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kmStfªn'ª ^, n]n]k, tfKn]h'ª

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g]kfn ;/sf/jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

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kmStfªn'ª ^, n]n]k, tfKn]h'ª

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s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\, kmStfªn'ª–^, tfKn]h'ª

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L -;fO6];g_M

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s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\

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g]kfn ;/sf/

jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q g]kfnsf cGo ;+/lIft If]q eGbf km/s Joj:yfksLo lhDd]jf/L ePsf] ;+/If0f If]q xf] . lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf lq–b]zLo ;Ldfgfdf kg]{ g]kfnsf] pQ/–k"jL{ s'gfsf] !^%) ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] ljZjs} t];|f] cUnf] lxdfn s~rgh+3fnfO{ ;d]6L ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)%% ;fndf If]q lj:tf/ u/L s"n If]qkmn @)#% ju{ ls=ld= sfod ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f ug]{ gLlt cg'?k lj=;+= @)^# ;fn cflZjg ^ ut] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f ul/of] . lj=;+= @)^$ ;fn r}q @) ut] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ hf/L ePkl5 ;f]xL lgodfjnL adf]lhd s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ dfkm{t ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg x'Fb} cfPsf] o; ;+/If0f If]qsf dfgj–jGohGt' åGå, vf]l/of km8fgL, k|fs[lts ljkb\, af;:yfg v08Ls/0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, jGohGt'sf] rf]/L lzsf/, h8La'6L tyf cf}ifwLhGo jg:kltx?sf] ca}w Aofkf/ h:tf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L cfufdL % jif{sf] nflu o; ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ of] Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ePsf] kfOof] .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfo, :yfgLo tx, ;xof]uL ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ;xefuLtf tyf k|lta4tf cfjZos x'G5 . log} s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L cfufdL % jif{ leq ug'{kg]{ ljifox? klxrfg u/L k]z x'g cfPsf] o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfnfO{ ljefusf] tkm{af6 cfjZos yk36 u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{ kfpFbf v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lsf] ;+of]hg ug'{x'g] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf cWoIf vu]Gb| km]Da' lnDa' / ;+/If0f clws[tsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /xg' ePsf ;+/If0f clws[tx? x]d /fh cfrfo{, dx]Zj/ lg/f}nf / u0f]z k|;fb ltjf/L nfO{ wGojfb\ lbg rfxG5' . Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k"g/fjnf]sg ug'{ x'g] uf]kfn k|sfz e§/fO{, 8f= gs'n If]qL, 8f= ofbj pk|]tL Pjd\ lji0f' k|;fb yklnof nufotsf k"g/fjnf]stf{ lj1x?nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoSt ub{5' . ;fy} Joj:yfkg of]hgf 5kfO{sf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{x'g] s~rgh+3f e"–kl/lw ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; kxn, Jojxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -l/sfi6_ lq=la= / Ol;df]8nfO{ ;d]t xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .

8f= /fdrGb| s8]n

lg= dxflgb]{zs

dGtAo


g]kfn ;/sf/

jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefus~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\

kmStfªn'ª–^, tfKn]h'ª

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qn] k|b]z g+= ! df cjl:yt tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= %, ^, & / >Lh+3f ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= * ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qn] tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] sl/a %^ k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 Jojl:yt g]kfnsf] Ps dfq ;+/If0f If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgaf6 h}ljs ljljwtf, jGohGt'sf] af;:yfg, kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnL, hnfwf/ k|0ffnL / cg'kd e"–b[iosf] ;+/If0f x'g'sf ;fy} pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] pkof]u dfkm{t :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kof{–ko{6g k|j4{g, h8La'6Ldf cfwfl/t n3' pBdx? ;~rfng, gfp/ / /t'jfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg, j}1flgs cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsf;, ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, lbuf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg nufotsf ljifodf k|:t't k~ralif{o Joj:yfkg of]hgf nlIft /x]sf] 5 .

;+/If0fsf ljifo ax'cfoflds Pj+ hl6n sfo{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfosf cltl/Qm g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx, gful/s ;dfh, ;+/If0f ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx? tyf bft[ lgsfox?sf] ;xof]u ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg tx, ;+:yf / lgsfox?af6 ;+/If0f If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ dfu{ bz{g u/L cfjZos lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ ;d]t k|:t't k~rjlif{o Joj:yfkg of]hgf pkof]uL x'g]5 . o; of]hgfdf k|:tfj ePsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogaf6 :yfgLo :t/sf cltl/Qm k|b]z g+= ! sf] ;fy} ;du| g]kfnsf] kof{–ko{6g ljsf; Pj+ ;d[l4df 6]jf k'Ug]5 .

o; Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf kbflwsf/Lx? 5]t]g 6f;L z]kf{, 5]t]g 808' z]kf{, clj/dfg /fO{, bfjf l5l/ª z]kf{, lhjg lnDa', s]=l;+ s'df/ lnDa', ljho lnDa', dlgtf lnDa', lbks lnDa', 8f]ªuf z]kf{, 5]/]g z]kf{, /fd s'df/L /fO{, bfjf l5l/ª z]kf{, k]Daf 5f]sL z]kf{nfO{ wGojfb\ lbg rfxG5' .

Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lsf] qmddf cfkm\gf] cd'No ;Nnfx ;'emfj / lgb]{zg k|bfg ug'{x'g] /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefusf dxflgb]{zsåo dg axfb'/ v8\sfHo" / uf]kfn k|sfz e§/fO{ k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{dfsf] qmddf cfjZos ;+of]hg ug'{x'g] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{nosf k"j{ ;+/If0f clws[t x]d/fh cfrfo{nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . of]hgf th"{dfsf] qmddf k|ToIf Pj+ k/f]If ?kdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;+/If0f clws[t dx]Zj/ lg/f}nf / u0f]z ltjf/L /]~h/ of]u]z 9sfn, dg s'df/ lnDa' nufot kl/ifb\\ tyf sfo{nosf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?, pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf kbflwsf/Lx?, pkef]Qmf ;d'xsf

cfef/

vu]Gb| km]Da' lnDa'cWoIf

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\

;b:ox?, :yfgLoaf;L tfKn]h'ª lhNnf l:yt cGo lgsfox?sf ;fy} of]hgf th"{df k|s[ofdf ;xof]u k'/ofpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjnfO{ wGojfb\ lbg rfxG5' . o; Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] xl/t g]kfn ljsf; k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 k/fdz{bftf 6f]nLsf kml0fGb|/fh v/]n, s]zj k|;fb cof{n / k|tfk ;'Gb/ >]i7 wGojfbsf] kfq x'g'x'G5 .

o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ /fo ;'emfj lbg'x'g] /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefusf lg=dxflgb]{zs 8f= /fdrGb| sF8]n tyf ;xfos ;+/If0f clws[t lji0f' k|;fb yklnof / g'/]Gb| cof{nnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb JoQm ub{5' . o;}u/L of]hgf th"{dfsf] nflu ul7t of]hgf th"{df sfo{bnnfO{ ;d]t wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] 5kfO{sf nflu ;xof]u ug{] s~rgh+3f e"–kl/lw ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; kxn sfo{qmd, Jojxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw s]Gb| -l/sfi6_ / Ol;df]8nfO{ ;d]t xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf ;a} :yfgLo tx, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? Pj+ bft[ lgsfo tyf JolQmx?af6 ;xof]u k'Ug]5 eGg] xfdLn] cfzf lnPsf 5f} .


vi

vi I

sfo{sf/L ;f/f“zlj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf g]kfnsf] pQ/ k"jL{ e"–efudf cjl:yt ljZjsf] t];|f] cUnf] lxdfn s~rgh+3fnfO{

;d]6L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;+/If0f If]q :yfgLo ;d'bfon] Joj:yfkg

u/]sf] g]kfnsf] Pp6f gd"gf ;+/If0f If]q xf] . :yfgLo ;d'bfo4f/f Joj:yfkg ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n]

lj=;+= @)^# ;fn c;f]h ^ ut] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q

kl/ifb\\nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] lyof] . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q g]kfnsf] pQ/–k"j{ s'gfdf ef/t / rLg;Fu hf]l8Psf]

5 . k|b]z g+= ! sf] tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 . o; ;+/If0f If]qn] lhNnfsf] s"n e"efusf] %^ k|ltzt

cf]u6]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]q tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] kmStfªn'ª / >Lh+3f u/L b'O{j6f ufpFkflnsfdf kb{5 . s~rgh+3f

;+/If0f If]qsf] sfof{no kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ^ n]n]kdf /x]sf] 5 .

o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg s+~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/

ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ b]lv s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{no :yfkgf eO{ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q

Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod %& adf]lhd Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug]{,

kl/ifb\\nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], jg / jGohGt'sf] ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, bfo/L / lsgf/f

nufpg] / sfof{nonfO{ clVtof/ k|fKt sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] s"n If]qkmn @)#% ju{ ls=ld= dWo] r§fg If]q -$!=@ k|ltzt_, lxpF÷lxdgbL

-@@=* k|ltzt_, jg -!^=! k|ltzt_, a'6\ofg -!) k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+/If0f If]q h}ljs ljljwtfdf

wlg /x]sf] kfO{G5 . lxpF lrt'jf, ;fns, 9f]n], ltAatLog AjfF;f], xfa|], s:t'/L d[u / kx/] afFb/ o; If]qdf kfOg]

;+/lIft :tgwf/L hgfj/x¿ x'g\ . lxpF lrt'jf pRr lxdfnL If]qsf] k|d'v df+;fxf/L hgfj/ xf] h;nfO{ 5ftf

k|hfltsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;} u/L xfa|] kfOg] jgIf]q /fd|f] jf;:yfgsf] ;'rs ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;dzLtf]i0f

jg If]qsf] 5ftf k|hflt dflgG5 . ;dzLtf]i0f jg / r/g If]qsf] ;Lldt efudf s:t'/L d[u kfO{G5 . cGo

jGohGt'x¿df lrt'jf, gfp/, AjfF;f], df/df]6, 3f]/n, nª\u'/ cflb 5g\ . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{

r/f If]q (Important Bird Area) klg xf] . oxfF /}yfg] / 3'dGt] u/L @%@ k|hfltsf r/f kfOG5g\, h;dWo] *

k|hflt ;+e:t (Threatned) l:yltdf k'u]sf 5g\ .

;+/If0f If]qdf cn}FrL, lr/fOtf], s'6\sL, kfFrcf}+n], dfOsf]lknf, lav, laVdf, ;'gkftL, e'OFr's, vf]lsd, dlh7f],

dflnËf], cf]v/, nf]Stf, cu]{nL cfbL h:tf hl8a'6Lx? cfocfh{g / :yfgLo :t/df k|of]usf] cfwf/df

dxŒjk"0f{ kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L !%)) ld6/b]lv dfly lxdfnL a[If /]vf (tree line) ;Dd u'/fF; kfOG5 . 3'G;f

/ tdf]/ glbsf] tl6o If]qsf] #))) b]lv #&)) ld6/sf]] prfO{sf aLrdf nfs{ / w'kLsf] jg /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f

If]qsf] @*)) b]lv #%)) ld6/sf] prfO{df l7u|] ;Nnf / uf]a|] ;Nnf ldl>t sf]0fwf/L jg, ;+/If0f If]qsf] !@))

b]lv @*)) ld6/sf] prfO{df afFem, s6';, ef]6] rfFksf] jg kfOG5 . o;} u/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] tNnf] e]udf s6';

/ lrnfpg] ldl>t jg klg kfOG5 .

pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf gfËdf, 5]/5]g, kfa's, l6Ktfnf l;+h]df, xfF;kf]v/L, gfukf]v/L, ltDa'Ë kf]v/L,

ltgkf]v/L cflb tfn tyf kf]v/Lx? lxdfnL e]usf cfs{if0fsf s]Gb|x? x'g\ . ;+/If0f If]qsf] $@)) ld6/

prfO{df cjl:yt ofËdf -!! 3/w'/L_ a:tL nufot cf]nfËr'Ëuf]nf, vfDafr]g, /fdh]/, nf]gfs{, 3'G;f pRr

II

lxdfnL a;f]af;sf If]qx? x'g . cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf / 3'G;f d'Vo kof{–ko{6sLo s]Gb|x? x'g\ . sl/j $)) aif{

cufl8 lgdf{0f ePsf] lbls 5f]olnª u'Daf cf]nfªr'ªuf]nfdf /x]sf] 5 .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] dftxtdf & j6f pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, @^ j6f ;+/If0f ;fd'bflos jg

pkef]Qmf ;d'x, $^ j6f pkef]Qmf ;d'x, #% j6f cfdf ;d'x, % j6f ;xsf/L ;+:Yff, $ j6f lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f

pk;ldlt, * j6f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f pk ;ldlt, j6f clUg lgoGq0f pk–;ldltx? u7g

u/L ;Dk'0f{ sfo{qmdx? ;d'x, ;ldltx? dfkm{t ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qn] kof{–ko{6g k|j4{g, hl8a'6Ldf cfwfl/t n3' pBdx? ;~rfng, gfp/ / /t'jfsf]

;+Vof a[l4 u/L lbuf] lzsf/ Joj:yfkg u/L lbuf] cfly{s ;|f]t k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj;/x? b]lvG5 . ;+/If0f

If]qnfO{ lq–b]zLo d}qLs'~hsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} a}1flgs cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf]] ?kdf

ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] cj;/ ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQ/tkm{sf] ;Ldf If]qdf ufpFa:tL tyf oy]i6 ;'/Iff rf}sL

:yfkgf gx'bf jGohGt'sf] lzsf/ tyf ca}w sf/f]af/ ;Ldfkf/af6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}

ltAatdf cf}ifwLhGo xa{n jg:kltx?sf] 7"nf] dfu /x]sf] sf/0f rLg tyf ef/tdf ;+/If0f If]qsf dxŒjk"0f{

hl8a'6Lx?sf] ca}w rf]/L lgsf;Lsf] hf]lvd ;d]t /x]sf] kfO{G5 . h;n] ubf{ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf

h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf vt/f b]lvG5 . lbuf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg, dfgj jGohGt' åGå Joj:yfkg, af;:yfg

v08Ls/0f, cj}w Jofkf/ / l;dfkf/ txdf x'g] rf]/L lgsfl; lgoGq0f o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] k|d'v r'gf}tLx? x'g .

of]hgf th"{dfsf] qmddf k|f/lDes uf]li7 cfof]hgf kZrft tYof+s ;+sng ul/ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf]

a:t'l:yltsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . tYof+s ;+sngsf] qmddf :ynut e|d0fsf ;fy} Joj:yfkg

kl/ifb\\, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, :yfgLo tx nufot ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] .

of]hgf th"{df 6f]nLn] ;+slnt tYof+ssf] cfwf/df d:of}bf of]hgf tof/ u/L Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ / /fli6«o

lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefuaf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|fKt /fo, ;'emfj

tyf ;Nnfxx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/ Joj:Yffkg of]hgfnfO{ clGtd?k lbOPsf] xf] .

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o; k~rjlif{o Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{qmdtkm{ ?= #%,%@,)),))) / Joj:yfkg vr{tkm{

? #,%%,@),))) u/L hDdf ?= #(,)&,@),)))÷– -cIf/]kL pgGrfln; s/f]8 ;ft nfv aL; xhf/ ?k}ofF_

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;"rsx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

III

Executive SummaryKanchenjunga Conservation Area, locates in the North-East corner of Nepal joining China and India, had been declared in 1997 covering world's third-highest mountain Kanchenjunga (8586m). This is a model conservation area managed by local community in Nepal. Government of Nepal had handed over management authority of Kanchenjunga Conservation Area to the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Management Council on 6th Aswin 2063. This Conservation Area lies in province 1 of Nepal and covers about 56% of total land area of Taplejung district.

Kanchenjunga Conservation Area has been conserving and managing under Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Management Regulations 2064. Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Office was established in fiscal year 2071/072 with aiming to establish coordination between Management Council and Government of Nepal, to provide necessary directions to Management Council, to investigate and conclude judicial cases regarding the forest and wildlife crime, and to implement authorized activities.

Kanchenjunga Conservation Area extends to 2035 sq. Km. Out of this area, rocky area covers 41.2%, snow area 22.8%, forest area 16.1% and shrub lands 10%. This Conservation Area is found to be rich in biological diversity. It is home for protected species like snow leopard, red panda, Himalayan black bear, musk dear and Pahare monkey. Snow leopard is a high Himalayan carnivore which is considered as umbrella species. Likewise red panda is an indicator for good wildlife habitat and also referred to as umbrella species of the temperate zone. In addition Kanchenjunga Conservation Area is an important bird area, which harbors 252 local and migratory bird species including 8 globally threatened species.

Kanchenjunga Conservation Area is rich in plant diversity as well as forest types. Herbs and non-timber forest products like Alainchi, Chiraito, Kutki, Panchaule, maikopila, bikh, bikhma, sunpati, bhuichuk, khokim, majitho, malingo, okhar, lokta, argeli are important through the lens of income generation and local uses. Rhododendron species are found from 1500m to the tree line. Similarly, Lark-juniper mixed forest is recorded in between 3000m to 3700m of Ghunsa and Tamor Rivers, Thingre-Gobre salla mixed forest in 2800m to 3500m, Quercus-Katus-BhoteChamp mixed forest in 1200m to 3500m and Sal-Chilaune forest in the lower altitude.

High Himalayan glacier lakes Nangama, Tchherchhen, Pabuk, Tiptala Sinjema, Hans Pokhari, Nagpokhari, Timbung Pokhari, Tin Pokhari are major attraction of the high Himalayan region. Yangma village probably the highest altitudinal settlement (4200m from msl) in Nepal, Olangchungola, Khambachain, Ramjer, Lonark, Ghunsa are the high Himalayan human settlements. Olangchungolga and Ghunsa are the most important tourist destinations of the Conservation Area. The antique Diki Chholing Gumba from 400 years back also lies in Olangchungola.

IV

Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Management Council implements conservation and management interventions through subordinate community based organizations which include user committee – 7; conservation community forest user groups – 26; user groups – 46; mother groups – 35; co-operatives – 5; snow leopard conservation sub-committees – 4; community based anti-poaching control sub-committees – 8; and fire control sub-committees – 6.

Promoting eco-tourism management, enhancing herb based small-scale enterprises and hunting management of Nayaur and Ratuwa are the recognized opportunities for attaining sustainable finance of Conservation Area. In addition developing Conservation Area as a Tri-national Parks between Nepal, China and India enriching it with the centre of excellence for scientific research and study is another important opportunity. However illegal trans-boundary wildlife poaching and illicit transportation of medicinal and aromatic plants have been taken as threats to the biodiversity conservation. In the same way attaining sustainable finance, reducing human-wildlife conflict, fragmenting wildlife habitat and controlling cross-border illegal trade of animal and plant parts are the prevailing challenges.

Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Management Plan preparation procedure includes inception workshop, data collection in the field, stakeholder consultation, different level of community consultations, sharing and feedback from Management Council and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, review from expert team and submission of final plan for the approval.

This management plan has enforced five thematic areas: conserving wild animals and plants with their habitat management, promoting eco-tourism, improving community livelihoods, reducing human induced climate change impact and strengthening institutional and governance status. Furthermore Management Plan has proposed management strategy, sectoral and cross-sectoral program with priority rank, and conservation and management activity for achieving the stated specific management objectives. A total budget of NRs. 39, 07, 20, 000/- (in words: thirty-nine crores seven lakhs twenty thousands rupees) has been proposed for the implementation of five year management plan.

IV V

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VI

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VI VII

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VIII

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VIII IX

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tflnsf $ M ;+/If0f If]qsf] e"–pkof]usf] ljj/0f =============================================== !*

tflnsf % M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf ejgx?sf] ljj/0f =========================================== !(

tflnsf ^ M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q leq /x]sf k}bn dfu{x?sf] ljj/0f ======================== @)

tflnsf & M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f ======================= @!

tflnsf * M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f ======================= @@

tflnsf ( M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljj/0f ==================================== @@

tflnsf !) M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] jgsf] k|sf/sf] ljj/0f ===================================== @#

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tflnsf !$M ljifout If]q tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] ljj/0f ========================================= #*

tflnsf !% M h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf =================================== #(

tflnsf !^ M ko{6g ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf ==================================== $!

tflnsf !& M hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;DaGwL lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf ========================== $#

X

tflnsf !* M lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/sf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf ==================================== $%

tflnsf !(M ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf ======================================== $&

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lrq * M tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf cf}ift aiff{sf] cj:yf =========================================== !^

lrq ( M tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf k|d'v gbLx?sf] hnfwf/ If]qsf] gS;f ========================== !^

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1

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X

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g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ sf] @)^# efb| % ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ @)^# ;fn c;f]h ^ ut] ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ePsf] lyof] . x:tfGt/0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg u/L kms{g] qmddf ;+/If0f If]qsf] 3'G;df x]lnsK6/ b'w{6gf eO{ tt\sfnLg jg /fHodGqL nufot @$ hgf ;+/If0fsdL{x?sf] b'vb lgwg ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg pQm kl/ifb\\af6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt Pp6f gd'gf ;+/If0f If]q xf] .

/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf ## n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ af6 s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ :jLs[t eO{ @)^$.!@.@) sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg eO{ nfu" ePsf] 5 . lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ u7g eO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefudf lj=;+= @)^% ;fn c;f/ # ut] btf{ ePsf] lyof] . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] kfFr alif{o Dofb lj=;+= @)&) ;fn c;f/ # ut] ;dfKt ePtf klg Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ u7g x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f ljefun] kl/ifb\\sf] Dofb Ps aif{sf nflu yk u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)&! ;fn h]i7 @) ut] Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] k'g{u7g sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefudf k'gM btf{ ePsf] lyof] .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod %& adf]lhd :yfgLo kl/ifb\\ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug{, kl/ifb\\nfO{ cfjZos ;/sf/L lgb]{zg lbg tyf jg / jGohGt'sf] ck/fw;+u ;DalGwt d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, bfo/L / lsgf/f nufotsf so{sf nflu s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf xfn;Dd ePsf ultljlwx? tflnsf ! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf ! M ;+/If0f If]q;+u ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{ cfofdldlt sfo{qmdx?

@)%$ >fj0f ^ !,^%) ju{ ls=ld= If]qnkmn ;d]6L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff

@)%$ r}q (/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu / ljZj jGohGt' sf]if g]kfnaf6 s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgfsf] yfngL

@)%% efb| @(;fljssf] n]n]k, tfk]yf]s, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf / ofDkm'lbgsf ;Dk"0f{ If]q ;dfj]z ug{] u/L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] If]qkmn @,)#% ju{ ls=ld= sfod ul/Psf]

!cWofo

kl/ro

2

-cf=j=@)&&÷)&*–@)*!÷)*@_s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg of]hgf

ldlt sfo{qmdx?

@)^# cflZjg ^g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+/If0f If]q ;/sf/L Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)%& cg';f/ :yfgLo :t/df u7g ePsf] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf]

@)^# cflZjg &;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L kmls{g] qmddf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] 3'G;fdf x]lnsf]K6/ b'3{6gfdf k/L tt\sfnLg jg tyf e"—;+/If0f /fHodGqL ;lxt @$ hgf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;+/If0fsdL{sf] b'Mvb lgwg

@)^$ cflZjg s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ :jLs[t @)^% h]7 % s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] u7g

@)^( c;f/g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg lhDd]jf/L % jif{sf nflu yk

@)&) efb| @$/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefun] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgf -@)&)÷&! b]lv @)&$÷&%_ :jLs[t u/]sf]

!=@= l;dfgfs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] rf/ lsNnf o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

k"j{M g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgf .

klZrdM ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] k"j{ pQ/df cjl:yt g]kfn rLgaLr /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgfsf] %%(( ld6/sf] kxf8L >[+vnfsf] 6'Kkfaf6 z'? eO{ blIf0f tkm{ nfuL ;+v'jf;ef lhNnf / tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfsf] l;dfgf x'Fb} l3ª\uf;f vf]nfsf] d'xfg %#*$ ld6/sf] kxf8L >[vnf ;Dd . Toxfaf6 blIf0ftkm{ nfuL pQ/ tdf]/ gbLsf] kfgL9nf] x'Fb} $^*% ld6/ prfO{sf] 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf;Dd . k'gM ToxfFaf6 blIf0ftkm{ nfuL $@$) ld6/ prfO{sf] 6'Kkf];Dd . ToxfFaf6 k"j{ nfuL @$@! ld6/ prfO{sf] /ldt] 8fF8f x'Fb} blIf0ftkm{ nfuL d'l/ªnf vs{nfO{ leq kf/L ToxfFaf6 k"j{ nfuL ;do' vf]]N;fsf] kfgL9nf]nfO{ leq kfl/ tdf]/ gbL;Dd .

pQ/M g]kfn / rLgaLrsf] cGt/fli6«o l;dfgf .

blIf0fM tdf]/ gbL ;dft]/ blIf0f nfuL lyjf vf]nf;Dd . ToxfFaf6 k"j{ nfuL vfPk'ª\kf vf]nf x'Fb} uf}yn] eL/sf] 6'Kkf;Dd . ToxfFaf6 8fF8}8f8f b]p/fnL rf]s xF'b} #&() ld6/ prfO{df cjl:yt kflye/f b]aLsf] dlGb/nfO{ leq kfl/ ToxfFaf6 k'gM 8fF8}8f8f pQ/ nfuL hf]/kf]v/LnfO{ leqkfl/ km"naf/L e~Hofªsf] kfgL9nf] #@)) ld6/ prfO{sf] xs{6] 8fF8f xF'b} #()# ld6/ prfO{sf] ;'gkft] 8fF8f;Dd . ;'gkft] 8fF8faf6 k"j{ pQ/ nfuL ;Da]jf b]p/fnL;Dd . ToxfFaf6 k"j{ blIf0f nfuL #^#^ ld6/ prfOsf] xnkft] 8fF8f x'Fb} ;'s] vf]N;fsf] kfgL9nf]nfO{ leq kfl/ sfa]nL vf]nf;Dd . ToxfFaf6 sfa]nL vf]nf ;dft]/ pQ/ nfuL /ft] vf]N;f;Dd . /ft] vf]N;af6 pQ/ nfuL e";kft] 8fF8f, ltp/] e~Hofª / gofF cf]8f/sf] kfgL9nf]nfO leq kf/L 5fxf/] l5Dafs xF'b} $%!$ ld6/ prfO{sf] kxf8L >[+ªvnfb]lv vfª\nf e~Hofª hf]l8Psf] g]kfn ef/taLrsf] cGt/fli6«o l;dfgf ;Dd .

lrq ! ;+/If0f If]qsf] cjl:ylt gS;f

3


!=#= cjl:ylt ;+/If0f If]q k|b]z g+= ! sf] tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfdf *&º #(’ !$Æ b]lv **º !@ ’ !%Æ k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / @&º @%Æ @^Æ b]lv @&º %&’ !)Æ pQ/L cIff+zdf km}lnPsf] 5 . kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= %, ^, / & tyf >Lh+3f ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= * df kg]{ o; ;+/If0f If]qn] tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] %^ k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; ;+/If0f If]q k"j{df ef/t tyf pQ/df rLg;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] k"j{ tkm{ ef/tsf] s~rghf]ª\3f /fli6«o lgs'~h kb{5 .

!=$ k|j]z dfu{s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] sfof{no kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ^ l:yt n]n]kdf /x]sf] 5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q k'Ugsf] nflu xjfO{hxfhaf6 sf7df08f}+ b]lv ;'s]6f/;Dd Ps 306fsf] ofqf tyf ;'s]6f/af6 tfk]yf]s;Dd rf/306fsf] :yfgLo hLkaf6 ofqf to u/L b'O{ 306f k}bn lx8]/ k'Ug ;lsG5 . ;'s]6f/ ;Ddsf] xjfO{ ofqf x'g g;s]sf] v08df xjfO{hxfhaf6 sf7df08f}+b]lv eb|k'/;Dd $% ldg]6sf] ofqf, eb|k'/af6 ljtf{df]8 x'Fb} km'ªlnª;Dd gf} 306fsf] :yfgLo hLk jf a;af6 ofqf tyf km'ªlnªaf6 tfk]yf]s;Dd kfFr 306fsf] :yfgLo hLkaf6 ofqf kZrft b'O{ 306f k}bn lx8]/ d'Vo sfof{no ;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 . ;8s dfu{af6 hfFbf a;af6 sf7df08f}+b]lv ljtf{df]8 x'Fb} km'ªlnª;Dd @$ 306fsf] ofqf, km'ªlnªaf6 tfk]yf]s;Dd kfFr 306fsf] :yfgLo hLkaf6 ofqf kZrft b'O{ 306f k}bn lx8]/ tyf a;af6 sf7df08f}+b]lv O6x/L x'Fb} t]Xy'd lhNnfsf] a;Gtk'/;Dd @$ 306fsf] ofqf kZrft a;Gtk'/af6 ltgh'/]–ldNs]–hnhn], ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] u'kmf kf]v/L x'Fb} tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfsf] b]efgaf6 Ps lbgsf] k}bn ofqf u/]/ ;+/If0f If]qsf] d'Vo sfof{no k'Ug ;lsG5 .

!=%= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:Yffkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ adf]lhd s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf] u7g ePsf] 5 . xfn o; kl/ifb\ dftxtdf & j6f pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, @^ j6f ;+/If0f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x, $^ j6f pkef]Qmf ;d'x, #% j6f cfdf ;d'x, % j6f ;xsf/L ;+:Yff, $ j6f lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk;ldlt, * j6f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f pk–;ldlt, ^ j6f clUg lgoGq0f pk–;ldltx? u7g u/L ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx? ;d'x, ;ldltx? dfkm{t ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

lrq @ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf

cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ b]lv s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ;Dks{ sfof{no :yfkgf eO{ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Aoj:yfkg lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod %& adf]lhd kl/ifb\\ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug]{, kl/ifb\\nfO{ cfjZos ;/sf/L lgb]{zg lbg], jg / jGohGt'sf] ck/fw;+u ;DalGwt d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, bfo/L / lsgf/f nufpg] / sfof{nonfO{ clVtof/ k|fKt sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . o; sfof{nodf Ps hgf ;+/If0f clws[t, ! hgf gfoa ;'Aaf tyf @ hgf /]~h/sf] b/jGbL /x]sf] 5 .

4


!=^ ;+/If0f If]qleq ;~rflnt cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmds~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q leq ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;+nUg sfof{no tyf cfof]hgfx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

-s_ /fli6«o lgs'~h cfof]hgf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{nodf g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu, /fli6«o lgs'~h sfo{qmd cGt/ut cf=j= @)&@÷)&# b]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdx? k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 .

-v_ ;+/If0f If]q sfo{qmd;+/lIft If]qn] cfh{g u/]sf] /fhZj /sdsf] %) k|ltzt /sd ;DalGwt ;+/lIft If]qdf g} cfpg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg cg';f/ cf=j= @)&@÷)&# b]lv s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

-u_ ;d[4 kxf8 o"=s]= cfof]hgfb'u{d tyf kxf8L If]qdf j;f]af; ug]{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ljQLo If]qdf kx'Fr j[l4 u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf sd ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;~rflnt ;d[4 kxf8 o"=s]= cfof]hgf / s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\aLr ;Demf}tf eO{ ;+/If0f If]qdf n3' ljQ kl/rfng, ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo ;+:yfx?sf] sf]if Joj:yfkgdf Ifdtf ljsf;, n]vf Joj:yfkg tflnd, ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg tflnd, kof{–ko{6g kj{wg h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf 5g\ .

-3_ jGohGt' ck/fw lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u sfo{qmd 8An'=8An'=Pkm g]kfn sfo{qmdsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf lhNnf :t/Lo jGohGt' ck/fw lgoGq0f OsfO{ u7g, OsfO{sf] a}7s ;~rfng, ldq /fi6« rLg / ef/t;+u hf]l8Psf] l;dfjtL{ If]qsf] ;+o'Qm cg'udg tyf j}7sx? ;~rfng, :yfgLo :t/df ul7t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f OsfO{sf] u7g tyf ;~rfng, rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg k|bfg ug]{ nufotsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

!=& ;+/If0f If]qsf] dxŒjs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ;d'bfon] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] Pp6f gd'gf ;+/If0f If]q xf] . ef/t / rLg;Fu hf]l8Psf] e"–efu ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] 5'§} ;fdl/s dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]q lxpF lrt'jf, xfa|], lxdfnL sfnf] efn', s:t'/L d[u / kx/] afFb/, gfp/ nufotsf jGohGt'sf] dxŒjk"0f{ af;:yfg xf] . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k+IfL If]q (Important Bird Area) klg xf] . oxfF /}yfg] / 3'dGt] u/L @%@ k|hfltsf r/f kfOG5g\ h;dWo] * j6f k|hflt nf]kf]Gd'v l:yltdf k'u]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf lr/fOtf], s'6\sL, kfFrcf}+n], dfOsf]lknf, lav, laVdf, ;'gkftL, e'OFr's, vf]lsd, dlh7f], dflnËf], cf]v/, nf]Stf, cu]{nL cfbL hl8a'6Lx? cfocfh{g / :yfgLo :t/df k|of]usf] cfwf/df dxŒjk"0f{ kfOPsf] 5 . pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf gfËdf, 5]/5]g, kfa's, l6Ktfnf l;+h]df, xfF;kf]v/L, gfukf]v/L, ltDa'Ë kf]v/L, ltgkf]v/L cfbL tfn tyf kf]v/Lx? lxdfnL cfs{if0fsf s]Gb|x? x'g\ . ;+/If0f If]qsf] $@)) ld6/ prfO{df cjl:yt !! 3/w'/Lsf] ofËdf a:tL nufot cf]nfËr'Ëuf]nf, vfDafr]g, /fdh]/, nf]gfs{, 3'G;f pRr lxdfnL a;f]af; If]qx? x'g . cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf / 3'G;f d'Vo ko{6sLo s]Gb|x? x'g\ . kflyef/f dlGb/, kmStfªn'ª / sl/j $)) aif{ cuf8L lgdf{0f ePsf] lbls 5f]lnª u'Daf ;+/If0f If]qdf kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts dxŒj ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

!=* of]hgf th"{dfsf] cf}lrTo/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -! s_ df /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If jf ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefuaf6 :jLs[t Joj:yfkg of]hgf cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ^ df kl/ifb\\\n] ;DalGwt pkef]Qmf ;d'x / ;ldlt;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ug'{ kg]{, Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ubf{ Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\\\n] pkef]Qmf ;d'x / ;ldltsf cWoIfsf] a}7s af]nfO{ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ / /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{ pNn]v ePsf] / o;/L ;+sng ePsf] /fo ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ug'{kg]{, Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ubf{ k|fljlws ;]jf cfjZos k/]df Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\\\n] ;DalGwt ljifosf k|fljlwsx¿sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg] nufotsf Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

5


s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\n] tof/ u/]sf] t]>f] k~ralif{o Joj:yfkg of]hgf lj=;+= @)&) ;fn efb| @$ ut]sf] ljefuLo lg0f{o cg';f/ :jLs[t ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL :jLs[t Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] clwgdf /xL kl/ifb\\n] ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg u/L /x]sf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] Dofb @)&% ;fn efb| @$ ut] ;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ug{ cfjZos ePsf] xf] .

!=( Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? lgDg cg';f/ /xsf] 5 .

-s_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLM ;xefuLtfd"ns ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg dfkm{t h}ljs ljljwtfn] e/k'/ If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, kof{–ko{6g kj{4g u/L lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] tyf :yfgLo / /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]Ù

-v_ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljljlws/0fM s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljljlws/0f u/L ;+/If0f

If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ul/g]Ù

-u_ ;xefuLtfM Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ tyf sfof{non] :yfgLo tx, cGt/utsf ;ldlt tyf ;d'xx?, u}/;/sf/L ;F:yf /

:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{]Ù

-3_ lbuf] ljQsf] cjwf/0ffM s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf lbuf] agfpg ljQsf] cfjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfo{qmd th"{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g] /

-ª_ ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;+l3o ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx, u}/;/sf/L ;F:yf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf ;xof]udf of]hgf th"{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

!=!) cl3Nnf] Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;ldIfflj= ;= @)&) ;fn efb| @$ ut] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] t];|f] Joj:yfkg of]hgf -@)&)÷&! b]lv @)&$÷&%_ :jLs[t ePsf] lyof] . Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\n] tof/ u/]sf] k~rjlif{o Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf b"/b[li6 / nIo ;lxt lgDgfg';f/sf % j6f ljlzi6 p2]Zox? to ul/Psf] lyof] .

!= jg, jg:klt / kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ .

@= jGohGt' tyf jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f / j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

#= /f]huf/L / cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ub}{ :yfgLo hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

$= lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ .

%= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;+:yfut ;b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

o;}u/L & j6f sfo{qmd If]q tyf @^ j6f /0fgLlt to ul/Psf] lyof] . of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu hDdf ah]6 ?= !@ s/f]8 $) nfv cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmd If]q cg';f/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg tklznsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . pQm ah]6 ljlgof]hg cg';f/ Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;df ;a}eGbf al9 -$#Ü ah]6_ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOof] . o;}u/L lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg / k|fhflt tyf af;:yfg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d]6L h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fnfO{ bf];|f] k|fyldstf -##Ü ah]6_ df /flvPsf] b]lvof] .

