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DĀNEŠNĀME-YE KUCAK-E IRĀN In ketāb-e mosavvar, šāmel-e se baxš-o nazdik be sisad onvān, fešorde āgāhihā-vo dādehā-ye sudmand-i rā
dar bāre-ye Irān, az jomle tārix, joqrāfiyā, farhang-o honar-e ān, be zabān-i rowšan-o mafhum dar extiyār-e
xānande qarār midehad. Majmue-ye dānestanihā-yi ke dar in dānešnāme āmade, hāsel sālhā pažuheš-e
moallef-o virāstārān-e ān dar ketābhā-ye marja-o manābe-o asnād-e tārixi bude-ast. Moallef-e in dānešnāme,
Jaleh Mottahedin, be tafsir-o towzih-e ruydādhā dar haddeaqal kefāyat karde-vo hamm-e xiš rā bištar masruf
be gozāreš-e bipirāye-i az sarfaslhā-ye omde-ye tārix-e Irān, vižegihā-ye joqrāfiyāyi-yo eqlimi-yo farhangi-ye
ān-o kārnāme-ye zendegi-yo mirās-e noxbegān-e siyāsi, ejtemāi-yo adabi-ye Irān az azmane-ye bāstān tā
dowrān-e moāser karde-ast. Fehrest-e manābe-o marāje-e omde-i ke barā-ye ta’lif-o tanzim-e in asar estefāde
šode, dar pāyān-e har fasl āvarde šode-ast. Az ānjā ke fosul-o matāleb-e in dānešnāme bar asās-e mowzui
tafkik-o radebandi šode, az ān mitavān ham be onvān-e yek marja-o ham yek matn-e darsi bahre gereft. In
dānešnāme beviže barā-ye nowjavānān-o javānān-e irāni-ye birun az vatan ke moštāq-e āšnāyi-ye bištar bā
vižegihā-vo mafāxer-e zādgāh-e xiš-and. Mitavānad manba-i mofid bāšad.
Dānešnāme-ye Kucak-e Irān Zaleh Mottahedin
Bā virāstāri-ye Mohammad Jafar Mahjoub
Tarānevisi: alefbāye2om.org
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In ketāb-e mosavvar, šāmel-e se baxš-o nazdik be sisad onvān, fešorde āgāhihā-vo dādehā-ye sudmand-i rā
dar bāre-ye Irān, az jomle tārix, joqrāfiyā, farhang-o honar-e ān, be zabān-i rowšan-o mafhum dar extiyār-e
xānande qarār midehad. Majmue-ye dānestanihā-yi ke dar in dānešnāme āmade, hāsel-e sālhā pažuheš-e
moallef-o virāstārān-e ān dar ketābhā-ye marja-o manābe-o asnād-e tārixi bude-ast. Moallef-e in dānešnāme,
Jaleh Mottahedin, be tafsir-o towzih-e ruydādhā dar haddeaqal kefāyat karde-vo hamm-e xiš rā bištar masruf
be gozāreš-e bipirāye-i az sarfaslhā-ye omde-ye tārix-e Irān, vižegihā-ye joqrāfiyāyi-yo eqlimi-yo farhangi-ye
ān-o kārnāme-ye zendegi-yo mirās-e noxbegān-e siyāsi, ejtemāi-yo adabi-ye Irān az azmane-ye bāstān tā
dowrān-e moāser karde-ast. Fehrest-e manābe-o marāje-e omde-i ke barā-ye ta’lif-o tanzim-e in asar estefāde
šode, dar pāyān-e har fasl āvarde šode-ast. Az ānjā ke fosul-o matāleb-e in dānešnāme bar asās-e mowzui
tafkik-o radebandi šode, az ān mitavān ham be onvān-e yek marja-o ham yek matn-e darsi bahre gereft. In
dānešnāme beviže barā-ye nowjavānān-o javānān-e irāni-ye birun az vatan, ke moštāq-e āšnāyi-ye bištar bā
vižegihā-vo mafāxer-e zādgāh-e xiš-and, mitavānad manba-i mofid bāšad.
