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DNA typing
What is DNA?
a. Nucleus of cells contain RNA/DNA
b. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid ***
c. Nucleus has 23 pairs of chromosomes made up of DNA ***
d. Within each pair, one chromosome from sperm and one from egg ***
What makes DNA individual?
a. Four chemicals: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine make up the DNA code ***
b. Chemical strung together=DNA code
c. Some sections of DNA vary from individual to individual
d. Scientists can link a strand of DNA to a given individual
e. 2 different people could possibly have the same blood type, not DNA ***
Criminal investigations
a. Specimens: blood, hair, bloodstained clothing Provides powerfully compelling
evidence ***
Forensic anthropology Skeletal anatomy
a. 206 bonesb. Man = 12 pounds, woman = 10 pounds ***
What bones showa. How person livedb. Debilitation illnesses (rickets, polio, healed fractures, osteoporosis)c. Right handed or left handedd. Clues to occupation
Skeletal remains can show:
Age of person at time of death Sex of person (skull and pelvis) Race Height If the head is missing, it may be
difficult to determine the victim’s race ***
Odontology and serology studies in forensic medicineA. Odontology
1. Characteristics of teeth after death
a. No other part lasts longerb. In fires, teeth usually only
means to ID remains, after a house fire,
the coroner would request a copy of the victim’s odontogram in order to help identify the body. ***
c. No two people have identical teeth
Requirements for identification
a. Need dental recordsb. Dentists chart five surfaces of each
tooth in a grid (odontogram)c. Can also provide “bite mark”
evidence Teeth useful in determining
subject’s age
Odontology
Serology
Blood typea. Four types (A, B, O, and AB)b. Rh factor (Rh factor is found in the blood) ***c. Female cells have Barr Body***
Criminology
a. Kastle-Meyer test to determine if it is indeed blood
b. Precipitin test – determines animal or human blood
c. Can determine type and gender from blood
d. Provides reliable and informative evidence
Question for Monday
List the forensic techniques that we have discussed so far.
Answer for Monday
Odontology Forensic anthropology DNA typing Blood Firearms and Toolmarks Forensic Profiling Document Examination Autopsy
Question for Tuesday
How long has a victim been dead for rigor mortis starts? When does it reverse?
Answer for Tuesday
Three hours Reverses after 36 hours
Question for Wednesday
Steve claims that he was attacked by three people. One of the attackers, John, bit him. Is there any way to prove in court that John bit Steve?
Answer to Wednesday
Yes, using bite mark identification/evidence
Test ID-First Block
8911012867
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Test ID-Second Block
8922812867
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Please sit quietly while others finish. You may work on other schoolwork if needed.
Test ID-Third Block
8903412867 Please get a computer and make
sure you can log in and sign in. When you are finished with your test, please log yourself off and shut the computer down. Don’t just turn the computer off, but shut it down. Thank you
Please sit quietly while others finish. You may work on other schoolwork if needed.
Test ID-Fourth Block
8919512867 Please get a computer and make
sure you can log in and sign in. When you are finished with your test, please log yourself off and shut the computer down. Don’t just turn the computer off, but shut it down. Thank you
Please sit quietly while others finish. You may work on other schoolwork if needed.