6


cl3Nnf] Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf k|:tfj ul/Psf k|d'v lqmofsnfk tyf k|ult ljj/0f tflnsf ! df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

qm=; lqmofsnfkx? OsfO{ nIo xfl;n nIo != k|hflt tyf jf;:yfg ;+/If0f!=! jg tyf jGohGt' cg'udg k6s $% $%!=@ dfgj–jGohGt' åGå Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cIfosf]if j[l4 j6f & &!=# rf]/L lzsf/L lgoGq0f pk–;ldltdf cIfosf]if :yfkgf j6f * *!=$ ;'/fsL kl/rfng tyf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf hgf !% @!!=% xfa|] tyf s:t'/Lsf] af; cWoog tyf r]tgf clej[l4 k6s % @

!=^ gfp/sf] ;ª\Vof u0fgf u/L ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df j}w lzsf/sf] kxn k6s !kmfOn k]z ul/Psf]

!=&lxpF lrt'jf cg'udgsf] nflu yk cIfo sf]if :yfkgf u/L kz'wg Ifltsf] /fxtdf j[l4

:yfg $ $

!=* ;Ldfkf/sf /fi6«x¿;Fu ;dGjo a}7ssf] Joj:yf k6s !) #!=( /]l8of] sn/af6 lxpF lrt'jfsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg k6s @ %!=!) rf]/L lzsf/L kf]:6 lgdf{0f j6f % @@= ko{6g k|j4{gåf/f cfo cfh{g@=! lxdfn cf/f]x0f tflnd -/s SnfOlDaª_ hgf !% )@=@ xf]6n Joj:yfkg tflnd k6s @ @@=# efG;] -s's_ tflnd k6s $ @@=$ ufO8 tflnd hgf #) )@=% ko{6sLo If]qx¿df dxf]T;j dgfpg] k6s @ !@=^ xf]d :6] ko{6gnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt u/L lg/Gt/tf lbg] :yfg & #@=& ;fd'bflos xf]6n :yfkgf u/L ;'Jojl:yt ug]{ j6f @) @#= ljleGg sfo{qmd If]q cGt/utsf lqmofsnfkx?#=! rl/r/g If]q Joj:yfkg :yfg & &#=@ clUg lgoGq0fsf] nflu cIfosf]if clej[l4 j6f ^ ^#=# g;{/L Joj:yfkg j6f # @#=$ jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]u :yfkgf j6f ^ !#=% h8La'6L Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf tof/L k|hflt !) %#=^ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog :yfg !% )#=& jg sfa{g dfkgsf] cWoog k6s @ )

7


#=* l;FrfO lgdf{0f . dd{t j6f % %#=( af6f] dd{t ls=dL= %) &)#=!) :6Ln 8]s k'n lgdf{0f j6f !) *#=!! ko{6g ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf :yfg % ##=!@ ;ª\u|xfno lgdf{0f -n]n]k_ j6f ! !#=!# kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg k6s % !)#=!$ xft] sfuh pBf]u :yfkgf :yfg # )#=!% AfFf;÷lgufnf]af6 ;hfj6sf ;fdfg agfpg] tflnd k6s @ )#=!^ e'OFr's h';sf] 3/]n' pBf]u :yfkgf :yfg @ )#=!& lu|g xfp; lgdf{0f :yfg % %

#=!* un}Frf pBf]u :yfkgf j6f @;fdfg ljt/0f ul/Psf]

#=!( lrh pBf]u j6f % )#=@) l;nfO, s6fO tflnd k6s @ )#=@! un}Frf a'gfO . sf6\g] tflnd k6s @ @#=@@ jfOl/ª tflnd k6s @ )#=@# d]sflgS; tfnLd k6s % )#=@$ 8s'd]G6«L tof/L tyf k|;f/ k6s # ##=@% j]a;fO6nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k6s % )#=@^ cWoog÷cjnf]sg e|d0f k6s % @

#=@&kl/ifb\\cGtu{tsf ;ldlt, ;d"xx¿df n]vf Joj:yfkg tyf g]t[Tj ljsf; k'gtf{huL tflnd

k6s @ @

#=@* kl/ifb\\cGtu{tsf ;ldlt, ;d"xsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cWoog, cjnf]sg e|d0f k6s % @

t];|f] of]hgf cjlwdf ;fd'bflos ljsf; cGt/utsf sfo{x?df clwstd k|ult ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf If]qx?df ljz]if k|ult b]lvG5 . oBkL ;+:yfut ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx? t];|f] of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf eGbf w]/} k|ult xf] . of]hgf cjlwdf n]n]kdf sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] eg] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd km'ªlnªdf ;Dks{ sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . ;fd'bflos ljsf; cGt/ut ;DkGg ePsf k|d'v sfo{x? h:t} xf]d :6] ;+rfng, l;FrfO lgdf{0f tyf dd{t, af6f] dd{t, :6Ln 8]s k'n lgdf{0f, dfgj–jGohGt' åGå Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cIfosf]if j[l4, kz'wg Ifltsf] /fxt, ;'/fsL kl/rfng tyf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf, kof{–ko{6g ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf, ;ª\u|xfno lgdf{0f, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, lu|g xfp; lgdf{0f, ;d"xx¿df n]vf Joj:yfkg tyf g]t[Tj ljsf; k'gtf{huL tflnd cfbL kb{5 . h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, vs{ Joj:yfkg, k|hflt u0fgf, cg'udg tyf ;dGjofTds a}7s, cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf lqmofsnfkx?, 8s'd]G6«L tof/L tyf k|;f/sf sfo{x?df k|ult b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx? tyf sfa{g ;DaGwL cWoogx? ;+rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} ;Lkd"ns tflndx? ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . sltko o:tf tflndx? c;fGble{s klg e]l6Psf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ljw'tsf] cfk"lt{ gx'g] :yfgdf ljw't;Fu ;DaGwLt tflnd k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] .

;du|tfdf x]bf{ k|d'v lqmofsnfkx? dWo] sl/a $) k|ltzt sfo{sf] k|ult ztk|ltzt ;DkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] sl/a @) k|ltzt lqmofsnfkx? ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . afFsL /x]sf lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|ult sl/a %) k|ltzt b]lvG5 . o;y{ o; t];|f] Joj:yfkg of]hgf cjlwdf Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;du| k|ult sl/a &) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L /x]sf] kfOG5 .

8


kmf]6f]M x

]d/fh

cfr

fo{, /fli6«o

lgs

'~h t

yf j

GohGt' ;

+/If0f ljef

u

9


@=! of]hgf th"{df k|s[ofs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/L ubf{ ckgfOPsf ;du| k|s[ofx?nfO{ tnsf] lrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@cWofo

of]hgf th"{df ljlw

lrq 1 M of]hgf th"{df k|s[of

d:of}bf of]hgf tof/L

k|f/lDes uf]li7

;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;dGjo

tYof+s ;+sng • ;fdu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg • :ynut e|d0f tyf cWoog • pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;Fu 5nkmn • :yfgLo tx;Fu 5nkmn • pk;;ldltx?;Fu 5nkmn • kof{ko{6s;Fu 5nkmn • :yfgLo;Fu 5nkmn

tYof+s ljZn]if0f

d:of}bfdfly 5nkmn tyf k[i7kf]if0f • Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\;Fu 5nkmn • /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f

ljefudf k|:t'tLs/0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f ;+sng

;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgf

kg'/fjnf]sg

lrq # M of]hgf th"{df k|s[of

10


@=@ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sgJoj:yfkg of]hgf th{'df ug]{ qmddf ;a}eGbf klxn] of]hgf tof/Lsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf ;fdfu|Lx? cGt/ut gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ;DaGwL ;fdfu|Lx?, cl3Nnf Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, ;+/If0f ;DaGwL If]qut of]hgfx?, :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmdx?, Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] gLltut lg0f{o tyf of]hgfx? nufot cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? kb{5g\ . k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf ;fdfu|L tyf ljifoj:t'x?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] . cfjZostf cg';f/ o; of]hgf tof/Lsf] k"/f cjlwe/ ;dfu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{ ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .

-s_ gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf jg If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ clek|fon] th"{df ePsf /fli6«o jg gLlt @)&%, jg If]qsf] /0fgLlt, @)&@Ù g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, -@)&!–@)&&_ hl8a'6L tyf u}/–sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ gLlt, @)^!Ù /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^( nufotsf gLltx?, jg P]g, @)&^Ù tyf jg lgodfjnL, @)%!Ù /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(Ù ;Í6fkGg jGohGt' tyf jg:kltx?sf] cGt/f{l6«o Jofkf/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)&#Ù /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)#)Ù jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)&^Ù jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)&&Ù :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$Ù s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ nufotsf ;fGble{s P]g tyf lgodfjnLx?, ;fd'bflos jg ;|f]t ;j{]If0f lgb]{lzsf -kl/dflh{t_, @)^!Ù ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g @)&! nufotsf lgb]{lzsfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfjZos hfgsf/L ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

-v_ cl3Nnf] Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf k|f/lDes jftfj/l0fo kl/If0f k|ltj]bgsf] k'g/fjnf]sgs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] z'? b]lvsf Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?sf] ;+lIfKt k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .

-u_ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL cGo If]qut of]hgfx? Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lsf] qmddf kljq lxdfnL e"–kl/wL /0fgLlt, lxpF lrt'jf, /]8 kf08f, ;fns, lu4 nufotsf ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] k|hfltsf] ;+/If0f of]hgf, k"jL{ lxdfnL lxpF lrt'jf e"–kl/wL of]hgf / s~rgh+3f e"–kl/lw ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; of]hgf nufotsf /0fgLlt tyf of]hgfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf pko'Qm sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

-3_ jflif{s sfo{qmdx? s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ;~rflnt x/]s sfo{qmd tyf ultlalwx?sf] nIo, k|ult, :yfg, nfut, ;|f]t cflbsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . rfn' Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx?sf] xsdf ;f] sf] sf/0f ;d]t cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fGble{s / cl3Nnf] k~rjlif{o of]hgfdf ;DkGg ug{ afFsL /x]sf plrt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ljutsf Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ k|fKt cg'ej, l;sfO{, r'gf}lt tyf cj;/x? ;d]t o; of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-ª_ kl/ifb\\ ;DaGwL gLltut lg0f{o tyf kl/ifb\\ a}7ssf] lg0f{ox?s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkgsf] qmddf ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf lg0f{o, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu / kl/ifb\\ aLr ePsf ;Demf}tfx?, s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL Joj:yf, kl/ifb\\sf] dfkb08, s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf lg0f{o ;d]tsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .

-r_ cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lsf] qmddf ;+/If0f If]qsf] a:t'ut ljj/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf ;DalGw n]v /rgf, ;+/If0f If]qdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?, ;+/If0f If]qdf jGohGt' ck/fw ;DaGwL ljBdfg cj:yf, ;+/If0f If]qdf lxpF lrt'jf, ltAaltog AjfF;f], /]8 kf08f nufotsf ;+/lIft jGohGt'sf] ljifodf k|sfzg ePsf n]v /rgfx?, ;+/If0f If]qdf ;~rflnt cGo sfo{qmdx? jg k}bjf/sf] dfu tyf cfk"tL{, ;+/If0f If]q ;DaGwL ;+3 ;+:yfx?, ;+/If0f If]qdf kof{–ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf, cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL nufotsf] ljifodf n]lvPsf n]v, /rgf cflbsf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .

11


@=# k|f/lDes tYof+sx?sf] ;+sngJoj:yfkg of]hgf th{'df ug]{ qmddf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;fy} k|f/lDes tYof+sx? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . k|fylds tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ k|f/lDes uf]li7 nufot ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;F+u 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fx? b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ k|f/lDes uf]li7Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{dfsf] ljlw tyf k|s[of, Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ljifox?, Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] nIo tyf p2]ZonfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] x]t'n] ldlt @)&% a}zfv !* ut] tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd km'ªlnªdf k|f/lDes uf]li7 ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, lhNnf Gofoflwz, ;'/Iff lgsfo, ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf kbflwsf/Lx?, ;+/If0f If]q sfof{nosf kbflwsf/L, pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lx?, :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

-v_ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;Fu 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmofs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ;ftj6f pkef]Qmf ;ldltx? /x]sf 5g\ . of] Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ubf{ ;ftj6} pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?df ;ldlt:t/Lo 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ljlwjt 5nkmnsf] nflu r]s lni6 tof/ kf/L ;f]xL cg';f/ 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

-u_ :yfgLo tx;Fu 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog cg';f/ ;fljs cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf, n]n]k, tfk]yf]s / ofDkm'lbg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx? kmStfªn'ª / >Lh+3f u/L hDdf b'O{j6f ufpFkflnsfx?df ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . oL b'O{j6} ufpFkflnsfx?df ufpFkflnsf :t/Lo 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;du| ;'/Iff Joj:yf, af;:yfg Joj:yfkg, dfgj jGohGt' åGå Joj:yfkg, rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f nufotsf ljifox?df 5nkmn Pj+ cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+/lIft If]qdf ko{6g Joj:yfkg;+u ;DalGwt laifodf ;d]t 5nkmn s]lGb|t x'Fbf ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;xefutf /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{zfnf uf]li7af6 k|fKt ;fGble{s ;'emfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L o; sfo{qmddf Joj:yfkg of]hgf cjlwsf] nfuL k|:tfljt sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 ;DaGwdf ;d]t 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

-u_ nu k|m]d pk/ Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ tyf :yfgLo tx;Fusf] 5nkmn s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;f]r tflnsf

(Log Frame) pk/ 5nkmn u/fO{Psf] lyof] . o; sfo{df kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsf / >Lh+3f ufpFkflnsfsf ;DalGwt j8f cWoIfx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn cGt/lqmof ubf{ pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt :yfgLo tx, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt / pQm If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L Pj+ u}x| ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;d]t cfdGq0f u/L pgLx?sf] /fo ;'emfj ;d]t lnOPsf] lyof] .

@=$ tYof+s ljZn]if0f ljut #) aif{sf] df};d ;DaGwL hfgsf/LnfO{ ;+If]lks/0f u/L tfkqmd, aiff{, afo'sf] a]u nufotsf ;"rgfx?nfO{ u|fkm tyf rf6{sf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gfkL ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] e"–pkof]u gS;f, jg cg';Gwfg tyf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;]6nfO6 Od]h u'un cy{ gS;f cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;+/If0f If]qsf] e"–pkof]usf] jt{dfg cj:yf / ljut b]lv xfn ;Ddsf] abln+bf] cj:yfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, e"–Ifo, vf]nf tyf vf]N;Lx?sf] cj:yf, kfgLsf] ;|f]t / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] pkof]usf] nflu l;d;f/ If]qsf] s] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ / s] s:tf ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] jGohGt'x?sf] cj:yf tyf ;+/If0fsf] ljifox? ;do ;fk]If ?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] ljBdfg ;fdflhs, ;+:s[lts tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf, ;d:of, r'gf}lt tyf cj;/x?sf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

12


@=% d:of}bfdfly ;'emfj ;+sng tyf k[i7kf]if0f

-s_ d:of}bfdfly 5nkmnJoj:yfkg of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ eO{;s]kl5 pQm d:of}bfdf cfjZos /fo, ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj k|fKt ug{sf] nflu s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{nodf 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfo, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx?, ;dfh;]jL, kqsf/ nufotsf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ /fo ;'emfj k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|fKt ;'emfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

-v_ lj1sf] /fo Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] d:of}bfnfO{ kl/is[t ug{ s]lGb|o:t/df /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefudf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L k|fKt /fo tyf ;'emfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf yk k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu # hgf ljifo lj1x?af6 k'g/fjnf]sg u/fO{Psf] lyof] . of]hgf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ lj1x?sf] gfd cg';"rL @$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

@=^ :jLs[tL Pj+ sfof{Gjog ljleGg r/0fdf k|fKt ul/Psf ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf lj1x?sf] /fo tyf ;'emfj ;dfj]z u/L clGtd d:of}bfnfO{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefudf k]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

kmf]6f]M s]zj cof{n, s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{no

13


#=!=ef}lts cj:yf

#=!=!=ef}uf]lns ljj/0fprfOsf] b[li6sf]0fn] of] ;+/If0f If]q ;d'b| ;txaf6 !@)# dL= -lyjf vf]nf_ b]lv *,%*^ ld= s~rgh+3f lxdfnsf] r'r'/f];Ddsf] e"–efudf km}lnPsf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] ^^=# k|ltzt e"–efu $)))–^))) ld= sf] prfO{df cjl:yt 5 . prfO{ cg';f/sf] If]qkmnsf] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsf @ df b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

lrq $ ;+/If0f If]qdf prfO{ ljefhg gS;f

tflnsf @M prfO{ cg';f/sf] If]qkmnsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= prfO{ -ld=_ If]qkmn -au{=ls=ld=_ k|ltzt

1 1203-2000 40.80 2.02 2000-3000 200.43 9.83 3000-4000 332.70 16.34 4000-5000 644.44 31.75 5000-6000 704.87 34.66 6000-7000 102.47 5.07 7000-8000 9.36 0.58 8000-8586 0.04 0.002 hDdf 2035 100

#cWofo

;+/If0f If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

14


lrq %M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf lxdlzv/x?

ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf] pQ/L lsgf/ ltAatLog Kn]6;+u 7f]lSsFbf o; If]qdf cUnf lxdz[ªvnfx¿ ljsl;t ePsf x'g . of] 7f]lSsg] qmd cem} klg hf/L /x]sf]n] oxFfsf e"–efux¿ le/fnf / ultzLn 5g\ . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf *))) ld= eGbf dflysf $ j6f / &))) ld= eGbf dflysf !& j6f lxdfnL r'r'/fx? kb{5g\ . lo lxdlzv/x? ko{6sLo cfs{if0fsf d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb' x'g . ;+/If0f If]qdf kg]{ &))) ld= eGbf dflysf lxdlzv/x?sf] cjl:ylt lrq g+= % df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] yk ljj/0f cg';"rL ! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L o; s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf l;:6 (Schist) tyf lg; (Gneiss) h:tf kl/jlt{t r§fgx? ;d]t kfOG5g\ . pkNnf] If]q lxdgbL tyf gfª\nf] r§fgn] 9flsPsf] 5 .

15


#=!=@= hnjfo'

tfkqmdprfO cg';f/ km/s kg]{ pRr jiff{ / pRr cfb|{tf oxfFsf] ljz]iftf xf] . n]n]k, tfk]yf]s / ofDk'mlbgsf] tNnf] If]qdf s]xL udL{ / s]xL lr;f] df};d x'G5 eg] cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf, ofªdf / 3'G;fh:tf dflyNnf] If]qdf lr;f] df};d 5 . oL If]qx¿df lxpF / t';f/f] klg kb{5 . tfKn]h'ª ;b/d'sfddf /x]sf] df};d dfkg s]Gb|df ;g\= !(*@ b]lv @)!* ;Ddsf] cf}ift tfkqmdnfO{ x]bf{ cf}ift clwstd tfkqmd @)=* l8u|L ;]N;Lo; / cf}ift Go"gtd tfkqmd !!=* l8u|L ;]N;Lo; /x]sf] 5 . tfKn]h'ªsf] clwstd tyf Go"gtd tfkqmdsf] ljj/0f tnsf] lrq ^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq ^ tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] tkqmdsf] cj:yf

aiff{ lxdfnL z[ª\vnfn]] aËfnsf] vf8Laf6 pQ/tkm{ a9\g] dg;'gL afbnnfO{ 7Ss/ lbg] x'Fbf s~rgh‹f ;+/If0f If]q / cf;kf;df a9L dg;'gL jiff{ x'g] u5{ . tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] ;/b/ jiff{ !(*( ld=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf d] b]lv ;]K6]Da/ ;Dd a9L kfgL kb{5 eg] lxpFbdf sd kfgL kb{5 . lxpFbdf ;+/If0f If]qsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qdf lxpF kg]{ ub{5 . dlxgf cg';f/ aiff{sf] ljj/0f tnsf] lrq & df b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

lrq & tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf dlxgf cg';f/ aiff{sf] cj:yf

16


;g\ @))! b]lv @)!^ ;Dd aiff{sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;j}eGbf a9L aiff{ ;g\ @))# df @%)% ld=ld= ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;j}eGbf sd aiff{ @))( df !$)( ld=ld= df ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))! b]lv @)!^ ;Dd aiff{sf] ljj/0f tnsf] lrq * df b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

lrq * tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf cf}ift aiff{sf] cj:yf

#=!=#= hn;|f]t gbL k|0ffnL

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q hn;|f]tdf lgs} wgL 5 . s~rgh+3f, hGg', ofn'ª, ofdftf/L cflb lxdgbLx¿ o; If]qdf 5g\ . tdf]/, 3'G;f, l;Dj'jf / sfj]nL ;d]t ^) eGbf a9L gbL / ltgsf zfvf–k|zfvfx¿ s~rgh‹f ;+/If0f If]qaf6 axG5g\ . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ($=&* k|ltzt e"–efu tdf]/, 3'G;f, l;Da'jf / sfa]nL u/L hDdf $ j6f gbLx?sf] hnf3f/ If]q leq kb{5 . ;+/If0f If]q leq /x]sf d'Vo gbLx? / ltgsf] hnfwf/ If]q tflnsf # df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

kfgLsf oL ;|f]tx¿ o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿sf] dfq geO{ tNnf] e"–efudf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf klg hLjgsf cfwf/ x'g\ .

tflnsf # ;+/If0f If]q leq /x]sf d'Vo gbLx? / ltgsf]

hnfwf/ If]qsf] ljj/0f

qm=;++ vf]nfhnfwf/ If]qsf] If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld_

! tdf]/ gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]q 767.55

@ 3'G;f vf]nfsf] hnfwf/ If]q 729.10

# l;Da'jfvf]nfsf] hnfwf/ If]q 253.38

$ sfa]nL gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]q 178.77

hDdf 1928.80hDdf If]qkmn 2035$ j6f gbLsf] hnfwf/sf] If]qkmn 94.78Ü

lrq M ( tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf k|d'v gbLx?sf] hnfwf/ If]qsf] gS;f

17


tfnx? s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ;fgf tyf 7"nf] u/L hDdf @^^ j6f tfnx? /x]sf 5g\ . pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf l;+h]df, gfªufdf 5]/5]g, g'k, g'/fs tyf nfdkf]v/L tfnx¿sf] wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lt dxŒj ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{non] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]qsf d'Vo tfnx?sf] cjl:ylt lrq !) tyf ;f] sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f cg";'rL @ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq M !) s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf tfnx?sf] cjl:ylt

18


#=!=$ e"–pkof]u s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] @)#% ju{ ls=ld= e"–efu dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lx:;f vfnL tyf ktL{ If]qn] %^=^! k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] lxpF tyf lxdgbL !%=$& k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;} u/L emf8L tyf a'§ofg If]qn] !#=!^ k|ltzt / jg If]qn] !!=#^ k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] e"–pkof]usf] ljj/0f tflnsf $ df b]vfO{Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] e"–pkof]u gS;f tnsf] lrq !! df b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

tflnsf $ ;+/If0f If]qsf] e"–pkof]usf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= e"—pkof]u If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_ k|ltzt

1 vfnL tyf ktL{ If]q 1152.0 56.61

2 emf8L a'§ofg If]q 267.8 13.16

3 s[lif If]q 19.8 0.97

4 jg If]q 231.1 11.36

5 lxdgbL 314.9 15.47

6 3fF;] d}bfg 30.7 1.51

7 tfn tyf kf]v/L 5.6 0.28

8 vf]nf tyf gbL 2.2 0.11

9 au/ If]q 10.9 0.54 hDdf s"n 2035.0 100.00

lrq M !! s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] e"–pkof]u gS;f

19


#=!=%=sfof{no ejg tyf kf]i6x?s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ! j6f d'Vo sfof{no, ! j6f ;Dks{ sfof{no, # j6f ;]S6/ sfof{no / @ r]s kf]i6 u/L hDdf & j6f ejgx? /x]sf 5g\ h;sf] cjl:yt lrq !@ tyf lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf % df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf % M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf ejgx?sf] ljj/0fqm=;++= ejgsf] gfd k|sf/ lgdf{0f aif{ tnf sf]7f ;+Vof If]qkmn -ju{ lkm6_ nfut ?=

! d'Vo sfof{no ejg, n]n]k cf/=l;=l;= @)&# # !* %@)% @ s/f]8

@ ;Dks{ sof{no ejg, tfKn]h'ª cf/=l;=l;= @)&@ ! !@ ^$ #% nfv

# ;]S6/ sfof{no, ofDkm'lbg h:tf @)^% @ % *)) @) nfv

$ ;]S6/ sfof{no, cf]nfªr'ªf]nf Æ Æ Æ @)^( @ $ $)) !% nfv

% ;]S6/ sfof{no, 3'G;f Æ Æ Æ @)^( ! # $#@ !& nfv

^ 6'l/i6 r]s kf]i6, tfk]yf]s Æ Æ Æ @)^( ! @ @)) !# nfv

& r]s kf]i6, Onf8fF8f Æ Æ Æ @)^( @ @ $@) @) nfv

lrq !@ ;+/If0f If]q cGt/utsf sof{no tyf kf]i6x?sf] cjl:ylt gS;f

20


#=!=^=k}bn dfu{x?s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q leq l5?jf–n]n]k–3'G;f–vfDafr]g x'Fb} pQ/L a]; SofDk ;Dd k'Ug] k}bn dfu{, ofDkm'lbg–cfDbfkm]bL–/fdh]/–r]/fd–cf]StfË x'Fb} blIf0f a]; SofDk ;Dd k'Ug] k}bn dfu{, x]Nnf]s–o;fË–tf]/f]Ëb]g–cfDbfkm]bL, /fdh]/–r]/fd, cf]StfË x'Fb} blIf0f a]; SofDk k'Ug] k}bn dfu{, tfk]yf]s b]lv kflye/f dlGb/ k'Ug] k}bn dfu{, n]n]k–b]p/fnL–cf]nfËr'Ëf]nf–ltAtfnf k}bn dfu{, n]n]k–hf]ËLd–r]g]–ofËdf k}bn dfu{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q leq /x]sf k}bn dfu{x?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf ^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf ^ M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q leq /x]sf k}bn dfu{x?sf] ljj/0f

kbdfu{sf] gfd nDafO{ ls=ld=

e|d0f lbg

cj:yf

s~rgh+3f ;ls{6 280.73 26 k}bn dfu{ nfdf] x'g'sf ;fy} k'jf{wf/sf] cefj

;'s]6f/–tfKn]h'–n]n]k–3'G;f–pQ/L a]; SofDk

102.58 18k'jf{wf/sf] cefj, vf]nfsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ ePsf] x'Fbf aiff{ ofddf ;'rf? gx'g]

;'s]6f/– ofDkm'lbg–/fdh]/–blIf0f a]; SofDk 88.74 16 k'n, SofDk ;fO{6, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj

;'s]6f/– ofDkm'lbg–sfa]nL ;ls{6 75.75 9clwsf+z If]q ;+/If0f If]q aflx/ kg]{, df]6/ af6f] lgdf{0f x'Fbf ko{6ssf] cfjthfjtdf gkg]{

tfKn]h'ª–l9Ktfnf k}bn dfu{ 84.39 14ljrdf a:tL, lrofk;n ;d]t gePsf] x'Fbf SofDk ;fO{6 tyf ;fd'bflos nh lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{

tfKn]h'ª–uf]nf–xfF;kf]v/L–UofAnf k}bn dfu{ 88.27 12ljrdf a:tL, lrofk;n ;d]t gePsf] x'Fbf SofDk ;fO{6 tyf ;fd'bflos nh lgdf{0f ug'{kg

tfKn]h'ª ofªdf k}bn dfu{ 82.71 18vf]nfsf] lsgf/ a9L kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf k'n, a|]i6 jfn, SofDk ;fO{6 / sDo'lg6L nh lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf xfn k}bn dfu{x?sf] ;~hfn cToGt kftnf] /x]sf] 5 . sltko :yfgx? k|fs[lts ?kdf dgdf]xs Pj+ ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ?kdf dxŒjk"0f{ ePtf kgL kx'Frsf] cefjdf To:tf :yfgx?df ko{6sx? Hffg] u/]sf] kfOb}g . tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf gfËdf, 5]/r]g, l;+h]df, xfF;kf]v/L, ltAtfnf h:tf tfntn}ofx?df s'g}kgL ko{6sx?n] e|d0f gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf k}bn dfu{x? tdf]/ vf]nf, 3'G;f vf]nf Pj+ sfa]nL vf]nfsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf ko{6sx?n] e"–b[io cjnf]sg ug{ gkfpg] x'Fbf gofF k}bn dfu{sf] klxrfg u/L lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

21


lrq !# ;+/If0f If]qdf ljBdfg tyf lgdf{0fflwg k}bn dfu{ bzf{pg] gS;f

#=!=& hnljB't-s_ n3' hnljB't s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgf, s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ / s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{no ;d]tsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;+/If0f If]qsf ljleGg :yfgx?df n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f ;DkGg tyf lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf & df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf & M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f qm=;+= gfd Ifdtf -ls=jf=_ :yfg

!= 3'G;f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf %) kmStfªn'ª ^, 3'G;f

@= UofAnf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf @% -lgdf{0fflwg_ kmStfªn'ª ^, UofAnf

#= cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf #^ kmStfªn'ª &, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf

$= tfSdfjfvf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf ^* kmStfªn'ª %, tfk]yf]s

%= yfSkfvf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf %) -lgdf{0fflwg_ kmStfªn'ª ^, n]n]k

^= sfa]nLvf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf !% >Lh+3f *, ofDkm'lbg

& t'ldof vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf * >Lh+3f *, ofDkm'lbg

* /ft]vf]nf lksf] hnljB't cfof]hgf $ >Lh+3f *, ofDkm'lbg

hDdf @%^>f]t M lkmN8 cWoog @)&%

22


-v_ hnljB't cfof]hgfx? s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljleGg sDkgLx?af6 P3f/ ;o d]3fjf6 eGbf a9L ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . lo hnljB't cfof]hgfx? dWo] sltko cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf cWoog ;DkGg ePsf] tyf sltko cfof]hgfx? jftfj/l0fo k|efj d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf /x]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf k|:tfj ul/Psf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf * df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf * M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= k|:tfljt cfof]hgf Ifdtf -d]=jf=_ vf]nf k|jw{s 1 ck/ tdf]/ $!% tdf]/ tdf]/ ;flgdf OghL{ k|f=ln=

2 ;'k/ tdf]/ !%% tdf]/ lqm:6n kfj/ 8]Enkd]G6 k|f=ln

3 3'G;f vf]nf &* 3'G;f g]kfn ljB't ljsf; ljefu

4 l;Da'jfvf]nf &# l;Da'jf vf]nf g]kfn ljB't ljsf; ljefu

5 ck/ tdf]/ xfO{8«kfj/ k|f]h]S6 &@ tdf]/ o'lgog xfO{8«f]kfj/ sDkgL ln=

6 3'G;f vf]nf &!=% 3'G;f /]ld6 xfO{8«f] k|f=ln=

7 l;Da'jf vf]nf xfO{8«f] OnlS6«s k|f]h]S6 %#=& l;Da'jf /]ld6 xfO{8«f] k|f=ln=

8 ck/ l;Da'jfvf]nf $^=*! l;Da'jf l;Da'jf xfO{8«f]kfj/ k|f=ln

9 3'G;f tdf]/ xfO{8«f]kfj/ k|f]h]S6 $# tdf]/ g]kfn xfO{8«f] e]Gr/ k|f=ln=

10 ldl8n tdf]/ %$ tdf]/ tdf]/ ;flgdf OghL k|f=ln=

11 ;'k/ sfa]nL @) sfa]nL lxn6g xfO{8«f] OghL{ k|f=ln=

12 ;'k/ sfa]nL vf]nf P !% sfa]nL :gf] l/e/ k|f=ln=

13 ofªdf vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf (=%) Ofªdf vf]nf g]kfn ljB't ljsf; ljefu

hDdf k|:tfljt cfof]hgf !!)^=%!

>f]t M ljB't ljsf; ljefu, @)&%

#=!=* cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfx? s~rgh‹f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . bL3{sfnLg lbuf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cefj / b'u{dtf o; If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sl7gfO x'g\ . of] ;+/If0f If]q ;8s ;~hfndf ;d]l6Psf] 5}g / lkr ;8saf6 sDtLdf ! lbgsf] ofqfkl5 dfq ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;Ldfgf;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 eg] l;FrfO / 9n lgsf;sf] Joj:yf 5}g . ;ldltsf] If]q cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]qleqsf ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, x'nfs, xf]6n tyf SofDk;sf] ljj/0f tflnsf ( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf ( M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ljBfno :jf:Yo rf}sL x'nfs xf]6n, nh /

lrof k;nSofDk ;fO{6

!= nfnLu'/fF; pkef]Qm ;ldlt ^ ! ! ) )@= ;]sfy'd 3'G;f pkef]Qm ;ldlt $ @ ! #% #^#= ljxfgL pkef]Qm ;ldlt @ ) ) $ @$= l;Da'jfvf]nf pkef]Qm ;ldlt @ ! ! ) )%= 3fªn'ª pkef]Qm ;ldlt @ ! ! ) ^^= kfyLe/f pkef]Qm ;ldlt @ ) ) ) )&= s~rgh+3f pkef]Qm ;ldlt ! ! ! & (

hDdf !( ^ % $^ %#

>f]t M lkmN8 cWoog @)&%

23


#=@=kfl/l:yltsLo ljljwtfljleGg hnjfo' / e"–agfj6sf] ld>0fn] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljljw kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . l;gf] hfkfgLh / l;gf] lxdfno ljz]iftfn] ->]i7 / cGo, !((^_ ubf{ o; If]q jfg:klts ljljwtfdf wgL /x]sf] 5 . h}ljs

ljljwtf lrq0f kl/of]hgf -BPP, !((%_ tyf j[If ;'wf/ s]Gb|sf] gS;f -@))!_ cg';f/ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf !@ lsl;dsf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL kfOG5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ljj/0f cg';"rL # df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ( k|sf/sf jgx? kfOG5 . 3'G;f / tdf]/ glbsf] tl6o If]qsf] #))) b]lv #&)) ld6/sf]] prfO{df

nfs{ / w'kLsf] (Larix griffithiana- Juniperus) jg /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] @*)) b]lv #%)) ld6/sf] prfO{df l7+u|] ;Nnf / uf]a|] ;Nnf ldl>t sf]0fwf/L jg, !@)) b]lv @*)) ld6/sf] prfO{df afFem, s6';, ef]6] rfFksf] jg kfOG5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] !@)) ld6/ b]lv %*)) ld6/ ;Dd u'/fF;sf] ldl>t jg b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] jgsf] k|sf/sf] ljj/0f tflnsf !) df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !)M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] jgsf] k|sf/sf] ljj/0f

qm=;++ afg:klts ;d'bfosf] k|sf/

1 Upper Alpine Meadow

2 Moist Alpine Scrub

3 Fir Forest

4 Larch Forest

5 Mix Rhododendron-Maple Forest

6 East Himalayan Oak-Laurel Forest

7 Schima Castanopsis Forest

>f]t M afof]8fOe/l;6L k|f]kmfO{n k|f]h]S6, !((%

#=#= k|hflt ljljwtfs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q h}ljs ljljwtfsf] k|r'/tfsf] lx;fjn] k|hflt ljljwtfdf wgL b]lvG5 .