FEHREST Fehrest ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Pišgoftār ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Moqaddame-ye moallef ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Joqrāfiyā ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Falāt-e Irān ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
Mowqeiyat-o vos’at ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Marzhā ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
Marzhā-ye Irān pas az Eslām ......................................................................................................................... 22
Marzhā-ye konuni ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Joqrāfiyā-ye tabii ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Joqrāfiyā-ye tabii-ye Irān ................................................................................................................................ 24
Kuhhā ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Rudhā ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
Daryāhā ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
Daryā-ye Xazar ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Xalij-e Fārs ............................................................................................................................................. 27
Daryā-ye Ommān................................................................................................................................... 27
Daryācehā-vo bātlāqhā ............................................................................................................................. 27
Daryāce-ye Orumiye (Rezāiye) .............................................................................................................. 27
Daryāce-ye Qom (Sāve yā Howz-e Soltān) ........................................................................................... 27
Daryāce-ye Neyriz (Baxtegān) ............................................................................................................... 28
Mordāb-e Gāvxuni (Gāvxāni) ................................................................................................................. 28
Bātlāq-e Jāzmuriyān .............................................................................................................................. 28
Jazāyer ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
Joqrāfiyā-ye eqtesādi ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Joqrāfiyā-ye eqtesādi-ye Irān ........................................................................................................................ 29
Kešāvarzi ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Maāden ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Sanāye’ ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Jahāngardi ................................................................................................................................................. 31
Jam’iyat ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Joqrāfiyā-ye siyāsi ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Hokumat ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Parcam-e Irān ................................................................................................................................................. 32
Taqsimāt-e kešvari (baxš-e avval) ..................................................................................................................... 33
1. Ostān-e Āzarbāyjān-e Šarqi ....................................................................................................................... 33
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Tabriz ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Marāqe ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Ahar ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
Šabestar .................................................................................................................................................... 36
Miyāne ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
2. Ostān-e Āzarbāyjān-e Qarbi ...................................................................................................................... 37
Orumiye (Rezāiye) ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Xoy ............................................................................................................................................................ 38
Māku ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Mahābād ................................................................................................................................................... 39
Salmās ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
3. Ostān-e Ardebil ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Ardebil ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Meškinšahr ................................................................................................................................................ 41
4. Ostān-e Esfahān ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Esfahān ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Kāšān ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Golpāyegān ............................................................................................................................................... 46
5. Ostān-e Ilām .............................................................................................................................................. 46
Ilām ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Mehrān ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
6. Ostān-e Bušehr ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Bandar-e Bušehr ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Tangestān ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Jazire-ye Xārk ........................................................................................................................................... 49
7. Ostān-e Tehrān .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Tehrān ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
Šemirānāt .................................................................................................................................................. 51
Rey ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
Varāmin ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
8. Ostān-e Cāhārmahāl-o Baxtiyāri ............................................................................................................... 52
Šahrekord ................................................................................................................................................. 53
Xorāsān .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
9. Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Razavi......................................................................................................................... 54
Mašhad ..................................................................................................................................................... 54
Dargaz ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Sabzevār ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Tus ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
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Neyšābur.................................................................................................................................................... 57
10. Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Šomāli ....................................................................................................................... 58
Bojnurd ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
11. Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Jonubi ....................................................................................................................... 59
Birjand ........................................................................................................................................................ 59
12. Ostān-e Xuzestān ..................................................................................................................................... 60
Ahvāz ......................................................................................................................................................... 61
Ābādān ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Ize .............................................................................................................................................................. 62
Xorramšahr ................................................................................................................................................ 62
Dezful ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Šuš ............................................................................................................................................................. 63
Šuštar ......................................................................................................................................................... 64
Taqsimāt-e kešvari 2 (baxš-e dovvom) .............................................................................................................. 65
13. Ostān-e Zanjān ......................................................................................................................................... 65
Zanjān ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
Abhar ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
14. Ostān-e Semnān ...................................................................................................................................... 66
Semnān ...................................................................................................................................................... 67
Dāmqān ..................................................................................................................................................... 67
Šāhrud ....................................................................................................................................................... 68
15. Ostān-e Sistān-o Balucestān ................................................................................................................... 68
