Do d Energy Manager Handbook

8/13/2019 Do d Energy Manager Handbook

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Department of Defense

Energy Managers Handbook

Prepared for theOffice of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (ODUSD)

Installations and Enironment (I!E)

"as#ington$ D%&%

In support of"estern 'oer rid 'eak Demand and

Energy *eduction 'rogram

Prepared by

Intuitie *esearc# ! +ec#nology &orporationHuntsille$ ,- ./012

,ugust 3/$ 311/


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Table of Contents

Table of Contents................................................................................................................ii

Executive Summary............................................................................................................vi

Acknowledements..........................................................................................................viii

Part I !rani"in #or Enery $anaement ........................................................................%

&. Introduction to 'o' Enery $anaement......................................................................%&.&. (ey Points.............................................................................................................%&.). Enery $anaement Challenes...........................................................................%&.*. 'evelop Interated Conservation Proram...........................................................%&.+. ,enefits of Enery Conservation.........................................................................&-

). 'o' Enery Prorams Policies and /oals..................................................................&0).&. (ey Points...........................................................................................................&0).). !ffice of the Secretary of 'efense 1!S'2..........................................................&0).*. !verview of 'o' Enery Policies......................................................................&3).+. 'o' Enery Consumption 4eduction /oals......................................................&%

Part II Startin an Enery $anaement Proram..............................................................)-

*. 'o' Installation Enery $anaement Team................................................................)-*.&. (ey Points...........................................................................................................)-*.). Team Concept......................................................................................................)-

*.*. Installation Enery $anaer...............................................................................)-*.+. Installation Commander......................................................................................)0*.-. Installation Enery $anaement Team5Steerin /roup5,oard..........................)3*.6. Informal 7orkin 4elationships with (ey Individuals......................................*8*.0. Additional 9elp #rom !ther !rani"ations.......................................................*+*.3. 4esource Efficiency $anaer.............................................................................*6

+. Enery Conservation Proram Plannin.......................................................................*3+.&. (ey Points..........................................................................................................*3+.). Plannin...............................................................................................................*3+.*. Establishin Enery and 7ater Savins Tarets................................................*%

+.+. Prorammin 'esinin and Constructin ......................................................+8+.-. $anain to Achieve 'o' Enery /oals...........................................................+&+.6. 'evelopin Conservation Pro:ects......................................................................+&+.0. Enery Security5#lexibility................................................................................+*

-. Enery Awareness........................................................................................................++-.&. (ey Points..........................................................................................................++-.). Proram Purpose.................................................................................................++

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-.*. Awareness ,asics...............................................................................................+--.+. Proram 'esin...................................................................................................+6-.-. Action

6. Enery Accountin and $anaement 4eportin..........................................................-&6.&. (ey Points..........................................................................................................-&6.). 'efense >tility Enery 4eportin System.........................................................-&6.*. Army Enery and 7ater 4eportin System........................................................-)6.+. ?avy 'ata $anaement.....................................................................................-)6.-. Air #orce '>E4S...............................................................................................-*6.6. #acility Enery Proram 4eportin 4e=uirements............................................-*

0. Enery and the Environment........................................................................................--0.&. (ey Points..........................................................................................................--0.). The Enery and Environmental Connection......................................................--0.*. 7aste


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&&. Enery Conservation in Existin Systems...................................................................%*&&.&. (ey Points.........................................................................................................%*&&.). 4educin Enery >se and Cost.........................................................................%*&&.*. >tilities..............................................................................................................%+&&.+. Enery Conservation $easures........................................................................%-

&&.-. Enery System $aintenance...........................................................................&)8&&.6. Electrical @oad 4eduction...............................................................................&**&&.0. 4eferences ......................................................................................................&*+

&). Alternative 4enewable and Clean Enery..............................................................&*6&).&. (ey Points......................................................................................................&*6&).). ,ackround.....................................................................................................&*6&).*. Solar Enery....................................................................................................&*3&).+. /eothermal Enery..........................................................................................&+&&).-. 7ind Enery...................................................................................................&++&).6 ,iomass...........................................................................................................&+-&).0 'istributed Enery /eneration........................................................................&+6&).3. '!Es #E$P 4enewable Enery Proram...................................................&+0

&*. 7ater Conservation..................................................................................................&+3&*.&. (ey Points......................................................................................................&+3&*.). 'o' 7ater Situation.......................................................................................&+3&*.*. 7ater $anaement........................................................................................&-8&*.+. 7ater Conservation $ethods..........................................................................&-&

&+. #undin Enery and 7ater Conservation Pro:ects....................................................&6*&+.&. (ey Points......................................................................................................&6*&+.). Sources of #undin.........................................................................................&6*

&+.*. /overnment #undin Sources.........................................................................&6*&+.+. >tility #undin Sources..................................................................................&66&+.-. Enery Savins Performance Contractin.......................................................&6%

Part IB Analy"in Enery Pro:ects..................................................................................&0-

&-. @ife


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Part B Service Enery Prorams.....................................................................................&%0

&0. Army Enery Prorams.............................................................................................&%0&0.&. Army Enery Proram....................................................................................&%0&0.). 'epartment of the Army Enery $anaement !rani"ation.........................&%0

&0.*. Army Enery /oals.........................................................................................&%%&0.+. Army Enery $anaement Support................................................................&%%&0.-. Enery 4etrofit Support..................................................................................)8&&0.6. Army Enery 4esearch 'evelopment Plan.................................................)8&&0.0. Enery Security Proram................................................................................)8)

&3. 'epartment of ?avy Enery Prorams......................................................................)8*&3.&. ?avy Enery $anaement !ffices.................................................................)8*

&%. Air #orce Enery Prorams.......................................................................................)86&%.&. Air #orce Enery $anaement !ffices..........................................................)86&%.). Air #orce Enery Policies5/oals.....................................................................)83

&%.*. Air #orce #acilities Enery Proram..............................................................)8%

)8. 'efense Enery Support Center 1'ESC2..................................................................)&6)8.&. 'efense Enery Support Center $ission........................................................)&6)8.). 9istory.............................................................................................................)&6)8.*. 'ESC !rani"ations.......................................................................................)&0)8.+. 7orldwide Enery Conference.......................................................................)&%)8.-. 'o's Centrali"ed ?atural /as Proram........................................................)&%)8.6. Contact Information.........................................................................................))8

)&. #ederal Enery $anaement Proram 1#E$P2........................................................))&

)&.&. #ederal Enery $anaement Proram $ission..............................................))&)&.). Services............................................................................................................))&)&.*. Proram Areas.................................................................................................))))&.+. Additional 4esources.......................................................................................))+

Appendix AD /lossary ....................................................................................................))6

Appendix ,D #re=uently


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Executive Summary

This handbook is desined to act as a useful tool and uide in assistin 'epartment of'efense 1'o'2 installation and facility enery manaers to effectively perform tasksassociated with their :obs. It is not the intent of the 9andbook to answer all =uestionson the sub:ect of enery manaement but rather to provide the enery manaerenouh of the basic information and reference to other resources in order tosuccessfully conduct an enery manaement proram. This 9andbook is one of manyresources to help enery manaers meet the challenes of todays market.

The 9andbook is divided into five parts. 'art Iis 4Organi5ing for EnergyManagement%6 It includes an introduction and overview of the enery manaersprofessional responsibilities in addition to outlinin the latest federal policies and theoals set by 'o' in order to implement those policies.

