;x? l;h{gf x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . ha dfG5]n] b}jL zlQm 5 eGg] ljZjf; u5{ tj p;n] n\'s]/ ;d]t kfksd{ ug{af6 8/fpg] l:ylt /xG5 . To;}n] b}jLo zlQm / wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ h?/L 5 . g}ltstf / ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ;DaGwdf tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f x'g g;s]sfn] To:tf tflndx? x'g h?/L 5 . clxn] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L tyf cfd sd{rf/Lx?af6 cfr/0f kl/kfngf eP–gePsf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6L tyf e/kbf]{ ;+oGq 5}g ctM To; k|sf/sf] ;+oGq agfOg' k5{ . cfr/0f pNn+3g ePsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . o;}u/L /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] cfr/0f cg's/0fLo gx'“bf k|zf;gdf To;sf] k|ToIf c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf sfod ug{ ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? M

c?nfO{ ;'wf5'{ eGg]n] ;'wf/ cfkm}+af6 yfNg ;Sg' k5{ . o;sf] cu'jfO{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . tL b'j} kIfn] c?sf nflu cg's/0fLo Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfsf nflu ljBfno :t/sf] kf7\oqmddf g} a9L ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tfnfO{ ;fdflhs cleofgsf ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' k5{ . g}ltstf / ;bfrfl/tf kfngf ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ / kfngf gug]{nfO{ b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ;zQm gful/s ;dfhsf] ljsf; u/L ;bfrfl/tf / g}ltstfsf nflu gful/s r]tgf clej[l4 u/fpg ;Sg' k5{ .

d'n's ;~rfng ug]{ / d'n'ssf] ljsf;, ;d[l4 / k|ultdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] kbflwsf/L / JolQmx?sf nflu of] gLlt clgjfo{ ?kdf nfu' ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . ;bfrf/ gLltdf ;sf/fTds ?kdf af“Wg' kg]{ kIfx?df ;f+;bx? tyf ;+;bdf ljleGg kbflwsf/Lx?, sfo{kflnsf, / Gofokflnsfsf ;a} kbflwsf/Lx? tyf sd{rf/Lx?, ;a} ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?, /fhgLlts lgo'lQm kfpg] ;a} kbflwsf/Lx?, lghfdtL tyf cGo ;a} /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?, k|x/L, ;]gf tyf ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?, ;a} 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?, ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf kbflwsf/Lx? / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gsf kbflwsf/Lx?, lzIfs, k|fWofks, lrlsT;s, lghL If]qsf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?, ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf JolQmx? nufot ;a}nfO{ OdfGbf/ / g}ltsjfg agfpg] u/L ;bfrf/ gLlt agfP/ nfu" ug{ ;Sg' k5{ .

lgisif{ M

h'g;'s} /fi6«df klg ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;s]g eg] Tof] /fi6« ljsf;df jiff}{+ kl5 ws]lng] lglZrt 5 . g]kfndf klg ;'zf;gsf] cefjdf To:tf] l:ylt cfpg lbg' x'“b}g . ;'zf;gsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;t{ eg]sf] zf;sx?df /xg] g}ltstf / OdfGbfl/tf xf] . clxn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu w]/} sfd ug'{ kg]{5 . :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg s]xL k|b]zdf ;DkGg eO;s]sf] / s]xLdf ;DkGg x'g] qmddf 5 . To; cl3 k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ 5“b}5 .

163

;bfrf/ gLlt xfd|f :yfgLo txdf klg cTofjZos 5 . :yfgLo txnfO{ etL{s]Gb| agfpg gx'g] / cAan sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug{ ;s]df :yfgLo tx e|i6frf/sf] cv8f aGgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . To;n] cGttM :yfgLo txnfO{ g} ultzLn agfpg] lglZrt 5 . ;bfrf/ gLlt ca s]Gb|df dfq} xf]Og k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;d]t dfu{ bz{g / afWosf/L x'g] u/L l56f] eGbf l56f] ;/sf/af6} :jLs[t u/fO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' k5{ . ;bfrf/ gLltsf ;Ldf leq :yfgLo, k|b]z / ;+3df zf;g k|lqmofdf ;+nUg /xg] ;a} hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ af“Wg ;lsPdf zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;Sg]df ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .

ca x/]s lgsfodf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 tna vfg] u/L sd{rf/L egf{ ul/G5 eg] To;/L egf{ ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbg' k5{ . ;+ljwfgn] nf]s ;]jfsf] clwsf/ If]q a9fPsf] klg 5 . x'g t k|b]zdf k|b]z sfg"g cg';f/ g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g] pNn]v 5 . olb k|b]zdf x'g] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ klg s]Gb|s} h:tf] ;+j}wflgs, zlQmzfnL / lgikIf cfof]usf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgdf g} /fVg ;s]sf] eP ;fx|} /fd|f] x'GYof] . ljutdf To;f] ug{ ;lsPg t/ cfufdL lbgdf olb ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ cuf8L a9fOof] eg] k|b]zdf klg ;+j}wflgs x}l;ots} cfof]u /fVg] u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsPdf :yfgLo tx / k|b]zdf sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ubf{ of]Uotfqmd sfod /xG5 .

;a}eGbf 7'nf] s'/f ;+:yfsf] OdfGbfl/tf, g}ltstf / c;n sfo{z}nL g} xf] . g]kfnsf ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / tL lgsfonfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ pRr kbflwsf/Lx?df g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf / d}n] s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]df :yfgLo tx b]lv ;+3 tx;Dddf g} w]/} sfd cl3 a9\g ;S5 . To;}n] :yfgLo txb]lv s]Gb| ;/sf/sf ;a} cjojnfO{ ;bfrf/sf] dfnfdf uf“:g] u/L ;bfrf/ gLlt Nofpg ;s] / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s]df d'n'sdf Pp6f k|0ffnL :yflkt x'g]5 . o;af6 /fhgLltsf ;fy;fy} Ao'/f]qm]l6s u|'knfO{ klg ;bfrf/df 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

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164

Public Service Commission: A Principle Based Organization

— Kiran Raj Sharma*

Abstract

The historic six decades of Public Service Commission have paved a path of meritocracy, fairness and equal opportunity in recruitment of public sector jobs in Nepal. In due course, the commission has established some tenable principles and procedures that have helped establishing a 'system' within the commission. Efforts have been made to ensure fairness in each and every stages of the process. Warranting quality and confirming reliability, the commission has become successful in distinguishing itself as a principle based organization among the other public sector agencies of Nepal.

Introduction

Public Service Commission is a constitutional body of Nepal. It was established in 1941, June 15. The major objective of the commission is to conduct different kinds of examinations and select suitable candidates for the civil service. It also conducts written examinations for the security agencies like Nepal Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force as well as for the public enterprises of Nepal. Since the establishment of the commission, several principles have been in practice. Some principles, tools and practices being adopted by the commission are discussed below. A long run experience of applying those principles and practices has helped the Commission to gain public trust and support.

Principle of fairness and equal opportunity

All candidates who meet the qualification criteria (e.g. academic qualification, age, inclusive document, experience, citizenship, council registration document, equivalent letter etc.) can take part and compete in the examinations. The candidates who meet the required criteria can openly apply and compete for the vacant posts. The examination system is designed in such a way that the candidate is kept unidentified till the final stage of evaluation. Fairness is assured in all the procedures of examination and impartiality is maintained.

* Joint secretary, Public Service Commission

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Principle of Meritocracy

The Public Service Commission is branded as the synonym of merit system. Scoring in several level of examinations such as written exam, group discussion, computer skill test, individual presentation, case study analysis, individual oral interview are based on merit system. The candidates who obtain the highest score are selected.