Zāhedān ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
Zābol .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
Šahr-e Suxte .............................................................................................................................................. 70
Cābahār ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
16. Ostān-e Fārs ............................................................................................................................................. 71
Širāz ........................................................................................................................................................... 72
Firuzābād ................................................................................................................................................... 73
17. Ostān-e Qazvin ......................................................................................................................................... 74
Qazvin ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
18. Ostān-e Qom ............................................................................................................................................ 75
Qom ........................................................................................................................................................... 75
19. Ostān-e Kordestān .................................................................................................................................. 76
Sanandaj .................................................................................................................................................... 77
Saqqez ....................................................................................................................................................... 77
20. Ostān-e Kermān ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Kermān ...................................................................................................................................................... 79
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Bam ........................................................................................................................................................... 80
Sirjān ......................................................................................................................................................... 81
21. Ostān-e Kermānšāhān ............................................................................................................................ 81
Kermānšāh ................................................................................................................................................ 82
Kangāvar ................................................................................................................................................... 83
22. Ostān-e Kohgiluye-vo Boyerahmad ........................................................................................................ 83
Yāsuj ......................................................................................................................................................... 84
Dehdašt ..................................................................................................................................................... 84
23. Ostān-e Golestān .................................................................................................................................... 84
Gorgān ...................................................................................................................................................... 84
Gonbad-e Qābus [Gonbad-e Kāvus] ........................................................................................................ 85
24. Ostān-e Gilān .......................................................................................................................................... 86
Rašt ........................................................................................................................................................... 87
Bandar-e Anzali (Bandar-e Pahlavi) .......................................................................................................... 88
Rudbār ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
25. Ostān-e Lorestān ..................................................................................................................................... 88
Xorramābād .............................................................................................................................................. 89
Borujerd .................................................................................................................................................... 90
Kāzerun ..................................................................................................................................................... 90
26. Ostān-e Māzandarān ............................................................................................................................... 90
Sāri ............................................................................................................................................................ 91
Āmol .......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Bābol ......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Qāemšahr (Šāhi) ....................................................................................................................................... 93
27. Ostān-e Markazi ...................................................................................................................................... 94
Arāk ........................................................................................................................................................... 94
Sāve .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
28. Ostān-e Hormozgān ................................................................................................................................ 95
Bandr’abbās ............................................................................................................................................. 96
Qešm ......................................................................................................................................................... 96
Kiš ............................................................................................................................................................. 97
29. Ostān-e Hamedān ................................................................................................................................... 97
Hamedān .................................................................................................................................................. 97
Nahāvand .................................................................................................................................................. 98
30 Ostān-e Yazd ............................................................................................................................................ 99
Yazd .......................................................................................................................................................... 99
Ardakān ................................................................................................................................................... 101
Abarqu .................................................................................................................................................... 101
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Tabas ....................................................................................................................................................... 101
Šahrhā-ye tārixi-ye Irān .................................................................................................................................... 102
Bāku ............................................................................................................................................................. 102
Boxārā .......................................................................................................................................................... 103
Balx ............................................................................................................................................................... 104
Tisfun ............................................................................................................................................................ 105
Samarqand ................................................................................................................................................... 106
Marv .............................................................................................................................................................. 107
Harāt ............................................................................................................................................................. 108
Aqvām .............................................................................................................................................................. 109
Āryāhā-ye irāni.............................................................................................................................................. 109
Aqvām-e konuni-ye Irān ............................................................................................................................... 110
Kordhā .......................................................................................................................................................... 111
Lorhā ............................................................................................................................................................ 112
Baluchā ......................................................................................................................................................... 112
Torkamanhā .................................................................................................................................................. 113