'art IIof the 9andbook is FStarting an Energy Management 'rogram%6 It definesthose elements that lay the foundation of an enery manaement proram such asinstallin a team settin the oals and plans for implementation of those oalscreatin an enery awareness campain and performin enery accountin andreportin.

'art III 7 4Energy and "ater &onseration6provides the resources to assist inidentifyin fundin and executin measures that reduce enery consumption andcost. It provides recommendations for some of the latest strateies and technoloiesutili"ed in enery manaement today.

'art I8of the 9andbook is 4,naly5ing Energy 'ro9ects.6Chapter &+ covers the

techni=ues of @ife Cycle Costin in assistin the enery manaer in selectin themost cost effective enery and water pro:ects. It also provides resources to supportenery life cycle cost analyses. Chapter &- identifies federally funded software inaddition to that available commercially for enery analysis.

#inally'art 84Serice Energy 'rograms$6provides an overview of Army ?avyand Air #orce enery prorams as well as those services provided by the 'efenseEnery Support Center and the 'epartment of Enerys #ederal Enery $anaementProram. Throuh information provided in the latest reulations instructions andprocedural memorandum the chapters define individual enery team memberresponsibilities and plans to meet federal enery and water use oals.

Appendices to the 9andbook include a lossary of important terms and abbreviationsfre=uently asked =uestions and resource and contact information for a variety oforani"ations both within the #ederal overnment and outside that have commonoals to the enery manaer. Appendix E FSuested Professional @ibrary and4esources /uideG is a listin of publications that would be helpful to the facilityenery manaer. Appendix # includes references used in compilin the 9andbookrevision.

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* ;an 8- vii


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Acknowledgements

Intuitive ratefully acknowledes the assistance and support of C'4 4obert Tomiak!ffice of the 'eputy >nder Secretary of 'efense 1!'>S'2 Installations and

Environment 1IE2 and $r. ;im Paton 9'A !ffice of the Assistant Chief of StaffInstallation $anaement 1!ACSI$2 in the development of this update to the 'o'Enery $anaers 9andbook. This effort was made possible throuh fundinprovided via the 7estern Power /rid Peak 'emand and Enery 4eduction Proram17P/2 the purpose of which was to provide technical services to the !'>S' andmilitary installations in the 7estern Power /rid reion to develop pro:ects andimplement enery efficiency measures that taret peak demand and eneryconservation.

#inancial support for the 9andbook revision was provided by the followin contractsDB60+P


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Part I Organizing or Energy !anagement

"# Introduction to $o$ Energy !anagement

"#"# %ey Points

Enery and water conservation deliver a wide rane of benefits includindollar savins infrastructure improvements reduced pollutant emissionsimproved enery reliability and security and in some cases increasedproductivity.

Each installation or facility enery manaer 1hereinafter referred tosimply as Fenery manaerG2 faces the challene of promotin enery andwater efficiency as much as possible without :eopardi"in missioncapabilities or reducin the =uality of life of 'o' personnel.

,ecause fully successful enery conservation prorams need top$anaement support 'o' enery manaers need to convince installationcommanders or facility owners of the cost savins and benefits that canbe reali"ed throuh enery and water conservation.

In order to establish and maintain a successful enery proram theenery manaer needs a ood understandin of both the technical andmanaerial aspects of enery manaement.

"# Energy !anagement C'allenges

Executive !rder 1E!2 &*&)* F/reenin the /overnment throuh EfficientEnery $anaementG set ambitious but achievable enery manaementoals for the #ederal /overnment. Efficient use of enery and waterresources plays an important role in support of 'o's primary missions. Theinefficient use of enery wastes limited defense funds divertin those fundsfrom other essential mission re=uirements. 'o' installations are focused onimprovin efficiency reducin demand eliminatin waste and enhancin=uality of life while meetin mission re=uirements.

"#(# $evelo) Integrated Conservation Program

'o' spends over J).- billion per year on facility enery consumption. Theyare the larest sinle enery consumer in the >nited States representin 03Kof the #ederal sector. Conservin enery and investin in enery reductionmeasures makes ood business sense. 4esearch has shown that leaders inenery manaement are able to achieve superior financial performance.

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A ma:or challene facin each 'o' installation enery manaer is to promoteefficiency and reduce costs as much as possible without :eopardi"in missioncapabilities or reducin the =uality of life for 'o' personnel. The enerymanaer must develop and orchestrate the implementation of an interatedenery and water conservation proram. That proram must involve everyenery user on an installation from the commandin officer down the chainof command to every person 1and visitor2 on the base. The proram shouldinclude the followin components each of which are discussed in reaterdetail in succeedin chapters.

"#(#"# *aseline Energy Assessment

!ne of the initial steps in developin an effective enery cost controlproram is performin a baseline enery assessment. A baselineassessment will assist with evaluatin the health of the existinenery proram or in identifyin and documentin shortfalls if a

proram doesnt currently exist. It should serve as a startin and5orreference point to institute an interated conservation proram.

A baseline enery assessment will evaluate the facilitys baselineenery use and performance. ,enchmarkin will then show acomparison of enery performance of similar facilities or for anestablished level of performance. That baseline assessment should bereviewed periodically probably at a fre=uency of every * to - years.The assessment should identify the larest enery users bestopportunities for reduction re=uirements for critical backup poweretc.

Barious enery manaement and services companies can becontracted with to perform baseline enery assessments and audits.The E?E4/L STA4 web site lists numerous service and productproviders to assist orani"ations with improvin their total enerymanaement. The E?E4/L STA4 web site address isDhttpD55www.enerystar.ov .

The 'epartment of Enerys 1'!E2 #ederal Enery $anaementProram 1#E$P2 supports aencies in need of technical assistance.Amon other services they perform screenin for pro:ectopportunities in addition to providin feasibility studies. 4eference

Chapter )& for a more in depth overview of #E$Ps activities.

The Services each manae prorams aimed at reducin enery andassociated costs and at improvin enery systems. Specifics of theirefforts includin technical assistance provided and fundin sourcescan be accessed throuh their associated web addressesD

httpDh=da


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httpD55www.nfesc.navy.mil5enery5httpD55www.afcesa.af.mil5ces5cesm5enery5cesmMenery.asp

4eference Chapters &0 throuh &% of this 9andbook for furtherdiscussion on the Services responsibilities related to eneryprorams.

"#(# Institute a Program Plan

Plannin is an important part of an enery manaement proram.That plannin consists of initially performin an enery audit toidentify how enery is currently bein used in the facility settinclear and measurable oals then developin an action plan toimplement those oals.

Enery audits as well as commissionin and re


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"#(#(# Obtain To) !anagement Su))ort

7hile some improved efficiency can be obtained at little or no costfully successful conservation prorams need top manaement support.There are ways to obtain those needed resources but to do so enery

manaers must convince top manaement of the cost savins andbenefits that can be reali"ed throuh enery conservation. Takin fulladvantae of conservation opportunities re=uires that manaementplace a priority on conservation pro:ects and staffin. Convincinmanaement to read:ust resource priorities usually re=uires a welltility Enery Services Contracts 1>ESC2.

Enery conservation pro:ects can be funded with !$ funds. This isthe same account that pays for core military operational needs such asfuel and bullets. Installation commanders have authority andflexibility in decidin how these funds are to be spent.

ECIP is a special $I@C!?


