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7/28/2019 Dna Replication, Translation, And Transcription
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Replication
TranscriptionTranslation
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DNA
1. Double Stranded Helix
2. Hydrogen Bonds betweenNitrogenous Base Pairs
3. Adenine-Thymine and
Guanine-Cytosine
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Gene
A gene is a segment of DNA
A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that
codes for a functional product (usually a
protein)
1 gene = 1000s of base pairs
41000 possibilities of combinations
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A Gene is a Segment of DNA
When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce
RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.
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Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype
1. Genetic Composition of an Organism
2. Represents the Potential Properties
Phenotype1. The Expression of the Genes
2. What You See
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Replication
The duplication of DNA which occursduring the S phase of Interphase.
1 Strand 2 Complementary Strands
DNA Polymerase
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One More Time!
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thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
Nitrogenous base
(guanine)
RNA nucleotide
ribose sugar
phosphate
Nitrogenous base
(uracil)
Sugar / phosphate strand
Nitrogenous base rung
Hydrogen bond
(H-bonds)
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Step 1: Hydrogen bonds
between complimentary
bases break
DNA unzips
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Step 2: DNA strands
pull apart from each other
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Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell
match up with each side of theunzipped DNA
each unzipped strands forms a
template for a new strand
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Step 4: Each old strandforms a template for a
new strand
two identical DNAmolecules form
old (original) strand
new strand, identical
sequence to the original
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Transcription
The process by which a molecule of DNA iscopied into a complementary strand of
RNA.
1 Strand DNA
2 Strands RNA RNA Polymerase
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DNA RNA
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Label the Following
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One More Time!
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Step 1: Hydrogen bonds
between complimentary
bases break
DNA unzips
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Step 2: DNA strands
pull apart from each other
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Step 3:
RNA nucleotides
in the cell match
up with only one
side of the
unzipped DNA
each unzipped
strands forms atemplate for a
mRNA strand
RNA nucleotide
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Step 4:
RNA nucleotides
continue to match
up withunzipped DNA
until the message
is completely
transcribed
mRNA strand
One side of DNA strand
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Step 4:
mRNA strand
breaks offfrom the DNA
strand
mRNA strand
One side of DNA strand
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Step 5:
mRNA strand
leaves the
nucleus for
the ribosome
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Step 6: Once the mRNA
leaves, the DNA zips
back together
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Translation
The process in which the information in thenucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to
dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein.
1 Strand RNA Amino Acid Chain Protein
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The problem: How does a
particular sequence of
nucleotides specify a particular
sequence ofamino acids?
By means oftransfer RNA
molecules, each specific for one
amino acid and for a particular
triplet of nucleotides in mRNA
called a codon. The family of
tRNA molecules enables the
codons in a mRNA molecule to
be translated into the sequenceof amino acids in the protein.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.html7/28/2019 Dna Replication, Translation, And Transcription
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RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA is a Single
Stranded Nucleic Acid
RNA Acts as aMessenger between
DNA and Ribosomes
Process Takes Amino
Acids and FormsProteins
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Why Is It Necessary?
DNA / Nucleus
Ribosomes / Cytoplasm
Need a Messenger
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Definitions
Codon
1. Three-base segment of mRNA that
specify amino acids.
2. Sense Codons3. Nonsense Codons
Anticodon
1. Three-base segment of tRNA that
dock with a codon.
2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.
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Protein Synthesis
Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA
with 3 bases (one codon) for each amino
acid. Whats up with that?
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Mutation
A change in the nitrogenous base sequence
of DNA; that change causes a change in the
product coded for by the mutated gene.
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MutationsWhat happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in
the DNA sequence?
Usually you end up with a mess.
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL
Deletion of one base
THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL
And its all pops and buzzes.
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Sickle-CellAnemia
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Definitions
CarcinogensSubstances and preparations which, if they areinhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin;may induce cancer or increase its incidence and
can affect any cells or tissues Mutagens
may induce hereditary genetic defects or increasetheir incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads)
Teratogens
may induce non-hereditary congenitalmalformations or increase their incidence andeffect the growing fetus
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Mutagens
Tobacco products
Nitrous Acid
Mold Toxins X-rays
Gamma Rays
UV Radiation Some Artificial Sweeteners
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