Qašqāyihā ..................................................................................................................................................... 114
Šāhsavanhā .................................................................................................................................................. 114
Ilāt-e Xamse .................................................................................................................................................. 115
Ašāyer-e arabzabān ..................................................................................................................................... 115
Kowlihā yā Lurihā ......................................................................................................................................... 115
Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................... 116
Tārix ..................................................................................................................................................................... 118
Irān-e bāstān .................................................................................................................................................... 121
Mādhā........................................................................................................................................................... 121
Haxāmanešiyān (559-330 p.m.) ................................................................................................................... 121
Kuroš-e Bozorg-e (529-551 p.m.) ........................................................................................................... 123
Dāryuš-e Bozorg (522-486 p.m.) ............................................................................................................. 124
Xašāyāršā (486-466 p.m.) ........................................................................................................................ 125
Ardešir-e Derāzdast (466-424. P.m.) ....................................................................................................... 127
Dāryuš-e Sevvom-e (336-330 p.m.) ........................................................................................................ 128
Solukihā (306-129 p.m.) ............................................................................................................................... 128
Aškāniyān (250 p.m. – 224 m.) ..................................................................................................................... 129
Mehrdād-e Avval (171-138 p.m.) ............................................................................................................. 131
Mehrdād-e Dovvom (123-88 p.m.) .......................................................................................................... 131
Farhād-e Cāhārrom (38-2 p.m.) ............................................................................................................... 131
Ardavān-e Panjom (216-224 m.) ............................................................................................................. 131
Sāsāniyān (224-636 m.) ................................................................................................................................ 132
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Ardešir-e Bābakān (226-241 m.) ............................................................................................................ 133
Šāpur-e Avval (241-272 m.) .................................................................................................................... 134
Šāpur-e Zolaktāf (310-379 m.) ................................................................................................................ 135
Bahrām-e Gur (420-438 m.) .................................................................................................................... 136
Qobād-e Avval (488-531 m.) .................................................................................................................. 136
Xosrow Anuširavān (531-579 m.) ............................................................................................................ 137
Xosrow Parviz (590-628 m.) .................................................................................................................... 139
Yazdgerd-e Sevvom (632-651 m.) .......................................................................................................... 140
Irān paz az Eslām 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 140
Omaviyān ..................................................................................................................................................... 141
Abbāsiyān .................................................................................................................................................... 142
Tāheriyān (205-259 h. / 820-872 m.) ........................................................................................................... 143
Saffāriyān (254- 290 h. / 868-903 m.) ......................................................................................................... 144
Ya’qub-e Leys-e Saffār (254-265 h. / 868-878 m.) ................................................................................ 144
Sāmāniyān (279-389 h. / 892-999 m.) ......................................................................................................... 146
Amir Esmāil-e sāmāni (279-295 h. / 892-907 m.) ................................................................................... 146
Amir Nasr-e sāmāni (301-333 h. / 913-942 m.) ...................................................................................... 147
Ziyāriyān (316-434 h. / 928-1042 m.) .......................................................................................................... 148
Deylamiyān-e Āl-e Buye (320-448 h. / 932-1056 m.) .................................................................................. 149
Azododdowle (338-372 h. / 949-982 m.) ................................................................................................ 149
Qaznaviyān (352-582 h. / 963-1186 m.) ...................................................................................................... 151
Soltān Mahmud-e qaznavi (387-421 h. / 997-1030 m.) ......................................................................... 151
Saljuqiyān (429-590 h. / 1037-1193 m.) ...................................................................................................... 153
Toqrol-e saljuqi (429-455 h. / 1037-1063 m.) ......................................................................................... 154
Alb Arsalān (455-465 h. / 1063-1072 m.)................................................................................................ 155
Jalāleddin Malekšāh-e saljuqi (465-485 h. / 1072-1092 m.) .................................................................. 156
Soltān Sanjar-e saljuqi-ye (511-552 h. / 1117-1157 m.) ........................................................................ 157
Xārazmšāhiyān (521-628 h. / 1127-1230 m.) .............................................................................................. 158
Soltān Mohammad-e Xārazmšāh (592-617 h. /1119-1220 m.) .............................................................. 158
Soltān jalāleddin-e Menkoberni (617-628 h. / 1220-1230 m.) ................................................................ 159
Irān pas az Eslām 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 160
Ilxānān-e Moqol (656-756 h. / 1355-1258 m.) ............................................................................................ 160
Qāzān Xān (694-703 h. / 1294-1303 m.) ................................................................................................ 161
Teymuriyān (770-906 h. / 1369-1500 m.) .................................................................................................... 162
Safaviye (907-1148 h. / 1502-1736 m.) ....................................................................................................... 163
Šāh Esmāil-e safavi (930-907 h. / 1502-1524 m.) .................................................................................. 165
Šāh Abbās-e Bozorg (996-1038 h. / 1571-1628 m.) .............................................................................. 166
Šāh Soltān Hoseyn (1105-1135 h. / 1694-1722 m.) ............................................................................... 167
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Afšāriye (1148-1210 h. / 1735-1795 m.)....................................................................................................... 168
Nāder Šāh-e Afšār (1148-1160 h. / 1735-1747 m.) ................................................................................. 169
Zandiye (1162-1209 h. / 1749-1794 m.) ....................................................................................................... 170
Karim-e Xān-e Zand (1163-1193 h. / 1750-1779 m.) .............................................................................. 170
Qājāriye (1200-1344 h. / 1768-1925 m.) ...................................................................................................... 172
Āqā Mohammad Xān (1200-1211 h. / 1786-1797 m.) ............................................................................. 172
Fath’ali Šāh (1212-1250 h. / 1797-1834 m.) ............................................................................................ 173
Nāsereddin Šāh ( 1264-1313 h. / 1831-1895 m.) .................................................................................... 175
Mozaffareddin Šāh (1314-1324 h. / 1896-1906 m.) ................................................................................ 176
Mohammad’ali Šāh (1325-1327 h. / 1907-1909 m.) ............................................................................... 177
Ahmad Šāh (1327-1344 h. / 1909-1925 m.) ............................................................................................ 177
Pahlavi (1304-1357 š. / 1925-1979 m.) ........................................................................................................ 178
Rezā Šāh (1304-1320 h. / 1925-1941 m.) ............................................................................................... 178
Mohammadrezā Šāh (1320-1357 š. / 1941-1978 m.) ............................................................................. 180