Principle of Non-attachment

The person who is involved in one process of secret job, is not permitted to do another stage of the same process. This rule is equally applied for the experts, subject specialists, division heads, section heads and other staff as well.

Principle of Central Tendency

The range of score is pre-defined for the interview, case study presentation and group discussion. The examiners can give minimum 40% and maximum 70% of the full marks. Any marks above or below the range must be justified in writing. Majority members must justify the score. For the written examination, the maximum mark is up to 70% generally.

Principle of Detachment

In the process of printing question papers, result preparation and publication, all the involved staff members stay detached from public contact and maintain secrecy until and unless the secret job completes.

Principle of Secrecy

All documents related to the examination process are sealed with the signatures of involved officials and are kept secret.

Principle of Separation

If any relatives of staff of Public Service Commission are appearing in the exam, the staff is kept separate from the whole process of the examination. It is also applicable for experts, officials, and the members of the Public Service Commission.

Limited Transparency and Right to Information

Only successful candidates can see their total score in the website after 7 days of publication of final results. The information is obliterated after the 7 days of such publication. If any candidate appeals for the retotaling, he or she will be notified of the retotaling result publicly through commission website and newspaper media.

Double Coding

Before sending the answer-sheet for evaluation, first Code Number is placed in the first page of the answer sheet where personal details of the candidate (such as name, address, roll no) have been filled up by the candidate during the examination. After first coding, coded filled-up part of the front page is torn out and kept separately and secretly. The remaining part of the front page is marked with second Code Number and it is also torn out again and kept separately under the supervision of the authorized higher officials in the Public Service Commission. The

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above-mentioned method as a whole, is called double coding system. It is important to note that, the person who is involved in the first coding process is in no way permitted to involve in the second coding process.

Double Checking

Recently the Commission has started double checking system for the answer sheets of joint secretary and undersecretary level examinations in order to minimize the behavioral errors of the examiners. After the first examiner examines the answer sheet (without any mark on it) the second examiner also examines the sheets separately. One examiner does not see the score given by another. The average of the scores given by the examiners is the final score given to the candidate.

Experts' Contribution

In the different stages of examination such as raw question setting, moderation of questions, evaluation of answer sheet, group discussion, individual presentation and interview; the commission invites the subject experts separately and secretly. Commission always encourages the opinions and views of the experts in different critical issues during the evaluation process. The commission also prefers to take the opinions of the related agencies like ministries, courts, departments in case of necessity.

Division of Work

Each sections of the commission are assigned with specialized roles. Role duplication and role-conflict is avoided as far as possible. One section or division of the Commission does not have direct access to the job of other sections/divisions.

Expelling of Candidate

If any candidate breaches the rules and regulations of any selection examination, he or she will be expelled and suspended for a certain period.

Involvement of Central Representatives

Due to the highly sensitive nature of Commission's responsibilities, the central office of the commission always sends its representatives to its branch offices (zonal and regional) in order to maintain fairness, impartiality and secrecy in the examinations conducted there. For the secret and sensitive jobs, central representatives will be departed for certain period to the regional and zonal offices to conduct examinations and interviews.

Summary

Historically established and proven principles, procedures, and tools of the Public Service Commission have maintained its credibility and reliability since decades. It has also become successful in winning the hearts of general public and in building its eminence as a citizen centric institution. This hard earned legacy is the result of professional culture developed by the commission members, employees, experts, intellectuals and the legislature as well. The hope always remains that PSC would be successful in maintaining its image high in future.

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Nepal's LDC Graduation Target and It's Challenges

— Tirtha Raj Rai*

Abstract

Thirteenth Periodic Plan (2013/14-2015/16) has targeted Nepal's graduation from an LDC to a developing country by 2022. National Planning Commission has drafted an approach paper to support the achievement of the target. Meanwhile, Nepal has met the graduation criteria in the triennial review 2015. Furthermore, if Nepal again meets the graduation criteria in the next triennial review 2018, then, it may be recommended for graduation. Nepal is still an LDC but on the graduation pace. In this periphery, this study examines some of the major challenges on Nepal's LDC graduation by collecting secondary data from secondary sources. Special attempts have been made to find hindrances parts in GNI per capita criteria in which Nepal performs about 50 percent lower than graduation threshold.

Keywords: Least Developed Country, Gross National Income Per Capita (GNI Per Capita), Human Asset Index (HAI), Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI), Economic Growth

Background

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are defined by the United Nations system as the most vulnerable members of the international community – having both low incomes and facing severe structural and physical impediments to their long term economic and social development. Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (2011) states that the least developed countries, consisting of 48 countries with a total population of 880 million (about 12 per cent of world population), but account for less than 2 per cent of world GDP and about 1 per cent of global trade in goods, represent the poorest and weakest segment of the international community.

At the time of the Fourth United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries in Istanbul, Member States agreed on the Istanbul Programme of Action for Least Developed

* Under Secretary, Government of Nepal.

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Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1). The main goal of the Istanbul Programme of Action is to overcome the structural challenges faced by the least developed countries (LDCs), to eradicate poverty, achieve internationally agreed development goals, and graduate half of these 48 LDCs by 2020 (UN, 2011).

At present context, Nepal is still among the group of 48 least developed countries (LDCs) of the world, though it has met two criteria i.e. HAI and EVI out of three (GNI per capita, HAI & EVI) as per the 2015 Triennial Review. (UNCDP, 2015).

Status of Nepal for Graduation

The Thirteenth Periodic Plan (2013/14 - 2015/16) has targeted Nepal's graduation from an LDC to developing country by 2022. In order to support the achievement of the target, National Planning Commission has drafted an approach paper ‘Graduation from the Least Developed Country by 2020’. The approach paper, the only official publication of the government of Nepal on LDC gradiations, includes several aspects of the process. However, the paper seems missing identifying and analyzing the possible barriers and challenges in LDC graduation process.

Nepal has met the LDC graduation criteria in 2015 triennial review. To be graduated, Nepal must meet graduation criteria in 2018 triennial review as well, because to be recommended for graduation, a country must be found eligible in two successive triennial reviews. In 2015 triennial review, Nepal has met only two graduation criteria i.e. HAI & EVI, except GNI per capita. Nepal is still about 50% below the income criteria graduation threshold, shown in the table 2.1, though HAI and EVI criteria have been met.

Table 2.1 : Thresholds for inclusion and Graduation; and Nepal's position (in $)

Criteria ThresholdsYear of Triennial Review Nepal’s

position in 20152006 2009 2012 2015

GNI per Capita ($)

Inclusion Thresholds 749 905 992 1035 Approx. 50% belowGraduation Thresholds 900 1086 1190 1242

Nepal's Situation 690 1486 1700 659

HAIInclusion Thresholds 58 60 60 60

3.2% aboveGraduation Thresholds 64 66 66 66Nepal's Situation 56,0 58,3 59,8 68.1

EVIInclusion Thresholds 42 42 36 36

11% belowGraduation Thresholds 38 38 32 32Nepal's Situation 37,4 33,6 27,8 26.8

(Source: CDP 2015, WB 2015 and NPC 2014)

Table 2.1 shows the inclusion and graduation thresholds for the LDC inclusion and graduation. It also shows current status of Nepal's in graduation criteria. To be included in LDC group, a country must be below the GNI per capita and HAI inclusion threshold but must be above the EVI thresholds. For being eligible for graduation-recommendation, an LDC must perform

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above the graduation thresholds of GNI per capita and HAI but must contain below the EVI threshold. It is to be noted that Nepal has scored 32 in EVI criterion and 60 in HAI criterion in the 2015 triennial review which means Nepal has met those criteria but income criterion is yet to meet.