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"#+# *enefits of Energy Conservation

The #ederal /overnment is the larest enery user in the >nited States and'o' is by far the larest consumer of enery in the #ederal /overnmentaccountin for nearly 38K of total #ederal enery use. 'o'Ns si"e provides it

with a uni=ue opportunity to shape the national enery conservation stratey.,y providin leadership in this worthwhile effort 'o' installations caninspire the entire nation to follow their example.

"#+#"# Im)roved 1se of .esources

Conservation is really improved manaement. Conservation does notmean simply turnin off the switch and doin without. 4ather itmeans usin resources more efficiently to provide the same or evenan improved level of benefits at lower cost. Conservation helpsinstallations deal with resource limitations without reducin mission

capabilities productivity or the =uality of life for 'o' personnel.4esource


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reduces the amount of air pollutants resultin from the direct burninof fossil fuels and indirect burnin when eneratin electricity. @esselectricity consumption means less air pollutionH a &8K reduction in>S electricity use would cut annual carbon dioxide emissions by over)88 million tons sulfur dioxide emissions by &.0 million tons andnitroen oxide emissions by %88 thousand tons. >se of less fuel toproduce steam on 'o' installations means less worry about the costof meetin leally permitted emissions levels.

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$o$ Energy Programs2 Policies2 and 3oals

"# %ey Points

The Principal 'eputy >nder Secretary of 'efense 1Ac=uisitionTechnoloy and @oistics2 is the 'o' Senior Aency !fficial responsiblefor meetin the oals of Executive !rder &*&)*.

The 'o' Installations Capabilities Council 1ICC2 chaired by the 'eputy>nder Secretary of 'efense 1Installations Environment2 1'>S'1IE22 is chartered to address a broad spectrum of installation issuesincludin enery manaement and to identify and remove obstaclesthrouh improved policy and uidance.

The !ffice of the Secretary of 'efense 1!S'2 Enery $anaer conductsa biS' 1AT@2 in !S' is the hihest enery policyS' 1AT@2 has deleated authority for manain theinstallation enery proram to the '>S' 1IE2.

The '>S' 1IE2 is to ascertain policies and provide uidance to the 'o'Components for the manaement of facility enery resources in the 'o' andserve as the primary adviser for facility enery policy matters. The '>S'1IE2 establishes 'epartmental enery conservation proram oals anddevelops procedures to measure Components enery conservation

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accomplishmentsH provides annual prorammin uidance and oversiht forthe achievement of enery oals and ob:ectivesH establishes criteria proramand budet for and monitors the execution of the $ilitary Construction REnery Conservation Investment Proram 1ECIP2. The '>S' 1IE2 alsodevelops policy uidance consistent with current leislation and executiveorders to report enery use and results of enery conservationaccomplishments aainst #ederal enery conservation and manaement oals.

The 'o' Installations Capabilities Council 1ICC2 chaired by the 'eputy>nder Secretary of 'efense 1IE2 is chartered to address a broad spectrumof installation issues includin enery manaement. $embership includes across section of 'o' senior leadership necessary to make decisions needed toremove obstacles hinderin compliance with the enery proram.Additionally Interated Product Teams 1IPT2 are created as re=uired to workspecific issues with appropriate participation from the 'efense Components.

An Interaency Enery $anaement Task #orce 1IE$T#2 provides technical

support to #ederal aencies in efforts to meet the oals of E! &*&)*. The'irector Installations 4e=uirements and $anaement !'>S' 1IE21I4$2 represents the 'epartment of 'efense on the IE$T#.

Interaency workin roups with representatives from the 'epartment alsosupport the Interaency Enery $anaement Task #orce 1IE$T#2 and theIP, as necessary. These roups include but are not limited to renewableenery sustainable desin and enery efficient products.

The >tilities Privati"ation 7orkin /roup and Enery 7orkin roupprovide prorammatic loistical and technical support to the utilitiesprivati"ation effort. Its membership includes representatives from the !S'the four Services '@A5'ESC and the other 'efense Aencies.

(# Overview of $o$ Energy Policies

'o's policy is to ensure that 'o' utility infrastructure is secure safereliable and efficientH that utility commodities are procured effectively andefficientlyH and that 'o' Components maximi"e enery and waterconservation efforts. 'espite successful enery reductions alreadyexperienced the 'epartment must make reater strides in enery efficiencyand consumption reduction in order to meet the oals of providin reliable

and cost effective utility services to the 7arfihter. 'o' will invest in costESC and ESPC are

a crucial tool for financin enery efficiency measures and allowinstallations to improve their infrastructure and pay for the eneryefficiency measures throuh the savins enerated by the pro:ectover time. These contracts will include infrastructure upradesand new e=uipment to help the installations reduce enery andwater consumption. Pro:ects may include new thermal storaesystems chillers boilers lihts motors Enery $anaementControl Systems 1E$CS2 systems and water reducin devices andother enery savin devices and measures.

3%:%;%2% 'rocure -ife &ycle &ost Effectie$ Energy Efficient

oods and 'roducts

7hen life


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facility. All 'o' Components are encouraed to participate in the'!E demonstration prorams when participation is cost


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60tilities Privati"ation ProramG the 'o' Components shallcomplete privati"ation decisions on all electric water wastewater andnatural as systems by September *8 )88-. Except where theSecretary of the $ilitary 'epartment has certified that the systems areexempt due to security reasons or privati"ation is uneconomical the$ilitary Services shall privati"e those types of utility systems at everyActive and 4eserve Component installation within the >nited Statesand overseas that is not desinated for closure under a base closurelaw. Since uprades are normally completed within - years after aprivati"ation award is made all privati"ed systems should reach areadiness level of at least C


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Part II Starting an Energy !anagement Program

(# $o$ Installation Energy !anagement Team

(#"# %ey Points

Enery manaers should recruit assistance for enery and waterconservation tasks from other people. !rani"in an installation Enery$anaement Team 1E$T2 is the first step in sharin workload.

,efore startin to actively recruit members for the E$T the enerymanaer should study the responsibilities of base orani"ations anddetermine which orani"ations can be helpful to enery conservation.

Enery manaers need to establish informal lines of communication withkey staff members whose assistance is critical in implementin eneryconservation pro:ects.

7hen resources are not available to establish an E$T the services of a4esource Efficiency $anaer provides an option that should beconsidered.

(# Team Conce)t

Since the enery manaer alone cannot do all of the work re=uired inachievin conservation oals he or she must learn to solicit support fromother people. !rani"in an installation E$T is the first step in sharin thatworkload. (nowin how best to use the team is very important since only afew installations can afford to assin a dedicated full


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neither the time nor the knowlede to manae or oversee day


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4e=uest funds for enery pro:ects.

Calculate avoided enery costs.

(eep track of enery pro:ects fundin status.

Proram $anaementD

Establish a peak loadE4S reports.

Establish and communicate base enery policies.

Serve as the Enery $anaement Team secretary.

Prepare an annual point paper for facility enery proram.

Prepare an enery award proram.

Participate in utilities contract neotiations.

4eview and evaluate enery suestions.,ecause enery manaers play a key role in the success of resource

manaement for an installation they must be familiar with the procurementstorae distribution and end use of all fuels other forms of enery andwater. They should also maintain complete files of applicable enery policiesreulations and instructions that miht further the effective use of all formsof enery and water. The enery manaer should be familiar with all current'o' and Service


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orchestratin conservation efforts the commander must make the sometimesdifficult decisions to implement pro:ects that will save enery and water.7ith the commanderNs approval the resources of base orani"ations can betapped. An installation commanderNs stron support for conservation effortswill make a bi difference in settin budet priorities. 9iher priority forconservation 1over other mission needs2 will ensure reater fundin morepersonnel and more of the commanderNs personal attention.