Jomhuri-ye eslāmi ........................................................................................................................................ 182
Āyatollāh Xomeyni (1357-1368 š. / 1978-1989 m.) ................................................................................. 182
Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................... 183
Janghā-vo qiyāmhā-ye tārixi ........................................................................................................................... 184
Hamle-ye Eskandar ...................................................................................................................................... 184
Hamle-ye A’rāb............................................................................................................................................. 185
Jang-e Qādesiye ...................................................................................................................................... 186
Jang-e Jalavlā .......................................................................................................................................... 186
Jang-e Nahāvand .................................................................................................................................... 186
Jang-e Vājrud .......................................................................................................................................... 186
Pazireš-e Eslām ....................................................................................................................................... 186
Qiyāmhā-ye esteqlāltalabāne .................................................................................................................. 187
Xunxāhi-ye Abumoslem ....................................................................................................................... 188
Hamle-ye Moqol ........................................................................................................................................... 190
Sarbedārān .............................................................................................................................................. 191
Janghā-ye Irān-o Rus ................................................................................................................................... 192
Vāqee-ye Āzarbāyjān ................................................................................................................................... 194
Jang-e Irān-o Arāq ....................................................................................................................................... 195
Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 195
Jonbešhā-ye ejtemāi ........................................................................................................................................ 196
Geomāt-e moq ............................................................................................................................................. 196
Mazdak ......................................................................................................................................................... 197
Šoubiye ......................................................................................................................................................... 198
Bābak-e Xorammdin .................................................................................................................................... 199
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Ayyārān ........................................................................................................................................................ 200
Sufiye ........................................................................................................................................................... 201
Exvānossafā ................................................................................................................................................ 204
Bābiye .......................................................................................................................................................... 206
Jonbeš-e Tanbāku ....................................................................................................................................... 207
Enqelāb-e Mašrutiyat .................................................................................................................................. 208
Melli šodan-e san’at-e naft .......................................................................................................................... 210
Enqelāb-e Eslāmi ......................................................................................................................................... 211
Manābe‘ ....................................................................................................................................................... 212
Sardārān-e bozorg-o nāmdārān-e siyāsat ...................................................................................................... 213
Bozorgmehr ................................................................................................................................................. 213
Abumoslem-e Xorāsāni (105-137 h. / 723-754 m.) ..................................................................................... 214
Barmakiyān .................................................................................................................................................. 215
Xāndān-e Nowbaxti ..................................................................................................................................... 217
Xāje Nezāmolmolk-e Tusi (408-485 h. / 1017-1092 m.) .............................................................................. 218
Hasan-e Sabbāh (f. 518 h. / 1124 m.) ......................................................................................................... 219
Xāndān-e Joveyni ........................................................................................................................................ 220
Xāje Nasireddin-e Tusi (597-562 h. / 1200-1274 m.) .................................................................................. 221
Xāje Rašidoddin Fazlollāh (645-718 h. / 1246-1318 m.) ............................................................................. 222
Abbās Mirzā Nāyebossaltane (1202-1249 h. / 1787-1833 m.) ................................................................... 222
Qāemmaqām Farahāni (1193-1251 h. / 1779-1835 m.) .............................................................................. 223
Mirzā Taqi Xān-e Amirkabir (1225-1268 h. / 1808-180518 m.) ................................................................... 224
Mirzā Malkam Xān-e Nāzemoddowle (1249-1326 h. / 1833-1908 m.) ....................................................... 225
Seyyed Jamāleddin-e Asadābādi (1254-1314 h. / 1838-1898 m.) ............................................................. 226
Sattār Xān (1284-1332 h. / 1867-1914 m.) .................................................................................................. 227
Mirzā Kucak Xān-e Jangali (1298 h. - 1300 š. / 1881-1921 m.) .................................................................. 228
Mohammad-e Mosaddeq (1261 h. - 1346 š. / 1879-1966 m.).................................................................... 229
Manābe’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 231
Farhang ............................................................................................................................................................... 232
Zabān .............................................................................................................................................................. 233
Guyešhā-ye emruzi-ye Irān ......................................................................................................................... 235
Torki ........................................................................................................................................................ 235
Kordi-yo lori ............................................................................................................................................ 236
Tabari ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
Gostareš-e zabān-e Fārsi ............................................................................................................................ 236
Xat ................................................................................................................................................................... 237
Xathā-ye irāni-ye piš az Eslām .................................................................................................................... 237
Xatt-e fārsi ................................................................................................................................................... 238
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Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................... 240
Din .................................................................................................................................................................... 240
Dinhā-ye piš az Eslām .................................................................................................................................. 240
Dowrān-e piš az Āryāhā .......................................................................................................................... 241
Asr-e vedāyi ............................................................................................................................................. 241
Asr-e Avestā ............................................................................................................................................ 241
Zartošt ................................................................................................................................................. 242
Mazdaisnā ............................................................................................................................................ 242
Āyin-e Mehr ............................................................................................................................................. 244