#=#=!=:tgwf/L hgfj/;+/If0f If]qdf $% k|hfltsf :tgwf/L jGohGt'x? kfOG5g\ (DNPWC, 2011 The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: The National Red List Serie) eg] s:t'/L d[u, lxpF lrt'jf, xfa|], AjfF;f], 9f]n], WjfF;] lrt'jf, lxpF lrt'jf / ;fns o; If]qdf kfOg] ;+/lIft hgfj/x¿ x'g\ . lxpF lrt'jf pRr lxdfnL If]qsf] k|d'v df+;fxf/L hgfj/ xf] . ;g\ @)!@ df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]qdf hDdf !@–@! j6f lxpF lrt'jf kfOg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ 5ftf k|hflt Pj+ k|ltlglw k|hfltsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;} u/L xfa|] ljz]if jf;:yfgdf dfq kfOg] hgfj/ xf] . of] jGohGt' ljz]iftM tfnL;kq / w"kLsf] jg tyf e'OFdf dflnËf] ePsf], pRr jiff{ x'g] #,)))–$,))) ld= prfO If]qdf kfOG5 . xfa|] kfOg] jg If]qn] /fd|f] jf;:yfgsf] klxrfg lbg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;dzLtf]i0f jgIf]qsf] 5ftf k|hfltsf ?kdf lnOG5 . s:t'/L d[u lxdfnosf] ;dzLtf]i0f If]qsf] jg ;lsP/ r/g If]q ;'? x'g] l;ldt efudf dfq kfOG5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] :tgwf/L jGohGt'sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=@= k+IfLs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q g]kfnsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k+IfL If]q (Important Bird Area) xf] . o; If]qdf /}yfg] / 3'dGt] u/L sDtLdf ##) k|hfltsf r/f kfOG5g\ . oxfF kfOg] dxŒjk"0f{ r/fx¿df uf]dfo' dxfrLn (Aquila nipalensis), tf]k (Falco Cherrug) u/L hDdf @ k|hfltx? ljZjdfg} nf]kg x'g] vt/fdf (Endengered) /x]sf 5g\ . s}nf] 6fps] xfF; (Aythya Ferina), p8 :gfO{k (Gallinago Nemoricola), /0fdQ dxflrn (Aquila heliaca), nf]lekfkL u?8 (Ciconia episcopus)

24


u/L hDdf $ k|hfltx? ljZjdfg} ;+s6fkGgsf] ;"rL (Vulnerable) df /x]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] r/fx? dWo] 8fFk]m (Lophophorus impejanus) / df]gfn (Satyr tragopan) nfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g @)@( adf]lhd ;+/lIft jGohGt'sf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] cGo r/fx?df ltJa]tLog lxds'v'/f (Tibetan snow cock), lrNd] (Blood pheasant), Dfn]jf (Rock pigeon), a:t' as'Nnf (Cattle egret) cflb kb{5g\ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kfO{g] jGohGt'x?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL % df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=# ;l/;[kx? ;+/If0f If]qdf u'a|], l;l/;], x/]p, wfdg, ;Ga] nufot ^ k|hfltsf zk{x? / le/ 5]kf/], efn'd'u]| nufot $ k|hfltsf 5]kf/f]x? kfOG5g\ -yfkf, @)!&_ . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] ;l/;[kx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=$= peor/ xfn ;Dd ePsf] cWoog cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]qdf Eofu'tf, kfxf nufotsf hDdf !% k|hfltsf peor/x? kfO{Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] ;l/;[kx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL & df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=% df5fx? xfn ;Dd ePsf] cWoog cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]qdf @! k|hfltsf df5fx? kfOG5 eg] ;+/If0f If]qdf kg]{ tdf]/ gbLdf ltt] df5f (Psilorhynchoides Pseudecheneis) / Myersglanis blythi u/L b'O{ k|hfltsf /}yfg] df5fx? kfOG5g\ . tdf]/ gbLdf kfOg] ;x/ df5f (Tor tor) ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf kg]{ k|hflt xf] . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] df5fx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL * df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=^ ls/f km6\ofªu|fk|fs[lts lj1fg ;+u|fxno -@))#_ cg';f/ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf # c8{/ tyf @* kl/jf/ cGt/ut *# k|hfltsf ls/f÷km6\ofªu|f kfOG5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] ls/f÷km6\ofªu|fsf] ljj/0f cg';"rL ( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=^ k"mn km'Ng] ag:klt s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q hl8a'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ ljljwtfdf ;DkGg 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf *$$ k|hfltsf k"mn km'Ng] jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ h;sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL !! df pn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] !#& k|sf/sf u}x| sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x¿ dWo] #) k|hfltsf] hl8a'6L / ;'ulGwt la?jfx¿ cfocfh{g / :yfgLo :t/df k|of]usf] cfwf/df dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . h;df cn}FrL, lr/fOtf], s'6\sL, kfFrcf}+n], dfOsf]lknf, lav, laVdf, ;'gkftL, e'OFr's, vf]lsd, dlh7f], dflnËf], cf]v/, nf]Stf, cu]{nL cflb kb{5g\ . pQm hl8a'6L tyf ;'ulGwt lj?jfx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL !@ df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

;+/If0f If]qdf !# j6f /}yfg] ag:kltsf k|hfltx¿ kfO{G5g\ h;sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL !# df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf] !%)) ld6/b]lv dfly lxdfnL a[If /]vf (tree line) ;Dd @! k|hfltsf u'/fF;x? kfOG5g\ . h;sf] ljj/0f -cg';"rL !$_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . $* k|hfltsf cls{8 / !$ k|hfltsf P}+;]n' kfOG5g\ . af]6la?jfx¿sf] lj:t[t ;j]{If0f eO{ g;s]sf]n] of] tYof+s cem a9L x'g ;Sg] cf+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=$ j+zf0f'ut ljljwtfs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf j+zf0f'ut ljljwtf ;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ePsf] b]lvb}g . k|f0fL tyf jfg:klts ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu j+zf0f'ut ljljwtfn] ;+/If0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /fVb5 .

#=%=k|d'v jGohGt'sf] af;:yfgsf] cj:yf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] lxpF lrt'jf, gfp/ tyf /ftf] kf08f, lxdfnL sfnf] efn' h:tf b'n{e k|hfltx? ;+/If0f tyf

25


Joj:yfkg ;xh?kdf ug{sf] nflu afF;:yfg ls6fg tyf gS;f+sg ul/Psf] 5 . lxpF lrt'jf÷gfp/ / /ftf] kf08f÷lxdfnL sfnf] efn' sf] af;:yfg If]qsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= !! k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !! M dxŒjk"0f{ k|hfltx?sf] af;:yfgsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= k|hfltsf] gfd If]qsf] gfd ;+Vof!= lxpF lrt'jf cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf, tofªdf, vfDafr]g, nf]gfs{, /fdh]/, r]/fd !# b]lv @!

gfp/ !^%)@= /ftf] kf08f÷lxdfnL sfnf] efn' kflyef/f, UofAnf, yf¥ofd, hf]lËd, tf]/f]ªb]g, b]p/fnL olsg gePsf]

kmf]6f]M /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu

26


lrq M !$ lxpF lrt'jfsf] af;:yfgsf] pko'Qmtf bzf{pg] gS;f

#=^ ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf

#=^=!= ;fdflhs cj:yf

hg;+Vof/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]qdf !)^) 3/w'/Ldf @##% dlxnf / @@(( k'?if u/L hDdf $^#$ dflg;x? a;f]af; ub{5g\ . cf}ift kl/jf/ ;+Vof $=@* k|lt 3/w'/L /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf ^) eGbf a9L a:tL¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf lnDa", jfn'ª, /fO{, u'?ª, z]kf{, tfdfª, g]jf/, a|fxd0f, IfqL, sfdL, ef]6] / cGo u/L hDdf !@ hfthftLsf dflg;x?

27


a;f]af; ub{5g\ . s"n hg;+Vof dWo] %)=&( k|ltzt lnDa' ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfOG5 . jfn'ª hflt g]kfnsf] cNk;+Vos hfltdf ;"rLs[t hflt xf] . jfn'ª hfltsf] s"n hg;+Vof !)^( /x]sf] 5 h'g s"n hg;+Vofsf] @# k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . a|fxd0f, If]qL, sfdL / g]jf/ hfltx?n] dft[efiffsf] ?kdf g]kfnL efiff af]Nb5g\ . jfn'ª, /fO{, lnDa', ef]6], u'?ª / tfdfª hfltsf dflg;x? cfkm\gf] 5'§} dft[efiff k|of]u ub{5g\ .

lzIffkfFr aif{ eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vofsf] ;fIf/tfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+/If0f If]qdf ^) k|ltzt dflg;x? dfq ;fIf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kfFr aif{ dflysf $!@* hgf dflg;x? dWo] @,^)& hgf dflg;x? n]vk9 ug{ hfGb5g . !(& hgf dflg;x?n] n]Vg ghfg] klg k9\g eg] hfGb5g\ . o;}u/L !#!( hgf dflg;x? lg/If/ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf ;/:jlt Rofl/a's df=lj= n]n]k / s~rgh+3f dfWolds ljBfno ofDkm'lbg u/L hDdf @ j6f dfWolds ljBfnox? /x]sf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo ;+/If0f If]qdf #! hgf शाl//Ls ?kdf km/s Ifdtf ePsf dflg;x?, !) hgf b[li6ljlxg tyf cfFvfsf] Ifdtf sd ePsf dflg;x?, % hgf alx/f tyf ;'Gg] Ifdtf sd ePsf dflg;x?, @ hgf cfFvf b]Vg tyf ;'Gg g;Sg] dflg;x?, !# hgf af]Ng g;Sg] dflg;x?, !# hgf dfgl;s ckfËtf ePsf dflg;x?, / @* hgf ljleGg ?kn] c;Qm dflg;x? a;f]af; ub{5g\ .

vfg]kfgLs"n 3/w'/Lsf] dWo] !)@( -(& k|ltzt_ 3/w'/Lx?n] vfg]kfgLsf] ?kdf wf/fsf] kfgL k|of]u ub{5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qsf] !) 3/w'/Lx? -! k|ltzt_ n] vfg]kfgLsf] ?kdf vf]nfsf] kfgL k|of]u ub{5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qsf !)$) -(* k|ltzt_ 3/w'/Lx? vfgf ksfpgsf nflu bfp/fsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .

#=^=@= ;fF:s[lts cj:yfs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf lxGद, af}4, ls/fFt, o"df / lqmli6og wdf{jnDaLsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ jfn'ª hflt cNk;+Vos cflbjf;Ldf ;"rLs[t hflt xf] . jfn'ª hfltx?n] g];f], af}4 k"0fL{df, km'6's, bnfO{ nfdfsf] hGdlbgnfO{ ;d]t dgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] lnDa' hfltn] rf;f]s tf}ªgfd, alnxfª, sSkm]jf tf]ªgfd, ;fpg] ;qmflGt, df3] zqmflGt, bz}+, ltxf/, kmfNu'gGb hoGtL h:tf rf8kj{x? dgfpg] ub{5g\ . lo kj{x?df wfg gfr, Rofa|' gfr cflb x'g] ub{5g\ . /fO{ hfltn] r08L k"0fL{df -pjf}nL_, wfGo k"0fL{df -pwf}nL_, ;fs]nf kj{, bz}+, ltxf/, df3] zqmflGt h:tf kj{x? dgfpg] ub{5g\ . u'?ªx?n] td' nf];f/ dgfpg] ub{5g\ . o; If]qdf lnDa'x?n] wfg gfr, /fOx?sf] lrnL gfr, ef]6]x?sf] Rofa|' gfr k|l;4 /x]sf 5g\ . lxGb' tyf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx?sf] dxfg kflye/f zlQmlk7 o;} ;+/If0f If]qleq kb{5 . o; zlQmlk7df aif]{gL xhf/f} bz{gfyL{x?n] k'hfcfhf ug]{ ub{5g\ . cflbu'? kmfNu'gfgGbsf] tkf]e"dL kmStfªn'ª o;} ;+/If0f If]qdf kb{5 hxfF /fli6«o lje'lt kmfNu'gfgGbn] tk:of u/]/ 1fg cfh{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . sl/j $)) aif{ cuf8L lgdf{0f ePsf] lbls 5f]olnª u'Daf cf]nfªr'ªuf]nfdf kb{5 . o; u'Dafdf g]kfn tyf ltAatdf a;f]af; ug]{ ef]6] / jfn'ª hfltx?n] km'6's af}4 k'0fLdfdf k'hfcfhf ug]{ ub{5g\ .

#=^=# cfly{s cj:yf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ tLgj6f cfly{s If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

s[lif If]q M tNnf] e]usf ofDkm'[lbg, x]Nnf]s, n]n]k, ;]sfy'd, n'ªy'ª, cflDhn];fdf v]tLkftL / vs{df cfwfl/t kz'kfng ug{] dflg;sf] a:tL 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, oxfFsf afl;Gbfn] kmnkm"n v]tL, el/of, jg / r/g If]q Joj:yfkg / cGoq sfd ug{ uO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g\ . af/Ldf ds}, sfbf], l;dL, uxF' / cfn' nufOG5g\ . af/L k|foM 3/sf] jl/kl/ x'G5 / afl/df cn}lr /f]lkG5 . o; If]qdf vf]lof km8fgL klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

kz'kfng If]q M dWo]UofAnf, kmn], ofªdfh:tf pRr e]usf ef]6] hfltsf a:tLx¿df 5f]6f] udL{ ofd / k|z:t vs{ ePsf]n] ubf{ ofs, gfs, rf}/L kfng ul/G5 . of] If]qdf cfn', pjf, hf}, ;AhL, nufotsf afnLgfnL ;d]t x'g] ub{5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf vs{x?df ofs÷rf}/L r/fOG5 . o; If]qdf kflng] ofs tyf rf}+/Lsf] b"waf6 5'kL{ / £o" agfOG5 . o;}u/L ofssf] pmgaf6 sfk{]6 a'lgG5 eg] uf]a/sf] k|of]u dn tyf OGwgsf] ¿kdf ul/G5 .

28


Jofkf/ If]q M 3'G;f / cf]nfªr'ªuf]nfsf afl;Gbfx¿ Jofkf/df a9L e/ k/]sf 5g\ . oL ;d'bfodf j:t'sf] ;f6f;f6 -a:t' ljlgdo k|0ffnL_ / gub Jofkf/ b'j} k|rlnt 5g\ . v]tLkftL 3/sf] s/];faf/Ldf ;Lldt 5 / kz'kfng ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug{] p2]Zon] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cf]nfªr'ª uf]nfsf dflg;xx? gubdf sf/f]af/ ub{5g\ . ofªdf a:tLdf a:t' ljlgdosf] k|rng ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

#=^=$ cIfo sf]ifsf] cj:yf ;+/If0f If]qsf] tfk]yf]s, n]n]k, ofDkm'lbg nufot tNnf] If]qdf afFb/, d[u nufotsf jGohGt'x?n] cn}+rL, ds}, ux'F tyf cGgafnLdf Iflt k'¥ofPdf cIfo sf]ifdf k|fKt /sdsf] Aofhaf6 /fxt /sd pknAw u/fO{ dfgj jGohGt' 4Gå Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu cIfo sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . of] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg laxfgL, nfnLu'/fF;, l;Da'jf vf]nf, s~rgh+3f tyf kflyef/f pkef]Qmf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?af6 x'g] ub{5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf @^ j6f ;+/If0f ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f, jg x]/fn'sf] kl/rfng cflbsf nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xx?df cIfo sf]if /flvPsf] 5 . pQm cIfo sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

;+/If0f If]qsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qdf kz'kfng Joj;fo u/L a:g] dflg;x? /x]sf] / k|To]s aif{ lxpF lrt'jfn] ofsx?nfO{ dfg]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf cf]nfr'ªuf]nf, ofªdf, 3'G;f / ofDkm'lbg u/L hDdf $ j6f lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk–;ldltdf cIfo sf]if :yfkgf u/L pQm cIfo sf]ifsf] kl/rfngaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sdaf6 lxpF lrt'jfn] 3/kfn'jf kz'df k'¥ofPsf] Iflt cg';f/ /fxt /sd k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . pQm cIfo sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk–;ldltn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf cfdf ;d'xx?sf] kl/rfngsf nflu k|To]s cfdf ;d'xdf cIfo sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm sf]ifsf] kl/rfngaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sdaf6 cfdf ;d'xx?n] ;/;kmfO{, h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 5fqj[lQ, cltly :jfut nufotsf sfo{df vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f pk–;ldlt, cUgL lgoGq0f OsfO{, /]8 kf08f ;+/If0f pk–;ldltdf ;d]t cIfo sf]if :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 p2]Zo cg'?k ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgLaf6 kl/ifb\\sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf] xF'bf e}kl/ cfpg] sfo{qmdx?df vr{ ug{ ;lsof]; eGg] clek|fon] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\df ;d:of ;dfwfg ljif]z sf]if :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm sf]ifsf] kl/rfngaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd n3' hnljB't lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u, k|fs[lts ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, jGohGt'af6 x'g] dfgjLo Ifltdf /fxt k|bfg ug]{ nufotsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL /sdx? ljZj jGohGt' sf]if g]kfn tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] xf] .

;d[4 kxf8 kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf o;/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] kl/ifb\\, ;ldlt / pk–;ldltx?df 5l/P/ /x]sf cIfo sf]ifx?nfO{ ;xsf/Lx? dfkm{t ;~rfng ;ldlt, ;d'xsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf cIfo sf]ifsf] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !@ ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf cIfo sf]ifsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;+:yf ;d'x ;+Vof sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd s}lkmot ! pkef]Qmf ;ldlt -dfga jGohGt' 4Gå Go'gLs/0f sf]if_ & %(,#(,((*÷– @ ;fd'bflos jg @^ @#,&^,)))÷– # cfdf ;d'x #% *!,*^,&&*÷– $ lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk ;ldlt $ &%,)),)))÷– % rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f OsfO{ * *,)),)))÷– ^ clUg lgoGq0f OsfO{ ^ @,$),)))÷– & /]8 kfG8f ;+/If0f pk ;d'x @ ^,%),)))÷– * ;d:of ;dfwfg sf]if -kl/ifb\_ ! !),)),))) ÷– ( ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf /x]sf] 3'DtL sf]if %( @,@),)&,$%^÷–

hDdf rf/ s/f]8 ;tf;L nfv b'O{ ;o aQL; ?k}+of . $,*&,)),@#@÷–

29


#=&= ko{6gsf] cj:yf

#=&=!= kof{–ko{6sLo :ynx? s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k"0f{ If]q xf] . ;+/If0f If]q leqsf sltko :yfgx? dfgjLo k|efjljxLg k|fs[lts cj:yfdfg} /x]sf 5g\ . ;+/If0f If]qdf n]n]k b]lv 3'G;f, vfDafr]g, nf]gfs{ x'Fb} s~rgh+3fsf] pQ/L a]; SofDk, ofDkm'lbg, r]/fd, /fdh]/ x'Fb} s~rgh+3fsf] blIf0f a];SofDk, tfKn]h'ª b]lv kflye/f b]ljsf] dlGb/, n]n]k, Onf8fF8f, hf]lËd, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf x'Fb} l6Ktfnf e~Hofª, hf]lËd, r]g], hl/6f/ x'Fb} ofªdf d'Vo k}bndfu{x? x'g . pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf gfËdf, 5]/5]g, kfa's, l6Ktfnf l;+h]df, xfF;kf]v/L, gfukf]v/L, ltDa'Ë kf]v/L, ltgkf]v/L nufotsf tfn tyf kf]v/Lx? k|d'v cfs{if0fsf] ?kdf dflgG5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf cf]nfËr'Ëuf]nf, ofËdf, vfDafr]g, /fdh]/, nf]gfs{, 3'G;f nufotsf pRr lxdfnL a;f]af; If]qx?, @@ k|hfltsf u'/fF;x? kfO{g] jg If]q nufotsf k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/Psf :yfgx?, lnDa', /fO{ Pj+ jfn'ªx?sf] ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts k|d'v kof{–ko{6sLo cfsif{0f x'g\ .

#=&=@= s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q e|d0f ug]{ ko{6s ;+Vof k|r'/ ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ck]lIft ?kdf ljb]lz ko{6s cfPsf] b]lvb}g . lgoldt xjfO{ p8fg gx'g', k}bn dfu{ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sld x'g', :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ko{6g ;DaGwL hfgs/L gx'g', ko{6sLo If]qsf] oyf]lrt k|rf/ k|;f/ gx'g' cflb sf/0faf6 ko{6g ljsf; ;';'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) b]lv @)!% ;Dddf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] e|d0f ug]{ ljb]zL ko{6ssf] ;+Vof tnsf] lrqdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 . o;df kflyef/f b]jLsf] bz{gfyL{, :jb]zL Pj+ ef/tLo d'nsf ko{6snfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

30


kmf]6f]M x

]d/fh

cfr

fo{, /fli6«o

lgs

'~h t

yf j

GohGt' ;

+/If0f ljef

u

31


s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] :ynut e|d0f tyf cWoog, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof / ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;ankIf, b'a{nkIf, cj;/ tyf r'gf}ltsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$=!= ;ankIf-s_ ;d'bfonfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f x'g'

g]kfn ;/sf/n] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo :t/df u7g ePsf] Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt Pp6f gd'gf ;+/If0f If]q xf] . :yfgLo hgtfn] cfkm"åf/f r'lgPsf] Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\df cem a9L ljZjf; / ckgTj dxz'; ug]{ x'bfF s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xhtf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d'bfonfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f ug'{ o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;an kIf xf] .

-v_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+u7gx? kof{Kt x'g'

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q cGt/ut Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;+/If0f ;fd"bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk–;ldlt, rf]/L lzsf/L lgoGq0f pk;ldlt, cfdf ;d'x u/L Ps ;o eGbf a9L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+:yfx? cl:yTjdf /x]sf 5g\ . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;an tyf ;Ifd b]lvG5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx? dfkm{t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ sd nufgLdf al9 k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] / To:tf ;+:yfx?n] ;Dkflbt sfo{qmdx?sf] ckgTj u|x0f ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf sfo{qmd a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ .

-u_ s~rgh+3f lxdfn ;+/If0f If]qleq x'g'

ljZjsf] cUnf] r'r'/f]x? dWo] t];|f] tyf g]kfnsf] bf];|f] cUnf] lxdfn s~rgh+3f -*%*^ ld=_ o; ;+/If0f If]qleq kb{5 . o;} lxdfnsf] gfdaf6 s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . s~rgh+3f lxdfn o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] d'Vo klxrfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . s~rgh+3f lxdfn cf/f]x0f tyf kbofqf ug{ cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6saf6 /fhZj ;|f]t k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

-3_ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/sf] ?kdf /xg'

;+/If0f If]qdf lxpF lrt'jf, /]8 kf08f, s:t'/L d[u nufotsf nf]kf]Gd'v jGohGt'x?, ljleGg k|sf/sf k+IfLx?, ljljw k|hfltsf u'/fF;x?, pRr lxdfnL If]qdf km'n km'Ng] jg:kltx?, pRr d"No kg]{ hl8a'6L tyf ;'uGwLt xa{n jg:kltx? / /}yfg] ag:kltx?sf] ljljwtf kfOG5 . o;af6 :yfgLo ;d'bfon] k|ToIf Pj+ k/f]If ?kdf nfe k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

-ª_ wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts dxŒjsf :yfgx? ;+/If0f If]qleq x'g'

;+/If0f If]qdf kflyef/f dftfsf] dlGb/, lbls5f]olnª u'Daf, kmStfªn'ª h:tf wfld{s tyf ;Ff:s[lts dxŒjsf :yfgx? /x]sf 5g\ . wfld{s kof{–ko{6gsf]k|j4{gaf6 /f]huf/L l;h{gf, ;fd'bflos ljsf; / /fhZj cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

$=@= b'a{nkIf-s_ :yfgLosf] ;fd'bflos ljsf;df k|yfldstf

;+/If0f If]qsf]] p2]Zo ;+/If0f tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; b'j} /x]tf kgL :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|yfldstfdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, af6f]3f6f], nufotsf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . kmntM ;+/If0f / ljsf; jLrsf] ;fdf~hZotf ldnfpg sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 .

-v_ ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{sf] ;F:s[ltdf sdL

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qleq u7g ePsf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;F:yfx?aLr ;dGjodf sdL b]lvG5 . ofªdf, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf, UofAnf, kmn], 3'G;f nufotsf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfgLo jf;LGbfsf] lhNnf l:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nox?;+u

;ankIf, b'a{nkIf, cj;/ tyf r'gf}lt $cWofo

32


kx'Frsf] sld /x]sf] 5 . hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL >f]t ;fwgsf ljt/0f ul/g]] x'Fbf :yfgLo txaf6 ljlgof]lht sfo{qmd b'u{d :yfg;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu l;dfjtL{ d'n'sx? tyf lgsfox?;+u ;dGjo x'g' kg]{df kof{Kt ;dGjo ePsf] 5}g .

-u_ Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\;+u ljQLo >f]t ;fwgsf] sdL

;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ul7t kl/ifb\\, ;ldlt / ;d'x?;+u ljQLo >f]tsf] cefjdf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfo{ k|ltsf] ;lqmotfdf sld 5 . cfGtL/s cfo>f]tsf] ;+sng tyf kl/rfng ug{ g;Sbf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf bft[ lgsfox?df e/ kg"{ k/]sf] 5 .

$=# cj;/-s_ kof{–ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg]

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kof{–ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f u/L kof{–ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o; If]qdf s~rgh+3f lxdfn, k|fs[lts dgf]/d e"–b[Zo h}ljs ljljwtf, P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf :ynx?, ;fF:s[lts snf tyf emfsL, k}bn dfu{x? k|ofKt dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL kIfx?sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ ljZjs} kof{–ko{6sx?sf] uGtJo :yn agfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

-v_ hl8a'6Ldf cfwfl/t n3' pBdx? ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf pRr d"No kg]{ hl8a'6L tyf ;'ulGwt xa{n jg:kltsf] v]lt tyf ;+sng u/L nB'pBdsf] sRrf a:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} u/L k|fs[lts jgIf]qaf6 cf}iflwhGo Pj+ ;'ulGwt jg:klt tyf hl8a'6L lbuf]?kdf ;+sng ug{ ;d]t ;lsG5 . pTkflbt hl8a'6Lsf] :yfgLo :t/df n3' pBd :yfkg tyf ;~rfng u/L k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ hl8a'6Ldf d"No clea[l4 u/L lalqm ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn o; If]qaf6 lr/fOtf], e'Or's / w'kLsf] ;'ulGwt t]n Joj;flos ?kdf pTkfbg eO{ lgof{t ePsf] kfO{G5 .

-u_ a}1flgs cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf]] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg]

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf lxpF lrt'jf nufotsf k|hfltx?sf] j}1flgs cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . xfn o; If]qdf lxdfnog cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . o; cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg u/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfgstf{x?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ hnljB'tsf] >f]t

;+/If0f If]qdf tdf]/, 3'G;f, l;Da'jf / sfa]nL nufotsf vf]nfx? /x]sf] / xfn hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf cWoog, aftfj/0fLo d'Nof+sg tyf lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] x'Fbf hnljB't If]qsf] ljsf; dfkm{t o; If]qsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; x'g] b]lvG5 .

-ª_ lq–b]zLo d}qLs'~h

g]kfnsf] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q, ef/tsf] sf~r]ghf]+3f /fli6«o lgs'~h / rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAatsf] rf]df]nf]ªdf k|fs[lts cf/IfaLr cGt/b]lzo ;dGjo, ;Demf}tf / ;xsfo{ u/L s~rgh+3f lxdfn If]qnfO{ ælq–b]zLo d}qLs'~hÆ sf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 s~rgh+3f If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf kof{–ko{6g k|j4{gdf yk 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

-r_ lbuf] lzsf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg]

;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkgsf] nflu s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ePkl5 gfp/sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsf]n] eljiodf lbuf] lzsf/ Joj:yfkg ub}{ lzsf/ ko{6g / ;f]af6 lbuf] cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

-5_ lbuf] ljQ xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]

xfn s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] cfDbfgL Go"g eP klg kof{–ko{6g k|j4{g ug]{ tyf jGohGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg u/L k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . clxn] s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf $^ j6f xf]6n tyf nh / %# j6f SofDk :yn /x]sf 5g\ . lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|jå{g u/L xf]6n tyf nhsf] ;+Vof a9fpg ;lsG5 . k|rf/ k|;f/ / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, kof{ko{6s k|j]z z'Ns ;do ;fk]If ;dfof]hg, af6f], ljdfg:yn, xf]6n, SofDk ;fO6, k'n nufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; tyf lbuf]

33


kof{–ko{6g ljsf; of]hgf th"{df ul/ sfof{Gjog ugf{n] ;+/If0f If]qsf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . o;af6 :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L tyf cfocfh{gsf] cj;/ ;[hgf eO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfo:t/ a[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy} s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qn] s/ tyf /fhZj ;+sngaf6 qmlds?kdf lbuf] ljQ xfl;n ug]{ b]lvG5 .

$=$= r'gf}lt-s_ l;dfkf/ cjl:ylt

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ef/t / rLg;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 . pQ/tkm{sf] ;Ldf If]qdf ufpFa:tL tyf ;'/Iff rf}sL :yfkgf gx'bf jGohGt'sf] lzsf/ tyf ca}w sf/f]af/ ;Ldfkf/af6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ltAatdf cf}iflwhGo xa{n jg:kltx?sf] dfu /x]sf] sf/0f rLg tyf ef/tdf ;+/If0f If]qsf dxŒjk"0f{ hl8a'6Lx?sf] ca}w rf]/L lgsf;Lsf] hf]lvd ;d]t /x]sf] kfO{G5 . h;n] ubf{ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] qf; 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvG5 .

-v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g

k"jL{ lxdfnog e"–kl/lw If]qdf cjl:yt s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 -pk|]tL / ;fyLx? @)!&_ . o; If]qsf] cf}ift aflif{s tfkqmd @)!! b]lv @)$) ;Dddf )=( b]lv !=# l8u|L ;]N;Lo; -k"jL{ lxpF lrt'jf e"–kl/lw Joj:yfkg of]hgf @)!&_ / aflif{s cf}ift aiff{ ! b]lv !^ k|ltzt ;Dd a[l4 x'g] ;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . tfkqmd tyf aiff{df ePsf] kl/jt{gn] k"mn km'Ng] ;do, jGohGt'sf] cfjfudg, lzsf/ / cfxf/ k|hfltsf] cGt/;DaGw, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLjgofkgdf ;d]t k|efj kg]{ 5 -Ol/S;g / ;flyx? @))(_ . hnjfo' k/jt{gsf sf/0f pRr lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf lxdtfnx? km'6\g] ;d:of ;d]t cfpg ;S5 .

-u_ ;8s lj:tf/

tfKn]h'ª–cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf ;8s lgdf{0fflwg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ jGohGt'sf] af;:yfgdf Iflt x'g'sf ;fy} ;8s lgdf{0fsf] qmddf jGohGt'df ef}lts Iflt x'g] ;d]t ;Defjgf /xG5 . ;8s ;~rfngdf cfPk5L dflg;x?sf] cfjthfjt a9g uO{ jGohGt'nfO{ cfjfudgdf c;/ kg'{sf ;fy} jGohGt'sf] cj}w rf]/L lzsf/L a9\g] b]lvG5 .

-3_ cIfosf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg

xfn s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] cfo;|f]tn] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos /sdsf] clt Go"g lx:;f dfq wfGg ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf ljleGg ;+:yfx?;+u /x]sf] cIfo sf]ifnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L To;nfO{ s] s;/L ;+/If0f sfo{df nufpg ;lsG5 dGg] ljifo Ps k|d'v r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

-ª_ dfgj jGohGt' 4Gå Joj:yfkg

;+/If0f If]qsf] dflyNnf] e]udf lxpF lrt'jf, ltAaltog Ajf;f], h+unL s's'/ / tNnf] If]qdf WjfF;] lrt'jf / lrt'jfaf6 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ xfgL gf]S;fg x'g]] u/]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ tyf sfof{noaf6 aLdf tyf hgr]tgfsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ePtfklg dfgj jGohGt' 4Gådf sdL cfPsf] b]lvb}g .

-r_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] kl/rfng

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, cfdf ;d'x, lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk;ldlt, ;fd'bflos jg, rf]/L lzsf/L lgoGq0f pk;ldlt u/L !)) j6f eGbf a9L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;+3 ;F:yfx?nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;lqmo ?kdf kl/rfng ug{' tyf u/fpg' Pp6f r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /xsf] b]lvG5 . sltko ;+3 ;+:yfx?df Pp6} JolQm w]/} j6f ;+:yfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf ePsf] sf/0f cGo JolQmdf c;Gt]fif pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf] cIfo tyf 3''DtL sf]ifsf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of b]lvg' tyf Joj:Yffkg kl/ifb\sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}lt xf] . o;} u/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/rgfdf s/La #&Ü dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf b]lvPtf klg ;ldlt tyf Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kbx?df dlxnf ;xeflutf sdL b]lvPsf] 5 . dlxnfsf] ;zQm k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' csf{] r'gf}tL xf] .

-5_ vf]l/of km8fgL

s]xL aif{ otf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lr/fO{tf]sf] d"No a9L ePsf]n] :yfgLo pkkef]Qmf lr/fOtf]] v]tL k|lt cfslif{t ePsf]] b]lvG5 . pkef]Qmfx?n] lghL hUufdf vf]/Lof kmF8fgL u/L lr/fOtf] v]tL ug]{ u/]]sf 5g\ . a:tLsf] jl/k/L lghL hUufdf x'ls{Psf af]6lj?jfx? dfl;Psf] oqtq b]Vg kfOG5 . lr/fOtf] v]tL cfocfh{g Pj+ lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu lghL hUufdf ul/g] ePsf]

34


x'Fbf k|ltjGw nufpg ;d]t sl7gfO{ x'g] b]lvG5 . cfufdL lbgdf lr/fO{tf] v]ltsf] cnfjf cn}+rL, nf}7 ;Nnf, cu]{nL, t]hkft, plQ; v]tL k|lt cfs{if0f u/fpg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-h_ b'u{d tyf ljs6tf

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] vf; u/L dflyNnf] e]udf l;ldt kx'Frsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . b'u{d Pj+ ljs6 e"–efusf] sf/0f tL :yfgx?sf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L /fVgsf nflu klg sl7g ePsf] xf] . b'u{d Pj+ ef}uf]lns ljs6tf ;+/If0f If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f afwssf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

-em_ k|fs[lts ljkQL tyf k|lts"n df};dL cj:yf

cf=j= @)&!–)&@ df tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd km'ªlnª gu/kflnsf l:yt tf]Sd] 8fF8fFdf cfunfuL ePsf] lyof] . pQm cfunfuLn] Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ Pj+ cfof]hgfsf] :6f]/ tyf k':tsfno hn]/ Wj:t ePsf] lyof] . o;} u/L lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn a}zfv dlxgfdf uPsf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDkn] dxŒjk"0f{ kof{–ko{6sLo dfu{df /x]sf af6f]3f6f]x?df klx/f]] uPsf] lyof] . h;sf] sf/0fn] e"–agf]6 sdhf]/ ePsf] af6f]3f6f]df klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9]sf] b]lvG5 . tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf /x]sf] 7'N7'nf gbLx? -tdf]/, sfa]nL, t'ldofF, l;Da'jf, 3'G;f, ofªdf cflb_ ;+/If0f If]qaf6 aUg] / o; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6 ;d]t cToGt} le/fnf] /x]sf]n] aiff{tsf] ;dodf af9L klx/f]sf] ;d:of ;d]t ljs/fn ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] vf; u/L dWo tyf dflyNnf] e]udf af/Daf/ k|lts"n df};dL cj:yfsf sf/0f ;xh cfjfudgdf cj/f]w x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|lts"n df};dL cj:yf ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

kmf]6f]M x]d/fh cfrfo{, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu

35


s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q tyf dfgjLo ultljlwsf] cfwf/df If]q ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

%=! Onfsf ljefhg s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf pkef]Qmfx?sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k/fDk/fut ;+/If0f tyf pkof]usf] cfwf/df ;ftj6f pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g u/L ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q ;d]t tf]sPsf] 5 . o;/L ;ldltx?nfO{ lglZrt If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] x'bfF ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg ;xh ePsf] 5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)^$ adf]ldh ;+/If0f If]qsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k, lj:tf/, a;f]jf; If]q / k|fs[lts ;LdfgfnfO{ cfwf/ dflg lgDgfg';f/sf & j6f Onfsf ;d]t ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qsf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= !# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;ldltsf] If]q tnsf] gS;fdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

lrq M !$ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] If]qsf] gS;f

Joj:yfksLo If]q ljefhg %cWofo

36


%=@ dfgljo ultljlwsf cfwf/d If]q ljefhgs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] kmStfªn'ª / >Lh+3f ufpFkflnsfdf kb{5 . g]kfnsf] pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] ofªdf a:tL o;} ;+/If0f If]qleq kb{5 . ;+/If0f If]q dfgj / k|s[ltaLrsf] ;x–cl:yTj sfod x'g] u/L Joj:yfkg ul/g] gd'gf If]q xf] . ;f]xL cg'?k ;+/If0f If]qdf k|s[lt / dfgjaLrsf] ;xcl:yTj b]Vg ;lsG5 . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] tdf]/ 3'G;f gbLsf] t6Lo If]q / cf;kf;df dfgjLo ultljlw a9L ePsf] kfO{G5 . t/ dfgj a:tLx? g} sdL ePsf] sf/0f ;+/If0f If]qsf] pRr e"–efudf :jtM?kdf Go"g dfjg ultljlw x'g] ub{5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf lxpF lrt'jf tyf xfa|sf] jf;:yfgdf dfgjLo ultljlw sd ug]{ /0fgLlt ckgfO{Psf] 5 . o;y{ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ dfgjLo ultljlwsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;xcl:yTj If]q tyf Go"g dfgjLo ultljlw x'g] If]q u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf dfgj a:tLx? b]lv @ ls=ld= tyf k}bn dfu{b]vL %)) ld6/ bfofF–afFofsf] If]qnfO{ ;x–cl:tTj If]q / afFsL If]qnfO{ Go"g ultljlw If]qsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . pQm If]qsf] ljj/0f tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;x cl:tTj If]q / Go"g ultljlw If]qnfO{ lrq g+= !% df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf !% s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] If]q ljefhg gS;f

tflnsf !# dfgjLo ultljlwsf] cfwf/df If]q ljefhgsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+ If]qsf] gfd 7]ufgf If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_

!= ;xcl:yTj If]q kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= % sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]q tyf j8f g+= ^ sf] n]n]k b]lv 3'G;f ;Ddsf] If]q .