Paths for Graduation

There are two paths of eligibility for graduation; either the country must have doubled GNI per capita criterion or must meet any two criteria out of three. For example, either If GNI per capita criteria for graduation is $1500, any LDC must have more than $ 3000 GNI per capita. Then, the country could be recommended for graduation. Or, if any LDC crosses both HAI and EVI criteria, the country is also considered meeting the criteria for graduation. The ways of graduation have been illustrated in figure 3.1 below. In 2015 triennial review, Bhutan was recommended for graduation through Way I, nevertheless, Nepal was recommended for graduation through Way II.

In 2015 triennial review, five countries have met the eligibility criteria for graduation for the first time. Out of them, Bhutan is a country which has fulfilled the income criteria but remains below the graduation threshold on HAI and EVI. Since a country must be eligible at two successive triennial reviews by the CDP, Bhutan have to meet the criteria for graduation during the 2018 triennial review too, in order to be recommended for graduation by the Committee.

Figure 3.1 : Paths for Graduation

(Source: CDP, 2015)

Sector-Wise Gap between Estimated and Actual Growth: An analysis of LDC Approach Paper

NPC (2014) has estimated required annual economic growth rate of 9.2% to upgrade from LDC by 2022. From the base fiscal year i.e. 2013/14 to fiscal year 2016/17, annual economic growth is estimated around 5 percent to 9 percent. However, from the fiscal year 2017/18 to 2021/22 it is estimated above 10 percent. Sector-wise targeted economic growth rate and achieved economic growth rate of the economy are presented in the following figures.

The figures reveal that, estimated economic growth could not be achieved except in fiscal year 2013/14. For the fiscal years 2014/15 and 2015/16 the actual growth is far lower than the

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estimated growth. Since achieved growth for the fiscal year 2016/17 is taken from only first eight months, we cannot predict that it will meet the estimated growth rate for this fiscal year.

Targeted economic growth rate and achieved economic growth rate by three major sectors of the economy are presented in figures 4.1 to 4.3.The average sectoral growth rates for the planned period for agriculture, industry and service sectors are 5.4, 10.1 and 11.0 percent respectively. All three sectors of national economy have same trend in the gap of expected economic growth with actual economic growth as shown in figure 4.4.

A. Agriculture Sector

Following figure shows the gap between projected and actual growth in agriculture sector. The huge gap between expected and achieved economic growth is in FY 2014/15 and FY 2015/16. However, it is close to targeted growth in FY 2013/14 and FY 2016/17. In FY 2013/14, economic growth was achieved 4.5 percent against the target of 4.8 percent. The growth is limited to 0.8% in FY 2015/16. However, the preliminary growth for the FY 2016/17 is 5.3 percent.

B. Industry Sector

In industry sector, economic growth is higher than expected in FY 2013/14 and FY 2016/17. These two fiscal years are exceptions. Excluding that, other fiscal years has no achievements in target. For instance, there is the gap of 5.8 percent in FY 2015/16.

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C. Service Sector

Similar to the other sectors, the actual growth in service sector has the same trend. The growth is more than expected in the fiscal year 2013/14. Apart from that all the other years have lower growth rates.

D. Economy-Wide Growth

All three major sectors have achieved lower growth rates in comparison to targeted economic growth rate.

In agriculture sector, growth rate is far below than estimated except in fiscal year 2013/14. Industry sector has negative economic growth rate in fiscal year 2016/17. In case of Service sector, actual annual growth is more than 2 percent in three fiscal years. The gap between estimated and actual annual economic growth rate in service sector in the fiscal year 2014/15 is only 2 percent, whereas this gap in the same year in industry sector is 3.5 percent and in agriculture sector it is 4.5 percent.

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Causes of Low Economic Growth in Nepal

Generally, there are various ways to generate economic growth of the country. Some of these are:

• A discovery of new or better economic resources.• Growing of the labour force• Creating superior technology or other capital goods.• Increasing specialization in labour skills

When a country can produce better goods using its available raw material, economic growth generates itself. Because of higher price of final goods than its raw material, economy can generate more income, more expenditure and more savings as well. They result in higher production.

Another way to generate economic growth is to grow the labor force. It is assumed that more workers generate more economic goods and services. Economic growth can also be generated by developing new technology or other capital goods. The rate of technical growth and capital growth is highly dependent on the rate of savings and investment. Savings and investment are necessary to engage in research and development. In addition, if labors become more skilled at their crafts, raising their productivity through trial and error or simply more practice, level of output also increases.

In case of Nepalese economy, the government is lagging behind both in initiating new production using raw material and in developing new technology. In the same way, the country is neither carrying out well planned activities to retain the unemployed labor force nor eventually supporting to increase their skills and ability. As a result, Nepal is not able to achieve high growth as per the increasing annual government expenditure.

Economic survey (MoF, 2016) reveals that from the fiscal year 2006/07 to fiscal year 2014/15, total number of 3,201,268 Nepalese left the country for foreign employment. Each year more than 512 thousand active youths enter into the Nepalese labor market and they have been flying to foreign country in search of employment. There is a large gap between demand and supply of labor. The growth of skilled manpower and creation of employment is not satisfactory. More than 1,300 youths leave the country every day. Around 3.48 million foreign employees who left the country through formal and informal channels are categorized as 1.5 percent skilled, 23 percent semi-skilled and 75.5 percent unskilled.

Another main cause that results to low growth in Nepal is low capital expenditure. For example, in FY 2015/16, recurrent expenditure generally occupies three-fourth of Nepal's total public expenditure while capital expenditure is merely 15 percent. Though recurrent expenditure complies with estimation, capital expenditure seems to remain below par. Despite fiscal deficit being executed to optimally mobilize public resources, budget surplus is likely to repeat at the end of the every fiscal year which poses challenge to attest the effectiveness of capital expenditure. Table 5.1 below shows percentages of government spending in last half decade.

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Table 5.1. : Details of Government Expenditure (in %)

FYPercentage of Expenditure

Recurrent Capital Other Total

2011/12 71.8 15.2 13 100

2012/13 69.0 15.2 15.8 100

2013/14 69.82 15.94 14.24 100

2014/15 63.96 16.71 19.33 100

2015/16 59.1 25.5 15.4 100

(Source: Eco. Survey, 2016)

Challenges on LDC Graduation Target

A. Economic Challenges

As of 2015 triennial review, Nepal burdens with the gap of US$ 583 in GNI per capita criterion against the threshold for graduation. Such a big GNI per capita gap (more than 50 percent) is almost impossible to recover before 2018 triennial review. First, as the approach paper points out, the average economic growth must be maintained at 9.2 percent from FY 2013/14 to 2021/22 to achieve GNI per capita. But the average economic growth in last two and half decades is only 3.57 percent. So, it can be said, reality is worse whatever assumptions/predictions have been made in the Approach Paper.

Second, gap between projected and actual growth from FY 2012/13 to FY 2016/17 is becoming wider and wider. Main sectors of economy, i.e. agriculture sector, industry sector and service sector, all have similar trend of growth. Third, earthquake has affected in major sectors of the country. It needs NRs. 819 billion1 to reconstruct and recover the destruction. This amount is equal to the total national budget of FY 2016/17 (NRs. 823 billion) and 1.4 times bigger than actual expenditure of FY 2015/16 (NRs. 593 billion). Neither the source of funding for such an enormous requirement is ensured, nor the country has demonstrated capacity of budget absorption.