The senior commander at the base should be informed and briefed about theresources manaement proram. To ain support from installationcommanders enery manaers must convince commanders of the benefits ofconservation.

(#,# Installation Energy !anagement Team6Steering3rou)6*oard

(#,#"# unction

Each installation has a clear chainnderstandin an installationNs orani"ational structure is important incommunicatin conservation proram oals to the E$T because theenery manaer must draw personnel from various orani"ations tosupport installation


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installation enery manaers. Throuh E$T channels enerymanaers can have direct access to installation commanders to helpmanae conservation efforts.

(#,# Team !embers

Enery manaers must play a key role in orani"in the installationEnery $anaement Team 1E$T2 and selectin its members. Theeffectiveness of the team will depend heavily on the talents andcommitment of each representative. The enery manaer must ensurethat the E$T has capable representatives from those orani"ationsthat are critical to implementin installation conservation prorams.The E$T should at a minimum consist of the followinorani"ationsD

ChairpersonD Installation Commander or a desinated

representative

SecretaryD Installation Enery $anaer Core $embersD ,ase Civil Enineer5Public 7orks !fficer

Comptroller Contractin !fficer @eal Counsel Supply !fficer>tilities $anaer Transportation !fficer 'irector of !perations1or desinee2 Public Affairs !fficer and #uel $anaement!fficer or their representatives

!ptional $embersD 4epresentatives of the Security Police

9ousin !fficer bi enery


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problem arises make note of the action items and assin appropriateindividuals responsibility to address the problem and report back atthe next meetin. If necessary schedule follow


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Since utilities manaers are responsible for manain utilitiescontracts includin contracts for utility


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maintenance prorams under the direction of a maintenance enineer.

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(#-#-# Plant Su)ervisors

Plant supervisors are responsible for the day


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contracts re=uire careful structurin to avoid future leal problems.@eal counsel should review all contracts and be involved indevelopment of ESPC >ESC neotiation of 'S$ prorams andutility rate neotiation or litiation related to any enery issues. Thecontractin officer should interface with leal counsel on most issues.

(#-#""# Su))ly Officer

The base supply office provides many of the supplies and e=uipmentneeded to implement enery conservation efforts. 9avin an ally inthe supply orani"ation is invaluable.

(#-#" 1tilities Com)any .e)resentatives

As a part of 'S$ efforts some public utility companies may offercash rebates or other incentives for implementin conservationpro:ects such as lihtin retrofits and motor replacements. To increaseuser participation in these rebate prorams utilities companies mayoffer free enery audits. As utility companies prepare for dereulationand resultin competition stranded costs and other important issuesare causin a reduction in rebates but an increase in interest indevelopin flexible assistance desined to foster a lon


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assist with and do whatever is necessary to meet the installationNsenery and water reduction oals. If the ma:or command does nothave such a proram the enery manaer may re=uest that one beformed.

(#/# Tec'nical Service Centers

.%>%3%;% ,rmy

The Army Installation $anaement Aency 1I$A2 is responsible forexecutin the Army Enery and 7ater $anaement Proram andprovides technical assistance to installations for all aspects of theenery proram. I$A has desinated the Army Enineerin SupportCenter 9untsville as the center for expertise for enery savinsperformance contractin 1ESPC2 and utilities enery servicescontractin 1>ESC2. Additionally the Enineer 4esearch'evelopment Center < Construction Enineerin 4esearch @aboratory

1E4'C%3%3% ?ay

The ?avy and $arine Corps technical centers of expertise are the?aval #acilities Enineerin Command 1?AB#AC2 and the ?aval#acilities Enineerin Service Center 1?#ESC2. These Servicecenters often re=uire fundin from the enery manaerNs installationbudet. They also often contract the work to private architectural.S. 'epartment of Enery #ederal Enery $anaement Proram1#E$P2 sponsors the 4E$ proram. The proram is administered by #E$Phead=uarters its 7estern 4eional !ffice and the Pacific ?orthwest?ational @aboratory 1P??@2. 7ashinton State >niversity Extension EneryProram further provides support necessary to maintain and expand the 4E$

network. Case studies documentin prorams that have been implementedsuccessfully can be accessed at 7ashinton State >niversitys site athttpD55www.enery.wsu.edu5pro:ects5rem5cases.cfm.

'!E publishes FContractin for a 4esource Efficiency $anaer A #ederalEnery $anaement Proram !perations $aintenance Center ofExcellence /uidebookG '!E5EE


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+# Energy Conservation Program Planning

+#"# %ey Points

!ne way to start plannin an enery proram is to set oals and estimatethe installations reasonable potential for enery savins and set oalsconsistent with that potential.

Almost all enery and water efficiency measures can be classified into sixbasic cateoriesD awareness maintenance retrofit replacement newconstruction and load shiftin.

Enery security is also a part of enery manaement.

+# Planning

!ne way to start plannin an enery proram is to estimate the installationNsreasonable potential for savins and set oals consistent with that potential.An audit is usually necessary for estimatin enery< and water


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e. New construction, offers an unparalleled opportunity to notonly install the most cost


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enery experts typically pro:ect a potential cost


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!nce a pro:ect is approved and funded the work must be desinedand scheduled for completion by inE4S and perform enery

trend analyses to determine whether actual consumption is on track with'o'Ns oals. Studyin consumption trends reveals if past conservation effortshave worked and provides a basis for forecastin future consumption.

Achievin 'o'Ns oals is the first priority. If analysis shows that the eneryproram is not on track to meet 'o'Ns oals a remedial course of action mustbe desined to reduce consumption. The enery manaer must determine theresources re=uired to implement additional enery conservation pro:ects andshould advise the installation commander that the installation is behindschedule in achievin the oals established by 'o'.

Since 'o'Ns oals are the minimum acceptable oals installations shouldeventually set more ambitious oals based on the actual cost


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identifies enery conservation opportunities. 'etails for conductin an eneryaudit are discussed in Chapter %.

4eviewin past monthly enery consumption data helps determineinstallation enery


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!fferin rewards and incentives to enery users for ood ideas that result inenery savins will encourae user participation.

+#/# Energy Security6lexibility

Enery security is a part of enery manaement. The 'o' Components shalldevelop strateies for short and lon term outaes or run the risk of ma:orproblems.

+#/#"# ?ulnerability Assessments

Installations shall perform periodic evaluation of the vulnerability ofbasic mission re=uirements to enery disruptions and assess the riskof such disruptions implement remedial actions to removeunacceptable enery security risks and investiate off


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,# Energy Awareness

,#"# %ey Points

Enery and water awareness prorams attempt to eliminate waste bychanin the attitudes of users and throuh those chaned attitudes tochane behaviors as well.

An effective awareness proram tarets specific audiences and involvesas many enery users as possible.

The installationNs public affairs office is a useful ally in an awarenessproram.

Publici"in conservation information on a reular basis tends to increasethe proramNs effectiveness by increasin and maintainin participation.

,# Program Pur)ose

The purpose of an enery awareness proram is to publici"e eneryconservation oals disseminate information on enery matters and eneryconservation techni=ues and emphasi"e enery conservation at all commandlevels. The proram should additionally relate enery conservation tooperational awareness. An awareness proram attempts to alter the attitudes

of enery users and throuh those chaned attitudes modify behaviors aswell.