Āyin-e Māni .............................................................................................................................................. 244
Eslām ............................................................................................................................................................ 246
Payāmbar-e Eslām .................................................................................................................................. 246
Qor’ān-e Majid ......................................................................................................................................... 248
Osul-o ahkām-e Eslām ............................................................................................................................ 248
Ferqehā-ye eslāmi ................................................................................................................................... 250
Šiayān .................................................................................................................................................. 251
Šiayān-e miyānerow (Keysāniye) ......................................................................................................... 252
Zeydiye ................................................................................................................................................ 252
Šie-ye Emāmiye ................................................................................................................................... 253
Šiayān-e qāli ........................................................................................................................................ 254
Aqalliyathā-ye šiemazhab .................................................................................................................... 254
Sufiyān-e Ne’matollāhi ........................................................................................................................ 254
Šeyxiye ................................................................................................................................................ 255
Ahlehaq ................................................................................................................................................ 255
Aqalliyathā-ye mazhabi ........................................................................................................................... 255
Zartoštiyān ........................................................................................................................................... 255
Yahudiyān ............................................................................................................................................ 256
Masihiyān ............................................................................................................................................. 256
Arāmane ........................................................................................................................................... 257
Masihiyān-e nasturi yā āšuri ............................................................................................................ 257
Bahāyiyān ............................................................................................................................................ 257
Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 258
Adab ................................................................................................................................................................. 258
Adab dar Irān-e bāstān ................................................................................................................................ 258
Adab dar Irān pas az Eslām ......................................................................................................................... 259
Kolliyāt ..................................................................................................................................................... 259
1) Az āqāz tā nime-ye qarn-e panjom-e hejri .......................................................................................... 261
Še’r ....................................................................................................................................................... 262
10 |
Farroxi-ye Sistāni (f. 429 h. / 1037 m.)............................................................................................ 263
Onsori (f. 431 h. / 1038 m.) ............................................................................................................. 263
Manucehri-ye Dāmqāni (f. 432 h. / 1040 m.) .................................................................................. 263
Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 264
2) Az nime-ye qarn-e panj-e hejri tā Hamle-ye Moqol ........................................................................... 266
Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 266
Bābā Tāher-e Oryān (f. 410 h. / 1019 m.) ....................................................................................... 268
Mas’du-e Sa’d-e Salmān (t. 440 h. / 1048 m.) ............................................................................... 268
Anvari (f. 583 h. / 1187 m.) .............................................................................................................. 269
Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 269
3) Az Hamle-ye Moqol tā esteqrār-e Safaviye ........................................................................................ 271
Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 272
Faxreddin-e Arāqi (610-688 h. / 1212-1289 m.) ............................................................................. 272
Jāmi (817-898 h. / 1414-1492 m.) .................................................................................................. 274
Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 274
4) Az asr-e safavi tā Enqelāb-e Mašrutiyat ............................................................................................. 275
Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 276
Sāeb-e Tabrizi (1016-1081 h. / 1607-1670 m.) .............................................................................. 276
Mohtašam-e Kāšāni (f. 996 h. / 1587 m.) ....................................................................................... 276
Qāāni (1212-1270 h. / 1807-1853 m.) ............................................................................................ 277
Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 277
5) Adab-e moāser ................................................................................................................................... 278
Zabān .................................................................................................................................................. 278
Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 279
Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 281
Tashih-o tahqiq ................................................................................................................................... 281
Tarjome-ye matnhā-ye bāstāni ........................................................................................................... 282
Adab-e āmme ..................................................................................................................................... 282
Tarjome-ye āsār-e adab-e qarb .......................................................................................................... 282
Dāstān-e kutāh ................................................................................................................................... 282
Namāyešnāme .................................................................................................................................... 283
Romān ................................................................................................................................................. 283
Manābe’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 283
Bozorgān-e dāneš, andiše-vo adab ............................................................................................................ 284
Bozorgān-e dāneš, andiše-vo adab (1) .................................................................................................. 284
Ebn-e Moqaffa’ (t. 143 h. / 760 m.)..................................................................................................... 284
Mohammad Zakariyā-ye Rāzi (251-313 h. / 865-925 m.) ................................................................... 285
Abunasr-e Fārābi (260-339 h. / 873-950 m.) ...................................................................................... 286
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Rudaki (f. 329 h. / 949 m.) ................................................................................................................... 287
Ferdowsi-ye Tusi (329-411 h.q. / 940-1020 m.) .................................................................................. 289
Amir Onsorolmaāli Keykāvus ............................................................................................................... 290
Abureyhān-e Biruni (362-440 h. / 973-1048 m.) .................................................................................. 291
Abuali Sinā (370-428 h. / 981-1036 m.) ............................................................................................... 293
Seyyed Esmāil-e Jorjāni (424-521 h. / 1032-1127 m.) ........................................................................ 294
Nāser Xosrow (394-481 h. / 1003-1088 m.) ........................................................................................ 295
Xayyām (430-517 h. / 1038-1123 m.) .................................................................................................. 296
Rābee ................................................................................................................................................... 297
Hallāj (245-309 h. / 858-921 m.) .......................................................................................................... 298
Bāyazid-e Bastāmi (f. 261 yā 264 h. / 874 yā 877 m.) ......................................................................... 299