Fourth, consumption has continued to grow despite low economic growth rate. Due to increased consumption trend, the domestic saving ratio has been declining. Creating feasible environment to boost savings in the country has remained challenge to the economy. Fifth, the share of revenue mobilization to GDP is close to 20 percent. Such ratio generally stands at 35 percent in countries advancing towards development. The task of mobilizing revenue in accordance with its viability remains a challenge (MoF, 2016).

Lastly, it is itself challenging to execute the projection, plan and activities drafted in the approach paper. To achieve GNI per capita criterion in 2018 triennial review, the investment

1 Budget Speech of FY 2016/17, Nepal Government

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has to be boosted up as projected in draft paper within the defined time table. The projection seems very far from the real capacity of the country.

B. Social and Other Challenges

Nepal has already met the HAI and EVI criteria in triennial review of 2015. But due to various social and institutional hindrances, it may be difficult to maintain those thresholds again in 2018. Some of the social and institutional barriers are illustrated below.

Consumption based poverty – defined as the percentage of population living below the national poverty line of Rs.19,261 (per person per year) – stood at 21.6 percent in FY 2015/20162 which represents a spectacular decline from the similar data in FY 1995/1996. However, the earthquake occurred in April and May 2015 badly affected in the poverty reduction goal of the country.

According to the World Bank’s anticipations, the earthquakes would end up pushing an additional 2.5 to 3.5 percent Nepalese people into poverty in FY 2015/2016 which is equivalent to at least 700,000 additional poor. Roughly 50 to 70 percent of the increase in poverty might come from rural central hills and mountains where overall vulnerability prior to the earthquake was already high (PDNA, 2015).

Various problems like blockades, strikes, labor issues, short supply of electricity and difficulties to ensure geographical access to external market are challenges to run operational industries in their full capacities for achieving high economic growth.

The huge amount of remittance is not able to trigger the additional employment in service sector. It is also a challenge to address this problem by investing the amount of remittance in trade, finance, communication, education, health and transport sectors including that of service oriented industry sector.

Out of the total 784 health institutions, 669 have been badly affected by the devastating earthquake including 358 completely damaged and 311 partially damaged (MoF, 2016).

EVI criteria are weighted from 50 percent with shock index of all indices. Under this index, the natural shock sub-index and trade shock sub-index are included. Furthermore, the natural shock sub-index depends on two indicators i.e. homeless due to natural disasters and Instability of agricultural production. There has been increase in number of homeless due to the 2015 earthquake. Eventually, this disaster has negative effects on EVI criteria.

Despite the regular effort of the government, deficiency in nutrition is still prevalent in almost half of the children under the age of 5 and women of reproductive age. Likewise, obesity has continued to grow in the urban areas. Similarly, climate change, increased food insecurity, epidemic and natural disaster and emergence of infectious diseases are the major factors

2 Approach Paper of Fourteenth Periodic Plan, 2016

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causing problems in human health (Economic Survey, 2016).

The country is facing the problems like high rate of poverty, huge trade deficits, high underemployment rate, income inequality and low quality of life. Several factors including subsistence agriculture, deteriorated industrial environment, power shortage, and weak public service delivery mechanism have led to a low level of economic growth and development. This situation has directly effect on GNI per capita criterion. Therefore, a great challenge exists to sustain the achievements and narrow down the gaps between GNI threshold level and the current status.

Conclusion

LDC approach paper includes the forecasting of economic growth assuming independent variable 'expenditure'. But only spending is not sufficient to achieve required growth. Expenditure is a factor but not substantial factor. Expected growth results only through the appropriate prioritization of sectoral expenses. The government should invest in mega projects that accelerate high growth rate. Such mega projects may include hydro projects because Nepal has such huge possibilities in hydro power. To achieve the trifecta of growth, equality and low level of poverty, the government should maintain macroeconomic stability. This can be done by reducing the current account deficit as well as obtaining stable sources through which to finance it.

References• Ministry of Finance (2016), Economic Survey: FY 2015/16, Kathmandu: Ministry of Finance.• Ministry of Finance (2017), Economic Survey: FY 2014/15, Kathmandu: Ministry of Finance.• Ministry of Finance (2016) : Budget Speech 2016/17, Kathmandu, Mof. • National Planning Commission (2010): Twelfth three year periodic plan (2010/11 - 2012/13), National

Planning Commission, Kathmandu. • National Planning Commission (2013), Nepal Millennium Development Goals: Progress report 2013, NPC-

Gov. of Nepal and UNDP Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.• National Planning Commission (2014): An approach to the graduation from the Least Developed Country

by 2022, National Planning Commission, Kathmandu. • National Planning Commission (2016):Fourteenth Periodic Plan, 2016/17-2018/19, Nepal Government,

Kathmandu.• Rai, T.R. (2016): The Role of Fiscal and Mnetary Policies on Nepal's LDC Graduation, a master thesis

submited to Department of Economics, Leuphana Univerity, Unpublished Document.• UN CDP and UN DESA, (2008), Handbook on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion,

Graduation and Special Support Measures, United nations, New York. • UNCDP (2015), Committee for Development Policy: Report on the seventeenth session (23- 27 March 2015),

United Nations, New York. • UN (2011), Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries: for the decade 2011-2020,

General Assembly, A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1 United Nations, New York. • UN (2001), Brussels Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries, General Assembly,

A/CONF.191/11 United Nations, New York.• UNDP (2013),Human Development Report, income Gini Coefficient, UNDP. • UN-OHRLLS (2015), Criteria for Identification and Graduation of LDCs. Available from <http://unohrlls.

org/about-ldcs/criteria-for-ldcs/ >.[3 November 2015].

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Approaches to the Study of Public Administration: A new Orientation

— Hari Prasad Adhikari*

Abstract

Public Administration is a social science. The methods of pure science are not applicable to administrative phenomena, only a scientific approach and a commonsense approach can be made use of in this sphere. The purpose of presenting this article is analyzing the approaches to the study of public administration. The methodology used for the study is the descriptive on secondary information from different sources as, reports, articles, books etc. The major issues dealt in this article are: meaning of the approaches to the study of public administration, managerial approach to public administration, the political approach to public administration, the legal approach to public administration.

Introduction of Approaches

By an approach we mean the point of view from which a particular subject is studied. Since the emergence of public administration as a separate field of study, various prominent thinkers, writers and scholars have developed several approaches to study public administration systematically and scientifically. Most of these approaches ensure efficient and effective administration.

Objective of the study

The objectives of the present article is to focus on the approaches to the study of public administration i.e. the Managerial Approaches to Public Administration, The Political Approach to Public Administration and the Legal Approach to Public Administration and to draw a conclusion of the study.

Methodology of the study

The methodology used for this study is the descriptive one based on secondary information. The secondary data were taken by reviewing the related reports of the approaches to the

* Lecturer, Public Administration Campus, TU

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study of public administration, policy documents, journal articles, books and other relevant documents published in Nepali and English languages.

Approaches to the study of public administration

The approaches adopted to study public administration is to describe explain and predict the behavior, subject matter, areas and boundaries of the discipline. The administrative organizations and behavior of the people can be described from various perspectives. Public administrators are those who perform such functions as required by the people's government. This is purely "Public Administration Approach" to public administration. On the other hand, what others say about approaching the study of public administration? Prof. E.N. Gladden says, there are many text books on public administration, but no one with an accepted approach. Gladden accepts the historical process oriented as well as legal and activities oriented approaches to be currently available in the literature of public administration chapter.