It is important that 'o' achieve and sustain enery


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$anain enery is a continuous need. It concentrates on reinforcinopinions that enery efficiency reduces pollution it reduces dependence onoil imports and it reduces costs. The proram also provides information onexactly how to achieve those results. Enery awareness helps to increase theQpersistenceQ of enery


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,#+# Program $esign

To develop an effective enery awareness campain the enery manaershould start by definin the taret audience. A different messae is needed forfamily housin occupants than for maintenance workers. !nce the taret

audiences are defined the installationNs public affairs office should beinvolved in the enery awareness proram. This office has specificcommunications expertise which can be effectively linked with the enerymanaerNs technical expertise.

In addition to the public affairs office enery manaers should et as muchhelp as possible from other installation personnel in developin an eneryawareness proram. It is especially important to have people who are re=uiredto implement the plan involved in the plannin. /ettin enery users andmaintenance staff involved in the plannin process not only increases theirunderstandin of the proram it enerates a reater sense of ownership

leadin to reater participation. People feel a commitment to makin thinswork if they have been a part of the desin.

9avin defined the audiences the awareness proram should suest thespecific actions that each user roup should take that can save enery. #orexample one promotional campain could be directed to housin occupantsanother to office workers and another to maintenance workers. The enerymanaer may want to start with a eneral overall awareness proramHhowever such overall prorams tend to be more preachy less action


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Components are encouraed to participate in the 'epartment of Enerys1'!Es2 #ederal Enery and 7ater $anaement Awards Proram. Thisproram reconi"es orani"ations small roups and individuals forsinificant contributions to the efficient use of enery and water resources inwithin the #ederal sector. Awards are provided in several eneryOriented !essages

As mentioned above the best awareness prorams are those that can bedistilled into short action


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particularly effective because this audience is enerally responsible forupkeep of the most enery


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lare number of enery users. In addition stand


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encouraed to perform public service pro:ects or assist at EneryAwareness $onth activities.

,#-#(# Public Outreac'

At many installations the public affairs officer will publish eneryconservation articles in the base newspaper. 'aily eneryconservation hints in the installationNs Qplan of the dayQ or e=uivalentare also useful.

Positive success stories about enery conservation achievements onthe installation are often of interest to local news orani"ations. ?otonly are such stories ood for public relations but they set anexample for the community. 'o' personnel et positivereinforcement when they are reconi"ed by the eneral public fortheir conservation activities which can enerate momentum forsustained lons pers=uare foot2.

!ne way to measure an awareness proramNs effectiveness is to develop a set

of sub:ective assessment criteria to aue chanes in usersN enery habits.Those criteria can include the number of incidents where lihts are left onafter duty hours where windows are left open durin heatin5coolin seasonsand the number of unauthori"ed space heaters in use. Those sub:ective criteriacan be measured durin periodic Qwalk


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-# Energy Accounting and !anagement.e)orting

-#"# %ey Points

The 'efense >tility Enery 4eportin System provides 'o' withimportant eneryE4S reportin is re=uired of all 'o' aencies.

'>E4S data is used for the followin purposesD

To analy"e historical trends

To measure proress toward 'o' enery oals

To report as mandated by Conress to '!E

To provide Conressional support data.

'>E4S is essential for manaement of re=uired enery reduction oalscalled for in EPAct and other Executive !rders and #ederal leislation. Itforms the basis for calculatin 1and subse=uently validatin2 eachinstallationNs enery and enery cost savins.

4efer to the 'o' '>E4S $anual 1available on the CC,2 for specificreportin re=uirements and enery conversion factors. The basic unit for'>E4S reportin is the 'o' Activity Address Code 1'o'AAC2. Some'o'AACs coincide with entire installations while others comprise activitieswithin an installation. Also separate 'o'AACs enerally exist for familyhousin and for mission areas.

* ;an 8- -&


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In the past '>E4S has been plaued by late and inaccurate submittals. Tosatisfy enery reportin oals enery manaers need to be certain that theireneryE4S will be input by installations throuh theArmy Enery and 7ater 4eportin System. This system is desined tofacilitate enery manaement by providin timely reliable and accurateinformation on enery products used by the Army. This system provides

essential enery manaement information to installations 4eions $a:orSubordinate Commands 1$SCs2 ma:or Army Commands 1$AC!$s2'epartment of the Army 1'A2 and 'o' 1throuh '>E4S2. This informationis used to evaluate enery trends and to determine proress towardoals5tarets. #or more information on operation of this system refer to thesystem web site at httpsD55h=radds.h=da.pentaon.mil5.

The Army ?ational /uard is considered to be the same as a $AC!$ withrespect to reportin enery consumption. Each state is considered aninstallation and should report enery cost and consumption data into theArmy Enery and 7ater 4eportin System monthly similar to ActiveComponent and Army 4eserve installations for which #ederal funds are used

to pay for utilities.

-#+# Bavy $ata !anagement

?avy data manaement consists of the 'efense >tility Enery 4eportinSystem 1'>E4S2 the Enery Pro:ects Status System 1EPSS2 and the 7aterdata pae. These are all located on the 'epartment of the ?avys enerywebsite. 1httpsD55enery.navy.mil2.

a. '>E4S. The ?avy '>E4S application facilitates the collection of

enery cost consumption and s=uare footae data as directed in 'o'-&)6.+6


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b. EPSS. The ?avy EPSS application is used to view the status ofenery pro:ects submitted for ?avy and $arine Corps installations.EPSS includes data on pro:ect costs enery savins economicinformation and payment data for all enery pro:ects.

c. 7ater. The ?avys water data pae displays information on waterconsumption by installation and tracks implementation of ,est 7ater$anaement Practices 1See Chapter &*2.

-#,# Air orce $1E.S

The Air #orce '>E4S software facilitates the collection of enery cost andconsumption data as directed in 'o' -&)6.+6E4S. The accuracy of thisdatabase is very important since it is the only metric used by the Air #orce toreport proress towards enery reduction oals.

Individual installations should ensure that their utility enery consumptions=uare footae and cost are reported accurately. '>E4S manaers shouldensure that base master meters are read and real property record indicators arecurrent for the last calendar day of the month. A consolidated '>E4Sdatabase should be prepared and submitted to the $A;C!$ by the *8th dayof the first month followin the reportin period. Per Air #orce Enery

Proram Procedural $emorandum %6E4Sreports at the end of each =uarter to ensure continued proress toward eneryefficiency oals.

$A;C!$s consolidate their individual installations '>E4S databases andensure that their commands utility enery consumption s=uare footae andcost are reported correctly. The $A;C!$ '>E4S database should besubmitted to A#CESA by the &-th day of the second month followin the=uarterly reportin periods. A#CESA consolidates the $A;C!$ data andensures that Air #orce data are reported accurately. Timely submissions by all

responsible parties are key to the systems workin smoothly and reliably forenery reportin at all levels of the chain of command.

-#-# acility Energy Program .e)orting .e@uirements

Enery manaers must submit 1at the least2 an annual report describin thestatus of their facilitiesN enery prorams each year. That report should beprepared in accordance with the re=uirements of their respective $ilitary

* ;an 8- -*


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'epartment.