&@@=*

@=Go"g ultljlw If]q

kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= ^ / & sf] #%)) ld= dflysf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qx? .

!#!@=@

37


^=! b"/b[li6;+/If0f If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtf tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f / :yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;aLr ;Gt'ng sfod eO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ;d[l4df of]ubfg k'u]sf] x'g] .

^=@ nIoh}ljs ljljwtf tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] ;+/If0f, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo'd}qL >f]t Joj:yfkg, kof{–ko{6g ljsf; dfkm{t cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ;anLs/0f ug]{ .

^=# p2]Zo!= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg k4lt dfkm{t jGohGt', jg:klt / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .@= kof{–ko{6gd}qL k'jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; / k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s If]qsf ko{6sLo cfsif{0f tyf ;]jfsf] k|j4{g

dfkm{t lbuf] kof{–ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{ .#= :yfgLo kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL tyf ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efj cg's"ng Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{sf ;fy}

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Pj+ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . $= pknAw k|fs[lts >f]tsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;b'kof]u, kof{–ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf;, cfocfh{gsf >f]tx?sf] ljljlws/0f,

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? ;[hgf / l;kd"ns Ifdtf ljsf; u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s ;d[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .%=:yfgLo txsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf, kl/ifb\\sf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr cfk;L ;dGjo

clej[l4 u/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

^=$ /0fgLltJoj:yfkgsf p2]Zox? xfFl;n ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf /0fgLltx? cjnDag ul/g] 5 .

/0fgLlt ! M :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfdf lxpF lrt'jf, xfa|], s:t'/L d[u, Ajf;f], efn' nufotsf ;+/lIft jGohGt' tyf nf]kf]Gd'v jg:kltx?sf] cg';Gwfg tyf af;:yfg Joj:yfkg ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt @ M k|f]T;fxg (Incentive) df cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff cg';f/ dfgj / aGohGt'aLrsf] 4Gå Go"lgs/0f ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt # M b08 / k'/:sf/ l;4fGt ckgfO{ vf]l/of km8fgL -eid]_ lgoGq0f ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt $ M ;/f]sf/jfnfx?ljrsf] cfk;L ;dGjo / :yfgLo k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts >f]t ;fwg tyf nufgLsf] k|jw{g u/L kof{–ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt %M bL3{sfnLg cg'udg Kn6 lgwf{/0f u/L ;+/If0f If]qsf] z'Id hnjfo', hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] ePsf jg:klt tyf jGohGt'sf] :yfgfGt/0f, dfgj hLjgdf kf/]sf] c;/ klxrfg u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cfpg] hf]lvd cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt ^ M ;+/If0f If]qdf ul/g] v]tLkftLnfO{ ;+/If0fd"vL agfpg lbuf] k|fªufl/s ufpFsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ks]6 If]q 3f]if0ff u/L k|f+ufl/s v]tL lj:tf/ tyf pTkfbLt a:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0f ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt & M >f]t;fwg tyf ljQLo If]qdf lgDg au{sf] kx'Fr tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ hLljsf]kfh{g tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; ul/g] Ù

/0fgLlt *M ;+/If0f If]qsf] cfodf j[l4 ul/ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ ljQLo?kdf lbuf] agfO{ ;+:yfut, Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf Pj+ z';f;g k|j{wg ul/g] .

/0fgLlt ( M h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, kof{–ko{6g ljsf;, hLljsf]kfh{g nufotsf If]qdf ul/Psf c;n cEof;x?sf] k|j4{g ul/g] /

/0fgLlt !) M ;d'bfo, cGt/;/sf/L tyf cGt/b]zLo :t/df cfk;L ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf ;DaGw lj:tf/ ul/g] .

Joj:yfkg of]hgfcWofo

38


^=%=ljifout If]q tyf sfo{qmdx?s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yksLo p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ % j6f ljifout tyf ! j6f cGt/ If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . pQm If]q cGt/ut !( j6f sfo{qmdx? th"{df ul/Psf] 5 . ljifout If]q tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsfdf !$ b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !$ ljifout If]q tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] ljj/0fqm=;+= ljifout If]q sfo{qmd!=

h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0flbuf] jg Joj:yfkg af;:yfg Joj:yfkgk|hflt ;+/If0f

@=kof{–ko{6g k|jw{g

kof{–ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ko{6g If]q k|j{wg ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4

#hnjfo' kl/jt{g

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfghnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng, Go"gLs/0f tyf a}sNkLs phf{

$=

lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmd

;+/If0fd'vL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu k|f]T;xfg pBdzLntf ljsf;ljQLo kx'Fr ljsf;

%

;+:yfut ljsf;

gLltut tyf sfg"gL kl/dfh{gk"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4;dGjo / ;xsfo{

^ cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf ;+/If0f lzIff

-cGt/ If]q_

cg';Gwfg tyf k|rf/–k|;f/sf] nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;j]{If0f tyf cWoog cg';Gwfg;+/If0f lzIff tyf k|rf/–k|;f/

^=%=! h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fcj:yf;+/If0f If]qdf lxpF lrt'jf, xfa|], s:t'/L d[u nufot cGo jGohGt'sf] cj}w lzsf/ k"0f{?kdf /f]lsPsf] 5}g . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q leqaf6 jGohGt' tyf jg:klt / ltgsf] cfv]6f]kxf/x?sf] lgsf;L ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cf}iflwhGo tyf ;'uGwLt jg:kltsf] lbuf] ;+sng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . vf]l/of km8fgL tyf clgolGqt jg 88]nf] k|d'v ;jfnsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . lxpF lrt'jf / ltAaltog AjfF;f], efn'n] pRr lxdfnL If]qdf ofs tyf rf}+/L nufotsf 3/kfn'jf kz'x? Iflt k'¥ofpFbf :yfgLo dflg;x? kz'kfng ug{ 5f8]sf] cj:yf 5 . tNnf] If]qdf /t'jf d[u, gfp/, efn', afb/, lg/ la/fnf] -l;a]6_, 3f]/n nufot aGohGt'n] s[lifafnLdf Iflt k'/ofpg] u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf ePsf] cWoog cg';f/ lxpF lrt'jfsf] l;dfkf/ ljr/0fnfO{ x]bf{ cfGt/Ls tyf l;dfkf/ h}ljs dfu{x?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] plrt Joj:yfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;jfn;jfn -s_ lxpF lrt'jf, xfa|], s:t'/L d[u, 8fkm], d'gfn nufot cGo jGohGt'sf] cj}w rf]l/ lzsf/

;jfn -v_ cf}iflwhGo tyf ;'uGwLt jg:kltsf] ;+sng

;jfn -u_ vf]l/of km8fgL -eid]_ tyf clgolGqt jg 88]nf]

;jfn -3_ jGohGt'x?n] 3/kfn'jf kz' tyf s[lifafnLdf k'/ofPsf] Iflt

;jfn -ª_ jGohGt'sf] l;dfkf/ ljr/g tyf h}ljs dfu{x?sf] Joj:yfkg

39


lqmofs

nfk

h}lj

s lj

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f ;+/I

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't ul

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%M h

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+/If0

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j:t[t

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f lqm

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sxf

F ug]{

slx

n] ug

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d'Vo

lhDd

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ljlj

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+/If0

f

!=!

lbuf

] jg

Joj:

yfkg

sfo

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If0f

;fd

'bflo

s j

gsf] s

fo{of

]hgf

gjL

s/0

f tyf

sfo

f{Gjog

;+=;f

=j=

ü

ü ü

ü ü

kl/if

b\\ ty

f sfo

f{no

gL

lh j

g bt

f{ tyf

Joj

:yfk

g;+/

If0f

If]q

ü

ü ü

ü ü

kl/if

b\\ ty

f sfo

f{no

wf

ld{s

jgs

f] sfo

{of]h

gf t

of/L,

btf

{ tyf

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g ;]s

fy'd

/ lj

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p=;

=

ü ü

kl/if

b\\ ty

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h

l8a'6

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buf] ;

+sn

g ty

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df, s

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n's

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lglu

hd

/ s

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f=j=

ü

ü

s

fof{n

o /

kl/if

b\\

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f] ;+j]b

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ntf

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f+sg

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f]q

ü

sfo

f{no

/ kl

/ifb\\

g;

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df{0f

tyf

;~r

fng

n]n

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ofDk

m'bLg

ü

üü

ü

kl/if

b\\ ty

f sfo

f{no

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f, k|x

/L, :

yfgL

o ;d

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/ gf

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hs

f] ;xs

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f] lgo

Gq0f

;+/If

0f I

f]qü

üü

ü

üs

fof{n

o /

kl/if

b\\

!=@

=af

;:yf

g Jo

j:yf

kg s

fo{qm

d

vs

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g of

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th

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f]nfª

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ofªd

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fr]g

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ü

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sf7

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f]/]6f

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f], v

fg]kf

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sf ;

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u/L

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df /

x]sf v

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v

fDafr

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üü

ü

ükl

/ifb\\

40


qm=;

+=s

fo{qm

d ty

f lqm

ofs

nfk

sxf

F ug]{

slx

n] ug

]{ -jif{_

d'Vo

lhDd

]jf/L

klxn

f]bf

];|f]

t];|f]

rf}yf

]kf

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rlq

mo r

l/rg

k|0ffn

L cjn

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f nflu

kv

f{n P

j+ 5]s

af/x

? lg

df{0f

c

f]nfª

r'ªu

f]nf,

ofªd

f ty

f vfDa

fr]g

/ /fd

h]/

If]q

ü

üü

kl/if

b\\

;+/If

0f I

f]qle

q /x

]sf j

Goh

Gt' t

yf j

g:kl

tsf l

jif]z

af;

:yfg

If]q

x?

tyf h

}ljs

dfu

{x?s

f] klx

rfg

ul/

gS;f

°g

;+/If

0f I

f]q

ü

s

fof{n

o ty

f kl/i

fb\\

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f08f

sf] a

f;:y

fg I

f]q k

lxr

fg t

yf J

oj:y

fkg

;+/If

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f]q

ü

s=;

+=If]=J

o= k

l/ifb

\\

;+/If

0f k

f]v/L

lgdf

{0f t

yf d

d{t ;

+ef/

;+/If

0f I

f]qü

üü

ü

üs

fof{n

o

!=#

=k|h

flt ;

+/If0

f sfo

{qmd

rf]/L

lzs

f/ x'g

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df :

yfgL

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tyf ;

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fo ;

lDdln

t ;+o

'Qm

l6d

kl/r

fng

lzs

f/ x'g

] If]q

ü ü

ü

üü

s=;

+=If]=J

o= k

l/ifb

\\

l;df

jtL{ I

f]qs

f] cGt

/b]z

Lo ;

+o'Qm c

g'udg

lt

Aat

/ ef

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f] l;

dfjt

L{ If]q

ü ü

ü

üü

s=;

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o= k

l/ifb

\\

rf]/L

lzs

f/ lg

oGq0

fsf n

flu ;

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yf o

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l/rfn

g r

f]/L lz

sf/

x'g] g

fsfx

? ü

ü

üü

s=;

+=If]=J

o= k

l/ifb

\\

:yfg

Lo k

z'wg

ljdf

sfo

{qmds

f] ;jn

Ls/0

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hGt

'n] k

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flt ;

d]t ;

dfj]z

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f]q

üü

ü

ükl

/ifb\\

tyf l

xpF lr

t'jf

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k ;l

dlt

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Gt' /

fxt

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;jn

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cGg

afn

L nuf

ots

f Iflt

df

/fxt

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k|bfg

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0f I

f]qü

üü

ü

ükl

/ifb\\

tyf ;

ldlt

jGoh

Gt'n

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fPs

f] Iflt

afk

t g]k

fn ;

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fgs

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ü

ü

s

=;+=I

f]=Jo=

kl/i

fb\\

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], 6'x'/

f tyf

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ü ü

ü

üü

s=;

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sfo

f{no

41


qm=;

+=s

fo{qm

d ty

f lqm

ofs

nfk

sxf

F ug]{

slx

n] ug

]{ -jif{_

d'Vo

lhDd

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klxn

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t];|f]

rf}yf

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gfp/

sf] l

j:t[[t

u0f

gf t

yf c

Woog

u/L

Joj;

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lzs

f/ of

]hgf

th

"{df

tyf s

fof{Gj

oggf

p/ k

fpg]

If]q

ü ü

ü

üü

s=;

+=Jo=

kl/if

b\\ ty

f s=;

+= If

]q s

fof{n

o

^=%=@

kof{–ko

{6g k

|j4{g

cj:y

fs

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+3f ;

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fu{,

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f]6n

tyf

lr

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;n n

ufot

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k"jf{w

f/sf]

cko

f{Kttf

tyf

kof

{–ko{6

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sf]

ljlj

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x'g g

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kof

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f] 5}g

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o{6s

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gfx?

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g\ .

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x ty

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f]qdf

jfn

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nDa

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nuf

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f hft

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f] ;fF:

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s lj

ljwt

f /x]t

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u/L

ko{6g

sf] I

f]qdf

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f] 5}g

.

;jfn

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gf lj

lxg

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f] nflu

tof

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ofs

nfk

x? ;

lxts

f] lj:

t[t s

fo{of

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k|:t

't ul

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f] 5 .

tfln

sf !

^ M k

o{6g

ljs

f; s

fo{qm

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j:t[t

sfo

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gf

qm=;

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fo{qm

d ty

f lqm

ofs

nfk

sxf

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slx

n] ug

]{ -jif{_

d'Vo

lhDd

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klxn

f]bf

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@=!

ko

f{–ko

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sf;

sfo

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ko

f{–ko

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f]hgf

th

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yf o

f]hgf

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k|;f/

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0f I

f]qü

üs

fof{n

o ty

f kl/i

fb\\

v

fg]kf

gL, l

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{, k}bn

dfu{x

?sf] k

lxr

fg, l

gdf{0

f, ;'w

f/ ty

f dd{t

;Dx

f/;+/

If0f

If]q

ü ü

ü ü

ü

kl/if

b\\ /

sfo

f{no

42


qm=;

+=s

fo{qm

d ty

f lqm

ofs

nfk

sxf

F ug]{

slx

n] ug

]{ -jif{_

d'Vo

lhDd

]jf/L

klxn

f]bf

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t];|f]

rf}yf

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k}b

n d

fu{df

k'n

, ;fF3

', rf}t

f/f] t

yf lj

;fpg

L lgd

f{0f t

yf d

d{tk}b

n d

fu{x?

ü ü

ü ü

ü

kl/if

b\\

;f

d'bflo

s n

h t

yf z

f}rfn

ox?s

f] lgd

f{0f t

yf ;

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g k}b

n d

fu{x?

ü ü

ü ü

ü

kl/if

b\\ /

sfo

f{no

ko

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k}bn

dfu

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Dk ;

fO{6,

lrof

k;n

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nuf

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jsf;

k}b

n d

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kl

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lt t

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fof{n

o

xf

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lgdf

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g ty

f Joj

:yfk

g x]N

nf]s

, Uof

Anf,

kmn

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g, c

f]nfª

r'ªu

f]nfü

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kl

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;ld

lt t

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fof{n

o

ko

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s]Gb

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yf ;

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gc

f]nfª

r'ªu

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tfk]y

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ü ü

s

fof{n

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km

f]x/d

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oj:y

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f] nflu

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k}b

n d

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ü ü

ü

kl

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t ty

f sfo

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@=@

ko{6g

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fo{qm

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lb

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tfªn

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l;s

tyf

kof

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f] lh

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f/ ty

f dd{t

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ü ü

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kl/if

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lt

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fF k':t

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kl/if

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kl

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kl

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kl

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kl/if

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n d

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43


^=%=#

hnjfo'

kl/j

t{g c

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gf t

of/ e

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lg o

f]hgf

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fof{Gj

og e

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fOFb}g

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n;D

d s

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f If]q

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fDkm'lb

g / n

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njf

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kg s

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yfkg

f ePt

f klg

s]Gb

| ;~r

fng

ug{ ;

Sg] h

gzlQ

m tyf

dd{t

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f/ gx

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t{g ;

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L tYo

f+ss

f] cko

f{Kttf

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sf] 5

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9L k

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cg's

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1 ef]hkq 7175 4478.5 246.96 0.14818

2 l7+u|];Nnf 58590 165942 15364.44 9.21866

3 lrdfn 5736 4265.6 338.688 0.20321

4 nfªdf 2460 1058 70.56 0.04234

5 s's'/kft] 3852 3207.6 211.68 0.12701

6 uf]a|];Nnf 215260 699050 64809.36 38.8856

7 w'kL 90260 115587 9349.2 5.60952

8 lrnfpg] 15375 6612.5 441 0.2646

9 d';'/]s6'z 16502.5 10300.55 568.008 0.3408

10 plQ; 645780 2097150 194428.1 116.657

11 dnftf] 107630 349525 32404.68 19.4428

12 u'/fF; 150682 489335 45366.55 27.2199

13 rfFk 25831.2 83886 7777.123 4.66627

14 cGo 565057.5 1835006.25 170124.6 102.075

hDdf 1910191.2 5865404 541501 324.901;+/If0f If]qdf s'6\sL, h6fdl;, w'kL, ;'gkflt, ;]ts lrgL, cu]{nL, nf]Stf, cu]{nL, nf}+7;Nnf, ;t'jf nufotsf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] lgsf;L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ljlqmljt/0faf6 /fhZj ;d]t cfdbfgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf] qmddf :ynut tYofÍ ljZn]if0f u/L ;+/If0f If]qaf6 lgsf;L x'g ;Sg] u}/ sfi7 jg k}bjf/sf] df}Hbft tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

qm= ;+=u}/ sfi7 jg

k}bfjf/hDdf df}Hbft -s] lh_

aflif{s ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0f -s]= lh=_

1 s'6\sL 172350.0 34470

2 h6fd;L 10061.7 2012

3 w'kL 893101.4 178620

4 ;'gkftL 803985.0 160797

5 ;]ts lrgL 20123.4 4025

6 afFsf] 344700.0 68940

7 nf]Stf 68940.0 13788

8 cu]{nL 446550.7 893109 nf}7;Nnf 55818.8 11164

69


qm= ;+=u}/ sfi7 jg

k}bfjf/hDdf df}Hbft -s] lh_

aflif{s ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0f -s]= lh=_

10 ;t'jf 20123.4 4025 hDdf 2835754.4 567150.9

o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;fd'bflos jgsf] xsdf jg sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf] aflif{s ;+sng of]Uo kl/df0fnfO{g} cfwf/ dflg sf7 bfp/f tyf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng ul/g] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?n] 9'Ë, lu6L, afn'jf nufotsf glbhGo kbfy{sf] pkof]u ubf{ kl/ifbsf] ;xdlt lnP/ dfq ug'{ kg]{5 . hnljB't cfof]hgf nufotsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0fLo cWoog u/L :jLs[t jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bgn] tf]s]sf] kl/df0fsf] l;dfleq /xL ;+sng tyf pkof]u ug{ kfOg] 5 .

^=* ts{a4 vfsf

tflnsf @@M ts{a4 of]hgf;f/f+z ljj/0f p2]Zo dfkgsf ;'rs ;'rs dfkgsf ;|f]tx? k"j{ zt{ tyf dfGotfs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtf tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

b'n{e jGohGt'÷ jg:kltsf] ;FVofdf a[l4, h}ljs dfu{af6 cGo ;+/lIft If]qx?df jGohGt'sf] ;xh cfjfudg, :yfgLosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf4f/f lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

b'n{e jGohGt'÷ jg:kltsf] ;j]{If0f tyf cg'udg k|ltj]bg, jflif{s k|ltj]bg

;+3Lo ;/sf/ tyf k|b]z ;/sfaf6 ;+/If0f If]qn] ah]6 k|fKt ug]{ 5 . lbuf] ljQsf] ljsf; / :yfgLo afF;Lsf] ;+/If0fdf ;lqmo ;xefuLtf tyf ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]5 .

p2]Zox?!= jGohGt', jg:klt / logsf]] jf;:yfg ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf sfod ug]{ .

lxp lrt'jf, /]8kf08f, Wjf;] lrt'jf / 9f]n]sf] jf;:yfg ljsf; tyf k'g/fj[l4 ePsf], nf]kf]Gd'v jg:klt ;j]{If0f tyf ;+/If0f x'g]5 .

afF;:yfg cg'udg k|ltj]bg, jflif{s k|ltj]bg

@= kof{–ko{6gsf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ug]{ .

kof{–ko{6gsf] ;FVofdf a[l4 ePsf]

jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg

#= :yfgLo afF;Lsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

:yfgLo:t/sf] pTkfbg tyf cfDbfgLn] jif}{e/L hLjg ofkg x'g]5 .

jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, ;dflhs cfly{s ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg

$= dfgj l;lh{t hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x? Go'lgs/0f ug]{ .

b'O{j6f ufpFkflnsfsf] cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g]5 . hnjfo' dfkg s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L ;~rfng x'g]5 .

ufpFkflnsf tyf ;+/If0f If]qsf] k|ult k|ltj]bgx? .

%= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf ;b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

kl/ifb\\ tyf cGt/utsf] ;lqmo ;xefuLtfdf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tyf ;'zf;gsf] ;'rsdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] x'g]5 .

jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, ;'zf;g cf+sngsf] k|ltj]bg

pkhx?!=! b'n{e jGohGt' tyf jg:kltsf] afF;:yfg Jojl:yt ePsf] x'g]5 .

lxp lrt'jf, /]8kf08f, Wjf;] lrt'jf / 9f]n]sf] jf;:yfg k'g/fj[l4 x'g]5 .

cg'udg k|ltj]bg

70


!=@ h}ljs dfu{sf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .

jGohGh'n] h}ljs dfu{ k|of]u u/L s~rgh+3f–dsfn' a?0f cfjfudg ug]{5g

cg'udg k|ltj]bg

!=# :yfgLoaf:fL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+/If0f sfo{df :jtM:km't{ ?kdf ;lqmof x'g]5g\ .

;lqmo :jo+;]jLsf] ?kdf ;+/If0fug{ :yfgLoaf;L tyf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;FVof a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

Jflif{s ;ldIff k|ltj]bg

!=$ jg tyf vs{If]q Joj:yfkg ePsf] x'g]5 .

;a} jg ;d'xsf] sfo{of]hgf gjLs/0f tyf cWofjlws ePsf]

jg sfo{of]hgf, vs{ Joj:yfkg of]hgf

lqmofsnfk y b'n{e jGohGt' -lxp lrt'jf, /]8 kf08f, Wjf;] lrt'jf_ sf] afF;:yfg gS;f+sg y b'n{e jGohGt' tyf lzsf/ k|hfltsf] u0fgf y afF;:yfg k'g/fa[l4 tyf Joj:yfkg y dsfn' a?0f hf]8\g] h}ljs dfu{ Joj:yfkg y b'n{e jg:klt k|hfltsf] ;|f]t ;j]{If0f y lzsf/L tyf lzsf/ x'g] jGohGt'sf] ;DaGw cWoog y lxdfnog cg';Gwfg s]Gb| lgdf{0f tyf Jojyfkg y dxŒjk"0f{ hl8a'6L k|hfltsf] ;+sng of]hgf tof/L y h8La'6L ;+sng tflnd ;~rfng y ;+/If0f lzIff tyf ;+/If0f gLlt ;DaGwL hfgsf/Ld"ns lqmofsnfk y cWoog e|d0f -cGo ;+/lIft If]qdf_ y ;+/If0f ;fd'bflos jgsf] sfo{of]hgf gljs/0f y jg 88]nf] pRr ;+j]bglzn If]q gS;f+sg y jg 88]nf] lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgfd"ns lqmofsnfk ;~rfng y pRr rf]/L lzsf/ x'g] If]q klxrfg tyf gS;f+sg y pRr rf]/L lzsf/ x'g] If]qdf ;+/If0f l6d kl/rflnt y kf;f] yfk]sf] kQf nufpg] :yfgLonfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf y aGohGt'af6 x'g] xfgL gf]S;fgL cf+sng tyf /fxt k|bfg y vf]l/of km8fgL If]qdf lj?jf /f]k0f y vs{ If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df

@=! kof{–ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .

@) ls=ld= uf]/]6f] af6f] lgdf{0f / !) j6f k'n dd{t ;'wf/ Pj+ ljsf; / !)) xf]d:6] ;~rfngdf cfpg] 5g\ .

@=@ :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ePsf] x'g]5 .

gubdf :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ljqmLljt/0f ePsf]

cfly{s ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg , ;xsf/L tyf jrt ;d'xdf gub sf/f]af/÷ultljlw ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg

@=# kof{ko{6sn] kof{–ko{6sLo :yn nufot ljifodf hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

kof{–ko{6sLo :yn, ?6;lxtsf] gS;f, nfUg] ;do cfbL pNn]v ePsf] k'l:tsf k|sfzg

k|sflzt k'l:tsf

@=$ kof{–ko{6g of]hgf th"{df ePsf] x'g]5 .

o; of]hgf cjlwdf kmStfªn'ª / >Lh+3f ufpFkflnsfn] kof{–ko{6g u'?of]hgf th"{df sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{5g\ .

ufpFkflnsfsf] kof{–ko{6g u'?of]hgf

71


lqmofsnfk

y kof{–ko{6sLo uf]/]6f] dfu{ lgdf{0f tyf dd{t y k|d'v uf]/]sf] af6f]sf] ;Defljt ;+hfn lgdf{0f y xf]d:6] ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u y kof{–ko{6g ufO8 tflnd y :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/ d"No ufpFdf 6fF; ug]{ y k|d'v :yfgLo vfgfsf kl/sf/ agfpg tflnd ;~rfng y :yfgLo pTkfbg ;+sng s]Gb| lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng y s]6fs]6LnfO{ :yfgLo hflt ljz]ifsf] g[To tyf emfsL l;sfpg] y P]ltxfl;s tyf kof{–ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] klxrfg y kof{–ko{6sLo :ynsf] ;+/If0f tyf lh0ff]{4f/ y k}bndfu{ gS;f tof/L tyf 6fF; y a|:of}/ tof/L y s~rgh+3f dxf]T;j y jf]8{ lgdf{0f tyf ;fO{g kf]li6ª y ufpFkflnsfsf] kof{–ko{6g u'?of]hgf tof/L

#=! lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .

@) ls=ld= l;rfO{ s'nf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t

aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg,

#=@ :yfgLon] ;+/If0f v]lt cjwf/0ff cg';f/ s[lifhGo j:t'x? pTkfbg u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

!)) 3/w'/Lx?n] ;+/If0f v]tL cEof; u/]sf] x'g]5g\ .

aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg,

#=# :yfgLo pTkfbgn] plrt d'No k|fKt u/]sf] x'g]5 .

:yfgLo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ pTkfbsx?sf] 3/w'/L ;FVofdf a[l4 ePsf]

:yfgLo j:t'sf] ahf/ ;j]{If]0f k|ltj]bg

#=$ h8La'6L v]lt k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .

o; of]hgf cjlwdf !)) 3/w'/Ln] lghL hUufdf / !) j6f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg ;d'xn] hl8a'6L v]lt ug]{5g\ .

;fd'bflos jgsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf hl8a'6L 5f]8k'hL{ clen]v .

#=% :yfgLon] ;Lkd'ns sfo{ u/L cfDbfgL u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

o; of]hgf cjlwdf !%) hgf :yfgLo JolQmx?n] ;Lkd'ns tflnd k|fKt u/L cfocfh{df ;+nUg x'g]5g\ .

tflnd ;~rfng k|ltj]bg tyf jflif{s cg'udg k|ltj]bg

#=^ :yfgLosf] k"hL lgdf{0fdf a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

o; of]hgf cjlwdf !) 3/w'/Ln] :yfgLo j:t'df cfwfl/t nw' pBd ;~rfng ug]{5g\ .

nB' pBd cg'udg k|ltj]bg

lqmofsnfk

y l;rfO{ s'nf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t -;Dej x'g] vf]l/of If]q k|fyldstfdf_ y :yfgLo ahf/ s]Gb| ljsf; y :yfgLo ahf/ ;Dd k'Ug] uf]/]6f] af6f]sf] :t/f]GgtL y hl8a'6L v]lt k|j4{g y vf]l/of km8fgL If]qdf kmnkm'n v]lt k|j4{g y ;+/If0f v]lt ;DaGwL tflnd ;+rng y :yfgLonfO{ ;+/If0f v]ltsf] cEof; ug{ ;xof]u y lh/f] l6n]h -ghf]tL v]lt ug]{ k|0ffnL_ y xf]d uf8]{gLª y sDkf]i6 dn tof/L y ljiffbL k|of]udf sdL y ;+/If0f v]lt l;sfO{ e|d0f

72


y k|bz{gL v]lt If]q ljsf; y s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng y ;]jf u|fxLnfO{ ;]jf k|bfos;Fu ;Dks{ tyf ;dGjo a9fpg ;xof]u y pTkfbgsf] d'No clea[l4 y cfly{s?kdf lgDg ju{sf kl/jf/nfO{ l;kd"ns tflnd ;~rfng y ;xsf/L tyf art ;d'xx? lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng

$=! hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L ePsf] x'g]5 .

kmStfªn'ª / >Lh+3f ufpF kflnsfsf] cg's"ng of]hgf cg';f/ lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5

ufpF kflnsfsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgx? .

$=@ hnjfo' dfkg s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf] x'g]5 .

Psj6f hnjfo' dfkg s]Gb|af6 hnjfo' ;DaGwL tYof+s k|fKt ePsf] x'g]5 .

s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg .

lqmofsnfk

y :yfgLo txsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog y x/]s ufpF÷a:tL:t/sf] ;fd'bflos cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog y tNnf] e]udf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ klxrfg y lxdfnL l;d;f/ If]qdf k/]sf] c;/ klxrfg y h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf k/]sf c;/ klxrfg y hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf :yfgLo k|of;sf] clen]lvs/0f y hnjfo' dfkg s]Gb| :yfkgf y a:tL s]lGb|t ljkb\sf] cWoog tyf clen]lvs/0f

%=! ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;F:Yffx?sf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clea[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

# j6f ;'/Iff rf}sL yk ePsf], kl/ifb\\ / k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Joj:yfksLo u'0f:tf/ k|efjsf/L x'g]5 .

aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg

%=@ ;+3 ;:Yffx?sf] ;'zf;gdf ;'wf/ cfpg]5 .

u'0f:t/Lo ;'zf;gsf ;'rsx? b]vf kg]{ .

;'zf;g cf+sngsf] k|ltj]bg

%=# ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;:Yffx?aLr tyf ;/sf/L ;+oGq;Fu ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .

;dGjo / ;xsfo{df sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf cg'udg x'g] .

cg'udg k|ltj]bg

%=$ kl/ifb\\sf] ljQLo Ifdtf lbuf]?kdf clea[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

kof{ko{6ssf] z'Nsaf6 cfDbfgLdf a[l4, hl8a'6Lsf] 5f]8k'hL{sf] /fhZjdf a[l4

aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, n]vf k|ltj]bg

lqmofsnfk

y Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\, ;+/If0f If]q sfof{no tyf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ cWoog e|d0f y ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;:Yffx?sf] ;'zf;g cf+sng y ;'/Iff rf}sL lgdf{0f y j]a;fO6 lgdf{0f tyf cBfjlws y ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3 ;:Yffx? / ;/sf/L ;+oGqaLr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;xof]u y sd{rf/L d'Nof+sgsf nfuL ;"rs ;lxtsf] kmf/fd tof/L y k|efjsf/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf y kof{–ko{6sLo z'Ns lgwf{/0f y x]lnsf]K6/ cfGtl/s z'Ns c;'nL

73


&=! of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;+/rgfs~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\n] ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu o; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k, lj:tf/, a;f]af; If]q / k|fs[lts ;LdfgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ ;ftj6f ;+/If0f Onfsfx¿df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f Onfsfx¿df ;+/If0f Onfsf sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . o; Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] xf] . s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;+/rgf lrq % df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ ;+/If0f If]q

ljifout

k|fljlws

pkef]Qmf ;d'x

pkef]Qmf ;ldlt

/fo ;'emfj

lrq %M Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;+/rgf

pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿n] kl/ifb\\sf] ;dGjo / ;'kl/j]If0fdf cf—cfk\mgf] If]qdf sfo{of]hgfdf tf]lsPsf lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5g\ .

&=@ of]hgf sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/o; Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox?sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 .

!=Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–

-s_ ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ / kl/ifb\\sf] b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{,

-v_ ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:Yffkgsf] nflu Joj:Yffkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{,

-u_ :jLs[t Joj:Yffkg of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug,]{

-3_ ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] sfo{of]hgf :jLs[t ug]{,

-ª_ ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;ldltnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{,

-r_ ;+/If0f If]qleqsf] ;|f]t ;fwg jf ;+/If0f ;]jf pknAw u/fP jfkt z'Ns tf]Sg],

-5_ ;+/If0f If]qleq ;+/If0f If]q ko{6g;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ug]{ jf u/fpg],

-h_ sfo{of]hgf adf]lhdsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;ldltnfO{ /sd ljt/0f ug]{,

-em_ ;ldltn] ;~rfng u/]sf ;+/If0f tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ / cfjZostfg';f/ lgb]{zg lbg],

of]hgf sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg &cWofo

74


-`_ :jLs[t sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg],

-6_ ;+/If0f If]qleqsf k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts jf cGo o:t} k|sf/sf dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug]{,

-7_ dlxnf, hghflt, blnt tyf ljkGg ju{x¿sf] pTyfgsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿sf] th"{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,

-8_ kl/ifb\\sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd, cfoJoo ljj/0f tyf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgx¿ pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;ldltsf] e]nf af]nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / ;f] sf] Ps Psk|lt dGqfno / ljefunfO{ pknAw u/fpg],

-9_ ;+/If0f tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;df ;+nUg lhNnf tyf :yfgLo:t/sf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;“u cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{,

-0f_ ;+/If0f If]qsf] j[xQ/ lxtsf] nflu cfjZos cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{, u/fpg] .

@= ;+/If0f If]q sfof{noJoj:yfkg kl/ifb\\nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;xof]u tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ x'g]5 M–

-s_ cfjZos k|fljlws tyf sfg"gL /fo, ;'emfj pknAw u/fpg],

-v_ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{,

-u_ ;+/If0f If]qleq /x]sf jf kfOg] jGohGt'x¿sf] l:yltsf] af/]df tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{,

-3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],

-ª_ kl/ifb\\ / ;ldltn] u/]sf d'Vo d'Vo sfo{x¿sf] af/]df ljefu ;dIf ;do ;dodf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{, /

-r_ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL adf]lhd tf]lsPsf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf lbPsf cGo lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/fpg] .

#=pkef]Qmf ;ldltpkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–

-s_ jg, jGohGt' tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{,

-v_ jGohGt' tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ u/fpg],

-u_ j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],

-3_ klx/f] tyf e"–Ifosf] lgoGq0f ug{ sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug]{,

-ª_ cfˆgf] sfo{If]qleqsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿sf] b}lgs pkef]usf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ pkef]u ug]{ tl/sf / z'Ns tf]Sg],

-r_ cfkm\gf] jflif{s tyf k~rjifL{o sfo{of]hgf agfpg],

-5_ rl/r/0f ug{ jf uf]7 /fVg kfpg] If]q, hgfj/sf] lsl;d, ;+Vof / z'Ns tf]Sg],

-h_ cfk"mn] lhDdf lnPsf] jf cfkm"nfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{ cfPsf of]hgfx¿sf] ;~rfng / sfo{fGjog ug]{,

-em_ ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu :yfgLo:t/sf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{,

-`_ cfof]hgfx?sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fj b'?:t /fvL pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg],

-6_ ljleGg bft[ ;+3 ;+:yf Pj+ JolQmaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg ;xof]uaf6 ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{s|d sfo{of]hgfsf] nIo cg'¿k ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg],

-7_ :jLs[t Joj:yfkg of]hgf jf sfo{of]hgf adf]lhdsf sfdsf/afxL ug]{ u/fpg],

-8_ lgodfjnLsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu kl/ifb\\sf cWoIfn] lbPsf] dfu{bz{gsf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg],

-9_ kl/ifb\\n] ;do ;dodf dfu u/]sf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{,

-0f_ lgoldt ¿kdf sfo{k|ult ljj/0f tof/ u/L kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf;dIf k]z ug]{,

-t_ ;+/If0f If]qcGtu{tsf cGo ;ldlt;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo /fvL sfo{ ug]{,

75


-y_ cfkgf] dftxtsf pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ v08 -s_ b]lv -`_ ;Ddsf s'/fx¿ ;DkGg ug{ jf u/fpg kl/rfng ug]{, ltgLx¿aLr ;dGjo ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{,

-w_ ;ldltsf] If]qleq ;~rfngdf /x]sf / ;~rfng x'g] ko{6g;Fu ;DaGwL Joj;fox¿ -xf]6n, nh, lrofk;nx¿ / SofDk;fO6x¿ cflb_ sf] nut /fvL :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To:tf Joj;foLx¿af6 lng kfpg] z'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] nflu kl/ifb\\;dIf k]z ug]{,

-g_ ;+/If0f If]qsf] lxtsf] nflu cfjZos b]lvPsf cGo sfd ug]{ u/fpg] .