David Rosenbloom of American University has argued that three functions of government are related to three views of the role of public administration i. e. managerial, political and legal approaches (Denhardt, R. B. & Denhardt, J. V., 2009). Public administration contains three relatively distinct approaches that grow out of different prospective on its functions. Those approaches have been briefly examined below.

The Managerial Approach to Public Administration

The Managerial approach is associated with the executive branch's interest in faithful execution or implementation of the law. This approach tends to focus on different valves and procedural and structural arrangements for the operation of public administration. Managerial approach has two subjects:

a) Traditional or orthodox Public management / Traditional Managerial approach b) Contemporary reform oriented new public management (NPM)

a) Traditional Managerial Approach to Public Administration

The traditional managerial approach to public administration refers to neutral bureaucrats, apolitical. This approach was promoted by civil service reformers at first, in 19th century as a means of organizing the public service. Public administration is to be geared towards maximizing effectiveness, efficiency, and economy. Traditional managerial approach defended the existence of a dichotomy between politics and administration. Wilson wrote - "Administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics. Administrative questions are not political questions". Rather, they are managerial questions because as Wilson expressed it, public administration is "a field of business". Leonard White's influential introduction to the study of public administration stated, “The study of administration should start from the base of management rather than the foundation of law”. This approach has following aspects:

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Organizational structure of traditional managerial approach promotes an organizational structure, universally identified as bureaucracy. Organizational principles are intended to maximize the amount of output per unit input. The work of an individual may only be a small part of the organization's total activities. Bureaucracies stress the need for division of labour that enables the employees to specialize in the accomplishment of a given set of tasks. Specialization requires co-ordination, and bureaucracy relies on hierarchy for this purpose. Hierarchy creates a chain of authority to manage and co-ordinate the work divided according to the principle of specialization. Programs and functions are clearly assigned to specific organizational units. Positions are classified according to a rational scheme. The selection of employees is based on their ability to perform the tasks at hand i.e. on their merit not on the other factors, such as political affiliation, race or gender. Otherwise, there will be overlapping authorities likely to promote conflicts.

View of the individual of traditional managerial approach to public administration, promotes an impersonal view of individuals. This approach rarely considers the members of the public to be costumers because bureaucracy meant it to be irrational emotions. It is an efficient means of handling a number of people. This approach tends to turn an individual worker into an appendage of mechanized means of production. The worker has to adapt to the machine, the machine is not engineered to suit an individual worker's physical, mental, social and emotional idiosyncrasies. This approach makes an effort to promote the value of efficiency, economy and effectiveness.

Cognitive Approach of traditional managerial approach advocates the scientific method in developing knowledge. It promoted an effort to develop generalizations about administrative behavior. Public Administration was being transformed from an art into a science.

Budgeting of traditional managerial approach favors rational budgeting system. It emphasizes on the need to build cost effectiveness considerations into the formulation of budgets. This approach deals with the allocation of funds among the multitude of government functions.

b) The New Public Management (NPM)

The New Public Management at its inception was traditional managerial approach. It was the bureaucratic, cumbersome, ineffective largely irresponsible and unproductive public administration, thus called NPM. The new public management conceptually is an administrative philosophy for government to be result oriented and productive. It is the re-conceptualization of the philosophy of public administration in the sense that it involves the activity of imbibing business, culture in the working practices of the administrative system of the government. The new approach is reform oriented and seeks to improve the public sector performance. This approach was first coined by Christopher Hood in 1991. There are five elements of NPM - as a shopping basket, managerialism, organizational structure shift, new institutional economics, and change/ innovation in personal policy. It emphasizes on results rather than the process. There is a better use of market like competition in the provision of goods and services i.e. privatization/outsourcing. It is customer driven i.e. customers sell products in competition with the private firm. Empowerment,

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as opposed to hierarchy, promotes team work. Donald Kettl (cited by Frederickson and Smith, 2008) argues that NPM is predicated on six core issues: Productivity, Marketization, Service orientation, Decentralization, Policy, and Accountability. In addition, other aspects of NPM are:

Organizational Structure of NPM is the less hierarchical i.e. flatter structure. The subunits are more autonomous. Co-ordination in organizational structure of NPM is done through competition rather than hierarchy. Information system is used to monitor the service acting and result.

View of the individual states that an effective, entrepreneurial government insists on customer satisfaction as per their needs and choices. The government finds out the needs of the people using surveys, focus groups, incentives, market dynamics, and restructure their basic operation to meet customers' needs.

Cognitive Approach articulates that NPM depends heavily on the public choice. It theorizes that public choice enhances both consumer choice and administrative efficiency. Public choice also argues that, government should not supply a service or apply a regulation unless it cannot be done by the private sector as well. The markets are viewed typically superior to public administrative operations in satisfying individual preferences, developing technical efficiency, and operating in cost effective ways.

Budgeting in NPM focuses on the production of services and regulatory enforcement (output) and results (outcomes) rather than on inputs (i.e. personal and equipment) i.e. budgeting is based on the performance.

Decision Making states that decisions should be based on responsiveness to customers, performance levels and cost effectiveness. It focuses on decentralized decision making. NPM decision making is cost conscious.

The Political Approach to Public Administration

The political approach to public administration refers to public administrator as a reflection of the body politic. The approach was developed from empirical observations. This approach grew out of the observations of scholars like Poul Appleby during the World War II. According to Appleby, administration was considered to be a "Political process". This approach to public administration is frequently in tension with the traditional managerial and NPM approaches. Thus, public administration is ultimately a problem in political theory. Some other aspects of the political approach to Public Administration are:

Organizational Structure of this approach illustrates how public administration organized around the political values of representativeness, responsiveness, and accountability tends to be at odds with the managerial approach to organization. This approach (political) stresses over the extent and advantage of political pluralism within public administration. Pluralism within public administration is because of the fact that, as the administrative branch is a policy

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making center of the government, it must be structured to enable competing groups to counteract each other by providing political representations to comprehensive variety of the organized political, economic, and social groups that are found largely in the society. Administrative organization has been widely denounced to make the government “unmanageable”, “costly”, and “inefficient”, but, as Seidman argues, it persists because it is frequently viewed as a political question, heavily emphasizing political values.

View of Individual of political approach to public administration tends to aggregate the individual into a broad social, economic, or political group. It does not depersonalize the individual. In the political approach, individuals are aggregated into communities of interest. Political culture in this approach is viewed in terms of groups, e.g. the "black" vote, the "farm" vote, the "urban" vote, the "labor" vote, and so on.

Cognitive Approach is concerned with the representativeness and responsiveness that it looks for consensus or development of board coalitions in determining what is correct. Its decisions are often based on the public opinions, interest groups, etc and the media, election, public opinion surveys, etc. are the chief techniques for gaining the information it finds relevant. Political discussions/debates are viewed as the methods for developing knowledge and finding truth.

Budgeting states that budget is viewed as political rather than business document. Budget allocations are formal statements. Historically, there was an incremental budget in this approach, but at present, the funds are allocated to competing purposes, programs and organizations.

Decision Making concept in this approach favors an incremental style of decision making. Political pluralism, limited rationality, etc are the significant constraints on decision making.