* ;an 8- -+


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/# Energy and t'e Environment

/#"# %ey Points

Enery and environmental initiatives are closely related since eneryconservation reduces emissions of atmospheric pollution includinreenhouse ases.

7ater conservation not only saves enery but also reduces sewer volumesand protects natural resources.

Enery and environmental manaers can work toether to accomplishcommon oals achievin reater economic benefits reater than ifworkin independently.

>S Environmental Protection Act 1EPA2 and '!E offer a variety ofenery and environmental prorams that can support and extend a 'o'enery manaers proram.

Enery manaers need to work closely with environmental offices whenimplementin retrofit pro:ects that enerate reulated wastes.

7aste


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nitric acids and fall to the round in the form of rain snow fo oracidic particles. FAcid rainG damaes buildins trees and otherveetation and can harm a=uatic life.

Smo is caused by various pollutants. ?itroen oxides are a primaryinredient in this corrosive mixture that is harmful to humans. Atbest smo irritates the eyes and luns. At worst it can intensifyrespiratory ailments includin asthma and bronchitis.

Sunliht passes throuh the atmosphere and is re


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enery conservation measures can be :ustified on a life


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'o' Components shall encourae participation in this proram. BisithttpD55www.enerystar.ovand click on E?E4/L STA4/uidelines under ,usiness Improvement to access detail on each ofthe above steps. Select other individual links for tools and resourcesthat can assist at each step.

>%3%2%.% E?E*@ S+,*A &omputers and Office Euipment

Computers are the fastest


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provides eneral information about pollution prevention practices thevarious source reduction prorams and initiatives administered byEPA and other orani"ations. The site also provides contacts forfurther information. That web pae address isD

httpD55www.epa.ov5ebtpaes5pollutionprevention.html.

/#/# $e)artment of Energy 4$OE5

The >S '!E $otor Challene Proram launched in the fall of &%%*was manaed by the !ffice of Industrial Technoloies 1!IT2 inpartnership with >.S. industry. In the winter of &%%%


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the purpose of educatin the public about tree plantin and care andimplements and monitors prorams desined to reduce urban heatisland effect. Accordin to Cool Communities three well placed treesaround homes can provide shade that will lower coolin costs by &8Energy Tec'nology

,efore considerin any application of the waste


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Mass (urn. A mass burn waste combustor has a sinle

combustion chamber with an on


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!utside of 'o' there are about )88 wastetility 4eulatory Policy Act 1P>4PA2 havecreated a social condition where it is economically feasible to offsetplant construction and !$ costs from the savins earned from costreductions for refuse disposal and the revenues incurred fromeneratin enery. Increased public concern has forced the creation oftouher and more expensive environmental reulations onconstruction and the operation of landfills. The P>4PA mandated thatutilities companies buy the electricity enerated by waste


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eventually disposed of throuh the effective combination ofcombustion 1incineration2 compostin and landfill disposal.

#or most 'o' installations the landnitedStates tippin fees are still relatively low and the distances todisposal sites are within reasonable ranes. Also where there is noviable market for recycled waste materials except for aluminum itdoes not make economic sense to establish a recyclin proram.4ecyclin prorams must enerate enouh revenue to at least offsetthe additional refuse collection costs.

A waste


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population of at least )-888 is needed before a waste


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=igure >%.%.%.% Energy enerated from "aste

>nder the P>4PA utilities companies are re=uired to buy the eneryenerated from a waste


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conditions will determine the utilities rate. The enery eneratedfrom a waste


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>%.%/%3% Enironmental 'ermit

The combustion of municipal solid waste produces both an oranicash and airborne ases. The disposal of the ash is reulated under the4esource Conservation and 4ecovery Act 14C4A2 and the emissionases are reulated under the Clean Air Act. 'ependin on the typesof feed material the burnt ash can be classified as ha"ardous waste. Acareful waste stream analysis must be conducted to avoid a situationwhere the ash becomes ha"ardous waste. >nder normalcircumstances the air emissions are lower than the StateNs allowablelimitsH however preparation of an air permit application for the Stateis re=uired. The baseNs environmental coordinator should beconsulted learn how to prepare an application for an air permit and anash disposal permit.

* ;an 8- 60


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Part III Energy and 7ater Conservation

:# Energy Conservation in Bew Construction

:#"# %ey Points

?ew 'o' buildins must be constructed to meet the minimum eneryefficiency re=uirements established by the 'epartment of Enery.

,uildin commissionin is essential to ensure that systems operate asthey were intended.

:# ederal Energy Codes for Bew Construction

:#"# *ackground

Enery and water conservation improvements are most cost


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pendin leislation re=uirin meterin in #ederal facilities.

:#(# $OE Code Com)liance !aterials

'!Es Pacific ?orthwest @aboratory has developed simplified code

compliance manuals software and trainin to support compliance withre=uired #ederal codes. ECom is based on the %8.& Standard and 4EScheck1formerly $ECcheck2 is based on the CA,! $odel Enery Code.

To re=uest '!E publications software or users uides in support of #ederalenery codes contactD

>S 'epartment of Enery!ffice of Codes and Standards&888 Independence Avenue S7#orrestal ,uildin 4oom -98+

7ashinton 'C )8-3-

,uildin Enery Standards 9otline13882 )08


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Additional information on Fsustainable desinG can be found in FThe 7hole,uildin 'esin /uideG a 'o'tili"in T,C principles in the plannin anddesin phase can reduce costly rework and chane orders durin constructionand save limited fundin by makin chanes and corrections on paper ratherthan in the field.

The ?avy has issued ?aval #acilities Enineerin Command 1?AB#AC2

Instruction &))0&.& ?AB#AC Total ,uildin Commissionin Policy toprovide for incorporation of T,C principles into all phases of the ac=uisitionprocess. It lists as its basic oals &2 to provide a well


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warranty enforcement and proper operation and maintenance documentationand trainin for the client.

* ;an 8- 0&


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;# Energy Auditing

;#"# %ey Points

Enery and water audits help form the foundation of an enery proramby identifyin enery conservation and cost


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utility rates. ,efore those increases architects and enineers lackedthe incentive to use electricity and as efficiently particularly sinceeneryESC2 and EnerySavins Performance Contracts 1ESPC2 pro:ects to conduct theirenery audits.

Althouh many 'o' buildins have been improved over the years byretrofits most old buildins still offer reater enery


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accommodate those chanes. It would be wise to determine if theoriinal enery system desins have become obsolete.

;# Cost Savings vs# Energy Savings

Althouh many enery cost


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;#(# 9evel " Audit

A @evel & Audit is a walk


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'S$ and ESPC prorams usually re=uire extensive audits to ensureaccurate calculation of appropriate payments to 'S$ or ESPCcontractors.

;#(#-# Cost of an Energy Audit

#or small !$ pro:ects where approval authority is within the scopeof the installation detailed economic :ustification is oftenunnecessary. #or these pro:ects a @evel & audit may be sufficient.@evel & audits may be accomplished in & or ) days dependin uponthe si"e and complexity of the facility. As a result they may beaccomplished for as little as J-88


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maximi"e enery efficiency

Si"in appropriate heatin and coolin units.

;#+# Solution>*ased Audits

The solution


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Appendix ' provides a more comprehensive list of solution


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Althouh many installations contract enery audit tasks 1for many differentreasons2 those contractin actions still take time and resources to manae.$any utilities offer free or subsidi"ed audits to their customersH howeverinstallation personnel must still manae this process.