$= ljifout pk;ldltpkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;Dkfbg ug{ jf u/fpg pk;ldlt u7g ug{ cfjZos b]v]df ljifout pk;ldlt u7g ub{5 . o;/L u7g ul/Psf] pk–;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / sfof{jlw ;DalGwt ;ldltn] pQm pk;ldlt u7g ubf{sf jvt lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

%=pkef]Qmf ;d'xpkef]Qmf ;d'xsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–

-s_ jg, jGohGt' tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{,

-v_ cfˆgf] If]qsf jg, jGohGt' tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{,

-u_ cfˆgf] If]qdf ePsf klt{ hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{,

-3_ cfk"mn] lhDdf lnPsf] jf cfkm"nfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{ cfPsf of]hgfx¿sf] ;~rfng / sfof{Gjog ug]{,

-ª_ cfkgf] If]q leqsf] jgsf] cltqmd0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg],

-r_ cfkm"n] ;DkGg u/]sf of]hgfsf] ;~rfng / dd{t ;Def/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],

-5_ cfk"m dftxtsf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu kl/rfng ug]{,

-h_ cfˆgf] If]qleq ;~rfng x'g] of]hgfx¿ ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ >dbfg h'6fpg],

-em_ of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ / dd{t;Def/ ug{ ;DalGwt ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{,

-`_ cfˆgf] If]qdf ;DkGg ePsf of]hgfx¿sf] dd{t;Def/ z'Ns pkef]Qmfx¿af6 ;+sng ug]{,

-6_ cfk"mn] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfly{s tyf cGo cfjlws ljj/0f pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ e]nf u/fO ;fj{hlgs ug]{,

-7_ cfk"mn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf of]hgfsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fj b'?:t /fvL pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ e]nf u/fO hfgsf/L u/fpg],

-8_ cfk"mn] ;~rfng ug]{ of]hgfsf] jf/]df To:tf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{ cl3 pkef]Qmfsf] e]nf u/fO ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{,

-9_ ;ldltn] lbPsf] dfu{bz{gsf] kfng ug]{, u/fpg],

-0f_ ;DalGwt ;ldltn] tf]s]sf cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{ .

&=# cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgJoj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 . x/]s sfo{qmdsf] :yfgLo :t/df ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g]5 . Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df cfO{= o'= ;L= Pg\= sf] vfsf cg';f/ Aoj:yfksLo k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ul/g]5 . pkef]Qmf ;d"xåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, pkef]Qmf ;ldltåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg s~rghh‹f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\af6 / kl/ifb\\af6 eP u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefuaf6 x'g]5 .

cfjZostfg';f/ ;d"x, ;ldlt, kl/ifb\\ / ljefun] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ sfo{bn u7g u/L cg'udg ug{ ;Sg]5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf jg If]q cg'udg ;ldlt, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\\, dxfn]vf

76


k/LIfs, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no / cGo sfg'gåf/f :yflkt clwsf/jfnf lgsfoaf6 cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljifodf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg x'g ;Sg]5 . cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f, ;'emfj tyf dfub{zg{x¿nfO{ kl/ifb\\n] nfu" ug]{5 . ;d'xn] ug{] cgu'dg rfd}fl;s, ;ldltaf6 x'g] cgu'dg cw{jflif{s, kl/ifb\\af6 jflif{s tyf ljefun] klxnf] k6s Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ePsf] b'O{ jifk{l5 / bf;|f] k6s Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 x'g]5 .

p2]Zod"ns hfFRg ;Sg] ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df pknlAwx?nfO{ hfFRg Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ts{k"0f{ vfsf ljZn]if0f k4lt ckgfOPsf] 5 . tn pNn]lvt k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ k|fKt x'g] u/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ul/g]5 .

• jGohGtx'¿ oyfl:yltdf 5g\ jf a9]sf 5g\ <

• s] d'Vo jf;:yfgx¿ ;+/lIft 5g\ <

• s] ul/a 3/w'/Ln] kfmObf kfO/x]sf 5g\ <

• s] dlxnf / lk5l8Psf ju{n] kmfObf kfO/x]sf 5g\ <

• s] ;d'bfodf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 <

• s] ljsf; lgdf{0f pko'Qm tj/n] eO/x]sf] 5 <

k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] b'O{ dlxgfleq o; If]qsf] e}flts l:ylt tyf kof{j/0fLo Pj+ h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL lj:t[t tYox¿, ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df eP u/]sf sfo{x¿ :ki6 v'Ng] u/L kl/df0f;lxtsf] ljj/0ffTds k|ltj]bg /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefudfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]; ul/g]5 . o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f tf]lsPsf zt{cg';f/ u/], gu/]sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"NofÍg cBfjlws ¿kdf ul/g]5 .

&=#=! cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] ljlwo; Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ubf{ tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ljifoj:t', ljlw / cjlw cg';f/ ul/g]5 .

qm=;+= ljifoj:t' cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ljlw cjlw!= ko{ssf] ljj/0f k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng

y cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg cfGtl/s / afXo u/L b'O{ tl/sfn] ul/g]5 .

y dfl;s, rf}dfl;s / cfly{s jif{ ;lsP kl5 jflif{s ?kdf cg'udg ul/g]5 .

y cfly{s jif{ ;lsP kl5 jflif{s ?kdf, bf];|f] jif{ dWofjlws / kfFrf} jif{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] clGtd d"Nof+sg ul/g]]5 .

@= ;+slnt /fhZj k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng#= jGohGt' k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng$= cf}hf/x¿ k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng%= hgzlQm k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng

^= ultljlwx¿

k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng

kmfObf lng]sf] ;xeflutf jf cGt/jftf{

cGj]if0ffTds cWoog

&= pknlAwx¿k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng

;fdfu|L k'g/fjnf]sg

*= c;/k|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng

;xeflutfTds cg'udg d"Nof+sg

(= k|ultk|ToIf ljj/0f ;+sng

;fdfu|L k'g/fjnf]sg

&=#=@ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] ;"rscg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ubf{ lgDg cg';f/sf] ;'rsx? ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5 . oL ;"rsx?sf] cltl/Qm sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ljz]iftf cg';f/ cfjZos ;"rsx? lgwf{/0f u/L yk ug{ ;lsg]5 .

s_ u'0f:t/ dfkgsf ;'rsx?

77


v_ k|s[ofut ;'rsx?

u_ ljQLo kf/bzL{tfsf ;'rsx?

3_ lqmofsnfk k"/f ug{ nfUg] ;dofjlw

&=$ ;+/If0f If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\n] k|:tfljt Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ lgDg cg';f/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ;dGjo, ;Dks{ tyf ;xsfo{ u/L cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{5 .

!= /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu

@= k|b]z ;/sf/

#= :yfgLo tx

$= lhNnf l:yt jg ;+oGq

%= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

^= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt

&= u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf

*= ljQLo ;+:yf

(= /fhgLlts bn

!)= ;'/If lgsfo

&=% ;+zf]wg tyf cBfjlwso; Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf Joj:yfkg of]hgf th"{df ug{ ckgfOg' kg]{ k|s[of cjnDag u/]/ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] cg';"rLdf pNn]lvt sfo{qmdx¿df s'g} x]/k]m/ jf ;+zf]wg ug'{ k/]df Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ :jod\n] x]/k]m/ jf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

78


;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L

BPP (1995) Biodiversity profile of the High Mountain/High Himal physiographic zones, Biodiversity profiles project, Publication No. 14. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu

CBS (2011). National Population and Housing Census, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal

DED, (2018). Liscense, Department of Electricity Development, Government of Nepal, https://www.doed.gov.np/#

Jnawali, S., Baral, H., Lee, S., Acharya, K., Upadhyay, G., Pandey, M., & Griffiths, J. (2011). The status of Nepal mammals: the national red list series, department of national Parks and wildlife conservation kathmandu, Nepal. Preface by Simon M. Stuart Chair IUCN Species Survival Commission The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: The National Red List Series, 4.

Kastle W, Rai K, Schleich H (2013). Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal 1st edition published by ARCO-Nepal, Society for amphibians and reptiles conservation for Nepal 2013

Inskipp, C., Baral, H. S., Phuyal, S., Bhatt, T. R., Khatiwada, M., Inskipp, T., ... & Poudyal, L. (2016). The status of Nepal’s birds: the national red list series. Zoological Society of London, UK, 3.

Inskipp, C., Inskipp, T., Winspear, R., Collin, P., Robin, A., Thakuri, J., & Pandey, M. (2016). Bird survey of Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, April 2008. Bird Conservation Nepal and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Kathmandu and Sandy. Accessed online, 20.

KCAMC (2013). Management Plan of Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (2017), Kangchenjunga Conservation Area Management Council, Lelep, Taplejung

MoFSC. 2017. Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Management Plan (2017-2026). Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal

Nepal, W. W. F. Field Survey of Vulnerable Glacial Lakes in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area.

NHM (2003) An Inventory of Nepal's Insects, Natural history museum, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 2003

Shrestha, J., Singh, D. M., & Saund, T. B. (2009). Fish diversity of Tamor River and its major tributaries of Eastern Himalayan Region of Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 10, 219-223.

Thapa, G. B. (2017). Diversity of Aquatic Fauna in Upper and Middle Tamor River and Possible Impacts of Hydropower Dam in Taplejung, Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 49-55.

Uprety, Y., Shrestha, U. B., Rokaya, M. B., Shrestha, S., Chaudhary, R. P., Thakali, A., ... & Asselin, H. (2017). Perceptions of climate change by highland communities in the Nepal Himalaya. Climate and Development, 9(7), 649-661.

79


cg';"rLx?cg';"rL ! M ;+/If0f If]qdf /x]sf lxdlzv/x?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;++ lxdfnsf] gfd prfO{ v08 cjl:ylt

1 s~rgh+3f -d'Vo_ 8,586 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 42′ 11″ p= 88º 08 ′52″ k"=2 s~rgh+3f klZrd -ofn'ª vfª_ 8505 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 42′ 18″ p= 88º 08 ′12″ k"=3 s~rgh+3f dWo 8482 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 41′ 46″ p= 88º 09 ′04″ k"=4 s~rgh+3f blIf0f 8494 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 41′ 30″ p= 88º 09 ′15″ k"=5 vfDafr]g 7903 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 42′ 42″ p= 88º 06 ′30″ k"=6 ls/fFt r'nL 7,365 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 47′ 17″ p= 88º 11 ′44″ k"=7 lhldh]nf -k|yd r'nL_ 7350 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 44′ 27″ p= 88º 09 ′42″ k"=8 lhldh]nf -bf]>f] r'nL_ 7005 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 44′ 38″ p= 88º 10 ′34″ k"=9 kflyef/f lk/fdL8 7123 s~rgh+3f, pQ/ 27º 49′ 15″ p= 88º 10 ′19″ k"=

10 s'Des0f{ -hfg'_ 7710 s~rgh+3f, s'Des0f{ 27º 40′ 58″ p= 88º 02 ′45″ k"=11 s'Des0f{ -&$^*_ 7468 s~rgh+3f, s'Des0f{ 27º 41′ 18″ p= 88º 03 ′40″ k"=12 s'Des0f{ -&#*%_ 7385 s~rgh+3f, s'Des0f{ 27º 42′ 27″ p= 88º 05 ′17″ k"=13 sfa|' t]>f] 7353 s~rgh+3f, l;+xlnnf 27º 38′ 5″ p= 88º 07 ′6″ k"=14 sfa|' pQ/L -bf]>f]_ 7338 s~rgh+3f, l;+xlnnf 27º 37′ 03″ p= 88º 07 ′32″ k"=15 sfa|' -blIf0f_ 7317 s~rgh+3f, l;+xlnnf 27º 36′ 30″ p= 88º 06 ′49″ k"=16 tfn'ª 7349 s~rgh+3f, l;+xlnnf 27º 39′ 15″ p= 88º 08 ′01″ k"=17 hgs 7090 hgs 27º 52′ 20″ p= 88º 05 ′37″ k"=18 hf]ª;fª 7483 hgs 27º 52′ 52″ p= 88º 08 ′08″ k"=19 hf]ª;fª -&$%!_ 7483 hgs 27º 52′ 45″ p= 88º 08 ′17″ k"=20 bf]d]vfª 7442 hgs 27º 52′ 38″ p= 88º 08′50″ k"=21 bf]d]vfª -&)$$_ 7044 hgs 27º 52′ 19″ p= 88º 05 ′30″ k"=

cg';"rL @ M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qsf d'Vo tfnx? qm=;++ tfnsf] gfd prfO{ If]qkmn -x]=_ cIff+z b]zfGt/

1 3fªn'ª tfn $(#! 16.9689 87.75 27.812 gfukf]v/L $*#( 1.21472 87.88 27.673 gfslkm08f tfn %)^# 5.45076 87.93 27.724 gfªufdf tfn $(!^ 68.049 87.86 27.875 g'/fskf]v/L $%*$ 4.68007 87.79 27.726 kfa's tfn $&^! 38.3248 87.8 27.887 /bfkm's kf]v/L %)&( 27.1813 88.05 27.548 yfªufr]g bf]>f] $*%$ 0.70262 87.93 27.789 yfªufr]g klxnf] $*%$ 4.32705 87.94 27.78

10 ;'Dbf] tfn $^$) 1.06891 87.89 27.711 /fdh]/ tfn 4512 0.42658 88.01 27.5912 ;]of]ª kf]v/L $%*$ 3.20757 87.89 27.6913 l;Gh]df tfn $&@! 25.8544 87.77 27.7514 5]/r]g tfn $$$@ 33.8152 87.83 27.85

80


qm=;++ tfnsf] gfd prfO{ If]qkmn -x]=_ cIff+z b]zfGt/15 ltgkf]v/L t]>f] $&@# 1.65689 87.88 27.6816 ltgkf]v/L bf]>f] $&@# 2.29062 87.88 27.6817 ltgkf]v/L klxnf] $&@# 0.259967 87.88 27.6818 ltDa'ª kf]v/L $#@( 8.11867 88.06 27.4419 yfªuf kf]v/L %)(* 5.52119 87.94 27.7320 yfªufr]g tfn $*%$ 13.7778 87.93 27.7921 b'wkf]v/L $(!) 2.36416 87.98 27.6422 xfF;kf]v/L $@)$ )=&^ *&º $$’ %!Æ @&º $*’ $@Æ

cg';"rL # M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] kfl/:yLltsLo k|0ffnLx? qm=;++ kl/:yLltsLo k|0ffnLx?1 Glacier, Snow, Rock2 Alpine Meadows with Germaine and Cyperaceae3 Mesohygrohile Rododendron (R. Anthropogan and R. Nivale)4 Shrubland with Rhododendron5 Upper-Sub-Alpine Rhododendron Shrubland6 Upper Sub-Alpine Abies spectablish forest7 Larix grifthiana Forest8 Hemlock Forest (Tsuga Dumosa)9 Mixed Broadleaved Forest10 Hygrophytic Forest with Quercus lamellosa11 Hybrophylic Schima wallichi12 Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indica hygrophytic

;|f]t : BPP (1995)

cg';"rL $ M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] :tgwf/L jGohGt'x?

qm=;+= a}1flgs gfd c+u|]hL gfd g]kfnL gfd;fO{l6;

;"rL

cfO{=o"=l;=Pg /]8

ln:6

/f=lg= tyf

j=;+= P]g

@)@(

1Moschus chrysogaster

Alpine Musk Deer ;'gs07] s:t'/L Appendix I Endangered A2cd Listed

2 Muntiacus vaginalis Barking Deer /t'jf d[u Not listed Least Concern

3Hemitragus jemlahicus Himalayan Tahr emf/n Not listed Near Threatened

4 Naemorhedus goral Himalayan Goral 3f]/n Appendix I Near Threatened

5 Pseudois nayaur Blue Sheep gfp/Appendix III Least Concern

6 Sus scrofa Wild Boar aFb]n Not listed Least Concern

7 Moschus fuscus Black Musk Deer sfnf] s:t'/L Appendix I Endangered A2cd Listed

8 Moschus leucogaster Himalayan Musk Deer ;]tf]s07] s:t'/L Appendix I Endangered A2d Listed

9 Canis lupus Grey Wolf AjfF;f] Appendix I Least Concern Listed

10 Ailurus fulgens Red Panda xfa|] Appendix I Vulnerable C1 Listed

11 Cuon alpinus Wild Dog 9f]n] Appendix II Endangered C2a(i) Listed

12 Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard WjfF;] lrt'jf Appendix I Vulnerable C1+2a(i) Listed

81



;"rL

cfO{=o"=l;=Pg /]8

ln:6

/f=lg= tyf

j=;+= P]g

@)@(13 Panthera uncial Snow Leopard lxpF lrt'jf Appendix I Vulnerable Listed

14 Ursus thibetanus Himalayan Black Bear sfnf] efn' Appendix I Vulnerable

A2cd+3d+4d

15 Panthera pardus Leopard lrt'jf Appendix I Near Threatened

16Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat r/L af3 Appendix II Least Concern

17 Lutra lutra Eurasian Otter sfnf] cf]t Appendix I Near Threatened

18 Viverra zibetha Large Indian Civet 7'nf] lg/lj/fnf]

Appendix III Near Threatened

19 Canis aureus Golden Jackal :ofn Least Concern

20 Felis chaus Jungle Cat jg lj/fnf] Appendix II Least Concern

21 Martes flavigula Yellow-throated Marten dn;fFk|f] Least Concern

22 Martes foina Stone Marten lxdfnL dn;fFk|f] Least Concern

23 Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet ;fgf] lg/lj/fnf] Least Concern

24 Mustela altaica Altai Wease kxf8L dn;fFk|f] Near Threatened

25 Vulpes vulpes Red Fox /ftf] km\ofp/f] Least Concern

26 Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque /ftf] aFfb/ Appendix II Least Concern

27Semnopithecus schistaceus

Nepal Grey Langur sfnf]d'v] afFb/ Appendix I Least Concern

28Chimarrogale himalayica

Himalayan Water Shrew kxf8L kfgL 5'r'Gb|f] Least Concern

29 Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin sfnf] ;fns Appendix II Endangered A2d+3d+4d Listed

30 Dremomys lokriahOrange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel

lxdfnL jg

nf]vs]{ Least Concern

31Marmota himalayana

Himalayan Marmot lxdfnL km\ofpd';f] Least Concern

32 Mus musculus House Mouse 3/ d';f Least Concern

33 Petaurista petaurista Red Giant Flying Squirrel /ftf] /fhk+IfL Not Listed Least Concern

34 Rattus nitidus Himalayan Field Rat lxdfnL v]t d';f]

35 Rattus rattus Black Rat sfnf] 3/ d';f]

36 Hystrix brachyuraHimalayan Crestless Porcupine

dnfof b'D;L Least Concern

37 Marmota bobak Bobak Marmot km\ofpd';f] Data Deficient

38 Ochotona macrotis Large-eared Pika nDsfg] 7'6]v/fof] Least Concern

39 Ochotona nubrica Nubra Pika g'a|L 7'6]v/fof] Least Concern

40Barbastella leucomelas Asian Barbastelle lxdfnL rd]/f] Least Concern

41 Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate Horseshoe Bat

demf}nf 3f]8gfn]

rd]/f] Least Concern

42Rhinolophus pearsonii

Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat

lko/;gsf]

3f]8gfn] rd]/f] Least Concern

82



;"rL

cfO{=o"=l;=Pg /]8

ln:6

/f=lg= tyf

j=;+= P]g

@)@(

43 Rhinolophus pusillus Least Horseshoe Bat

;fgf] 3f]8gfn]


44 Rhinolophus sinicus Chinese Horseshoe Bat

/ftf] 3f]8gfn]


45 Kerivoula hardwicki Hardwicke’s Woolly Bat

xf8{ljr]sf]

e'jfbf/ rd]/f] Least Concern

Source: Janawali et al. (2011)

cg';"rL % M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] r/fx?S.N Scientific Name English Name Order Family IUCN

1 Lerwa lerwa Snow Partridge Galliformes Phasianidae LC

2 Tetraogallus tibetanus Tibetan Snowcock Galliformes Phasianidae LC

3 Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin Galliformes Phasianidae LC

4 Arborophila torqueola Hill Partridge Galliformes Phasianidae LC

5 Ithaginis cruentus Blood Pheasant Galliformes Phasianidae LC

6 Tragopan satyra Satyr Tragopan Galliformes Phasianidae NT

7 Lophophorus impejanus Himalayan Monal Galliformes Phasianidae LC

8 Lophura leucomelanos Kalij Pheasant Galliformes Phasianidae LC

9 Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose Anseriformes Anatidae LC

10 Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Anseriformes Anatidae LC

11 Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon

12 Aythya ferina Common Pochard Anseriformes Anatidae Vulnerable

13 Picumnus innominatus Speckled Piculet Piciformes Picidae LC

14 Sasia ochracea White-browed Piculet Piciformes Picidae LC

15 Dendrocopos hyperythrusRufous-bellied Woodpecker

Piciformes Picidae LC

16 Dendrocopos darjellensis Darjeeling Woodpecker Piciformes Picidae LC

17 Picus squamatus Scaly-bellied Woodpecker Piciformes Picidae LC

18 Picus canus Grey-headed Woodpecker Piciformes Picidae LC

19 Blythipicus pyrrhotis Bay Woodpecker Piciformes Picidae LC

20 Megalaima virens Great Barbet

21 Megalaima franklinii Golden-throated Barbet

22 Megalaima asiatica Blue-throated Barbet

23 Upupa epops Common Hoopoe Bucerotiformes Upupidae LC

24 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Coraciiformes Coraciidae LC

25 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Coraciiformes Alcedinidae LC

26 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher Coraciiformes Alcedinidae LC

83


S.N Scientific Name English Name Order Family IUCN

27 Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher Coraciiformes Alcedinidae LC

28 Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher Coraciiformes Alcedinidae LC

29 Hierococcyx varius Common Hawk Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

30 Hierococcyx sparverioides Large Hawk Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

31 Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

32 Cuculus canorus Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

33 Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

34 Cuculus poliocephalus Lesser Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

35 Cacomantis passerinus Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

36 Chrysococcyx maculatus Asian Emerald Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

37 Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

38 Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

39 Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed Malkoha Cuculiformes Cuculidae LC

40 Psittacula himalayana Slaty-headed Parakeet Psittaciformes Psittacidae LC

41 Collocalia brevirostris Himalayan Swiftlet

42 Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail Caprimulgiformes Apodidae LC

43 Tachymarptis melba Alpine Swift Caprimulgiformes Apodidae LC

44 Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Caprimulgiformes Apodidae LC

45 Apus affinis House Swift Caprimulgiformes Apodidae LC

46 Otus spilocephalus Mountain Scops Strigiformes Strigidae LC

47 Otus bakkamoena Collared Scops Strigiformes Strigidae LC

48 Bubo nipalensis Spot-bellied Eagle Owl Strigiformes Strigidae LC

49 Strix aluco Tawny Owl Strigiformes Strigidae LC

50 Glaucidium brodiei Collared Owlet Strigiformes Strigidae LC

51 Glaucidium cuculoides Asian Barred Owlet Strigiformes Strigidae LC

52 Caprimulgus indicus Grey Nightjar Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae LC

53 Caprimulgus macrurus Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae LC

54 Columba livia Rock (Common) Pigeon Columbiformes Columbidae LC

55 Columba leuconota Snow Pigeon Columbiformes Columbidae LC

56 Columba hodgsonii Speckled Wood Pigeon Columbiformes Columbidae LC

57 Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove Columbiformes Columbidae LC

58 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove

59 Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove Columbiformes Columbidae LC

60 Treron sphenuraWedge-tailed Green Pigeon

61 Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock Charadriiformes Scolopacidae LC

62 Gallinago solitaria Solitary Snipe Charadriiformes Scolopacidae LC

84



63 Gallinago nemoricola Wood Snipe Charadriiformes Scolopacidae V

64 Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Charadriiformes Scolopacidae LC

65 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Charadriiformes Scolopacidae LC

66 Ibidorhyncha struthersii Ibisbill Charadriiformes Ibidorhynchidae LC

67 Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey-buzzard Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

68 Milvus migrans Black Kite Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

69 Gypaetus barbatusLammergeier (Bearded Vulture)

Accipitriformes Accipitridae NT

70 Gyps himalayensisHimalayan (Griffon) Vulture

Accipitriformes Accipitridae NT

71 Gyps fulvusEurasian Griffon (Griffon Vulture)

Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

72 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

73 Circus cyaneus Hen Harrier Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

74 Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

75 Accipiter badius Shikra Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

76 Accipiter virgatus Besra Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

77 Accipiter nisus Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

78 Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

79 Buteo buteo Common Buzzard Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

80 Buteo hemilasius Upland Buzzard Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

81 Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle LC

82 Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle Accipitriformes Accipitridae EN

83 Aquila heliacaImperial Eagle (Asian Imperial Eagle)

Accipitriformes Accipitridae Vu

84 Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

85 Spizaetus nipalensis Mountain Hawk Eagle LC

86 Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle Accipitriformes Accipitridae LC

87 Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel Falconiformes Falconidae LC

88 Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby Falconiformes Falconidae LC

89 Falco severus Oriental Hobby Falconiformes Falconidae LC

90 Falco cherrug Saker Falcon Falconiformes Falconidae EN

91 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Falconiformes Falconidae LC

92 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Suliformes Phalacrocoracidae LC

93 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Pelecaniformes Ardeidae LC

94 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Pelecaniformes Ardeidae LC

95 Butorides striata Little Heron Pelecaniformes Ardeidae LC

96 Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae VU

85



97 Chloropsis hardwickii Orange-bellied Leafbird Passeriformes Chloropseidae LC

98 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Passeriformes Laniidae LC

99 Lanius tephronotus Grey-backed Shrike Passeriformes Laniidae LC

100 Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay Passeriformes Corvidae LC

101 Urocissa flavirostris Yellow-billed Blue Magpie Passeriformes Corvidae LC

102 Urocissa erythrorhyncha Red-billed Blue Magpie Passeriformes Corvidae LC

103 Cissa chinensis Common Green Magpie Passeriformes Corvidae LC

104 Dendrocitta formosae Grey Treepie Passeriformes Corvidae LC

105 Nucifraga caryocatactes Spotted Nutcracker Passeriformes Corvidae LC

106 Pseudopodoces humilis Hume’s Groundpecker Passeriformes Paridae LC

107 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Red-billed Chough Passeriformes Corvidae LC

108 Pyrrhocorax graculus Yellow-billed Chough Passeriformes Corvidae LC

109 Corvus splendens House Crow Passeriformes Corvidae LC

110 Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Passeriformes Corvidae LC

111 Corvus corax Common Raven Passeriformes Corvidae LC

112 Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole Passeriformes Oriolidae LC

113 Oriolus tenuirostris Slender-billed Oriole Passeriformes Oriolidae LC

114 Oriolus xanthornus Black-hooded Oriole Passeriformes Oriolidae LC

115 Oriolus traillii Maroon Oriole Passeriformes Oriolidae LC

116 Coracina macei Large Cuckooshrike Passeriformes Campephagidae LC

117 Coracina melaschistosBlack-winged Cuckooshrike

Passeriformes Campephagidae LC

118 Pericrocotus ethologus Long-tailed Minivet Passeriformes Campephagidae LC

119 Pericrocotus brevirostris Short-billed Minivet Passeriformes Campephagidae LC

120 Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet Passeriformes Campephagidae LC

121 Rhipidura hypoxantha Yellow-bellied Fantail Passeriformes Rhipiduridae LC

122 Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail Passeriformes Rhipiduridae LC

123 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo Passeriformes Dicruridae LC

124 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Passeriformes Dicruridae LC

125 Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed Drongo Passeriformes Dicruridae LC

126 Dicrurus hottentottus Spangled Drongo Passeriformes Dicruridae LC

127 Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Passeriformes Aegithinidae LC

128 Cinclus cinclus White-throated Dipper Passeriformes Cinclidae LC

129 Cinclus pallasii Brown Dipper Passeriformes Cinclidae LC

130 Monticola cinclorhynchus Blue-capped Rock Thrush Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

131 Monticola rufiventrisChestnut-bellied Rock Thrush

Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

132 Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

86



133 Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

134 Zoothera wardii Pied Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

135 Zoothera mollissima Plain-backed Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

136 Zoothera dixoni Long-tailed Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

137 Zoothera dauma Scaly Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

138 Zoothera monticola Long-billed Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

139 Turdus unicolor Tickell's Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

140 Turdus albocinctus White-collared Blackbird Passeriformes Turdidae LC

141 Turdus boulboul Grey-winged Blackbird Passeriformes Turdidae LC

142 Turdus rubrocanus Chestnut Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

143 Turdus ruficollis Dark-throated Thrush Passeriformes Turdidae LC

144 Brachypteryx montana White-browed Shortwing Passeriformes Turdidae LC

145 Muscicapa sibirica Dark-sided Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

146 Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

147 Muscicapa ruficauda Rusty-tailed Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

148 Muscicapa ferruginea Ferruginous Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

149 Ficedula strophiataRufous-gorgeted Flycatcher


150 Ficedula parva albicillaRed-throated (Taiga) Flycatcher

151 Ficedula monilegerWhite-gorgeted Flycatcher


152 Ficedula westermanni Little Pied Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

153 Ficedula superciliaris Ultramarine Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

154 Ficedula tricolor Slaty-blue Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

155 Eumyias thalassinus Verditer Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

156 Niltava grandis Large Niltava Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

157 Niltava macgrigoriae Small Niltava Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

158 Niltava sundara Rufous-bellied Niltava Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

159 Cyornis unicolor Pale Blue Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

160 Muscicapella hodgsoni Pygmy Blue Flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

161 Culicicapa ceylonensisGrey-headed Canary Flycatcher


162 Luscinia pectoralis White-tailed Rubythroat Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

163 Luscinia brunnea Indian Blue Robin Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

164 Tarsiger chrysaeus Golden Bush Robin Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

165 Tarsiger cyanurusOrange-flanked Bush Robin


87



166 Tarsiger indicus White-browed Bush Robin Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

167 Tarsiger hyperythrusRufous-breasted Bush Robin


168 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

169 Phoenicurus erythronotusRufous-backed (Eversmann’s) Redstart


170 Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

171 Phoenicurus hodgsoni Hodgson's Redstart Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

172 Phoenicurus schisticeps White-throated Redstart Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

173Phoenicurus erythrogastrus

White-winged (Güldenstädt’s) Redstart


174 Phoenicurus frontalis Blue-fronted Redstart Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

175Chaimarrornis leucocephalus

White-capped Water Redstart


176 Rhyacornis fuliginosaPlumbeous Water Redstart


177 Myiomela leucura White-tailed Robin Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

178 Grandala coelicolor Grandala Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

179 Enicurus scouleri Little Forktail Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

180 Enicurus immaculatus Black-backed Forktail Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

181 Enicurus schistaceus Slaty-backed Forktail Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

182 Enicurus maculatus Spotted Forktail Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

183 Saxicola torquatusCommon (Eurasian) Stonechat


184 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

185 Saxicola ferreus Grey Bushchat Passeriformes Muscicapidae LC

186 Sturnus malabaricus Chestnut-tailed Starling Passeriformes Sturnidae LC

187 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Passeriformes Sturnidae LC

188 Sitta castanea Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch Passeriformes Sittidae LC

189 Sitta himalayensis White-tailed Nuthatch Passeriformes Sittidae LC

190 Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Passeriformes Sittidae LC

191 Tichodroma muraria Wallcreeper Passeriformes Sittidae LC

192 Certhia familiaris Eurasian Treecreeper Passeriformes Certhiidae LC

193 Certhia nipalensis Rusty-flanked Treecreeper Passeriformes Certhiidae LC

194 Certhia discolorBrown-throated Treecreeper

Passeriformes Certhiidae LC

195 Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren Passeriformes Troglodytidae LC

196 Parus rubidiventris Rufous-vented Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

197 Parus ater Coal Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

88



198 Parus dichrous Grey-crested Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

199 Parus major Great Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

200 Parus monticolus Green-backed Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

201 Parus xanthogenys Black-lored Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

202 Parus spilonotus Yellow-cheeked Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

203 Sylviparus modestus Yellow-browed Tit Passeriformes Paridae LC

204 Aegithalos concinnus Black-throated Tit Passeriformes Aegithalidae LC

205 Aegithalos iouschistos Rufous-fronted Tit Passeriformes Aegithalidae LC

206 Riparia riparia Sand Martin Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

207 Hirundo rupestris Eurasian Crag Martin Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

208 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

209 Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

210 Delichon urbicum Common House Martin Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

211 Delichon dasypus Asian House Martin Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

212 Delichon nipalense Nepal House Martin Passeriformes Hirundinidae LC

213 Regulus regulus Goldcrest Passeriformes Reguliidae LC

214 Pycnonotus striatus Striated Bulbul Passeriformes Pycnonotidae LC

215 Pycnonotus leucogenys Himalayan Bulbul Passeriformes Pycnonotidae LC

216 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Passeriformes Pycnonotidae LC

217Hypsipetes (Ixos) mcclellandii

Mountain Bulbul Passeriformes Pycnonotidae LC

218 Hypsipetes leucocephalus Black Bulbul Passeriformes Pycnonotidae LC

219 Prinia criniger Striated Prinia Passeriformes Cisticolidae LC

220 Zosterops palpebrosus Oriental White-eye Passeriformes Zosteropidae LC

221 Tesia castaneocoronata Chestnut-headed Tesia Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

222 Tesia cyaniventer Grey-bellied Tesia Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

223 Cettia fortipesBrownish-flanked Bush Warbler

Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

224 Cettia flavolivacea Aberrant Bush Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

225 Cettia majorChestnut-crowned Bush Warbler


226 Cettia acanthizoidesYellowish-bellied Bush Warbler


227 Cettia brunnifrons Grey-sided Bush Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

228 Bradypterus mandelli Russet Bush Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

229 Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

230 Phylloscopus affinis Tickell's Leaf Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

231 Phylloscopus pulcher Buff-barred Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

89



232Phylloscopus maculipennis

Ashy-throated Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

233 Phylloscopus chloronotus Lemon-rumped Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

234Phylloscopus humei/inornatus

Hume’s Leaf/Yellow-browed Warbler


235 Phylloscopus trochiloides Greenish Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

236 Phylloscopus magnirostris Large-billed Leaf Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

237 Phylloscopus occipitalisWestern Crowned Warbler


238 Phylloscopus reguloides Blyth's Leaf Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

239 Seicercus whistleri Whistler’s Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

240 Seicercus xanthoschistos Grey-hooded Warbler

241 Seicercus castanicepsChestnut-crowned Warbler


242 Abroscopus schisticeps Black-faced Warbler Passeriformes Sylviidae LC

243 Garrulax albogularisWhite-throated Laughingthrush

Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

244 Garrulax leucolophusWhite-crested Laughingthrush


245 Garrulax striatus Striated Laughingthrush Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

246 Garrulax ocellatus Spotted Laughingthrush Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

247 Garrulax lineatus Streaked Laughingthrush Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

248 Garrulax squamatusBlue-winged Laughingthrush


249 Garrulax subunicolor Scaly Laughingthrush Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

250 Garrulax affinisBlack-faced Laughingthrush


251 Garrulax erythrocephalusChestnut-crowned Laughingthrush


252Pomatorhinus erythrogenys

Rusty-cheeked Scimitar Babbler


253 Pomatorhinus schisticepsWhite-browed Scimitar Babbler


254Xiphirhynchus superciliaris

Slender-billed Scimitar Babbler


255 Pnoepyga albiventerScaly-breasted Wren Babbler


256 Pnoepyga pusilla Pygmy Wren Babbler Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

257 Stachyris ruficeps Rufous-capped Babbler Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

258 Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

259 Turdoides nipalensis Spiny Babbler Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

90



260 Leiothrix lutea Red-billed Leiothrix Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

261 Cutia nipalensis Cutia Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

262 Pteruthius rufiventerBlack-headed Shrike Babbler


263 Pteruthius flaviscapisWhite-browed Shrike Babbler


264 Pteruthius xanthochlorus Green Shrike Babbler Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

265 Pteruthius melanotisBlack-eared Shrike Babbler


266 Actinodura nipalensis Hoary-throated Barwing Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

267 Minla cyanouroptera Blue-winged Minla Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

268 Minla strigula Chestnut-tailed Minla Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

269 Minla ignotincta Red-tailed Minla Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

270 Alcippe chrysotis Golden-breasted Fulvetta Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

271 Alcippe castaneceps Rufous-winged Fulvetta Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

272 Alcippe vinipectus White-browed Fulvetta Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

273 Heterophasia capistrata Rufous Sibia Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

274 Yuhina flavicollis Whiskered Yuhina Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

275 Yuhina gularis Stripe-throated Yuhina Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

276 Yuhina occipitalis Rufous-vented Yuhina Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

277 Myzornis pyrrhoura Fire-tailed Myzornis Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

278 Conostoma oemodium Great Parrotbill Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

279 Paradoxornis unicolor Brown Parrotbill Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

280 Paradoxornis fulvifrons Fulvous Parrotbill Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

281 Paradoxornis nipalensis Black-throated Parrotbill Passeriformes Timaliidae LC

282 Calandrella brachydactyla Greater Short-toed Lark Passeriformes Alaudidae LC

283 Calandrella acutirostris Hume’s Short-toed Lark Passeriformes Alaudidae LC

284 Dicaeum melanoxanthumYellow-bellied Flowerpecker

Passeriformes Dicaeidae LC

285 Dicaeum concolor Plain Flowerpecker Passeriformes Dicaeidae LC

286 Dicaeum ignipectusFire-breasted Flowerpecker

Passeriformes Dicaeidae LC

287 Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird Passeriformes Nectariniidae LC