The Legal Approach to Public Administration

The main theme of the legal approach to public administration is public administration as the adjudicator. This approach is largely based on the legal rights and obligations of the government. It views how public administration applies and enforces the law in concrete circumstances. Public administration should be subordinate to the rule of law. This approach is derived primarily from three interrelated sources.

a) Administrative Law is the body of law and regulations that controls the generic administrative processes. It comprises of statutes; executive order; the binding directives of central personnel, budget, service and related agencies; and constitutional law decisions.

b) Judicialization of Public Administration is the tendency for administrative process increasingly to resemble courtroom procedures designed to safeguard individual rights. Agencies begin to function more like courts, and consequently legal values

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come to play a greater role in their activities. Their decisions must meet the specific standard or proof, i.e. format by hearing examiners or administrative law judge.

c) Constitutional Law is the third source of the contemporary legal approach to public administration. Equal protection, privacy, and substantive rights and liberties of the citizenry in relation to public administrators have now been nearly redefined. The major feature of the legal approach to Public Administration is the downgrading of the cost effectiveness reasoning associated with the managerial approaches. The judiciary is not oblivious to the costs of its decisions, but its central focus tends to be on the nature of the individual's rights rather than on the costs to society of securing those rights. Inadequate resources can never be an adequate justification for the state depriving any person of his constitutional rights.

Organizational Structure of the legal approach to Public Administration is an adversary procedure. It is not a static structure but a dynamic social organism. Administration is not purely a legal structure but it is essentially a problem of human relations. Administration is not an end in itself but a means to the human welfare; hence its study cannot be divorced from the study of human behavior.

View of the Individual emphasizes on the procedural due process, substantive rights, and equity, which leads it to consider the individual as a unique person in a potentially unique set of circumstances. The person is enabled to explain his/her particular situation, thinking, motivation, and so forth to the governmental decision maker.

Cognitive Approach favors adjudication as the method of developing knowledge. An individual's intentions or states of mind are treated as objective facts rather than as subjective conditions. This approach is concerned with the use of social classification for the sake of analyzing and predicting individual behavior.

Budgeting emphasizes constitutional integrity and the need to protect constitutional rights. It focuses on line item budget.

Decision Making emphasizes on the judicial decision which is generally incremental. The facts of new case are evaluated in light of the applicable principles of law derived from the past decisions.

Conclusion

The managerial approach to public administration, which Rosenbloom connects to the executive function, emphasizes on the management and organization of public organizations. As with Wilson, this view sometimes suggests that management in the public sector is very much like that in the private sector i.e. primarily concerned with efficiency.

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The political approach to public administration, related to the legislative function in government, is more concerned about ensuring constitutional safeguards, such as those already mentioned. Efficiency is less concerned than effectiveness or responsiveness.

The legal approach to public administration, related to the judicial function, emphasizes the administrator’s role in applying and enforcing the law in specific situations. It is also concerned with the adjudicatory role of public organizations.

Bibliography

● Bhagwan,Vishnoo and Bhushan,Vidya (2007). Public administration, New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd.

● Caiden, Gerald E. (1971). The Dynamics of public administration guidelines to current transformations in theory and practice, USA: Hinsdale, Illinois Dryden Press.

● Denhardt, R. B. & Denhardt, J. V. (2009). Public administration, India: Rawat Publication

● Frederickson, H.G.,& Smith, K.B. (2008).The public administration theory primer. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.

● Henry, Nicholas (2007). Public administration and public Affairs, New Delhi: Prentice hall of India Private Limited.

● Maheshwari, Shriram ( 2003). Administrative Thinkers, New Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd.

● McNabb, D.E.(2012). Research methods in public administration and nonprofit management: quantitative and qualitative approaches. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.

● Miller,Hugh T. & Fox, Charles J. (2007). Postmodern public administration, New Delhi: Prentice hall of India Private Limited.

● Osborne, D. and Gaebler, T. (1992).Reinventing government. New Delhi: Prentice hall of India Private Limited.

● Pradhan, Goreksha Bahadur N. (2007).Some reflections on Nepalese public administration and management, Kathmandu: Indusgrafiqs.

● Raymond W. Cox III, Susan J. Buck and Betty N. Morgan (2004). Public administration theory and practice, India: Pearson Education.

● Rosenbloom, D. H & Kravchuk, R. S.(2005). Public administration understanding management, politics, and law in the public Sector, New York: Mc Graw Hill International.

● Shrestha, T.N. (2007). Public administration.Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

● Wolff, H.K. & Pant, P.R. (2005).Social science research and thesis writing. Kathmandu: Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

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Recruitment System in the UK's Civil Service

This article is an abridgement of a Report prepared by Nepalese delegates who visited the Civil Service Commission (CSC), UK on behalf of the Public Service Commission, Nepal in June 2017. Principles of recruitment adopted in the UK and the synopsis of functioning of the CSC, UK have been included here. This information could be useful to comprehend the UK's recruitment system, and, also be worthy for policy discussions by making comparative reading on the various aspects of recruitment and selection process in Nepal. - The Editor

The Civil Service Commission, UK

The Civil Service Commission (CSC), UK plays a role of regulator. The Commission publishes guidelines for the recruitment every year. Recruitment in the junior posts is accomplished by the individual Ministry on the basis of the CSC guidelines. CSC carries out compliance audit and investigations as well as monitoring if required. The Departments are fully independent to prepare Job Descriptions and carry out recruitment as per their demand.

Commission's Recruitment Principles

Merit: The appointment of the best available person judged against the essential criteria for the role. No one should be appointed to a job unless they are competent to do it and the job must be offered to the person who would do it best.

Fair: There must be no bias in the assessment of candidates. Selection processes must be objective, impartial and applied consistently.

Open: Job opportunities must be advertised publicly. Potential candidates must be given reasonable access to information about the job and its requirements, and about the selection process. In open competitions anyone who wishes must be allowed to apply.

The legal Requirements

The legal requirement for selection for appointment to the Civil Service is to be made on merit on the basis a fair and open competition. All three elements (merit, fair and open) have to be met for the appointment to be lawful.

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Meeting the Legal Requirement

Departments are responsible for designing and delivering selection processes which meet this requirement. There is no single "right" process for all appointments; processes can and should vary and be proportionate to the nature of the appointment. The process must enable a panel to decide the relative merit of candidates against the skill and experience required: the following are the essential steps that must be followed in all cases.

The selection panel

A selection panel of two or more people must be set up to oversee the appointments process. The panel must be chaired either by a civil servant or, for the most senior competitions, by a Civil Service Commissioner. The panel must ensure that candidates are impartially assessed against the published essential criteria (competences, skill and experience) at each stage of the process where assessment occurs and must take the final decision on which candidate or candidates are the most meritorious. Panel members must declare any conflict of interest including prior knowledge of an applicant. It is for the appointing Department to decide, in accordance with its own rules of conduct, how to proceed where it appears that an actual or perceived conflict of interest any arise. A record must be kept of how any such conflicts were dealt with.

The chair of the panel has the overall responsibility for ensuring that the selection process is compliant with the Recruitment Principles. Before a competition may proceed to advertising, the chair must therefore approve the essential criteria, job description, panel membership, process to be follow, timetable, remuneration and other terms and the advertising strategy.

At the end of the process the chair must produce a record which should briefly describe the outcome, the assessment stages and on what evidence the assessment of merit was made, the order of merit and confirm that the selection process was conducted in accordance with the Recruitment Principles. If at any point the chair believes the Recruitment Principles may be breached, he/she must pause the competition until this has been resolved.

Role of Departments and the appointment process

Departments must provide all potential applications with information about the nature and level of the role (including information about, or a link to, the Civil Service Code), the essential criteria against which they will be assessed, details of the selection process and the total remuneration available (salary, bonus, allowances etc.)

Departments must follow the published selection process for all candidates, except where they are making a reasonable adjustment for a disabled candidate or where a genuine difficulty arises. Similar opportunities must be given to all candidates to inform themselves about the role (for example, if some short-listed candidates have the opportunity to meet key people in the Department, all short-listed candidates must be given same opportunity.