Selectin and trainin in


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personnel have limited time to devote to the task. ,e sure to select contractorswho will work with local personnel since it is the buildin monitors facilitypersonnel and enineers who know how the facilities are actually operated.

To ensure that enery consumption data are correct =uality control is criticalwhen conductin an enery audit. The proper tools and instruments needed tohelp accurately evaluate enery systems must be purchased or rented.

;#:# Energy Audit Tools

The types of tools and e=uipment needed to conduct an enery audit dependupon the level of the data collection and analysis. 9owever for most auditsthe tools are relatively simple and inexpensive. The more expensivee=uipment can be obtained by rentin if necessary.

;#:#"# Safety irst

The primary consideration should always be for safety of the auditteam and facility personnel. ?ever work alone around any enerynderstandin the way enery is used in a buildin can lead tooperational chanes that reduce enery consumption. 'ata can be trendedover time to assess increases in enery use sinifyin possible e=uipmentrunnin unnecessarily or e=uipment in need of service.

Advanced meters should be installed at installations where the enery beinmonitored :ustifies the cost of installation maintenance and readin themeter. >sers should also maximi"e the use of meters capable of remote meterreadin which is available throuh software resident on an A$4 systemSupervisory Control and 'ata Ac=uisition 1SCA'A2 system or Enery$onitorin and Control System 1E$CS2. Interval meters shall be used whereFtime of useG 1interval2 utility rate tariffs are in place or where buildinelectric usae anomalies need to be reconciled.

"tility Enery Services Contracts1>ESC2.

* ;an 8- %&


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"tility $eterin.G The document provides

an overview of options in meterin technoloy system architectureimplementation and relative costs. Access to this document and othersincludin workshops that provide further insiht into advanced meterin isprovided throuh the #E$P web site athttpD55www.eere.enery.ov5femp5technoloies5omMadvmeterin.cfm.

* ;an 8- %)


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""# Energy Conservation in Existing Systems

""#"# %ey Points

To identify where to save enery in existin facilities first identify whereand how enery is currently used.

There are four fundamental ways to reduce enery costs in existinsystemsD reduce price operatin hours load or increase e=uipmentoperatin efficiency.

The search for enery savins opportunities is an onoin task.

Inade=uate maintenance is a ma:or cause of enery waste and the failureof enery conservation measures to achieve enery savins oals in both'o' and the private sector.

""# .educing Energy 1se and Cost

Sinificant enery and cost savins are available throuh enery manaementof existin systems. The implementation of new enery efficient technoloiesin materials and processes is also helpin facilities to achieve improvementsin productivity environmental emissions and =uality of service.

4educin enery use and cost in existin facilities is the primary method forachievin enery reduction oals. 7hile enery oals are specified in termsof enery or ,T> reduction those oals must be met by takin measures thatresult in enery cost savins thereby meetin the economic criteria for @CCeffectiveness and for pro:ect fundin. The process of searchin for enery.S. 'epartment of Enery #ederal Enery $anaement Proram hasa publication on FAdvanced >tility $eterin.G This publicationprovides an overview of options in meterin technoloy systemarchitecture implementation and relative costs. Consult Chapter &8for further detail on this topic.

""#+# *uilding Envelo)e

The buildin envelope includes the ceilins walls windows 1la"infenestration2 doors floors etc. that separate the outside from theinside environment. ?ote the type of construction insulation levelsand condition of the buildin envelope components. ?ote thosecomponents that separate the conditioned from the unconditionedenvironment. @ook for opportunities to reduce the load or need for9BAC conditionin by minimi"in thermal induction and airinfiltration. Enery manaers should do careful hourly load analysisand life cycle cost analysis before purchasin and installin any

products that claim to reduce heatin and coolin loads on thebuildin envelope.

Are there leaks or openins in the buildin envelope that

could be sealedW

Should additional insulation be addedW

Can sinle


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""#+#(# =?AC System

9eatin and coolin systems are the larest consumers of enery inbuildins. The primary purpose of the heatin ventilatin and airnit Power 'ensity 1>P'2 of the existin

lihtin system in watts per s=uare foot and compare to currentAS94AE5IES standards for eneryP's of &.8


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or need for artificial liht and to increase the operating efficiency ofthe lihtine=uipment. Consider the followinD

Are lihts turned off when the space is unoccupiedW

Could occupancy sensors timers photocells or other control

systems be used to ensure lihts are only on when neededW Is illumination excessive compared to IES recommendations

for current use of the spaceW

Is available day lihtin used effectively to displace artificial

lihtinW

Could task lihtin be used to reduce the need for eneral

1ambient2 lihtinW

Could the existin lamps5ballasts5fixtures be replaced with

more efficient components or systems to supply the need forlihtin with less eneryW Consider the =uality of liht1uniformity visual comfort5lare color temperature color

rendition2 when makin recommendations for chane. Is the system properly cleaned and maintained to ensure

operation at peak efficiencyW

Could roup re


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became available commercially and in most applications they areexcellent replacements for incandescent lamps. They can last upto &8 times loner typically providin an attractive return oninvestment. Typical applications for C#@s are outdoor lihtinand security lihtin where they run steadily for extended periods.

#luorescent @amps are the predominant type used in

commercial and industrial spaces in the >.S. They are relativelyefficient have lon lamp lives and are available in a variety ofstyles. The four foot T


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dimmin controls ad:ust liht levels to existin dayliht.Schedulin controls activate extinuish or ad:ust accordin to apredetermined schedule.

@E' @ihtin < @iht Emittin 'iodes 1@E's2 is one of

todays fastest evolvin lihtin technoloies. @E' liht sources

are more efficient than incandescent and most haloen lihtsources. 7hite @E'S today can deliver more than )8 lumens per7att and are predicted to achieve reater than -8 lumens per7att by )88-. !ther inherent features of @E's include very lowpower consumption and virtually no heatin effect makin itideal for a wide rane of new and existin applications. 'ue tothe decrease in enery used for the lihtin of a buildin airhandlin costs drop eneratin both additional initial andonoin investment savins. Another advantae of @E's overconventional lihtin is that liht emitted from an @E' isdirectional. Incandescent haloen or fluorescent lihts are omnidirectional emittin liht in all directions. @ihtin must be

redirected usin secondary optics or reflectors. Each time a lihtbeam is reflected it looses some of its intensity resultin infixture losses typically from +8 to 68K. The directed nature of@E's can result in fixture efficiencies of 38 to %8K re=uirin lesstotal lumens to provide the same level of illuminance.

""#+#,# Office E@ui)ment and Plug 9oad

!ffice e=uipment or plu load consists of the computers monitorsprinters photocopiers facsimile machines televisions refrieratorsvendin machines P' in some areas of the facility. It is essential to make sure

that plu load enery is not inored. The Enery $anaer shouldinventory ma:or e=uipment notin wattae where available. Ifwattae is estimated from nameplate voltae and current multiply by8.* for an estimate of actual averae operatin power. Primarily lookfor ways to reduce operatin hoursof existin e=uipment and toinfluence customer selection of properly si"ed enery


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The E?E4/L STA4 proram established by EPA in &%%) forenery efficient computers provides on its web pae a list ofproducts meetin its strict criteria for enery efficiency and otherenvironmental benefits. Also consider the followin in attemptin tomanae office e=uipment and plu loadD

Are computers monitors printers copiers and other

electronic e=uipment left on at nihtW

Is EPA E?E4/L STA4 e=uipment specified for new

purchasesW

'oes existin E?E4/L STA4 e=uipment have its

capability enabled at system startupW

Everyone can save enery and money by enablin powermanaement on their computer monitors. 7ith over -- million officecomputers in the >.S. EPA estimates that over && billion k7h couldbe saved throuh monitor power manaement.