Abusaid-e Abolxyer (357-440 h. / 769-1048 m.) ................................................................................. 301
Abolfazl-e Beyhaqi (385-470 h. / 955-1077 m.) .................................................................................. 302
Emām Mohammad-e Qazzāli (450-505 h. / 1058-1111 m.) ................................................................ 303
Abolmaāli Nasrollāh-e Monši (f. beyn-e sālhā-ye 555-583 h. / 1160-1187 m.) .................................. 304
Bozorgān-e dāneš, andiše-vo adab (2) ................................................................................................... 306
Šeyx-e Ešrāq Šahābeddin-e Sohrevardi (549-587 h. / 1154-1191 m.) ............................................... 306
Sanāi .................................................................................................................................................... 307
Attār-e Neyšāburi (540-618 h. / 1145-1221 m.) .................................................................................. 308
Xāqāni-ye Šervāni (520-582 h. / 1126-1186 m.) ................................................................................. 310
Nezāmi-ye Ganjavi (530-614 h. / 1135-1217 m.) ................................................................................ 311
Mowlānā Jalāleddin Mohammad-e Balxi (604-672 h. / 1207 1273 m.) .............................................. 312
Sa’di (600-691 h. / 1203-1291 m.) ....................................................................................................... 313
Hāfez (f. 791 yā 792 h. / 1412 yā 1413 m.) .......................................................................................... 314
Obeyd-e Zākāni (f. 772 h. / 1370 m.) ................................................................................................... 315
Amir Ališir-e Navāi (844-906 h. / 1440-1500 m.) ................................................................................. 317
Šeyx Bahāyi (952-1031 h. / 1546-1622 m.) ......................................................................................... 318
Mollā Sadrā (980-1050 h. / 1572-1640 m.) ......................................................................................... 319
Allāme Aliakbar-e Dehxodā (1297 h. – 1334 š. / 1880-1955 m.) ......................................................... 320
Melkoššoarā-ye Bahār (1266 h. - 1330 š. / 1882-1951 m.) ................................................................ 321
Parvin-e E’tesāmi (1285-1320 h. / 1907-1941 m.) .............................................................................. 322
Sādeq-e Hedāyat (1281-1330 š. / 1902-1951 m.)............................................................................... 323
Nimā Yušij (1276-1338 š. / 1895-1959 m.) .......................................................................................... 324
Mohammad-e Moin (1297-1350 h. / 1918-1971 m.) ........................................................................... 325
Manābe’ ................................................................................................................................................... 326
Farhang-e āmme .............................................................................................................................................. 327
Bāvarhā-vo xorāfāt ....................................................................................................................................... 327
Sa’d-o nahs ............................................................................................................................................. 327
12 |
Fāl-o estexāre ......................................................................................................................................... 328
Sardi-yo garmi-ye qazāhā ...................................................................................................................... 329
Cešmzaxm .............................................................................................................................................. 329
Jenn-o pari .............................................................................................................................................. 330
Div-o qul.................................................................................................................................................. 332
Rasmhā-ye zendegi ..................................................................................................................................... 333
Zāymān-o xatnesurān ............................................................................................................................. 333
Xāstgāri-yo aqdkonān dar Irān ............................................................................................................... 334
Arusi ........................................................................................................................................................ 336
Garmābe ................................................................................................................................................. 337
Golābgiri-yo araqiyāt .............................................................................................................................. 339
Marg-o sugvāri ........................................................................................................................................ 339
Gāhšomāri-yo marāsem-e sālāne ............................................................................................................... 340
Ayyām-e mazhabi ................................................................................................................................... 341
Jašnhā-ye irāni ............................................................................................................................................ 343
Nowruz .................................................................................................................................................... 343
Jašn-e golesorx ...................................................................................................................................... 345
Jašn-e ābrizān ........................................................................................................................................ 346
Jašn-e mehrgān ...................................................................................................................................... 346
Jašn-e sade ............................................................................................................................................ 347
Šab-e yaldā-vo jašnhā-ye deymāh ......................................................................................................... 348
Cāhāršanbesuri-yo jašnhā-ye esfanmāh ................................................................................................ 349
Bāzi, varzeš-o namāyeš .............................................................................................................................. 350
Bāzi-yo varzeš ........................................................................................................................................ 350
Bāzihā-ye kudakāne ........................................................................................................................... 350
Lili-lili ............................................................................................................................................... 351
Atal-mata- tutule ............................................................................................................................. 351
Ussā beduš ..................................................................................................................................... 351
Hamumak murce dāre .................................................................................................................... 351
Gorg-o galle .................................................................................................................................... 351
Amu zanjirbāf .................................................................................................................................. 352
Āftāb-mahtāb .................................................................................................................................. 352
Alak-dolak ....................................................................................................................................... 352
Zurxāne ............................................................................................................................................... 353
Cowgān ............................................................................................................................................... 355
Namāyeš-o sargarmi .............................................................................................................................. 355
Siyāhbāzi ............................................................................................................................................. 356
Šabihxāni ............................................................................................................................................ 357
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Mir-e nowruzi ....................................................................................................................................... 358
Naqqārexāne ....................................................................................................................................... 358
Naqqāli ................................................................................................................................................. 359
Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 361
Bargozidegān-e afsāne .................................................................................................................................... 361
Kiyumars ....................................................................................................................................................... 362
Tahmures ...................................................................................................................................................... 363