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The media chosen to publicise job opportunities and the time allowed for advertising must be suitable for attracting a sufficiently strong and diverse field of applicants, taking account of the nature of the role and the relevant job market. Departments any choose to extend deadlines or accept late applications provided that they do so for all applicants and make any change to the deadline clear in any published material. But Departments are under no obligation to extend deadlines or accept late applications.

It must be made clear that the competition in being conducted in line with the Recruitment Principles and is being regulated by the Commission. All potential applicants must be made aware of the arrangements for making a complaint. The Commission's logo/kite mark must be displayed on any advertisement or information pack.

A Department must not be make an appointment under materially changed terms and conditions from those advertised. If a Department needs to consider paying more than 20% above the advertised salary, they must obtain the approval of the Commission before making such an offer so that the Commission can assess whether this materially changes the terms of the post, to the extent that, had it been advertised at the higher salary originally, a wider and more meritorious field of candidates might have applied.

Assessing Evidence

Selection processes must be objective, impartial and applied consistently. While this often involves an interview, it does not have to do so.

Each candidate must be assessed against the same essential criteria. The evidence collected to assess candidates must be broadly equivalent in substance and depth, accepting that there may be some differences in the type of evidence available for internal and external candidates.

Where candidates are asked to meet individuals other that panel members during the competition, it must be made clear to them whether this is purely for briefing purposes or whether it is part of the assessment.

Candidates must be assessed on merit, and they should not be treated more or less advantageously because of their previous or current activates, affiliations, or the employment of their friends, partner or family members.

All appointees to the Civil Service must be able to comply with the Civil Service Code requirements of honesty, integrity, objectivity and impartially. Where a candidate has previously engaged in political activity, the selection panel must satisfy itself that the candidate understands the requirement to operate objectively and impartially if appointed and must record how this has been done. It is for the panel to decide the most appropriate and proportionate way to achieve this, taking into account the nature and seniority of the post.

Panel members must ensure that they are aware of their obligations under the Data Protection Act, 1998 in relation to personal information obtained during the assessment process.

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Taking the decision

Taking all the evidence into account, the panel must establish which candidates are suitable for appointment and place them in an order of merit. It will be rare for a candidate to meet all the essential criteria exceptionally well; the most meritorious candidate will be the one who best meets the essential criteria.

Where the competition is for a single, or small number of posts, each candidate who is judged appoint able must be ranked in a merit order. The candidate recommended for appointment must be the one placed first in order of merit by the selection panel. If the most meritorious candidate turns the job down, the Department must then either offer the job, in merit order, to the other appoint able candidates or close the competition without an appointment being made.

In a competition for a large number of posts (Bulk recruitment), or in a rolling recruitment, the method used must ensure that no candidate is selected who did less well that another candidate who has not been selected; by the end of the competition all the roles must be have been given to the most meritorious candidates.

Reserve Lists

Where a competition identifies more number of suitable candidates than there are available vacancies a reserve list may be created for other similar roles in the Civil Service. This may be used for up to 12 months to fill the same role or other similar roles with the same essential criteria without further testing of merit. For competitions chaired by a commissioner the Commission's approval is required to make appointments using the reserve list.

Apprentices (Trainees)

Departments may appoint apprentices on merit through a fair and open. Where apprentices are not appointed on merit on the basis of a fair and open competition their appointment will be an exception under Exception.

The involvement of ministers

Where the relevant Minister has an interest in an appointment, the chair of the panel must ensure that the Minister is consulted on and agrees the final job and person specification, the terms of advertisement and the composition of the selection panel, in particular to ensure that there is sufficient external challenge from outside the Civil Service. The Minister may ask to be kept in touch with the progress of the competition throughout. Any views the Minister may have about the expertise, experience and skills of the candidates must be conveyed to the selection panel. The Minister may meet each of the shortlisted candidates, to discuss his or her priorities and the candidates' approach to the role, and feed back to the panel his or her views on any issues (s)he wants the panel to test at interview. Meetings between the Minister and candidates must be attended by a representative of the Civil Service Commission. The

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Minister may not be a member of a selection panel and may not add or remove candidates from a competition. The panel must assess the merits of the candidates using the best possible evidence and testing any issues raised by the Minister. The panel must recommend the best candidate for appointment. If the Minister is not satisfied with the recommendation, (s)he may ask the panel to reconsider, setting out the reason The panel may revise its order of merit; the reason for this must be recorded, and the panel must obtain the approval of the Board of the Commission before any appointment can be made.

Permanent Secretary Competitions

The Recruitment Principles applies to the appointment of all posts at Permanent Secretary grade. Permanent Secretary competitions must be chaired by the First Civil Service Commissioner (or his/her nominee), who will be responsible for ensuring that which they have an interest and that their views are relayed to the panel, and taken into account.

The relevant Minister must be involved at each stage and be able to raise any concerns (s)he has about the selection process, or about candidates, with the First Commissioner. The prime Minister must be kept informed about progress and have to opportunity to feed in views.

The panel must assess the merits of the candidates using the best possible evidence and testing any issues raised by the Minister or the Prime Minister. This should include assessing whether the candidates can work effectively with the Minister and fulfil the role of Principal Accounting Officer. The panel must decide which candidates are appoint able, i.e. which candidates meet the essential criteria for the role and would, in the panel's judgment, do the job well. It is for the panel alone to make this judgment. The names of the appoint able candidates should then be put forward to the Prime Minister in a panel report from the First Civil Service Commissioner summarizing the selection process and the panel's assessment of the candidates.

The Prime Minister must take the final selection decision from the appoint able candidates, in consultation with Head of the Civil Service and the First Civil Service Commissioner. As required by the 2010 Act, the selection decision must be made on merit, assessed against the published criteria for the role. Before making the final selection, the Prime Minister may meet the appoint able candidates. If(s)he does so, (s)he must meet all the appoint able candidates and must do so with the First Civil Service Commissioner (or his/her nominee) present.

In the context of a coalition government, references to the Prime Minister or First Minister should be read in the context of any relevant agreement between the coalition parties, including about the roles of minority party leaders within the coalition.

Competitions Chaired by Civil Service Commission

Civil Service Commissioners must chair all competitions for posts at SCS Pay Band 4 (Permanent Secretary) and SCS Pay band 3 (Director General) level. This requirement applies both to open (external) competitions and Civil Service-wide (internal) competitions.

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Commissioners will normally also chair competitions for open (external) competitions at SCS Pay Band 2 (Director) level. Department must contact the Commission before beginning such a competition and the commission will confirm whether it will be necessary for a Commissioner to chair the competition.

The Commission may also decide that a Commissioner must chair any other open (external) competition, taking into account, among other factors the results of any compliance monitoring audit and the assessed risk rating for a particular Department or area of work.

The Commissioner is a substantive member of the panel and will play a full part in the panel's deliberations. As chair of the panel, (s)he will be responsible for approving the terms of the competition and producing the panel report (s)he will also have responsibility for ensuring that Ministers are fully involved in the competitions in which they have an interest, and that their views are relayed to, and taken account of by, the panel. As the representative of the Commission, (s)he will be able to advise the panel on how to devise a flexible process, designed to identify the best candidate for the role from a strong and diverse field. The Commissioner's panel report authorizing the appointment is required before any appointment can be made. Allocation of competitions to individual Commissioners is at the discretion of the Commission.