288 Aethopyga gouldiae Mrs Gould's Sunbird Passeriformes Nectariniidae LC

289 Aethopyga nipalensis Green-tailed Sunbird Passeriformes Nectariniidae LC

290 Aethopyga saturata Black-throated Sunbird Passeriformes Nectariniidae LC

291 Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Passeriformes Nectariniidae LC

292 Aethopyga ignicauda Fire-tailed Sunbird Passeriformes Nectariniidae LC

293 Passer domesticus House Sparrow Passeriformes Passeridae LC

91



294 Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passeriformes Passeridae LC

295 Montifringilla adamsi Tibetan Snowfinch Passeriformes Passeridae LC

296 Motacilla alba White Wagtail Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

297 Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

298 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

299 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

300 Anthus richardi Richard’s Pipit Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

301 Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

302 Anthus roseatus Rosy Pipit Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

303 Anthus sylvanus Upland Pipit Passeriformes Motacillidae LC

304 Prunella collaris Alpine Accentor Passeriformes Prunellidae LC

305 Prunella himalayana Altai Accentor Passeriformes Prunellidae LC

306 Prunella rubeculoides Robin Accentor Passeriformes Prunellidae LC

307 Prunella strophiata Rufous-breasted Accentor Passeriformes Prunellidae LC

308 Prunella immaculata Maroon-backed Accentor Passeriformes Prunellidae LC

309 Carduelis spinoidesYellow-breasted Greenfinch

Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

310 Carduelis flavirostris Twite Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

311 Leucosticte nemoricola Plain Mountain Finch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

312 Leucosticte brandti Brandt’s Mountain Finch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

313 Carpodacus nipalensis Dark-breasted Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

314 Carpodacus erythrinus Common Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

315 Carpodacus pulcherrimus Beautiful Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

316 Carpodacus rodopeplus Spot-winged Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

317 Carpodacus thura White-browed Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

318 Carpodacus rubicilloides Streaked Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

319 Carpodacus rubicilla Great Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

320 Carpodacus puniceus Red-fronted Rosefinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

321 Propyrrhula subhimachala Crimson-browed Finch

322 Haematospiza sipahi Scarlet Finch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

323 Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

324 Pyrrhula erythrocephala Red-headed Bullfinch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

92


cg';"rL ^ M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] ;/L;[kx?sf] ljj/0f

S.N Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status

Snakes

1 Sanbe Othryophis hodsoni Thapa, 2017

2 Gurbe Ovophis monitcola Thapa, 2017

3 Sirise Dendrelaphis tristis Thapa, 2017

4 Harreu Trimersurus tibetanus Thapa, 2017

5 Dhaman Pytas mucosa Thapa, 2017

6 Trachischium fuscum Natural histry musium 2003

Lizards

5 Garden Lizard Geko spp. Thapa, 2017

6 Wall Lizard Hemidactylus spp. Thapa, 2017

7 Bhir Cheparo Laudaki tuberculata Thapa, 2017

8 Bhalumungre Asymblepharus sikkimansis Thapa, 2017

cg';"rL & M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] peor/x?sf] ljj/0f S.N Common Name Scientific Name Reference

1 Frog Hoplobatrachus Sps.

Kastle et.al. 2013; Thapa, 2017

2 Toad Buf melanostictus

3 Krikwa Nanorana minica

4 Pirre Amolops formosu

5 Sisne Paha Hoplobatrachus tigerinus

6 Nigale Paha Nanorana liebigii

7 Nanorana anandalii

8 Narorana blanfordii

9 Dalle Pani Bhyaguto Amolops marmoratus

10 Nepale Pani Bhyaguto Amolops nepalicus

11 Thutune Bhyaguto Microhyla ornate

12 Microhyla nilphamariensis

13 Rukh Bhyaguto Amolops afghanus

NHM, 200314 Seutiger sikkimensis

15 Limnonectes sp.

cg';"rL * M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] df5fx?sf] ljj/0f S.N Scientific Name Nepali Name Conservation Status

1 Glyptothorax cavia Tilchapre

2 Schizothorax Plagiostomus Buche Asala

3 Schizothorax richardsonii Sola/Asala

93


S.N Scientific Name Nepali Name Conservation Status

4 Schizothorax Progastus Chhuche Asala

5 Pseudoecheneis Suleatus Kabre

6 Pseudoecheneis crassicauda Kabre

7 Psilorhynchoides Pseudecheneis Tite Macha Endemic

8 Noemacheilus elongates Gadala

9 Noemacheilus bevani Gadala

10 Botia almorhae Baghi

11 Garragotyla gotyla Budhuna

12 Tor Putitora Sahar

13 Tor tor Sahar Endengered

14 Clupisoma garua

15 Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis

16 Myersglanis blythi Endemic

17 Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis Kathle

18 Bagarius yarrell Goonch

19 Clupiosoma garua Jalkapoor

20 Anguilla bengalensis Raj Baam

21 Barilius bendelisis Faketa

kmf]6f]M x]d/fh cfrfo{, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu

94


Source : Thapa (2017)

cg';"rL ( M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] ls/fx?sf] ljj/0f

c8{/ kl/jf/ c+u|]hL gfd k|hflt ;+Vof

1. Coleoptera

Chrysomelidae Leaf beetles 10

Lagriidae Long-jointed beetles 4

EndomychidaeHandsome fungus

beetles1

Dascillidae Soft-bodied plant beetles 1

Coccinelidae Ladybugs 8

Carabidae Ground beetles 7

Anthicidae Antlike flower beetles 1

Elateridae Click beetles 7

Nitidulidae Sap beetles 1

Cerambycidae Long-horned beetles 3

Passalidae Bessbugs 1

Lampyridae Fireflies 1

Siphidae Carrion beetles 1

Cantheridae Soldier beetles 2

Staphylinidae Rove beetles 4

Curculionidae Snout beetles 9

Cleridae Checkered beetles 1

Tenebrionidae Darkling beetles 1

Scarabaeidae Dung beetles 8

Scaphidiidae Shining fungus beetles 1

Lucanidae Stag beetles 1

Alleculidae Comb-clawed beetles 1

Cicindelidae Tiger beetles 1

Anobiidae Anobiid beetles 1

BuprestidaeMetallic wood-boring

beetles1

95


c8{/ kl/jf/ c+u|]hL gfd k|hflt ;+Vof

2. Dermoptera Earwig 3

3. Hemiptera True bugs 2

Pentatomidae Stink bugs 1

hDdf kl/jf/ ;+Vof @$ hDdf k|hflt ;+Vof *#

k|fs[lts lj1fg ;+u|fxno, @))#

cg';"rL !) M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] km'n gkm'Ng] jg:klt k|sf/x?

Gymnospermae

qm=;+= g]kfnL gfd a}1flgs gfd prfO{ -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?

kl/jf/M (Cupressaceae) ! w'lk Juniper Indica #,)))–$,%)), l;Da'jfvf]nf, vfDafr]g, r}/fd .

@ e}?ª w'lk Juniper recurva ,@(%)–#(@), l;Da'jfvf]nf,UofAnf, 3'G;f, cf]=r'= u]fnf .

# Juniper squamata #,())–$,@%), vfDafr]g, /fDh]/ .

kl/jf/M (Ephedraceae)

$ xflyhf]/ Ephedra gerardiana #,$))–%,!)), 3'G;f, kfªk]df .

kl/jf/M (Pinaceae)

% Abies densa tdf]/ Eoflndf kfOg] ck]Iff .

^ uf]a|] ;Nnf] A. Spectabilis ,@*))–#*)), l;Da'jfvf]nf, UofAnf,u]fnf, 3'G;f .

& l7+u|] ;Nnf Larix griffthiana ,@*))–#()), l;Da'jfvf]nf, UofAnf, vfDafr]g .

* 9\ofªu|] ;Nnf Tsuga dumosa !,%))–#*)), l;Da'jfvf]nf, 3'G;f, uf]nf, x]nf]s .

kl/jf/M (Taxaceae)

( 9]+u|]nf}7 ;Nnf Taxus wallichiana !,%))–#*)), nf;], uf]nf, x]nf]s tyf a/foflvlDt .

Angiospermae (Dicotyledoneaea)

kl/jf/M Acantheae

!) cfFVn] 3f; Barleria cristata *))–!,@)), bf]efg – tfk]yf]s

!! Ducliptera bupleuroides !,!)), tfjf – tfk]yfs

!@ l;ds'/f] Hypoestes triflora !,%))–@,^)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f–;]nfk

!# km'nemf/ Justicia procumbens var simplex !,%))–!,*)), x]nf]s –Onf8f8f

!$ Peristrophe speciosa !,#))–!,*)), tfjf – tfk]yfs

!% Phlogacanthus pubinervius !,!%), ldTn'ª – l5?jf

!^ Pteracanthus nagrestis x]nf]s – Onf8f8f

!& lsAa' Strobilanthes pureus !,%))–!,*)), x]nf]s –Onf8f8f

!* Strobilanthes tamburensis !,#))–!,&)), tdf]/ vf]nf, /}yfg] la?jf

!( l;+ufg]{ nx/f Thunbergia coccinea !,*))–@,@)), tfjf n'ªy'ª

96



kl/jf/M Aceraceae

@) skfl;, ofln, ofnf{ Acer campbellii !,*))–#,))), k/]jflvd, Onf8f8f–;]nfk, l;Da'jfvf]nf–cflDhvf]nf

@! Acer caudatusm #$)), b]p/flne+Hofª

@@ Acer laevigatum !,$))–!,%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

@# lkm/lkm/] Acer oblongum !,%%)–@,^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, lrnfpg]8f8f

@$ Acer pectinatum @,$))–#,$)) UofAnf–uf]nf, cflDhvf]nf, 3'G;f

@% skfl;,nx/f Acer sikkimense !*))–@*)), Onf8f8f–hf]lud

@^ Acer sterculiaceum @,^))–#,%%), ;]nfk–uf]nf, x]nf]s, UofAnf–3'G;f

kl/jf/M Actinidiaceae

@& l6s' km'n Actinidia callosa !,%))–@,@)), tfk]yfs –x'nf]s, oDkm'lbg– 36\6]]]]

kl/jf/M Amaranthaceae

@* /ftf] n6\6] Amaranthus caudatus @,)#), 3}ofafl/

@( s'/f] Cythula capitata @,%))– @,^)), clDhn];f, n'ªy'ª–uf]nf

#) Deeringia amaranthhoides !,%))–!,*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

kl/jf/M Anarcardiaceae

#! nlK; Choerospondias axillaris !,#))–!,%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

#@ ;fªn] Dobinea vulgaris !,%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

## sfukm'nfO Rhus hookeri @,))), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

#$ elsDnf] Rhus javanica !,*))–@,&)), n'ªy'ª–uf]nf, clDhn[;f, oDkm'lbg

#% sfuenfof] Rhus wallichii !,())–@,))), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

kl/jf/M Apocynaceae

#^ nx/] a]8'nf] Trachelospermum lucidum !,#))–!,%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

kl/jf/M Aquifoliaceae

#& k'jfn] Ilex excelsa !,$)), tfk]yf]s

#* ln;f],;]tf], v;|' Ilex dipyrena @,&%)– #,*)), UofAnf–hf]+lud– cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf

#( Ilex intricata #@))– #,%)), b]p/fln e+Hofª

$) Ilex sikkimensis @,%))– #,@)), k/]jflvd – yfSkfvf]nf

kl/jf/M Araliaceae

$! 8fªl8u] Acanthopanax cissifolius @,*)), x]nf]s – oDkm'lbg

$@ bfn sfa|f] Aralia cachemirica @,%))– #,@)), k/]jflvd – yfSkfvf]nf

$# km'6f Brassiopsis mitis !,%))– @,^)), Onf8f8f – x]nf]s, u}l/af;

$$ kfrkft] Gamblea ciliata @,*$!– @,*^^, ;fDd]jfvf]nf, x]nf]sdfly

$% b'b]nf Hedera nepalensis !,())–@,^)), Onf8f8f, k/]jflvd, n]n]k

$^ lrG8] Macropanax dispermus !,&))– @,@)), Onf8f8f, k/]jflvd, n]n]kdfly

$& Merrilliopanax alpinus ;fDd]jfvf]nf, x]nf]sdfly

$* dGufg Panax pseudo–ginseng #))), UofAnf– cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf

97



$( efn'gªu|] Schefflera impressa @,%))–#,#)) yfSkfvf]nf, x]nf]s – ofDkm'lbg

%) s';L{Dnf] Schefflera venulosa !,%))– !,&)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M Aristolochiaceae

%! nxl/km'n Aristolochia griffithii @,()), b]p/fln e+Hofª

%@ Asarum himalaicum #,)))– #,#)), yfSkfvf]nf– b]p/fln e+Hofª

kl/jf/M P:Sn]lk8]l;

%# Hoya lanceolata !,$))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%$ b'w] nx/f Marsedenia roylei !,$))– !,*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

%% Periploa calophylla !,$))–!,*)) tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s, x]nf]s – Onf8f8f

%^ Treutlera insignis @,%))– #,%)), yfSkfvf]nf–aGb's]

kl/jf/M afnfgf]kmf]/]]l;

%& Balanophora polyandra !,$))– @,*)), tfjf– x]nf]s – Onf8f8f–hf]lu+d

kl/jf/M afN;fldg]]]l;

%* Impatiens falcier #,!)), b]p/fln e+Hofª

%( Impatiens insignis !,$))– !,*)), tfjf– tfk]yf]s, /}yfg] la?jf

^) ltpl/ Impatiens scabrida !,)%), l5?jf

^! Impatiens spirifer !,$)), l5?jf–;]sfy'dlar tdf]/glb

^@ Impatiens stenantha @$)), oDkm'lbgdfly

^# d'h'/f] Impatiens sulcata #))), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s

^$ Impatiens tripelata !,$))– !,^)), tfjf– lyjf– tfk]yf]s

^% Impatiens urticifolia @#)), x]nf]s, clDhn];f

kl/jf/M a]Ugf]lgol;

^^ Begonia hatacoa !,$))– !,*)), x]nf]s– tfk]yf]s –tfjf

^& Begonia joshepi !,())– @,@)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

^* Begonia leptoptera !,$))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s – x]nf]s, /}yfg] la?jf

^( Begonia sikkimensis !,$))– !,*)), tfjf – tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/M a/a]l/8]l;

&) r'q]sf8f Berberis angulosa $@&%, vfDafr]g– nf]gfs

&! r'qf] Berberis aristata @@)), x]nf]s

&@ k'r' Berberis coninna $@&%, nf]gfs

&# Berberis erythroclada #%))–$&)), vfDafr]g–nf]gfs, UofAnf–uf]nf

&$ Berberis hookeri @,%)) –#,@)), yfSdf vf]nf–k/]jflvd

&% B. insignis @,$))–#,@)), yfSdfvf]nf, UofAnf-uf]nf

&^ 5]lG; sf8f B. thomsoniana @,*%) –#,$)), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, UofAnf–uf]nf

&& B. umbellata #,))), cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf

&* Ptfs]8f Mahonia borealis !,^))–@,!)), oDkm'lbg–36\6]

&( r'qf], hdfg] M. nepaulensis @%)), n'ªy'ª, uf]nf

dfGb|f]

98



*) n3'kq Podophyllum hexandrum #*)), 3f]ªd's];f

kl/jf/M a]6'n]l;

*! plt; Alnus nepalensis !,%))–@,*)), x]nf]s,clDhn];f uf]nf,clDhvf]nf

*@ ;p/ Betula alnoides !*)), oDkm'lbg

*# ef]hkq Betula utilis @,&%)–#,*)), l;Da'jf, UofAnf–uf]nf, vfDafr]g

kl/jf/M af]/flhg]l;

*$ slgs] s'/f] Cynoglossum zeylanicum @,%)) –#,@)), k/]jflvd – oDkm'lbg

*% dxf/+uL, e[+uL Maharanga emodi @,*)) –#,@)),yfSdfvf]nf, b]p/fln–x]nf]s

kl/jf/M aS;]l;

*^ Sarcococca coriacea @&)), Uofanf

*& t]nkf/f] Sarcococca hookeriana @,%)) –#,@)), k/]jflvd –yfsdfvf]nf

kl/jf/M SofDkfn'g]l;

** g]kfln laif Campanula colorata @,!))–#,))), UofJnf–uf]nf, clDhn];f, oDkm'lbg,

*( Codonopsis affinis @,%)) –@,&)), k/]jflvd–yfSkfvf]nf

() Codonopsis viridis @,%)) –#,))), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, k/]jflvd

(! Cyananthus inflatus @,^))–$,@@) oDkm'lbg–x]]nf]s,UofAnf-uf]nf, /fDr]

(@ C hookeri $,!%) –$,#%), vfDafr]g– /fDr]

(# C. pedunculatus %@%), 3'G;f, uf]nfsf] k'a{

($ Lobelia heyniana !%)), x]nf]s

(% Lobelia seguinii var doniana !%))–#@)), Onf8f8f, oDkm'lbg, YfSdfvf]nf

kl/jf/M Sofkfl/8]l;

(^ Cleome speciosa !,$))–!,*)), tfjf–tfkyf]s

kl/jf/M Sofk|Lkmf]lnol;

(& Leycesteria Formosa !,*))–#,!%), Uofanf–f]nf, oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s,

(* L. glaucipylla @,())–#,))), b]p/flne+Hofª–aGb's]

(( Lonicera acuminata @,&)), k/]jflvd–yfSkfvf]nf

!)) L. glabrata !,%))–@%)), x]nf]fs– k/]jflvd

!)! L. macrantha !^)), x]nf]sdfly

!)@ 3f]8]vl/ Viburnum coriaceum !,*))–@^)), x]nf]f]s– n]n]k

!)# c;f/] V. nervosum @,*))–#,@)),UofAnf–3'G;f, b]p/fln,bf]/fªlbg

kl/jf/M So/Lof]kmfOn]l;

!)$ Arenaria polytrichoides $%*), nf]gfs

!)% Sagina japonica !%))– @%)), x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

!)^ Stellaria patens @&)), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s

!)& S. ovalifolia !*))– @%)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk,/}yfg] la?jf

!)* S. sikkimensis @^))–#*)), ;]nfk–uf]nf, yfSdfvf]nf–b]p/fln

!)( S. uliginosa var. undulata !$))– !%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

99



kl/jf/M ;]nf:6\]l;

!!) Celastrus sylosus @^)), k/]jflvd

!!! r'l/ nx/f Euonymus frigidus @,&))– #,))), k/]jflvd – yfSdf vf]nf

!!@ Euonymus vagans !*))– @^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

!!# Maytenus rufa !$))– !%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

kl/jf/M sf]Da|]6fl;

!!$ Combretum wallichii !&)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

kl/jf/M sDkf]lhl6

!!% Onfdemf/ Agetratum conyzoides !$))– @))), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

!!^ Ainseleia aptera !%))– @&%), x]nf]s–k/]jflvd, yfªUofd

!!& ;xb]af b]la Ainseleia latifolia !*))– @^)), Onf8f8f–hf]+lud

!!* Anaphalis adnata !#))– @))), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

!!( a'lskm'n Anaphalis busua !%))–##%), x]nf]s–3'G;f, Onf8f8f–uf]nf

!@) kfg\;g\ Anaphalis contorta @,#%)– #*)), x]nf]s–UofAnf, UofAnf –uf]nf

!@! Anaphalis margaritaceae !%))– ##%), x]nf]s–ofDkm'lbg, UofAnf–uf]nf

!@@ a'lskm'n Anaphalis triplinervis !,*))–#,#)), hf]+lud, yfSdfvf]nf–oDkm'lbg, kmn]

!@# ltt]kflt Artemisia indica !,#))– #,#)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s– clDhn];f–3'G;f

!@$ Artemisia japonica !%))– !*%), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

!@% Aster albescens @,^))– #,%)), ;]nfk – uf]nf, – clDhn];f–3'G;f

!@^ Aster sikkimensis !%))– ##%), k/]jflvd –yfSdf vf]nf

!@& sfnf] s'/f] Bidens pilosa !%)), x]nf]s

!@* Carpesium abrotanoides !,#))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

!@( k8\s] 3f; Carpesium nepalense @%))– #!)), k/]jflvd –yfSdf vf]nf

!#) Chrysanthemum morifolium !%))– !*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

!#! Cicerbita cyanea !%))– !*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

!#@ 9f8]sf8f Cirsium verutum @!))– ##)), oDkm'lbg – yfSdf vf]nf, clDhn];f

!## vNa'g Cirsium wallichii !,*))– @,^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

!#$ Cirsium spp. !%))– ##%), oDkm'lbg –x]nf]s, UofAnf –Uff]]nf

!#% Conyza stricta Var. pinnatifida !^))– @!)), oDkm'lbg –36\6]

!#^ Conyza sumatrensis !,#))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

!#& Cremanthodium nepalense #,*))– $,()), ofªdf, /}yfg] la?jf

!#* unkm'n] Cyathocline purpurea !,*))– #,#)), Onf8f8f-;]nfk

!#( l5ps]emf/ Dichrocephala benthami !%))– !*%), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

!$) Dubyaea hispida @%)), clDhn];f

!$! sfnf]emf/ Eupatorium adenophorum !%))– !*%), x]nf]s– clDhn];f

!$@ pbf;]emf/ Galinsoga parviflora !%))– @))), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f, oDkm'lbg

100



!$# Gerbera maxima Var. maxima !%))– !*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f,

!$# Gerbera maxima Var. glabrata !^))– @!)), 36\6]–, oDkm'lbg

!$$ af]s|] km'n Gnaphalium affine !,%))– @,%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

!$% n]v a'ls Gnapahlium Luteo–album @))), oDkm'lbg

!$^ Gynura cusimbua @$)), clDhn];f

!$& Gynura nepalensis !@%), ldTn'ª– l5?jf

!$* afv|||fsfg] Inula cappa !,%))– !,()), x]nf]s–n'ªy'ª

!$( Inula nervosa !%))–##)), Onf8f8f,k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

!%) Jurinea dolomiaea #,^)), UofAnf–uf]nf

!%! Lactuca dolichophylla !%))– !*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f,

!%@ Lactuca graciliflora !*))–@^)) hf]+lud,oDkm'lbg–yfSdf vf]nf

!%# Leontopodium monocephalum %%)), kfªk]df

!%$ 6's] km'n Myriactis nepalensis !,%))– !,*)), hf]+lud – Onf8f8f

!%% skf;] km'n Saussurea gossypiphora $%)), l;+h]df 5f]

!%^ Saussurea obvallata %))), kfªk]df

!%& Saussurea crispa !%))– !*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f,

!%* Saussurea deltoidea !*))–##)) hf]+lud,oDkm'lbg–yfSdfvf]nf

!%( Saussurea simpsoniana %))), kfªk]df

!^) dfOsf]lknf Saussurea tridactyla $%*), tf]/fªlbg, nf]gfs

!^! Senecio acuminatus @^)), n]n]k dfly

!^@ Senecio alatus !*))–##)) Onf8f8f,oDkm'lbg–yfSdfvf]nf

!^# drf{ Senecio cappa Var cappa: !%))– !*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f,

!^# Senecio cappa Var pubescens @%))– #!)), k/]jflvd –yfSdf vf]nf

!^$ Senecio chrysanthemoides ##)), kmn]

!^% kx]ln nx/f Senecio glaciliflorus @^))– #%)), ;]nfk–uf]nf

!^^ Senecio scandens @%))–#!)), k/]jflvd –yfSdfvf]nf, n]n]kdfly

!^& Senecio tetranthus @!))– #%)), yfSdfvf]nf–oDkm'lbg, ;]nfk–uf]nf

!^* Senecio wallichii #))), oDkm'lbg– x]nf]s

!^( Senecio sp !%%), ;]sfy'd

!&) d/f}+lt Siegesbeckia orientalis @))) oDkm'lbg

!&! d'nfkft] Sonchus wightianus Subsp wallichianus !,#))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

!&@ Tanacetum sp $%)), l;+h]df

!&# 6'lskm'n Taraxacum officinale #@%)–$%)),kmn]]– l;+h]df

!&$ g'gl9ls Veronia volkameriifolia !,#))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s, ldTn'ª– l5?jf

!&% Wedelia wallichii !,#))– !,%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

kl/jf/M sGe]fne'n]l;

101



!&^ Argyreia hookeri !,%)), tfk]yf]s

!&& cd/a]ln Cuscuta reflexa Var. reflexa !%))– @%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

Cuscuta reflexa Var. brachystigma @$)), clDhn];f

!&* Poraina racemosa !,#))– !,*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/ sf]l/Pl/l;

!&( Coriaria terminalis @^))– #%)), n'ªy'ª–uf]nf

kl/jf/ sf]l/n]l;

!*) Carpinus viminea !*))– @^)), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

!*! Corylus ferox @!))–#%)) UofAnf–uf]nf,UofAnf–3'G;f, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/ s|||f;'n]l;

!*@ Sedum forrestii #,%)), UofAnf– uf]nf

!*# Sedum himalense $!)), /fDh]

!*$ Sedum multicaule !*))– @*)), hf]+lud – Onf8f8f,

!*% Sedum triactina #,@)), yfSdf

kl/jf/ s'|||'|l;km]l/

!*^ 6\j]ln Cardamine macrophylla Subsp polyphylla #,@)), yfSdfvf]nf

!*& Cardamine scutata Subsp Flexuosa !%))– @%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

!** /fof]sf] ;fu Brassica campestris #!))–#%)), 3'G;f, uf]nf

kl/jf/ s's'/la6]l;

!*( Cucumis sativas !,#))– !,*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

!() Gomphogyne cissiformis !,#))– !,*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

!(! Thladiantha cordifolia !,#))–@,^)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

!(@ Zehneria maysorensis !,#))– !,*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/ 8fkm\g]kmfO{n]]l;

!(# /Srg Daphniphyllum himalense !^%)–@$*), clDhvf]nf– b]p/flv8f8f, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/ 8fOk]lG;ol;

!($ Diapensia himaliaca $!)), vfDafr]g

kl/jf/ l8K;]s]l;

!(% d'nfkft] Dipsacus mitis @!))–#))) x]nf]s–oDkm'lbg,UofAnf–uf]nf

!(^ Morina nepalensis $@)), ofn'ª

kl/jf/ OlnUg]]l;

!(& dln8f],u'o]nf] Elaegnus conferta !^))–#*)) clDhvf]nf,;]nfk–uf]nf,oDkm'lbg–3§]

!(* cflh{, u'onf] Elaegnus parvifolia !,@%), tfk]yf]s

!(( tf/f], e'Or's Hippophae tibetana #^%)–$(%), 3'G;f–nf]gfs, hl/6f/–ofªdf

kl/jf/M Ol/s]]]l;

@)) Rof;], v';f{gL Agapetes serpens @$@)– @%)), k/]jflvd, ;]sfy'd – clDhvf]nf

102



@)! Agapetes smithiana !*))– @*)), hf]+lud – Onf8f8f,

@)@ km';f{g Cassiope fastigiata $))), clDhvf]nf

@)# Enkianthus deflexus @*))–#$)) u]fnf,yfSdfvf]nf,clDhvf]nf,UofAnf

@)$ wl;+u/] Gaultheria fragrantissima !%))–@*)) n]n]k,x]nf]s–clDhn];,u]fnf

@)% Gaultheria griffithiana @%)) –#%)),b]p/flne+Hofª–aGb's]

@)^ k6k6] Gaultheria hookeri @*@), UofAnf

@)& Gaultheria nummularioides !%))–#$)) Onf8f8f–x]nf]s, UofAnf–uf]nf

@)* Gaultheria pyroloides #,@))–#,$)) yfSdfvf]nf–b]p/fln,bf]/fªlbg–nf;]

@)( Gaultheria trichophylla @,#%)–#,^)) b]p/fln, UofAnf–u]fnf–3'G;f

@!) c+u]l/ Lyonia ovalifolia @,%))–#,*)), clDh–sfa]ln,;]nfk–u]fnf, 3'G;f

@!! an' Pieris Formosa !,*))–#,))) hf]+lud, 3'G;f, u]fnf, k/]jflvd

@!@ an,' ;g' kfltRhododendron anthopogon Var anthopogon

@,%))–$,%&#, clDhn];f–vfDafr]g, ofn'ª–/fDh]

@!# nflnu'/f; Rhododendron arboreum Vararboreum:

,@,%))– #,!%), yfSdfvf]nf, ;fd]jf vf]nf, clDhn';f– kmn], UofAnf– u]fnf,F bf]/fªlbg

Rhododendron arboreum Var campbelliae @,^))– #,%)), ;]nfk– u]fnf

@!$ lrdfn Rhododendron barbatum @,())–#,$)) u]fnf,x]nf]s,UofAnf,r]/fd–bf]/fªlbg

@!% R. camelliaeflorum @,())–#,$)) UofAnf–kmn], yfSdfvf]nf–k/]jflvd

@!^ /ftf] lrdfn R. campanulatum Var. campanulatum @,*%)– #,(^#, UofAnf–uf]nf, UofAnf–3'G;f,

R. campanulatum Var. wallichii @,*%)– #,(^#, uf]nf –hf]+lud

@!& ;fgf] lrdfn R. campylocarpum @,^))– #,@)), l;Da'jfvf]nf Eofln, yfªUofd

@!* R. cinnabarinum @,*))- #,*)), uf]nf –hf]+lud, clDhn';f– kmn]

@!( R. dalhousiae !,%))– @,#)), x]nf]s –Onf8f8f, clDhvf]nf

@@) R. falconeri @,&))–#,#%), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, bf]/fªlbg

@@! lr/]jfn R. fulgens #,@))– #,()), kmn]–3'G;f–;]n]n]

@@@ R glaucophyllum #,!))– #,#%), uf]nf

@@# sfnf] u'/f; R. grande @,%))– #,@)), yfsdf vf]nf –k/]jflvd

@@$ R. griffithianum @,^))– @,&)), ;]jflbg –d]jfvf]]nf

@@% sf]/ln+uf R. hodgsonii @,*))– #,*)) uf]nf,x]nf]s,3'G;f–;]n]n],bf]/fªlbg

@@^ R. lanatum: $!%), t]Da] kf]vl/

@@& efn] ;g' kflt R. lepidotum @,*))–#,*)), uf]nf –hf]+lud, clDhn];f–3'G;f

@@* kf]6ln+uf] R. lindleyi @,##)–@,%)) k/]jflvd, l;Da'jfEofln, yfªUofd

@@( R. nivale $&@%, cf]Stfª

@#) R. pendulum @,%))– #@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

@#! R. ?pumilum @,*))–$))) l;Da'jfvf]nf,UofAnf-uf]nf–3'G;f

@#@ em';];'Gkflt R. setosum #,&))–$$@), /fDh], vfDafr]g

@## R. thomsonii @&)) #&)) l;Da'jfEofln,clDhn];f–3'G;f

103



@#$ R. triflorum @^)) ##)), UofAnf–3'G;f

@#% R. vaccinoides @%)), k/]jflvd

@#^ sfnf] lrdfn R. wightii #*)), 3'G;f–;]n]n]

@#& Vaccinium dunalianum !,%))–#@)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf,x]nf]s–;]nfk

@#* V. gaultheriifolium !,%))– !*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

@#( V. glauco–album @,%))– #@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

@$) V. nummularia @,*))– #,*)), hf]+lud –uf]nf

@$! V. retusum @#%) – #@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf, yfªUofd

@$@ V. vacciniaceum !%%), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f, ;]sfy'd

kl/jf/M o'km/laol;

@$# ufof] Bridelia retusa !%%), tfk]yf]]s

@$$ Euphorbia pseudosikkimensis !%))–@^)) x]nf]s, Onf8f8f, /}yfg] la?jf

245 E. stracheyi $@)), ofn'8

246 lr/]la/] E. wallichii x]nf]s– clDhn];f

247 Glochidion nubigenum !$)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

248 dnftf] Macaranga pustulata !#)) –!*)),tfjf –tfk]yf]s,oDkm'lbg, l5?jf

249 Phyllanthus. glauca !*@), oDkm'lbg blIf0f k'a{

250 P. sikkimensis !#)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

251 Ricinus communis !#)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/M km\ofuffl;

252 kftn] s6'; Castanopsis hystrix !#)) –@#)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s, x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

253 9fNg] s6'; C. indica !^)) –@))), ;]sfy'd– n'ªy'ª

254 d;'/] s6'; C. tribuloides !#)) –@#)), aGb's], Onf8f8f, tfjf–x]nf]s

255 cvf}{{n] Lithocarpus elegans !())–@%)) x]nf]s–clDhn];f,oDkm'lbg,n'ªy'ª

256 kmnf6 Quercus glauca !%))–@^)) clDhvf]nf,tfk]yf]s–Onf8f8f,clDhn];f

257 afem Q. incana !%)) –@^)), x]nf]s –Onf8f8f, oDkm'lbg

258 ah|f7 Q. lamellose @#))–@*%) clDhvf]nf,oDkm'lbg,uf]nf–n'ªy'ª

259 afem Q. lanuginose @%)) ,uf]nf, n'ªy'ª

260 kmnf6 Q. lineata @@*&– @$*), clDhvf]nf

261 Q. mespilifolioides @)))–@$)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, x'nf]s–k/]jflvd

262 Q. oxyodon @@))– @%)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, k/]jflvd

263 v;|' Q. semecarpifolia @^))– @()), clDhn];f kmn], Uofanf – uf]nf

kl/jf/M h]lG;ogl;

264 Crawfurdia speciosa @%))– @&)), aGb's]], Uofanf – uf]nf

265 Gentiana algida !&)), x]n]fs dfly

266 Exacum tetragonum $$)), nf]gfs

267 xf;km'n G. capitata @&)), aGb's]] –oDkm'lbg

104



268 G. depressa ##))– $$)), kmn] – vfDafr]g

269 UofGhfs G. pedicellata @%)), k/fof]lvd

270 ltStf Halenia elliptica @*))– #*)), UofAnf –kmn] – hf]+lud– u]fnf

271 Swertia bimaculta !*)) – @*)), Onf8f8f– hf]lud

272 lr/fOtf] S. chirayita !%)) – #))), tfk]yf]s, oDkm'lbg, n]n]k, u]fnf

273 S. dilatata @%)), k/fof]lvd

274 S. hookeri $!))– $$)), nf]]gfs – vfDafr]g

275 efn] lr/fOtf] S. nervosa !$))–#!%) tfjf–x]nf]s, k/]jflvd,UofAnf–u]fnf

276 S. petiolata @))), 3}ofafl/

kl/jf/M h]/flgol;

277 Geranium lambertii @&)), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

278 G. nepalense @*)), yfSdfvf]nf

279 G. polyanthes #$)), 3'G;f

280 G. pratense @()), UofAnf –u]fnf

281 G. procurrens @#)) x]nf]s– clDhn];f

kl/jf/M h]:g]l/ol;

282 Aeschynanthus sikkimensis !$)) – !*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

283 Corallodiscus lanuginosus !$)) – !*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

284 s'ds'd w'k Didymocarpus albicalyx !%)) – !*)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

285 Leptoboea multiflora !$)) – !*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

286 Rhynchoglossum obliqum !%)) – !*)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M u|f];'nfl/Pl;

287 Ribes griffithii #^)), UofAnf –u]fnf

288 R. takare #))), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

kl/jf/M xdfd]ln8]l;

289 Exbucklandia populnea !^)), x]nf]s dfly

kl/jf/M xfO8|fGh]l;

290 Deutzia bhutanensis !&)), ;]sfy'd

291 D. compacta !*)) – #))), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk, yfSdfvf]nf

292 D. staminia !$))–@^)) tfk]yf]s–;]nfk, ;]sfy'd–clDhn];f

293 lkm/kmL/] 3f;F Hydrangea heteromala #!%) – #@%), kmn]– UofAnf –uf]nf

294 Philadelphus tomentosus !*)) – #*)), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk, h]f+lud –u]fnf

kl/jf/M xfOk]l/Pl;