Jamšid-e Jam ............................................................................................................................................... 363
Zahhāk .......................................................................................................................................................... 364
Kāve-ye Āhangar .......................................................................................................................................... 365
Garšāsb ........................................................................................................................................................ 365
Zāl-e Zar ....................................................................................................................................................... 366
Rostam-e Dastān ......................................................................................................................................... 367
Afrāsiyāb ....................................................................................................................................................... 368
Keykāvus ...................................................................................................................................................... 368
Siyāvoš ......................................................................................................................................................... 369
Keyxosrow .................................................................................................................................................... 370
Sohrāb .......................................................................................................................................................... 370
Esfandyār ...................................................................................................................................................... 371
Soleymān ...................................................................................................................................................... 371
Zolqarneyn .................................................................................................................................................... 372
Eskandar ....................................................................................................................................................... 373
Xezr ............................................................................................................................................................... 373
Šahrzād ........................................................................................................................................................ 374
Puriyā-ye Vali ................................................................................................................................................ 375
Qolāmrezā Taxti ........................................................................................................................................... 376
Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 376
Honar-o honarmandān ..................................................................................................................................... 376
Musiqi ........................................................................................................................................................... 378
Qamarolmoluk-e Vaziri ............................................................................................................................ 380
Sāzhā ....................................................................................................................................................... 381
Kamānce .............................................................................................................................................. 381
Santur .................................................................................................................................................. 381
Tār ........................................................................................................................................................ 381
Ney ....................................................................................................................................................... 382
Qānun .................................................................................................................................................. 382
Radif-o dastgāh-e musiqi-ye irāni .......................................................................................................... 382
Naqqāši ........................................................................................................................................................ 383
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Naqqāši-ye irāni piš az Eslām ................................................................................................................ 383
Naqqāši dar Irān pas az Eslām ............................................................................................................... 384
Kamāleddin Behzād ............................................................................................................................ 385
Rezā Abbāsi (f. 1044 h. / 1634 m.) ..................................................................................................... 386
Kamālolmolk ....................................................................................................................................... 386
Xošnevisi ...................................................................................................................................................... 387
Alirezā Abbāsi-ye Tabrizi ........................................................................................................................ 389
Me’māri ........................................................................................................................................................ 389
Sinamā ......................................................................................................................................................... 391
Sanāye-e dasti ............................................................................................................................................. 391
Qālibāfi .................................................................................................................................................... 392
Qalamzani ............................................................................................................................................... 392
Minākāri .................................................................................................................................................. 393
Monabbatkāri .......................................................................................................................................... 393
Xātamsāzi................................................................................................................................................ 394
Sofālgari .................................................................................................................................................. 394
Kāšikāri ................................................................................................................................................... 394
Qalamkār ................................................................................................................................................. 395
Manābe’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 396
PIŠGOFTĀR Ba’z-i melal-e āsiyāyi hastand, ke kešvar-ešān be ellat-e afzāyeš-e jam’iyat yā nadāštan-e manābe-e
kešāvarzi-yo ma’dani-ye kāfi dar tul-e tārix, yā dastekam dar tey-e qorun-e axir, hamvāre mohājerxiz-o
"sāderkonande-ye mohājerān" be šekl-e goruhhā-ye anbuh bude-and. Mardom-e Hend, be sarzaminhā-ye
qarb-o šarq-e xiš, az Afqānestān gerefte tā sarāsar-e qārre-ye Āfriqā, va tamām-e kešvarhā-ye Āsiyā-ye jonub-
e šarqi, mohājer ferestāde-and. Tamām-e kešvarhā-ye Arab-e havāli-ye Xalij-e Fārs-o Arabestān-e Soudi-yo
kešvarhā-ye naftxiz-e Āfriqā-ye Šomāli por az kārgarān-e pākestāni-st, ke be sowdā-ye yāftan-e darāmad-i
moxtasar ke betavān bā ān šekam-e kudakān-e moteadded rā sir kard, be zendegi dar qorbat tan dar dāde-
and. Kešvarhā-ye Cin, Filipin, Viyetnām, Kāmboj-o Tāyland-o Kore niz hamin hāl rā dārand. Dar haqiqat
avāmel-i bumi-yo rišedār dar in kešvarhā mowjeb-e ijād-e mowj-i dāem az mohājerān mišavad.
Ingune aqvām (va niz qowm-e Yahud be elal-i kāmelan motefāvet) sābeqe-ye tulāni-yo gāh yeki-do-hezārsāle
dar mohājerat dārand-o be ellat-e in sābeqe rāhorasm-e pā gereftan dar kešvar-e mizbān-o "jā oftādan" dar ān
rā nik midānand. Dar besyār-i az šahrhā-ye Eyālāt-e Mottahed-e Āmrikā yek mahalle-vo gāh-i yek "šahr-e
ciniyān" hast ke gu-yā bozorgtarin-o porsābeqetarin-e ānhā "šahr-e cin" dar Sānferānsisko bāšad.
Ammā kešvar-e mā dar tul-e tārix kamtar sābeqe-ye mohājerathā-ye dastejam’i dāšte-ast-o avāmel-i mānand-
e enfejār-e jam’iyat (ke emruz dard-e tāze-i bar dardhā-ye jāmee-ye irāni afzude) va kambud-e manābe-e
ma’dani yā kešāvarzi mowjeb-e ān nemišode-ast, ke jamāat-i tark-e vatan-e xod guyand-o dar qorbat soknā
gozinand. Az hamin ruy mohājerathā-ye dastejam’i angoštšomār-ast-o šegeft-ā ke tamām-e ānhā mowjeb-i
dini yā mazhabi dāšte-ast. Pas az oftādan-e Irān be dast-e jangjuyān-e mosalmān-o soqut-e Šāhanšāhi-ye Irān
dar sāl-e 653-ye milādi goruh-i az zartoštiyān az qabul-e Eslām emtenā’ varzidand-o az sarzamin-e pedarān-e
xod mohājerat kardand. Ettelāāt-i ke az ānān dar dowrān-e miyān-e sāl-e 652-vo sāl-e 785, ke sāl-e vorud-
ešān be Hend-ast, dar dast dārim, besyār moxtasar-o bar asās-e qesse-i-st be nām-e Qesse-ye Sanjān (1600
m.) va qesse-ye zartoštiyān-e Hendustān (avāxer-e qarn-e hejdahom). Bar tebq-e in madārek noxostin daste-
ye zartoštiyān az Xorāsān be jonub-e Irān raftand-o dar sāl-e 751 m. be jazire-ye Hormoz residand-o az ānjā
be Div dar kenār-e Xalij-e Kambi-yo sepas dar sāl-e 766 be taraf-e jonub be sāhel-e Kāthyāvār-o pas az 19 sāl
eqāmat dar ānjā safar-e xod rā be su-ye jonub edāme dādand-o dar sāl-e 785 be Sanjān residand-o ātaš-e
moqaddas rā da