Exceptions

The Commission has the power to except a selection from the requirement to appoint on merit, on the basis of a fair and open competition. This must either be justified by the needs of the Civil Service or be necessary to enable the Civil Service to participate in a Government employment initiative. Departments must be able to justify why, in any particular appointment, it has not been possible to select someone on merit through a fair and open competition. They will be required to report on their use of exceptions in the annual compliance statement and their use of exceptions may be subject to audit.

Exceptions requiring the Commission's approval

The Civil Service Commission's prior approval is required gor any appointment by exception at Senior Civil Service Pay Band 2 or above or on a salary above the SCS Pay Band 2 minimum orfor the appointment as a civil servant of any individual who has within the past five years, worked for the Minister (or a party colleague) or the Minister's political party.

Where the Commission considers there is a risk the Recruitment Principles may be breached it may additionally require a Department to seek the Commission's prior approval for the other appointments.

Compliance

Overall responsibility for complying with these Recruitment Principles including the use of exceptions, rest with the Civil Service Head of each Department. The Commission may

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require the Head of Department to produce an annual statement of compliance. It may also audit the Department's compliance. Department must retain, for a minimum of two years, sufficient information on their recruitment to provide evidence that they have complied and must provide the Commission with any information it reasonably requires.

Complaints

Any individual may complain to the Commission that the requirement for selection for appointment on merit on the basis of fair and open competition has not been met; or that any other aspect of the Recruitment Principles have not been complied with. The Commission can only accept complaints about the Open (external) competitions (all grades) and Civil Service-wide (internal) competitions (SCS Pay Band 3 above only). It cannot accept complaints about Civil Service wide (internal) competitions to posts at or below SCS Pay Band 2 (Director). Complaints must first be raised with the recruiting Department, which is responsible for having effective complaints handling procedures. If, after investigation by the Department, the complainant remains dissatisfied they may bring their complaint to the Commission. Complaints should be lodged with the Commission within 12 month of the closing date for applications, but the Commission will consider complaints lodged out of time in exceptional circumstances. Where the Department has not completed its investigation within 6 months of receiving the complaint, the Commission may consider taking the complaint at that stage. Recruiting Department are responsible for making all applicants aware of their right to complain and referring them to the Commission's complaints procedures.

Civil Service Executive Recruitment

Executive Recruitment is an expert service delivering recruitment campaign requiring a high degree of touch. The team - part of Civil Service Talent, approaches recruitment as an integral part of talent management. In partnership, with departments and professions develop and deliver high quality, customer-focused recruitment that identifies and attracts the best people for your roles. The team offers individual and tailored support across the Civil Service, to create the best conditions or attracting a rich and diverse pool of high-caliber candidates for senior roles. The team is able to support vacancy holders through an expert approach to finding and hiring talent, creating a professionally handled end-to-end recruitment experience for internal and

external candidates. To provide the most expert and professional service, focus is on sourcing talented candidates for roles in the top 4 pay bands that make up the senior Civil Service (SCS), but also on other roles where a bespoke or high-touch service is required. The team can offer a wide range of executive recruitment services from advertised selection, referencing, market mapping, business intelligence, use of our own internal executive recruitment search capability and access to external search suppliers with global reach.

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Pioneering new approaches to recruitment, efforts have been made to ensure that the best talent sees the Civil Service as an inclusive employer and critical path in their career. Executive Recruitment has a unique view of recruitment trend and the professional requirements of the roles and professions in the SCS. The team brings a best practice account management approach to delivering the recruitment needs.

Executive Recruitment Center

Out of 4,500 senior jobs all over UK, one third are recruited every year. Civil Service Commission and Executive Recruitment Centre are directly involved in selecting the best candidate through several selection tools such as written and interview exam, assessment tools, among others. Executive Recruitment Centre is fully concerned to follow the diversity and inclusion measures while selecting the candidates.

The Assessment Centre Method is often used in selection procedures to select the best candidates. It consists of group discussion, problem solving, verbal reasoning, group exercise, leadership behaviour, policy presenting resilience, several tests and practical simulations that are intended to show whether a person is the right fit for a particular position.

The characteristics of the expert service for Executive Recruitment

• Improved attraction strategies for external approach - a more innovative media approach, simpler job descriptions and application processes, and better use of social media, including targets search through LinkedIn.

• Dedicated account managers who are experts in executive recruitment;• Direct personal contact with candidates through our the recruitment process resulting

in the best experience for all candidates;• Opportunities within the selection process to explore candidates strengths, potential

and aspirations so that we are recruiting and aspirations so that we are recruiting for the immediate role and also building our succession pipeline for more senior roles;

• Creative recruitment solutions that include using high potential talent pools and inward secondments;

• Ability to respond to increasing demand from professional areas such as HR Digital, PPM and Commercial;

• Better engagement with executive search agencies when used through an improved procurement process and stronger management of their service;

• Enhanced internal search capability;• A board range of selection options, including one-to-one sessions, team and

stakeholder engagement events, and a variety of psychometric tests;• Assistance for external and diverse candidates in understanding and navigating Civil

Service recruitment processes.

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Measures of Success in Executive Recruitment

Civil Service Executive recruitment aims to:

• Identify an appointable candidate in at least 90% of vacancies (at the first attempt)• Achieve an average campaign length of less than 60 working days (excluding external

search)• Achieve appointments which are at least as diverse as the existing profile of the SCS

(women, BAME and disabled)Executive Recruitment has helped the Civil Service to appoint over 500 individuals in 2016-17. The diversity of appointments exceeds the diversity in the existing Senior Civil Service.

Recruitment Services

To develop and tailor an attraction strategy, a diverse range of talented applicants are encouraged and a centralized, expert senior recruitment service is delivered. Three types of recruitment services include:

• Advertised selection• Executive search - internal team• Executive search - external partner

Important aspects of executive recruitment

(a) Campaign analysis:

Early meeting with the vacancy holder and HR to understand their requirements and provide advice/support throughout the campaign. Account Manager will consider options for filling the vacancy, which may include reviewing talent pools; near-misses from previous campaigns; and secondments. Account Manager will agree an attraction strategy and provide an indicative timeline, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities.

(b) Sourcing:

Advice on drafting the advert to attract the best candidates. If an external campaign is appropriate - advice on external advertising; support through the Dynamic Purchasing Solution (DPS) to secure executive search expertise; and liaison with the Civil Service Commissioners. Advice on the use of social media, including LinkedIn.

(c) Selection:

A single point of contact of everyone involved. Standard response handling to provide an improved candidate experience consistent across departments.

(d) Evaluation

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- Diversity monitoring at each stage of campaign.- Review of campaign with vacancy holder- Review a candidate experience- Provide a menu of learning and development options, including panel training where

necessary and unconscious bias training.

Attraction and Marketing

Creating content for "Attraction" material including a master class leaflet on preparing for applying to the SCS has been drafted. Key milestones have also been drafted for the Civil Service Talent SCS on-boarding Interactive Induction Pack.

Some facts:

• 49.3% woman into the SCS roles - compared to a current SCS population of 40.6% women

• 7.6% SCS BAME appointments compared to a current SCSBAME population of 4.3%

• 7.5% disabled compared to a current SCS disabled population of 3.4%• 5.2% LGBT hires compared to a current SCSLGBT population of 4.9%

(The delegation team was comprised of Hon. Umesh Prasad Mainali (Chairperson), Hon. Shree Purush Dhakal (Member), Mr. Kiran Raj Sharma (Joint secretary), Mr. Parashwor Dhunghana (Joint secretary) accompanied in the UK by Mr Sharad Raj Aran, Deputy Chief of Mission/Embassy of Nepal in London and Tejendra Regmi, Attache/ Embassy of Nepal in London.)