295 Hypericum choisianum @@)), oDkm'lbg

296 c/]ln H. cordifolium @#%) – #!%), x]nf]s]– clDhn];f, UofAnf –uf]nf

297 H. elodeoides @@))–#*)) k/]jflvd–oDkm'lbg, h]f+lud–u]fnf,

298 H. hookereanum @*))–#*)) k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf, h]f+lud–u]fnf

105



299 o'l/nf] H. uralum @@)) – #*)),;]nfk –u]fnf, aGb's] – oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M h'UnfG8]l;

300 dpjf Engelhardia spicata !#))–@#)), tfk]yf]s–;]sfy'd, uf]nf– n'ªy'ª

301 cf]v/ Juglans regia !())–@$&^, clDhvf]nf]– sfa]ln bf]efg, n'ªy'ª

kl/jf/M Noflaol6

302 Anisochilus pallidus !#)) – !*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

303 /ftf]rf/kft] Anisomeles indica !@)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

304 Clinopodium umbrosum !%)) – @))),Onf8f8f –;]nfk

305 w';'/] Colebrookia oppositifolia !#)) – !*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

306 ;fgf]t'iff/, lemklemk] Colquhounia coccinea @%)) – #!)), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

307 af6'n] l;nfd Craniotome furcata !#)) – !&)), tfk]yf]s–x'nf]s–Onf8f8f

308 l;nfd Elsholtzia blanda @)#), 3}ofafl/

309 E. cilata !*)), x]nf]s]–Onf8f8f

310 l5lgs E. fruticosa @%))–##)) UofAnf–kmn–uf]nf, b]p/fln–oDkm'lbg

311 E. pilosa !&)), x]nf]s]–Onf8f8f

312 E. stachyodes !%)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s, x]nf]s

313 l5lgs] emf/ E. strobilifera !*))-#!)) k/]jflvd– yfSdf, h]f+lud–Onf8f8f

314 Leucas molissima @))), oDkm'lbg–36\6]

315 3'/la; Leucosceptrum canum !*))–@^)) oDkm'lbg, clDhn];f, n'ªy'ª–uf]nf

316 Melissa axillaris !^)) – !&)), oDkm'lbg–36\6]

317 Microtoena nepalensis @^)), n]n]k dfly, /}yfg] la?jf

318 Notochaete hamosa !*))–@^)),Onf8f8f–;]nfk, b]p/fln – oDkm'lbg

319 Orthosiphon incurvus !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

320 ?lbnf] Pogostemon amarantoides !^)), x]nf]s –Onf8f8f

321 Rabdosia coetsa !*)), x]nf]s –Onf8f8f

322 dl;gf] rf/ kft] R. lophanthoides !*)) –@^)),Onf8f8f–;]nfk,n]n]kdfly

323 ;]tf] rf/kft] Scutellaria repens !%)) –!*)),tfjf –tfk]yf]s, Onf8f8f–x]nf]s

324 Scutellaria sp. !@)), l5?jf

kl/jf/ Nff/l8hfafn]l;

325 u'kmfnf Holboellia latifolia @#%)– @^)), hf]+lud, clDhn];f –yfªUofd

kl/jf/ Nffp/]l;

326 dflnlul/ Cinnamomum glanduliferum !*)) –@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

327 l;Gsf}ln C. tamala !^%), ;]sfy'd

328 bfnlrlg Dodecadenia grandiflora !%)) – @%)), x]nf]s]–k/]jflvd

329 Lindera asamica @%)), k/]jflvd

330 l;N6Ld'/ L. neesiana !*))–#))) Onf8f8f-;]nfk, yfSdfvf]nf

331 km';'/] L. pulcherrima @!))–@&&) clDhn];f–UofAnf, yfSdfvf]nf

106



332 Litsea cubeba !$)) – !%)), tfk]yf]s-x]nf]s

333 L. elongata @!)) –@&&), k/]jflvd]– oDkm'lbg

334 kx]lgn L. salicifolia @#)) –@%)), clDh –sfa]ln bf]efg

335 L. sericea !^)) –@^)),n]n]k dfly

336 dflxnf] sfpnf] Persea duthiei !*)) –#))), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, 3}ofafl/ dfly

337 ;]tf] sfpnf] P. odoratissima @@*& –@$&(, clDhvf]nf

kl/jf/ Nf]u'ldgf]l;

338 Abrus pulchellus !@)), tfk]yf]s

339 /ftf] l;l/; Albizia chinensis !%)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

340 k8\s] l;l/; A. julibrisin Var. mollis !&$), oDkm'lbg

341 sfnf] l;l/if A. lebbeck !%)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

342 ;]tf] ;Ll/if A. procera !!)), l5?jf

343 Apios carnea !*))–#!%) Onf8f8f–;]nfk,n]n]k,yfSdfvf]nf, UofAnf

344 Astragalus stipulatus !*))–#!%) yfSdfvf]nf,hf]+lud–Onf8f8f

345 Caesalpinia cucullata !%)) –!*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

346 Campylotropis speciosa !%))–@*%) x]nf]s–k/]jflvd,UofAnf–kmn],hf]+lud

347 Caragana sp $#)), vfDafr]g dflly

348 cdnfemf/ Cassia mimosoides !$)) –!&)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, ;]sfy'd

349 e6df;] nx/f Cochlianthus gracilis @$)), clDhn];f

350 Codariocalyx motorius !#)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

351 l5gl5g] Crotalaria alata !!)), l5?jf

352 k'tlnkm'n C. albida !%)), x]nf]s

353 r]lDukm'n C. cytisoides !@%), tfk]yf]s

354 C. humifusa !%)) –!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

355 C. pallida !!)), l5?jf

356 C. sessiliflora !#)) –@^)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s, n]n]k dfly

357 ;gfO C. tetragona !^)), x]nf]s– ;]sfy'd

358 Dendrolobium triangulare @!%), n'ªy'ª– uf]nf

359 Derris acuminata !%)) –!*)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

360 D. thyrsifolia !%)) –!*)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

361 Desmodium concinnum Var. retusum !#)) –!*)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s, tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

362 rfDn] D. elegans !%))–!*)),x]nf]s–k/]jflvd,;]sfy'd,hf]+lud–n'ªy'ª

363 ;flvgf]emf/ D. heterocarpon !&)), ;]sfy'd

364 a'6] slgs] D. microphyllum !#)) –!*)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s, x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

365 e6\df;]km'n D. multiflorum @@)), oDkm'lbg

366 D. podocarpum Subsp. Oxyphyllum !^)), x]nf]s–;]sfy'd

107



366 var . mandschuricum !#)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

367 D. sequax !#)) –!%)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s, tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

368 kfªu|f Dumasia villosa !^)), x]nf]s–;]sfy'd

369 Entada phaseoloides !#)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s, l5?jf

370 Eriosema himalaicum @^)), n]n]kdfly, Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

371 kmn]bf] Erythrina arborescens @!%), hf]+lud– n'ªy'ª

372 e6\jfl; Flemingia macrophylla !#)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

373 Gueldenstaedtia himalaica @^)) –$@)), UofAnf– 3'G;f, hf]+lud, ofn'ª

374 Hedysarum strobiliferum @%)) –@^)),hf]+lud– uf]nf, clDhn];f

375 ;flvg',lg/ Indigofera atropurpurea @!)), hf]+lud–n'ªy'ª

376 ;fgf] l;l/if I. exilis !*%) –@$&%, oDkm'lbg, x]nf]s–UofAnf

377 I. pseudo-reticulata @#%), x]nf]s – clDhn];f, g]kfnsf] gof /]s8{

378 ;lugf] I. pulchella !#)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s– Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

379 uxt Macrotyloma uniflorum !%)), x]nf]s

380 c/xl/sf8f Mimosa rubicaulis !#)), l5?jf

381 h+uln abfd] Parochetus communis !*)) –##)), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk, 3'G;f, hf]+lud

382 emf/ Piptanthus nepalensis @#)) –@(%), 3}ofaf/L– kmn]] , uf]nf

383 ;'ufkm'n Pueraria peduncularis @%)) –##)), k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

384 la/fnsf8f P. tuberosa @$)) @%%), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, clDhn];f, hf]+lud

385 P. wallichii !#)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

386 Shuteria vestita !#)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

387 Smithia ciliata @!)), ;]sfy'd– clDhn];f

388 Thermopsis inflata: %))), kfªk]df

389 a]pln Trifolium repens @^))– #!)), hf]+lud– uf]nf

390 gLnf] 6fls Uraria lagopus !$)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s, ;]sfy'd

391 df; nxl/ Vigna angularis var. nipponensis !^)), x]nf]s– ;]sfy'd

392 Zornia gibbosa !#)) –!*)), tfjf –tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/M nf]hflgP]l;

393 led;]gkflt Buddleja asiatica @$%), clDhn];f

kl/jf/M nf]/fGy]l;

394 Loranthus odoratus !&)), ONf8f8f– x]nf]s

395 Macrosolen cochinchinensis !&)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

396 P]+h]? Scurrula parasitica !%)) – !*)), tfk]yf]s– Onf8f8f

397 Taxillus umbellifer !&)), ONff8f8f– x]nf]s

398 xf8r'/ Viscum articulatum !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

kl/jf/M DofUgf]lno]l;

399 k'a]{ln rfk Magnolia campbellii @$*)– #))), bf]/fªlbg–clDhvf]nf

108



400 rfk,km';|]rfk Michelia kisopa !%)) –!()),x]nf]s– Onf8f8f, n'ªy'ª

401 3f]s] rfk M. velutina @^%), oDkm'lbg– yfSdfvf]nf

kl/jf/ dfNe]l;

402 ag gfn' Abelmoschus manihot !%)), tfk]yf]s

403 e]G8] s'/f] Uren lobata !&)), ;]sfy'd

kl/jf/M d]nf:6f]df6fl;

404 c+u]l/,r'n]l; Melastoma melabathricum !@%), l5?jf

405 r'jf,;]tf] r'lN; Osbeckia nepalensis @@))– @%)), oDkm'lbg –aGb's]

406 O. sikkimensis !%)) –@%)),x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

407 /ftf] r'lN; O. stellata @@)) –@#%),x]nf]s–n]n]k, 3}ofaf/ldfly

408 bfsf{ Oxyspora paniculata !^))– @@)), oDkm'lbg –36\6]vf]nf, ;]sfy'd

409 Sarcopyramis nepalensis yfSdfvf]nf

kl/jf/M d]lg:kd]{l;

410 lgd nx/f Stephania glabra @!)), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

kl/jf/M df]gf]6\f]kl;

411 Monotropa uniflora !&)), x]nf]sdfly

kl/jf/M df]/]l;

412 sfa|f] Ficus lacor !@%), tfk]yf]s

413 b'lwnf] F. nemoralis !*)) – @^)), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk, oDkm'lbg

$!$ lgdf/f] F. roxburghii !*))– @*)), hf]+lud–Onf8f8f

$!% a]?nf], sf7]8'd|L F. sarmentosa !%))– @!)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f, oDkm'lbg–36\6]

$!^ vGo' F. semicordata !%))– !*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

$!& lsDa' Morus australis !%))– !^%), x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M dfOl/s]]l;

$!* sfkmn Myrica esculenta !^))– @!)), oDkm'lbg–36\6]

kl/jf/ dfo/l;g]l;

$!( ;]ltsf7 Myrsine capitellata !%))– !*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s–Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

$@) sflnsf7 M. semiserrata @!))–@$)) Onf8f8f–;]nfk, aGb's – oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/ jlnPl;

$@! nx/] hfO{ Jasminum dispermum !$))–!*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s–Onf8f8f–;]sfy'd

$@@ dl;gf] hfO{ J. humile @*))– #@)), hf]+lud– uf]nf

$@# Jasminum sp. @$)), clDhvf]nf

$@$ slgs] km'n Ligustrum confusum @!))– @%)), aGb's] – oDkm'lbg

$@% l;ln+lu Osmanthus sauvis #)))– #%)),yfSdfvf]nf, b]p/fln e+Hofª

$@^ dfr]{ Syringa emodi @$#%, ;]sfy'd– clDhn];f

kl/jf/M jgfu|]l;

$@& ;]hf Epilobium angustifloium #*)), 3f]ªd's];f

109



$@* E. cylindricum !^))– #@)),k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf, x]nf]sdfly

$@( E. wallichianum !^))–#@)) yfSdfvf]nf,oDkm'lbg–b]p/fln e+Hofª

kl/jf/M jf]/f]afªs]l;

$#) Aeginetia indica !$))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

kl/jf/M cShfln8]l;

$#! rl/ cldnf] Oxalis acetosella Var. acetosella @^%), UofAnf

Var. griffithii !*)) – @^)), hf]+lud – Onf8f8f

kl/jf/M kfke]/fl;

$#@ sd]{ emf/ Corydalis chaerophylla Var. chaerophylla: #)))– #!)), yfSdfvf]nf, oDkm'lbg– x]nf]s

Var. geraniifolia !&))– #%)), yfSdf8f8f –oDkm'lbg

$## C. longipes #!))– #$)), oDkm'lbg– x]nf]s, UofAnf – uf]nf

$#$ Dicentra macrocapnos @$)), clDhn];f

$#% Sof;/ Meconopsis bella #$)), oDkm'lbg– x]nf]s

$#^ M. horridula %))), kfªk]df glhs

$#& M. napaulensis @^))–#*)), yfSdfvf]nf–b]p/flne+Hofª, uf]nf

$#* M. paniculata @^))– #*)), 3'G;f=,ofn'ª UofAnf – uf]nf

kl/jf/M kf/gfl;Pl;

$#( lg/dl; Parnassia nubicola @%))– #%)), UofAnf– uf]nf, clDhn];f– kmn]

kl/jf/M kLk]/fl;

$$) Peperomia tetraphylla !$))–!*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

$$! kxfl8 kfg Piper mullesua !$))– !*)),tfjf– tfk]yf]s

$$@ P. wallichii !*)) – @*)), Onf8f8f– hf]+lud

kl/jf/M KnfG6flhg]l;

$$# Plantago major !*)) – @*)), Onf8f8f– ;]nfk

kl/jf/M Kff]lnufnfl;

$$$ ag pv' Polygala arillata @^)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

$$% P. persicarifolia !^)) – !*)), x]nf]s –nf8f8f, x]nf]s– ;]sfy'd

$$^ P. triphylla !^)), x]nf]s– ;]sfy'd

kl/jf/M kf]lnuf]g]l;

$$& /fkt] 3f; Aconogonum campanulatum !*))–#@)) Onf8f8f–hf]+lud,k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

$$* 7f]6\g] A. molle !^))–#$)) n'ªy'ª–uf]nf,3'G;f,oDkm'lbg]

$$( sd/ 7f]6\g] Bistorta affinis #%))–$!)), vfDafr]g, UofAnf–uf]nf

$%) /St/ofpnf] B. amplexicaulis #!)), oDkm'lbg– x]nf]s

$%! B. emodi @*))–#*)), uf]nf –hf]+lud

$%@ k'n'u]+ emf/ B. vaccinifolia #%))–$!%), UofAnf–uf]nf

$%# Fagopyrum dibotrys #%))–$!)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

$%$ ltln kmfk/ F. esculentum @!)), 3}ofafl/

110



$%% kmfk/ F. tataricum !$))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

$%^ Fallopia pterocarpa !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f –x]nf]s

$%& lk/] /Tgfpnf] Persicaria barbata @))), oDkm'lbg

$%* /Tgfpn]emf/ P. capitata !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f –;]nfk

$%( afv|] 7f]6\g] P. chinensis !$))– @%)),tfjf– tfk]yf]s,k/]jflvd

$^) P. nepalensis !$))–@@)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg – x]nf]s

$^! P. polystachya @^))–#*)), yfSdfvf]nf, ;]nfk–uf]nf, UofAnf

$^@ /Tgf P. runcinata @%)), k/]jflvd

$^# dl;gf] lk/] Plygonum plebijum !$))–!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

$^$ Polygonum sp. @))), oDkm'lbg– x]nf]s

$^% kbdrfn Rheum australe #%)), oDkm'lbg– 3'G;f

$^^ xln Rumex nepalensis !%))–#$)), Onf8f8f, x]nf]s, 3'G;f, uf]nf

kl/jf/M k|Ld'n]l;

$^& Androsace lehmannii $@)), /fDh]

$^* a'6\63f; Lysimachia alternifolia !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s

$^( L. debilis @%)), k/]jflvd

$&) L. ferruginea @^)), k/]jflvd

$&! Primula calderiana subsp. strumosa $!%), ofn'ª

$&@ P. capitata subsp. crispata @%))–##)), Uofanf–uf]nf, clDhn];f–3'G;f

$&# P. deuteronana #^))–$!)),3'G;f–;]n]n], r}/fd

$&$ P. gracilipes !*)), oDkm'lbg

$&% P. macrophylla #^))–$!)) oDkm'lbg–t]Da]kf]vl/

$&^ P. obliqua !*))–$!)) oDkm'lbg–t]Da]kf]vl/

$&& P. petiolaris #@)), yfSdf

$&* P. sikkimensis #$))–#%)),3'G;f–vfDafr]g

kl/jf/M /fgfGs'n]l;

$&( Aconitum alpine-nepalense $#)), vfDafr]g–nf]gfs, /}yfg] la?jf

$*) ;]tf] laVdf A. bisma #%))–$))), Uofanf–uf]nf

$*! A. deltoideum @())–#))), uf]nf, /}yfg] la?jf

$*@ A. elwesii #))), yfSdf vf]nf

$*# laif A. spicatum #)))–#@)), uf]nf

$*$ A. Staintonii #%))–$))), uf]nf, /}yfg] la?jf

$*% sfu|]; emf/ Anemone rivularis !&)) – @%)), ;]sfy'd –clDhn];f

$*^ sKtf;] A. vitifolia !%))–@$)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f, uf]nf–n'ªy'ª

$*& 6'lskm'n Caltha palustris: $@@), l;Gh]df

$** Cimicifuga foetida #^)), b]p/flne+Hofª

$*( lk/] nx/f Clematis buchaniana !*))–@@)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

111



$() C. connata !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, aGb's] – oDkm'lbg

$(! C. grewiiflora !*))–@@)), hf]+lud–Onf8f8f

$(@ c+u'/ emf/ C. montana @$&%–#))), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, clDhn];f

$(# C. napaulensis @!))–#$)), yfSkf– oDkm'lbg

$($ Delphinium stapeliosum @%)), k/]jflvd

$(% Delphinium spp @%)), clDhn];f

$(^ Ranunculus diffusus @%)), k/]jflvd

$(& Thalictrum platycarpum @&)), UofAnf

$(* T. reniforme #)%)–#@)), kmn], oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, Uofanf–uf]nf

$(( T. virgatum @%))–#*)), kmn], oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s, ;]nfk–uf]nf

kl/jf/M /fDgf]l;

%)) Berchemia floribunda #))), yfSdf vf]nf

%)! sf8] k}o' Rhamnus virgatus !%%), lrnfpg] 8f8f

%)@ Sageretia filiformis !$))–!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%)# xf8] ao/ Zizyphus incurva !$))–!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, ;]sfy'd !^))

kl/jf/M /f]]]h]l;

%)$ 9Ns] km'n Cotoneaster acuminatus #&))–$##%, ;]nfk–uf]nf, /fDh]

%)% C. congestus #^)), ;]nfk–uf]nf

%)^ C. microphyllus #)%)–#@)), kmn], yfSdfvf]nf–oDkm'lbg

%)& C. staintonii $!)), uf]nfsf] klZrd, /}yfg] la?jf

%)* kfl:d Docynia indica !$))–!*)), tfjf– tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%)( ;k]{ sfkmn Duchesnea indica !$))–!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%!) Eriobotrya hookeriana !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

%!! e'O P];]n' Fragaria nubicola @#))–#$)), clDhn];f–3'G;f

%!@ Geum sikkimense #))), b]p/fln– x]nf]s

%!# l;Gs]3f; Neillia rubiflora @^))–#*)), yfSdf–b]p/fln, b]f/fªlbg, uf]nf

%!$ uhkm'n Photinia integrifolia @$)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

%!% ah|blGt Potentilla fulgens !&))–##)), Onf8f8f,yfSdfvf]nf,3'G;f,uf]nf

%!^ e}/+u kflt P. fructicosa #*))– $#%), r}/fd

%!& P. microphylla ##)), 3'G;f

%!* P. peduncularis @%))– $!%), r}/fd– /fDh], clDhn];f

%!( Potentilla sp #@%), kmn]

%@) k}o' Prunus cerasoides !%%)–@!)), oDkm'lbg, ;]sfy'd

%@! v'kf{g] P. cornuta #$)), yfSdf–b]p/flne+Hof8

%@@ cf?kft] P. napaulensis @$))–@()), oDkm'lbg, ;fAd]jfvf]nf, clDhvf]nf

%@# cf? P. persica !&%), n]n]k

%@$ vf]l;lg P. undulata !%))–@%)),Onf8f8f–x]nf]s, x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

%@% 3+uf? Pyracantha crenulata !@%), tfk]yf]s

112



%@^ gf;kflt Pyrus communis !&%), n]n]k

%@& d]n, don P. pashia !*)), n]n]k

%@* ef]6] u'nfkm Rosa sericea @#))–#&)), UofAnf–;]nfk–yfªUofd– uf]nf

%@( /ftf] P];]n' Rubus acuminatus #@)), b]p/fln glhs

%#) R. calycinus @*))–#$)), ;]nfk–uf]nf

%#! P];]n' sf8f R. ellipticus !&))–@^)),;]sfy'd– clDhn];f

%#@ /ftf] P];]n' R. fockeanus #@)) –#$)), uf]nf–hf]+lud

%## sfnf] P];]n' R. foliosus #@)), b]p/fln glhs

%#$ R.fragarioides @*)), uf]nf

%#% R.griffithii !%))–!*)),Onf8f8f–x]nf]s

%#^ 3]Dk] P};]n' R.lineatus @%))–@&)), k/]jflvd, aGb's]– b]p/flne+Hofª

%#& R.nepalensis @%))–#@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdf vf]nf, uf]nf

%#* sfnf] P];]n' R.paniculatus @%))–#@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdf vf]nf, clDhn];f

%#( /ftf] P];]n' R. pentagonus @%))–#@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdf vf]nf

%$) R reticulates @%))–#@)), k/]jflvd– yfSdf vf]nf

%$! R. splendidissimus @%))–#@)), b]p/flne+Hofª, UofAnf–uf]nf

%$@ R. thomsonii @*))–#@)), yfSdf vf]nf

%$# Sorbus cuspidate @*^^, ;fd]jfvf]nf

%$$ S. foliolosa @&%)–#^)), yfSdfvf]nf,uf]nf, 3'G;f, oDkm'lbg

%$% gflemn S. hedlundii #!))–#@)), yfSdfvf]nf–b]p/flne+Hofª, aGb's]

%$^ S. microphylla @&%)–@*%), Uofanf, ;fd]jfvf]nf

%$& S. rhamnoides #@))–#%)), yfSdf vf]nf–b]p/flne+Hofª

%$* l;Gs]3f; Spiraea canescens @!))–#)%), UofAnf– uf]nf, oDkm'lbg–clDhn];f

%$( S. micrantha !$))–#*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, hf]+lud–uf]nf

kl/jf/M ?laol;

%%) Borreria laevicaulis !$))–#*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, hf]+lud–uf]nf

%%! Galium asperifolium Var. asperifolium: !$))–#*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, hf]+lud–uf]nf

Var. sikkimense !&))–@^)), n]n]k, oDkm'lbg

G. elegans var. elegans

%%@ n'6]emf/ !$))–@^)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, Onf8f8f–;]nfk

%%# G. hirtiflorum !%))–@#)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

%%$ lkl/+uf] Hedyotis corymbosa !%))–@^)), x]nf]s, Onf8f8f–;]nfk

%%% e'O{rDkf Leptodermis lancelota !$))–@^)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

%%^ Luculia gratissima !%)), x]nf]s

%%& wf]lalg Mussaendra treutleri !#))–!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%%* Mycetia longifolia !#))–!%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%%( Neanotis gracilis !#))–!*)), tfjf– tfk]yf]s

%^) N. wightiana @$)) #@)), aGb's]– yfSdf

113



%^! sf8f Randia tetrasperma !$))–@^)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f, yfSdf–oDkm'lbg

%^@ dlh7f] Rubia manjith !$))–@^)), oDkm'lbg–36\6], UofAnf– uf]nf

%^# R. wallichiana @#))–#&)), ;]nfk–uf]nf, x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

%^$ ltns] Wedlandia coriacea !#)), l5?jf

%^% W. exserta !&))–!*)), oDkm'lbg–sfa]lnvf]nf

%^^ ltNsfg] W. puberula !#))–!*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, Onf8f8f– x]nf]s

kl/jf/M ?6]l;

%^& p8';] Boenninghausenia albiflora !#))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f, u]fnf– n'ªy'ª

%^* Citrus hysterix !*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

%^( Euodia fraxinifolia !%)), x]nf]s –oDkm'lbg

%&) Skimmia arborescens @%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

%&! r'Dnflg S.laureola #)&), bf]/fªlbg

%&@ S. melanocarpa @&)), k/]jflvd– yfSdf vf]nf

%&# d}gsf8f Toddalia asiatica !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

%&$ af]s] l6Da'/ Zanthoxylum acanthopodium !&))–!*)), oDkm'lbg, clDhn];f

%&% l;nl6d'/ Z. oxyphyllum @$)), aGb's]

kl/jf/M ;flaPl;

%&^ sf]b] va8] Meliosma simplicifolia Subsp. yunnanensis !*)) –@^)), hf]+lud–Onf8f8f

%&& Sabia campanulata #))), yfSdf vf]nf

kl/jf/M ;flnPl;

%&* n]vlkkn Populus ciliata !*))–#@)), yfSdf vf]nf, clDh–sfa]lnbf]efg

%&( a}+; Salix babylonixca !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

%*) Salix Calyculata $))), b]pdf

%*! S. disperma @*))–##)), UofAnf– uf]nf, UofAnf– 3'G;f

%*@ S. sikkimensis @&#%–#%#%, clDhn];f– 3'G;f

%*# S. wallichiana !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

%*$ Salix sp. @*))–##)), UofAnf– 3'G;f

kl/jf/M ;fGtfnfl;

%*% Dufrenoya granulata @#))–@%)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, k/]jflvd

%*^ clDkm Pyrularia edulis @#))–@%)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s,

kl/jf/M ;p/fo'Ol;

%*& uf]ug Saurauia nepaulensis !$)) – !&)), tfk]yf]s x]nf]s, ;]sfy'd

kl/jf/M :oflS;km|fUofl;

%** a'8f] cf]vlt Astilbe rivularis @#))–@%)), yfSdfvf]nf, x]nf]s–clDhn];f

%*( kfvga]b Bergenia ciliata !^)), ;]sfy'd

%() vf]lsd B. purpurascens #%))–#&)), UofAnf– uf]nf

%(! l;demf/ Chrysospenium carnosum #)%), b]f/fªlbg

114



%(@ C. lanuginosum #))),yfSdf vf]nf

%(# Saxifraga aristulata ##)), 3'G;f

%($ S. hemisphaerica $$)), nf]gfs

%(% S. parnassifolia #%))–#&)), UofAnf–uf]nf, UofAnf–vffDafr]g

%(^ S. punctulata $$)), nf]gfs

%(& S. saginoides $%*), nf]gfs

%(* S. strigosa #@%), kmn]

%(( l;:g] emf/ Tiarella polyphylla !*)) –@^)), hf]+lud–Onf8f8f

kl/jf/M l;:ofG8\ofl;

^)) l;Guftf] Schisandra propinqua !*))–@*)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

kl/jf/M :s|f]km'nf/]l;

^)! Calceolaria gracilis @*))–##)), uf]nf – n'ªy'ª

^)@ nfnu]l8 Hemiphragma heterophylla @#))–#&)), ;]nfk–uf]nf, UofAnf–uf]nf, 3'G;f

^)# Pedicularis elwesii ofªfd vf]nf

^)$ P. flexuosa #(%), l;Da'jfvf]nf

^)% P. furfuraceae ##!)), sf]l;+u vs{– l;Da'jfvf]nf

^)^ P. heydei $))), ofªfd

^)& P. instar #*)), dfpdf– uf]nf

^)* P. kansuensis $%)), ofªfd

^)( P. lachnoglossa $)))–%))), ofªfd

^!) ;'ªu P. longiflora subsp. tubiformis #*)), l5lg– g'k

^!! P. nepalensis #())–$))), g'k– ofªfd

^!@ P. mollis #*))–$))), g'k– ofªfd

^!# kf]+ls P. siphonantha @%))–#!%), clDhn];f, UofAnf–uf]nf

^!$ P. tamurensis #&)), tdf]/vf]nf, d]jdvf]nf, /}yfg] la?jf

^!% Pedicularis sp. # 1 @#)), x]nf]s–clDhn];f

^!^ Pedicularis sp. # 2 #))), oDkm'lbg–x]nf]s

^!& s'6\ls Picrorhiza scrophulariflora #)))–$@)), oDkm'lbg, uf]nf ;fOl6; cg';"rL b'O{

^!* Scrophularia elatior @^))–#%)), ;]nfk–uf]nf

^!( df]lv3f; S. urticifolia @#))–@%)),yfSdf vf]nf–aGb's]

^@) Torenia cordifolia !%)), x]nf]s

^@! Veronica can @#))–@%)),yfSdf vf]nf–oDkm'lbg

^@@ V. robusta @!))–##)),yfSdf vf]nf–oDkm'lbg

^@# Wightia speciosissima !&))–@^)),x]nf]sdfly, n]n]kdfly

kl/jf/M ;f]nfg]l;

^@$ v';f{lg Capsicum annum !#))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^@% afx|df;] Cestrum purpureum !&)), ofªkfª

115



^@^ Lycianthus biflora !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

^@& Mandragora caulescens $!%), ofn'ª

^@* ;'lt{ Nicotiana tabacum !#))–!*)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

^@( e'6s'n Solanum nigrum @%))–##)),k/]jflvd– yfSdf vf]nf

^#) lalx, sr]/ Solanum torvum !#))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/M :6flrp/]l;

^#! ;]tf] e;s Stachyurus himalaicus !$))–@&)) tfk]yf]s,yfSdfvf]nf,oDkm'lbg,UofAnf

kl/jf/M :6fkmfOlnPl;

^#@ Turpinia nepalensis !*))–@^)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

kl/jf/M l;DKnf]s]l;

^## Symplocos dryophila @@*&–@$*), cf]Dh]vf]nf

^#$ vfNd] S. pyrifolia @&)), UofAnf

^#% bAba] S. ramosissima @$*), cf]Dh]vf]nf, oDkm'lbg pQ/

^#^ afsnkflt S. theifolia !$))–@&)) Onf8f8f, yfSdfvf]nf, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M tfdfl/s]l;

^#& cf]l/df Myricaria rosea ##))–$!)), g]ofªlud, 3'G;f–vfDafr]g

kl/jf/M 6]6\f;]G6\]l;

^#* Tetracentron sinense !$))–@&)), yfSdfvf]nf ;fOl6; cg';"rL b'O

kl/jf/M lyPl;

^#( lrofkft] Camellia kissi !&)), oDkm'lbg,–36\6]

^$) lrof C. sinensis !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f –x]nf]s

^$! lrnfpg] Schima wallichii !%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

^$@ ;fgf] lemufg] Eurya acuminata !$))–@&)), x]nf]s– k/]aflvd, clDhvf]nf

kl/jf/M yfOd]lnPl;

^$# nf]Stf Daphne bholua Var. bholua: @)))–#@)), b]p/fln, clDhn];f, UofAnf–uf]nf,

Var. glacialis @^))–#*)), ;]nfk– uf]nf, yfSdf vf]nf

^$$ cu]{ln Edgeworthia gardneri @#))–@%)), Onf8f8f –;]nfk, aGb's]–oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M l6lnPl;

^$% s'/f] Triumfetta rhomboids !#))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/M cNd]l;

^$^ Ulmus wallichiana !&)), x]nf]s dfly, cfOo"l;g eNg/]an ;d'x

kl/jf/M cDa]lnkm]l/

^$& Cortia depressa $*)), nf]gfs

^$* Cortiella hookeri $%*), nf]gfs

^$( lrlDkª Heracleum nepalense @^))–#*)), ;]nfk–uf]nf,UofAnf–uf]nf

^%) ;]tf] tfk|] Hydrocotyle himalaica @%)), k/fof]lvd

^%! Pimpinella diversifolia @%))–#@)), yfSdf vf]nf–oDkm'lbg

116



^%@ Pleurospermum copiolens $@)), l;+h]df

^%# Sanicula elata !%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s, Onf8f8f –;]nfk

^%$ Selinum candollii #@))–#%)), yfSdf vf]nf– b]p/flne+Hof8,uf]nf

^%% ;f}+km km'n S. tenuifolium #@))–#%)),UofAnf–uf]nf

^%^ eSt]; S. Wallichianum #$)), hbfs

^%& Torilis japonica !%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

^%* Vicatia coniifolia @))), Onf8f8f– hf]+lud

kl/jf/ cl6{s]l;

^%( t';f/] Boehmeria macrophylla !#))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^^) sfDn] B. platyphylla !@%) @$)), tfk]yf]s-n'ªy'ª-uf]nf

^^! B. polystachya @!))–#%)), yfSdf-oDkm'lbg

^^@ bf/ B. rugulosa !$))–!*)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s,n]n]k

^^# B. ternifolia !$))–!*)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

^^$ Debregesia latifolia !*)), 3}ofafl/ glhs

^^% Elatostema monandrum #@))–#%)), k/]jflvd–yfSdf vf]nf

^^^ E. obtusum @^))–#*)), ;]nfk– uf]nf

^^& ;fgf] un]6f] E. platyphyllum !$))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^^* uUn]6f] E. sessile !*))–@*)), Onf8f8f, yfSdfvf]nf–oDkm'lbg

^^( cNnf],ef+u|], l;:g' Girardinia palmate @$)), uf]nf –n'ªy'ª

^&) Laporta sp. #@)), uf]nf

^&! lrKn]3f; Oreocnide frutescens @$&%, clDhn];f

^&@ Pilea anisophylla !%)), n]n]k dfly

^&# P. umbrosa @$)), clDhn];f

kl/jf/M efn]l/Pg]l;

^&$ h6fdl; Nardostachys grandiflora !*))–@*)), oDkm'lbg, uf]nf, ;+/lIft

^&% gSslnh6fdl; Valeriana hardwickii @%))–#))), k/]jflvd–yfSdf vf]nf

^&^ ;'uGwjfn V jatamansi @()), uf]nf, ;+/lIft, ;fOl6; cg';"rL b'O

kl/jf/M efla{g]l;

^&& df;u]8] Callicarpa arborea !#))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^&* Clerodendron colebrookeanum !#))–!%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

^&( Clerodendron sp @$)), clDhn];f

^*) Verbena officinalis !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

kl/jf/M ef]On]l;

^*! Viola betonifolia !%)), x]nf]s

^*@ V. biflora ##)), 3'G;f

^*# V. canescens !%)), x]nf]s

^*$ V. diffusa !%)), x]nf]s

117



^*% V. hookeri #@))–#%)), b]p/flne+Hof8–aGb's]

^*^ V. pilosa @%))–#@)), k/]jflvd–yfSdf vf]nf

kl/jf/M eL:s]l;

^*& x8\r'/] Viscum articulatum !%)) – !^%), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

kl/jf/M efO6]]l;

^** r/r/] Parthenocissus semicordata !$))–!%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

^*( Tetrastigma hookeri !$))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^() T. rumicispermum !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

^(! kflgnx/f T. serrulatum !$))–!%)), tfk]yf]s–n'ªy'ª

Angiospermae

qm=;+= gfd a}1flgs gfd prfO -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?

g]kfnLdf

kl/jf/M P/fl;

^(@ af]emf] Acrous calamus !&)), n]n]k

^(# Arisaema griffithii @%))–#$)), cGb]l/– b]f/fªlbg, clDhn];f

^($ ss{nf] Colocasia esculenta @)#), 3}ofafl/

^(% Pothos cathcartii !$))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^(^ Remusatia vivipara !$))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

^(& Rhaphidophora decursiva !@%)–!^)), l5?jf–oDkm'lbg

^(* R. glaucophylla !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

kl/jf/M a'/dflGgPl;

^(( Burmannia nepalensis !^)), x]nf]s glhs

kl/jf/M SofGgfl;

&)) h/]6f] Canna edulis !$))–@)#), tfjf–tfk]yf]s, 3}ofafl/

kl/jf/M sf]Dd]lng]l;

&)! sfg];fu Commelina paludosa !$))–@)#), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&)@ Cyanotis vaga !*)), oDkm'lbg

&)# Dictyospermum scaberrimum !$))–!*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&)$ sfg] Floscopa scandens !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

kl/jf/M ;fOk]/]]l;

&)% Bulbostylus densa @^))–#%)), hf]+lud– uf]nf, n]n]k dfly

&)^ Carex baccans !%)), x]nf]s

&)& xs{6f C. cruciata @&))–#*)) yfSdfvf]nf,clDhn];f, r]/fd

&)* C. filicina @&))–#))),yfSdf– oDkm'lbg

&)( C. longipes @&))–#*)), x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

710 C. nubigena !%))–@%)), x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

711 C. setigera @&))–#))),yfSdf–b]p/flne+Hofª

118



325 Mycerobas affinis Collared Grosbeak Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

326 Mycerobas carnipes White-winged Grosbeak Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

327 Pyrrhoplectes epauletta Gold-naped Finch Passeriformes Fringillidae LC

328 Melophus lathami Crested Bunting Passeriformes Emberizidae LC

329 Emberiza cia Rock Bunting Passeriformes Emberizidae LC

330 Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting Passeriformes Emberizidae LC


712 C. stramentitia !%)), x]nf]s

713 df]y] Cyperus rotundus !)))– !$)), ldTn'ª–tfk]yf]s

714 Eleocharis congesta !#))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

715 Fimbristulis squarrosa !#))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

716 Kobresia uncinoides $!)), r]/fd

717 Pycreus sanguinolentus !#))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

718 ;'O/] Schoenoplectus juncoides !#))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

kl/jf/M u|fldlg

719 Agrostis micrantha @^))–#%)), ;]nfk– uf]nf

720 A pilosula !%))–@%)), x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

721 A. zenkeri !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–hf]+lud

722 v/ Apluda mutica !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s, x]nf]s– clDhn];f

723 Arthraxon sikkimensis @%))–#!)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

724 km's]{3f; Arundinaria falcate !)))– !$)), ldTn'ª–l5?jf

725 ltt]lgufnf] A. intermedia !@%), ldTn'ª–l5?jf

726 lgufnf] A. maling @$))–#*)), UofAnf–uf]nf, x]nf]s–ofDkm'lbg

727 A. subrecta !%))–@!)), Onf8f8f– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg– 36\6]

728 Arundinella birmanica @^)), n]n]k dfly

729 km's]{v/ A. nepalensis @%))–#!)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

730 A. setosa !%))–@%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

731 Axonopus compressus !#))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

732 Brachypodium sylvaticum !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f– hf]+lud

733 ? Bromus ramosus @!))–##)), yfSdf– oDkm'lbg

734 Calamagrostis emdodensis @%))–##)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

735 Capillipedium parvifolium !#))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

736 Deyeuxia scabrenscens @!))–##)), yfSdf– oDkm'lbg

737 Digitaria setigera !%))–@%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

738 Eragrostis nigra !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

739 Erianthus longesetosus !%)), x]nf]s

740 E. ravennae !%))–@%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

741 Garnotia emodi !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s

742 Helictotrichon virescens !%))–@%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

&$@ Isachne albens !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

&$# Microstegium vagans !#))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

&$% Miscanthus nepalensis @#))–#!)), yfSdfvf]nf, x]nf]s– clDhn];f, uf]nf

&$^ Muhlenbergia huegelii !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

&$& Oplismenus compositus !#))– !*)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg

&$* Poa annua !%))–@%)), x]nf]s– k/]jflvd

119



&$( P. himalayana #^%)–#(%), 3'G;f, ofªdf vf]nf,tdf]/ Eofln

&%) P. hirtiglumis #(%), 3'G;f, uf]nf k'a{

&%! P. imperalis #^%)–#(%), ofªdf, tdf]/Eofln, /}yfg] la?jf

&%@ P. sikkimensis #@))–#&)), uf]nf, tdf]/ Eofln

&%# Pseudoechinolaena polystachya !#))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&%$ Sacciolepsis indica !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s

&%% Setaria palmifolia !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

&%^ Sporobolus fertilis !#))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&%& S. pileferus !%)), x]nf]s

&%* Thamnocalamus aristatus @%))–#%)), aGb's]–yfSdfvf]nf

&%( Themeda hookeri @%))–#!)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

&^) clD/;f] Thysanolaena maxima !#))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&^! Tripogon trifidus @%))–#!)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

kl/jf/M xfOkf]lS;8]l;

&^@ Curculigo capitulata !())– @@)),tfk]yf]s– u}l/8f8f

kl/jf/M h'gfsfl;

&^# Juncus benghalensis @%))–#!)), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

&^$ J. thomsonii ##))–#%)), 3'G;f, UofAnf–uf]nf

kl/jf/M lnlnPl;

&^% Aletria sikkimensis #$)), b]p/flne+Hofª

&^^ ag Kofh Allium wallichi #@$), kmn]

&^& s'l/nf] Aspargus racemosus !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&^* tfd's]{ Camplyandra aurantiaca @#))–@%)), n]n]k, hf]+lud–Onf8f8f, clDh vf]nf

&^( dlsgf] Cardiocrinum giganteum ##)), yfSdf

&&) Chlorophytum nepalense @))), oDkm'lbg

&&! Clintonia udensis var. alpina #*)), uf]nf

&&@ Disporum cantoniense Varparviflorum !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

&&# sfsf]ln Fritillaria cirrhosa $))), b]pdf

&&$ Notholirion macrophyllum @*))–#*)), hf]+lud–uf]nf

&&% Ophiopogon intermedius !%)), x]nf]s

&&^ ;t'jf,ltg tn] afsf] O. parviflorus !%))–!*)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s

&&& Paris polyphylla ##))–#^)), b]p/fln, yfªUofd

&&* lv/fªnf] Polygonatum hookeri $!%), ofn'ª

&&( P. oppositifolium !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

&*) P. punctatum @%)), k/]jflvd

&*! P. verticillatum @^%), UofAnf

&*@ Smilacina fusca @%)), k/]jflvd

120



&*# s's'/8fOgf] Smilax aspera !%))–@^)), Onf8f8f–x]nf]s, n]n]k dfly

&*$ r6\nfªu S. glaucophylla !%))–#!)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk,k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

785 S. minutiflora ##))–#%)),yfSdf–b]p/flne+Hofª

786 S. rigida @%))–##)),hf]+lud–Onf8f8f,k/]jflvd,yfSdfvf]nf

787 Streptopus simplex #%)), b]p/flne+Hofª

788 Trillidium govanianum #)))–#@)),bf]/fªlbg–nf;]

kl/jf/M cls{8]l;

789 Anthogonium gracile !$))– !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

790 ufef Arundina graminifolia !%))– !*)), Onf8f8f – x]nf]s

791 Bulbophyllum dyerianum @^))–#*)),;]nfk–uf]nf

792 B. viridiflorum !%))– !*)), Onf8f8f – x]nf]s

793 B. wallichi @%)), k/]jflvd

794 Calanthe mannii !*)), Onf8f8f – x]nf]s

795 Calanthe sp. !%%), ;]sfy'd

796 Coelogyne corymbosa !%))–@%)), x]nf]s–k/]jflvd

797 rflGbufef C. cristata !%))–@%)), x]nf]s, yfSdf–aGb's]

798 C. flavida !%)), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

799 C. longipes !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

800 C. stricta !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

801 Cymbidium devonianum !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

802 C. hookerianum @%)), clDhn];f, k/]jflvd

803 C. longifolium !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

804 kFfrcf}n] Dactylorhiza hatagirea ##))–$))), uf]nf, 3'G;f–vfDafr]g, ;+/lIft

805 Dendrobium candidum !%))–@*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f– hf]+lud

806 D. densiflorum !*)), n]n]k

*)& D. eriiflorum !$))–@*)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, Onf8f8f– hf]+lud

*)* Ephemerantha macraei !$))–!%)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

*)( Epigeneium amplum !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*!) Eria coronaria !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

*!! E. muscicola !%))–@*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

*!@ xflQkfOnf Eulophia dabia !()), ;]sfy'd, clDhn];f

*!# Gastrochilus calceolaris !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

*!$ Goodyera vittata @%)), k/]jflvd

*!% Habenaria dentata !%)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

*!^ Herminium lanceum @%))–#))), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

*!& Kingidium taenialis !%))–!*)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f

*!* Liparis cordifolia !$))–!%)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

*!( L. platyrachis !$))–!%)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

121



*@) L. viridiflora !%))–#%)), x]nf]s–Onf8f8f, yfSdf–aGb's]

*@! Malaxis latifolia !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*@@ Neottianthe secundiflora @)))–@&%), oDkm'lbg, UofAnf

*@# Oberonia acaulis !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

*@$ O. iridifolia !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*@% O. pachyrachis !$))–!%)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

*@^ Ornithochilus difformis !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*@& Peristylus richardianus @%)), k/]jflvd

*@* Pholidota imbricata !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*@( Platanthera clavigera @%))–#))), k/]jflvd–yfSdfvf]nf

*#) Porpax meirax !$))–!%)),tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s

*#! 6'8] t?n Satyrium nepalense !%))–#*)), x]nf]s, ;]nfk,UofAnf–uf]nf, oDkm'lbg

*#@ Schoenorchis gemmata !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*## Spathoglottis ixiodes @*%), UofAnf

*#$ Spiranthes sinense @#))–@^)), x]nf]s– clDhn];f

*#% Sunipia bicolor !%))–#*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f, oDkm'lbg–36\6]

*#^ Vandopsis undulata @!))–@^)), oDkm'lbg–36\6]

kl/jf/M lhlGha]/fl;

*#& cn}+rL Amomum subulatum !%)), tfk]yf]s

*#* kflg;/f] Cautlea spicata !*)), n'ªy'ª

*#( s'i7f Costus speciousus !$))– !*)), tfjf–tfk]yf]s

*$) b]la;/f] Globba clarkei !%))–!*)), x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

*$! Hedychium densiflorum @%)), clDhn];f

*$@ H. glaucum !%))–!*)) x]nf]s– Onf8f8f

*$# k+vf km'n H. spicatum @%)), clDhn];f

*$$ dsNkft] Roscoea purpurea @%)), clDhn];f

cg';"rL !! cfocfh{gsf] nflu ;+/If0f If]qdf k|yfldstf k|fKt hl8a'6L tyf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bjf/

qm=;+= gfd a}1flgs gfd prfO -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?! cn}lr Ammomum subulatum !%)), tfk]yf]s

@ cu]{ln Edgeworhtia gardneri @#))–@%)), Onf8f8f –;]nfk, aGb's]–oDkm'lbg

# e'Or's Hippothea tibetana #^%)-$(%), 3'G;f–nf]gfs, hl/6f/–of8=df$ laif Aconitum spicatum #)))–#@)), uf]nf% laidf Aconitum bisma #%))–$))), Uofanf–uf]nf^ Heracleum nepalense @^))–#*)), ;]nfk– uf]nf,UofAnf– hf]+lud– uf]nf& lr/fOtf] Swertia chirayita !%)) – #))), tfk]yf]s, oDkm'lbg, n]n]k, u]fnf

122


qm=;+= gfd a}1flgs gfd prfO -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?

* w'lk Juniperus indica#,)))-$,%)), l;Da'jfvf]nf, 3G';f–vfDafrg], ofn8'– r/f}d

( xf8\r'/ Viscum articulatum !%)) – !^%), tfk]yf]s– x]nf]s, oDkm'lbg!) Phytolacca acinosa

!! h6fdl; Nardostachys grandiflora !*))–@*)), oDkm'lbg, uf]nf, ag P]gaf6 ;+/lIft

!@ vf]lsd Rheum Australe #%)), oDkm'lbg– 3'G;f

!# vf]nf] Cortia depressa $*)), nf]gfs

!$ s'6\sL Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora #)))–$@)), oDkm'lbg, uf]nf, l;Gh]df, ;fOl6; cg';"rL b'O{

!% n3'kq Podophyllum hexandrum #*)), 3f]8=d's];f

!^ nf]Stf Daphne bholua@)))–#@)), b]p/fln– x]nf]s,UofaAnf– uf]nf, clDhn];f–ofaAnf

!* dfOsf]lknf Saussurea tridactyla $%*), tf]/f8=lbg, nf]gfs

!( dlh7f] Rubia manjith !$))–@^)), oDkm'lbg–36\6], oDkm'lbg, UofAnf– uf]nf

@) dflnËuf] Arundinaria maling@$))–#*)), UofAnf–hf]+lud–uf]nf, k/]jflvd, clDhn];f, x]nf]s– oDkm'lbg

@! lgufnf] Arundinaria spp. @@ kfvga]b Bergenia ciliata !^)), ;]sfy'd

@$ cf]v/ Juglans regia !())–@$&^, clDhvf]nf]– sfa]ln bf]efg, n'8=y'8=

@% kfrcf}n] Dactylorhiza hatagirea @& l;l6Nd'/ Lindera nessiana !*)) –#))), Onf8f8f–;]nfk, k/]jflvd– yfSdfvf]nf

@* ;'uGwjfn Valeriana jatamansi ,@()), uf]nf, ag P]gaf6 ;+/lIft, ;fOl6; cg';"rL b'O{

@( ;'gkflt Rhohodendron anthopogon @,%))– $,%&#, clDhn';f– vfDafr]g, ofn'8=–/fDh]

#) 7f]6\g] Aconogonum molle!^))–#$)), UofAnf– n'8=y'8=–uf]nf, clDhn];f–3'G;f, oDkm'lbg–36\6]

cg';"rL !@M /}yfg] jg:kltsf] ljj/0f qm=;+= kl/jf/ a}1flgs gfd prfO -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?

! Ranunculaceae Aconitum alpine-nepalense $#)), vfDafr]g–nf]gfs

@ A. deltoideum @())–##)), u]fnf

# A. staintonii #%))–$!)), u]fnf

$ Begoniaceae Begonia leptoptera !$)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

% Rosaceae Cotoneaster staintonii $!)), tdf]/ Eofln

^ Compositae Cremanthodium nepalense @*))–$()), of8=df

& Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pseudosikkimensis !%)) – !*)), x]nfs– Onf8f8f

* Balsaminaceae Impatiens insignis !$)) –!*)), tfjf– tfk]yf]s

( Labiatae Microtoena nepalensis @!)) – @^)), n]n]kdfly

123


qm=;+= kl/jf/ a}1flgs gfd prfO -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?

!) Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis tamurensis #&)), tdf]/ Eofln

!! Gramineae Poa imperalis $$)), of8=dfvf]nf

!@ Caryophyllaceae Stellaria ovalifolia !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

!# Acanthaceae Strobilanthes tamburensis !@)) @!)), tdf]/vf]nf

cg';"rL !#M ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg] u'/fF;sf k|hfltx? 1. Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don.2. R. hypenanthum (Balf.f.) Cullen3. R. arboreum Sm.

4. R. barbatum Wall. ex G. Don5. R. camelliiflorum Hook.f.6. R. campanulatum D.Don7. R. campylocarpum Hook.f.8. R. cinnabarinum Hook.f.9. R. dalhousieae Hook.f.10. R. falconeri Hook.f.11. R. fulgens Hook.f.12. R. glaucophyllum Rehder13. R. grande Wight.14. R. griffithianum Wight.15. R. hodgsonii Hook.f.16. R. lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don17. R. lindleyi T. Moore18. R. nivale Hook.f.19. R. pendulum Hook.f.20. R. setosum D.Don21. R. thomsonii Hook.f.22. R. triflorum Hook.f.23. R. wallichii Hook.f.

cg';"rL !$M /}yfg] lj?jfsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= kl/jf/ a}1flgs gfd prfO -ld=_ / kfOg] :yfgx?

! Ranunculaceae Aconitum alpine-nepalense $#)), vfDafr]g–nf]gfs

@ A. deltoideum @())–##)), u]fnf

# A. staintonii #%))–$!)), u]fnf

$ Begoniaceae Begonia leptoptera !$)) –!%)), tfk]yf]s–x]nf]s

% Rosaceae Cotoneaster staintonii $!)), tdf]/ Eofln

^ Compositae Cremanthodium nepalense @*))–$()), of8=df

& Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pseudosikkimensis !%)) – !*)), x]nfs– Onf8f8f

* Balsaminaceae Impatiens insignis !$)) –!*)), tfjf– tfk]yf]s

124


( Labiatae Microtoena nepalensis @!)) – @^)), n]n]kdfly

!) Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis tamurensis #&)), tdf]/ Eofln

!! Gramineae Poa imperalis $$)), of8=dfvf]nf

!@ Caryophyllaceae Stellaria ovalifolia !*))–@^)), Onf8f8f–;]nfk

!# Acanthaceae Strobilanthes tamburensis !@)) @!)), tdf]/vf]nf

cg';"rL !% ;ldltsf] If]q ljefhg

qm=;+= ;ldltsf] gfd 7]ufgf

!= nfnLu''/fF; kmStfªn'ª ^ -;fljs n]n]k uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= !, @, #, $, % / ^_

@= ;]sfy'd 3'G;f kmStfªn'ª ^ -;fljs n]n]k uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= &, * / (_

#= laxfgL kmStfªn'ª % -;fljs tfk]yf]s uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= !, @, #, $, % / ^_

$= l;Da'jf vf]nf kmStfªn'ª % -;fljs tfk]yf]s uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= &, * / (_

%= s~rgh+3f >Lh+3f * -;fljs ofDkm'lbg uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= $, %, &, *, / (_

^= kfyLe/f >Lh+3f * -;fljs ofDkm'lbg uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= !, @, #, / ^_

&= 3fªn'ª kmStfªn'ª & -;fljs cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf uf=lj=;= sf] ;a} j8fx?_

cg';"rL !^M Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ cGt/utsf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= pkef]Qmf

;ldltsf] gfdcWoIfsf] gfd 7]ufgf

kbflwsf/L ;+Vof

dlxnf k'?if ;d'x ;+Vof

Uf7g ldlt

1 nfnLu''/f+; vu]Gb| km]Da' lnDa' n]n]k 11 4 7 34 2071÷02÷17

2 ;]sfy'd 3'G;f 5]t]g 808' z]kf{ n]n]k 11 3 8 14 2071÷02÷17

3 laxfgL nf]rg s'df/ lnDa' tfk]yf]s 11 3 8 16 2071÷02÷17

4 l;Da'jf vf]nf hLag x]Nnf]s tfk]yf]s 11 3 8 12 2071÷02÷17

5 s~rgh+3f clj/dfg /fO{ ofDkm'lbg 11 3 8 11 2071÷02÷17

6 kfyLe/f bfjf l5l/ª ef]6] ofDkm'lbg 11 3 8 10 2071÷02÷17

7 3f+n'ª 5]t]g 6f;L jfn'e cf]=r'ªuf]nf 11 3 8 10 2071÷02÷17

cg';"rL !&M Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ cGt/utsf pkef]Qmf ;d'x

qm=;+= ;d'xsf] gfd 7]ufgf cWoIfsf] gfd u7g ldlt ;b:o ;+Vof

1 atf;] n]n]k ! a'w/fh lnDa' 2071÷02÷10 38

2 g'uf]yf n]n]k ! s]bf/h+3 lnDa' 2071÷02÷10 27

3 lgËjfkm' n]n]k ! dg k|;fb lnDa' 2071÷02÷08 31

125



4 sflDkmnfË n]n]k ! x]d axfb'/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷10 32

5 dflba'Ë n]n]k @ vu]Gb| km]Da' lnDa' 2071÷02÷06 84

6 8fF8f 6f]n n]n]k @ dg k|:ffb tfdfË 2071÷02÷07 33

7 n]n]k n]n]k # Uofhf] ef]l6of 2071÷02÷11 27

8 6f;L ufpF n]n]k # ;'jf; rGb| /fO{ 2071÷02÷12 18

9 nfjflhg n]n]k $ a'l4dfg lnDa' 2071÷02÷12 30

10 kfyLe/f n]n]k % k|]d s'df/ z]kf{ 2071÷02÷07 19

11 s'Des0f{ n]n]k % ;Gtf]if z]kf{ 2071÷02÷07 21

12 a'4 yk{lnË n]n]k ^ 1fg' y]]a] z]]kf{ 2071÷02÷09 32

13 l;h{gf n]n]k ^ g/ axfb'/ /fO{ 2071÷02÷09 17

14 b]p/fnL n]n]k ^ s]lzË lnDa' 2071÷02÷10 12

15 ;]sfy'd ;fOgf] n]n]k & Uofa' z]kf{ 2071÷02÷13 27

16 luldluNNff n]n]k * r'Ëbf z]kf{ 2071÷02÷14 6

17 gfu kf]v/L n]n]k * bf]]h]{ z]kf{ 2071÷02÷15 21

18 kmn] n]n]k ( lkmGhf] jfËbL z]kf{ 2071÷02÷16 26

19 3'G;f n]n]k ( 5]t]g 808' z]kf{ 2071÷02÷16 44

20 kfjfb]g tfk]yf]s–! ldng lnDa' 2071÷02÷07 19

21 ;+uDaf] tfk]yf]s–@ nf]rg lnDa' 2071÷02÷06 27

22 gfDkm'jf tfk]yf]s–# dg k|;fb lnDa' 2071÷02÷11 52

23 ;]tL b]jL tfk]yf]s–$ aL/dfg /fO{ 2071÷02÷08 18

24 cËaf sfef{ b]aL tfk]yf]s–% /Tg s'df/ /fO{ 2071÷02÷10 16

25 n's'Daf tfk]yf]s–^ wgxfË lnDa' 2071÷02÷09 33

26 b]p/fnL tfk]yf]s–& hLag x]Nnf]]s 2071÷02÷06 43

27 d]ugfy tfk]yf]s–* ldng /fO{ 2071÷02÷11 43

28 xfËkfËof]s tfk]yf]s–* k'0f{ km]Da' 2071÷02÷07 37

29 k/]jflvd tfk]yf]s–* cf]d k|sf; lnDa' 2071÷02÷08 23

30 nfnL u'/fF; tfk]yf]s–( ;fhg lnDa' -;'/]z_ 2071÷02÷09 42

31 kmËtfËn'Ë tfk]yf]s–( sfhLdfg /fO{ 2071÷02÷09 29

32 l/vft] cf]=r'=uf]nf–!÷@ 5]t]g 6f;L z]kf{ -nfj/_ 2071÷02÷13 15

33 bfËh] cf]= uf]nf–#÷$5]t]g 6f;L z]kf{ -sfhL_ 2071÷02÷13 18

126



34 cflrËnf cf]= uf]nf–%÷^ 5]t]g z]]kf{ -x'/L_ 2071÷02÷13 13

35 gs'jf cf= uf]nf–&÷* of]Gb] z]kf{ 2071÷02÷13 11

36 ofËdf cf]= uf]nf–( 5]t]g z]kf{ 2071÷02÷15 11

37 Olvd ofDkm'lbg–! 7fs'/ l;+x lnDa' 2071÷02÷15 15

38 ;fd]y'Ë ofDkm'lbg–! kbd axfb'/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷15 13

39 l5ldofF ofDkm'lbg–@ bfjf l5l/Ë ef]6] 2071÷02÷13 23

40 ofËu'tfË ofDkm'lbg–# b]pdfg ef]6] 2071÷02÷13 19

41 l5a's ofDkm'lbg–^ l;bf/ ef]6] 2071÷02÷14 21

42 sflQs] ofDkm'lbg–$ dg s''df/ /fO{ 2071÷02÷11 26

43 ;fd]y'Ë ofDkm'lbg–% led axfb'/ /fO{ 2071÷02÷10 29

44 dSn'jf ofDkm'lbg–& czf]s s'df/ /fO{ 2071÷02÷12 16

45 y''lËd ofDkm'lbg–* cf]d k|sf; /fO{ 2071÷02÷12 23

46 s~rgh‹f ofDkm'lbg–( cla/dfg /fO{ 2071÷02÷09 39

hDdf 3/w'/L ;+Vof !@!(

cg';"rL !*M Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ cGt/utsf cfdf ;d'xsf] ljj/0f

qm=;++ cfdf ;d''xsf] gfd 7]ufgf cWoIfsf] gfd u7g ldlt 3/w'/L ;+Vof

1 ;d{nf cfdf ;d'x n]n]k ! b]aLdfof lnDa' 2071÷02÷09 84

2 uf]lkofs cfdf ;d''x n]n]k ! ;+uLtf t'DafxfDkm] 2071÷02÷08 17

3 dflba'Ë cfdf ;d'x n]n]k @ a]lntf lnDa' 2071÷02÷06 49

4 n]Kr'Ë cfdf ;d'x n]n]k @ km'k' nfd' z]kf{ 2071÷02÷07 16

5 n]n]k cfdf ;d'x n]n]k # k]Dafkm''6L z]kf{ 2071÷02÷11 21

6 6f;L ufpF b]aL cfdf ;d'x n]n]k # clDasf lnDa' 2071÷02÷12 18

7 nfjflhg cfdf ;d'x n]n]k $ km'k' 8f]df z]kf{ 2071÷02÷12 29

8 n'Ëy'Ë cfdf ;d'x n]n]k % k]Daf 5f]]SsL z]kf{ 2071÷02÷07 34

9 yk{lnË cfdf ;d'x n]n]k ^ bfsL z]kf{ 2071÷02÷08 32

10 l;h{gf cfdf ;d'x n]n]k ^ rGb|f /fO{ 2071÷02÷08 21

11 >[Ëvnf cfdf ;d'x n]n]k & 5]/]g z]kf{ 2071÷02÷13 21

12 cDhLn];f cfdf ;d'x n]n]k * e'6Ls z]kf{ 2071÷02÷14 9

13 UofAnf cfdf ;d'x n]n]k * bfjfkm'6L z]kf{ 2071÷02÷15 16

14 ;fDa]lnË cfdf ;d'x n]n]k ( bfjfkm'6L z]kf{ 2071÷02÷16 26

15 3'G;f cfdf ;d'x n]n]k ( km'k' 5Dh] z]kf{ 2071÷02÷16 39

127


qm=;++ cfdf ;d''xsf] gfd 7]ufgf cWoIfsf] gfd u7g ldlt 3/w'/L ;+Vof

16 tfk]yf]s cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s ! u+ufdfof lnDa' 2071÷02÷07 15

17 kfyLe/f cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s @ ;dLIff lnDa' 2071÷02÷06 26

18 vfDyfs cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s # dlgtf lnDa' 2071÷02÷11 39

19 l;;+jf cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s $ ;~r s'df/L /fO{ 2071÷02÷08 13

20 l5?jf cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s % 6+sdfof tfdfË 2071÷02÷10 15

21 kfyLe/f cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s ^ ;'lgtf lnDa' -aL_ 2071÷02÷09 24

22 s'Des0f{ cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s & lgd{nf /fO{ 2071÷02÷06 24

23 b]p/fnL cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s * dg s'df/L /fO{ 2071÷02÷11 11

24 ;Ton'Ë cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s * /0fdtL lnDa' 2071÷02÷07 61

25 ;]jfn'Ë cfdf ;d'x tfk]yf]s ( sf]lknf lnDa' 2071÷02÷08 35

26 lxdfnL cfdf ;d'x cf]=r'=uf]nf !% 8f]df z]kf{ 2071÷02÷12 25

27 s~rghËf cfdf ;d'x cf]=r'=uf]nf ^* 8f]+uf z]kf{ 2071÷02÷12 25

28 cf]dLvfË|L cfdf ;d'x cf]=r'=uf]nf ( ef]df] z]kf{ 2071÷02÷15 7

29 d]rL cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg ! Go'snf lnDa' 2071÷02÷15 18

30 kfyLe/f cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg @ / # kf;fË lbsL z]kf{ 2071÷02÷13 32

31 lxdfno cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg ^ ;Gh' ef]6] 2071÷02÷14 16

32 nIdL cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg $ /fd s'df/L /fO{ 2071÷02÷11 21

33 ltDa'Ë kf]v/L cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg % ;Ltf /fO{ 2071÷02÷10 18

34 sfa]nL cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg & / * ?b| s'df/L /fO{ 2071÷02÷12 20

35 s~rgh‹f cfdf ;d'x ofDkm'lbg ( dg s'df/L /fO{ 2071÷02÷09 21

hDdf ;b:o ;+Vof *(*

cg';"rL !(M Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\ cGt/utsf ;+/If0f ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+=;fd'bflos jgsf] gfd

7]ufgf cWoIfsf] gfd u7g ldlt;b:o ;+Vof

If]qkmn -x]=_

1 l6Ktfnf e~HofË uf]nf ! b]lv * 5f]Da] z]kf{ 2071÷02÷12 54 26508

2 ph]nLkfvf n]n]k & r]ªf z]kf{ 2071÷02÷13 27 14÷38

3 jgkfnf n]n]k # 5]t]g z]kf{ 2071÷02÷11 29 8÷3

4 ktfn] tfk]yf]s &,*,(pQ/ axfb'/ sf]lxaf

2071÷02÷10 177 17217

5 u'F/f;] n]n]k ! 8Da/ axfb'/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷09 102 22÷9

128


qm=;+=;fd'bflos jgsf] gfd

7]ufgf cWoIfsf] gfd u7g ldlt;b:o ;+Vof

If]qkmn -x]=_

6 ;ftkq] /fgL dlxnf tfk]yf]s &,*,( wgdfof lnDa' 2071÷02÷10 53 9

7bf]/f]Ë Uofa' kmn]saf;

n]n]k % / ^ Uofa' z]kf{ 2071÷02÷08 78 675

8 n'Ëy'Ë n]n]k % l5l/Ë z]kf{ 2071÷02÷07 38 11÷9

9 sfkf]n'Ë tfk]yf]s % /fd s'df/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷12 47 14÷3

10 bf]af6] n]n]k !,@,# lbn s'df/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷13 253 187÷9

11 nK;Laf6] n]n]k @ 1fg]Gb| lnDa' 2071÷02÷07 54 3÷5

12 yfSkfvf]nf n]n]k # t]lGhË z]kf{ 2071÷02÷12 18 17÷7

13 gfuyfg n]n]k ^ bfjf l5l/Ë z]kf{ 2071÷02÷09 31 2÷7

14 nfjflhg n]n]k $ kf;fË z]kf{ 2071÷02÷10 27 1466÷7

15 gfDkm'jf tfk]yf]s !,@,# wg axfb'/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷12 76 477÷4

16 lguLhd km'naf/L tfk]yf]s !,@,#,$ cdL/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷12 85 1135÷9

17 ;'Dbf] xfF; kf]v/L n]n]k * jfËbL z]kf{ 2071÷02÷15 21 4241÷6

18 aLuaf/L n]n]k * nfSkf z]kf{ 2071÷02÷14 13 675÷7

19 s'Des0f{ n]n]k ( 808' z]kf{ -7'nf]_ 2071÷02÷16 64 10520

20 n's'Daf km'naf/L tfk]yf]s ^ x]d axfb'/ lnDa' 2071÷02÷09 31 442

21 s~rgh+3f ofDkm'lbg ( tf/fdfg /fO{ 2071÷02÷09 53 4900

22 kfyLe/f ofDkm'lbg ! 5qdfg u'?Ë 2071÷02÷16 21 407÷31

23 ltDa'Ë kf]v/L ofDkm'lbg % ;'/]Gb| /fO{ 2071÷02÷10 51 31÷5

24 b]p/fnL ofDkm'lbg @,#,^,& Uofa'' nfdf 2071÷02÷13 59 5

25 cf]dL3fË|L uf]nf ( ;f]gfd 6f;L z]kf{ 2071÷02÷15 12 5

26 lszf]+df b]p/fnL n]n]d ^ s[i0f axfb'/ /fO{ 2071÷02÷10 12 425

hDdf ;b:o ;+Vof !$*^ ^($@^

cg';"rL @)M lxpF lrt'jf ;+/If0f pk–;ldltsf] ljj/0f

pk ;ldltsf] gfd

qm=;+= kb3'G;f lx=lr=;+=p=;=

ofDkm'lbg lx=lr=;+=p=;=uf]nf lx=lr=;+=p=;=

ofËdf lx=lr=;+=p=;=

1 cWoIf k]df z]kf{ ld+df Uofa' ef]6] g'k' z]kf{ lkmGhf] z]kf{

2 sf]iffWoIf jfË8f z]kf{ lg? u'?Ë lgdf z]kf{ tfD8LË z]kf{

3 ;lrj r'Ëbf z]kf{ lbg]z /fO{ u'? nfSofk z]kf{ nf]K;fË z]kf{

4 ;b:o bfjf 7'nf] z]kf{ v8\u axfb'/ u'?Ë ;f]gfd >]i7 9fjf nfdf

129


5 ;b:o bfjf ;'Gb/] z]kf{ z's' ef]6] e'h'Ë z]kf{ ;f]gfd 6f;L z]kf{

6 ;b:o bfjf 5]t]g 1fg'dfof /fO{ 5]t]g z]kf{ t]lGhË z]kf{

7 ;b:o k]Daf z]kf{ ;'/]Gb| s'df/ /fO{ bf]h]{ z]kf{ k]df z]kf{

8 ;b:o jfËUof z]kf{ /fd axfb'/ u'?Ë 808' z]kf{ k]Daf z]kf{

9 ;b:o nfSkf UofDhf] z]kf{ kmljGb| u'?Ë r'Ëbfs z]kf{ 6f;L z]kf{

cg';"rL @!M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]l/ lzsf/ lgoGq0f ;d'xsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= kb ;]sfy'dclDhn]];fUofAnf 3'G;f nfnLu'/fF; l;Da'jfvf]nf ljxfgL 3fËn'Ë kfyLe/f s~rghËf

1 cWoIf 6f;L z]kf{ 808' z]kf{s]bf/ hË lnDa' lhjg lnDa'

e/tl;Fx lnDa'

5\jfË lkmGhf] z]kf{ ;Gtf]if ef]6]

s'df/ k|;fb u'?Ë

2 pkfWoIf b]p s'df/ /fO{hf]Gb]nf z]kf{ Uofa' z]kf{ nfSkf ef]6] dfgaL/ /fO{

3 ;lrj lgdf bf]h]{ z]kf{ ldËdf z]kf{ nId0f /fO{

5\jfË t]lGhË z]kf{

ltns dfg u'?Ë tf/fdfg /fO{

4 ;b:o nf]sdfg >]i7l5l/Ë g'k' z]kf{ a'w/fh lnDa' ljho km]Da'

x]dnfn lnDa'

tfD8LË z]kf{ k]Daf z]kf{

OGb| axfb''/ /fO{

5 ;b:o lgdf 5]t]g z]kf{jfËUof z]kf{

pHjn dfg lnDa' a'wdfg lnDa'

/0f axfb'/ lnDa'

tfD8LË z]kf{, ofËdf kbd dfaf]

uf]kfn k|;fb /fO{

6 ;b:o e'h'Ë z]kf{ ;f]gfd z]kf{ rGb| s]b]]d cfzLif /fO{

;/g axfb'/ /fO{

;f]gfd v/]n lgdf ef]6]

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8 ;b:o yfSr] z]kf{ ws]{ z]kf{ 6f;L z]kf{ b]p s'df/L lnDa';'jf; lnDa' x'/L 5]t]g k|sf; u'?Ë

kf;fË 808' ef]6]

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10 ;b:o nfSkf z]kf{ wg s'df/ z]kf{ lav{l;Fx lnDa'

lgnd s'df/ lnDa'

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11 ;b:o t]lGhË z]kf{ jfËbL z]kf{sdn s'df/ lnDa'

s'df/ lnDa' lzj u'?Ë ;'o{dfg /fO{

12 ;b:o Uofa' z]kf{ lgdf gfjf ;Gtf]if lnDa'

nfv axfb'/ lnDa'

hut axfb'/ u'?Ë

13 ;b:o 5]t]g z]kf{ ;'lgn lnDa' a'w/fh lnDa'

sLlt{dfg lnDa'

g]q k|;fb /fO{

14 ;b:o kf;fË nfdfnfSkf 808' ef]6]

15 ;b:o pQd s'df/ u'?Ë

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130


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@= s]zj k|;fb cof{n jg lj1÷cy{zf:qL ;x 6f]nL k|d'v

#= dlg; sdf{rfo{ e"–;"rgf k|0ffnL ljZn]ifs ;b:o

$ sd{7 tfdfª k|f0fLzf:qL ;b:o

cg';'rL @# M of]hgf th'{df sfo{bnsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= gfd kb tyf sfof{no lhDd]jf/L! x]d /fh cfrfo{ ;+/If0f clws[t, s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q ;+of]hs

@= g'/]Gb| cof{n ;xfos Joj:yfkg clws[t

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cg';'rL @$ M k'g/fjnf]sgstf{x?sf] ljj/0f

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#= 8f= gs'n If]qL O;Ldf]8

$= ofbj pk|]tL l/si6, lq=lj=

#= lji0f' k|;fb yklnof ;xfos Joj:yfkg clws[t, Joj:yfkg zfvf


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/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu

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dnpwc.gov.npdnpwc.gov.np/media/publication/KCA_management_plan.pdf · k|sfzsM s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\, kmStfªn'ª–^, tfKn]h'ª;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L -;fO6];g_M s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f