#ree software provided by the EPA automatically puts monitors torest when not in use < savin a sinificant amount of enery andmoney. 7hatNs more monitor power manaement will not affectcomputer or network performance.

?!TED See section &&.+.)8 E?E4/L STA4 products.

""#+#-# $omestic =ot 7ater 4$=75 System

'omestic hot water systems are used to heat water for hand


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enery. Since most users accept water at the available temperaturereardless of what it is water temperature can be reduced from theprevailin standard of &+8 derees #ahrenheit 1#2 to a &8- derees #utili"ation temperature savin up to one half of the enery used toheat the water.

An often overlooked enery conservation opportunity associatedwith '97 is the use of solar enery for water heatin. >nlikespace


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@are thermal loads coincident with hih electrical demand

year round for two and three shift plants may indicate potentialfor coeneration of thermal and electric enery. @ook also forways to reduce the load or need for enery and to increase theoperatin efficiency.

Could heat be recovered from one process or component andused to reduce use of anotherW

Could heat


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7ater losses will be proportional to enery losses when condensate isnot returned to the boiler. Even when condensate is returned to theboiler if steam bypasses the trap and is not condensed prior toarrivin at the deaerator it may be vented out of the system alonwith non


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Could B


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strateies are provided below.

Schedulin provides for optimal start stop schedules for each

piece of e=uipment.

Chiller5boiler optimi"ation schedules the e=uipment to maximi"e

efficiency by ivin preference to the most efficient item. 'emand limitin interfaces E$CS with e=uipment controls to

reduce maximum capacities in several steps.

Temperature resets control temperatures of supply5mixed air and

hot5chilled water to optimi"e system efficiency.

Alarm monitorin and reportin for conditions such as manual

override of machinery hih or low temperatures and e=uipmentfailures.

""#+#""# *uilding Commissioning

,uildin commissionin has become very important in an enerymanaement proram. It can offer facility owners a hih potential ofsavins with minimal or no capital investment. Commissionin is thesystematic process of optimi"in buildin systems so that theyoperate more efficiently. Ideally commissionin should bein fromthe pre


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It is important to have an accurate determination of actual eneryconsumption prior to implementation of any retrofits. This data isobtained from data loers lon term interval meterin data or utilitybills. If reliable data is unavailable basic meterin should beinstalled to collect this baseline data.

The Continuous Commissioninprocess involves the many of thesame elements as commissionin and retrocommissionin. Its oal isto optimi"e the 9BAC system operation and control to minimi"ebuildin enery consumption and maximi"e comfort based on thecurrent buildin conditions and re=uirements. In addition meterin isinstalled to ather pre and post enery use. 'ata is then continuouslycompared to post


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Commissionin Association 1,CA2 at httpD55www.bcxa.or.Additional resources on commissionin are available throuh theCC, and at httpD55www.peci.or.

?oteD Continuous Commissionin is a reistered trademark of theTexas Enineerin Experiment Station Texas A$ >niversity.

* ;an 8- &&*
http://www.bcxa.org/http://www.peci.org/http://www.bcxa.org/http://www.peci.org/


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""#+#" Cool .oofs

4esearchers for the 9eat Island Pro:ect at @awrence ,erkeley?ational @aboratory 1@,?@2 define cool roofs as those that Freflectsolar radiation and emit thermal radiation well.G Cool roof systems

are beneficial because they can save money and enery durin peakcoolin periods. This benefits electric utilities and ultimately allutility customers who will see reductions in their coolin costs andthe Fheat


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reater the level of heat absorbed by a buildins roof the morecoolin re=uired removin the heat. A dark roof can be as much as%8 derees hotter than the air temperature on a sunny day whereascool roof coatins have a temperature rise of as little as &- derees.This translates to a reduction in enery consumption and costs.Enery savins of &* to +8K have been shown on buildins with coolroof coatins. @awrence ,erkeley ?ational @aboratory and the !ak4ide ?ational @aboratory with fundin from '!E and EPA haveboth done research provin that this technoloy works.

The Froofin calculatorG at the E?E4/L STA4 web site isintended to rouhly estimate the savins a reflective roof can offer toa typical buildin and aid in the decision whether to choose areflective roof. 4efer to that site for additional information.

""#+#"(# $aylig'ting

'aylihtin is one of the most cost effective and environmentallyresponsible lihtin techni=ues available today. It is the process ofusin natural liht to illuminate buildins. As opposed to utili"influorescent lihtin daylihtin brins indirect sunliht into thebuildin. 'aylihtin can save money on enery bills by slashinboth lihtin and coolin costs.

The 'aylihtin Collaborative created in &%%- by the 7isconsinPublic Service Commission defines the techni=ue of FcoolGdaylihtin as an interated approach that uses natural liht to reducethe need for electric lihtin while also reducin solar heat ain andlare. Cool daylihtin controls the amount of liht enterin abuildin with several key techni=uesD

Exterior shadin

Carefully placed windows

@ow


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then select FTechvalG2 will be demonstratin daylihtin in #L8-.

""#+#"+# T'ermal Energy Storage

Thermal enery storae 1TES2 is the concept of eneratin and

storin enery and shiftin enery usae to a later period to takeadvantae of cheaper time


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durin its first year of operation resultin in electrical cost savins ofJ+*8888. 'etails can be found on this and other TES applications atthe Publications link at the >.S. Army Corps of EnineersConstruction Enineerin 4esearch @aboratory web site athttpD55www.cecer.army.mil.

The Air Conditionin Contractors of America 1ACCA2 EducationalInstitute at web sitehttpD55www.acca.or5tes5 contains additionalarticles on TES as well as links to other sites. The ACCAEducational Institute is workin with '!Es ?ational 4enewableEnery @aboratory1?4E@2 at httpD55www.nrel.ov5 to promote usaeof TES applications and its benefits.

""#+#",# Solid State Power Conditioners

Another application bein investiated by the ?avy Tech


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that is not currently bein used. Screenin tools are available throuha variety of web sites one bein that for cel Enery athttpD55www.xcelenery.com.

""#+#"/# !agnetic *earing Com)ressors

The manetic bearin compressor is an oil


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while most lare electric motors run at nearly constant speed thedevices they drive particularly pumps fans and blowers are oftenused to meet loads that vary over time. The results of the studyconclude that manetically coupled AS' technoloy shows oodpotential for application in #ederal facilities.

$anetic variable speed drives do have a fairly limited applicationthouh. They are only more efficient than a B#' between %8K and&88K of a motors rated speed so unless the motor spends most of itstime between %8K and &88K a B#' would be more cost effective.The other application where manetic variable speed drives makesense is where power =uality is an issue. B#'s are both sensitive toand enerate harmonics. So if the buildin had e=uipment that wassensitive to harmonics or e=uipment that enerated harmonics youmiht consider a manetic drive.

""#+#&


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""#,# Energy System !aintenance

""#,#"# Overview

Enery system maintenance is one of the most cost.S. have escalated at a tremendous rateover the past &8 years. Evaluations indicate that between one thirdand one half of these maintenance dollars are wasted throuhineffective maintenance manaement methods.

An effective maintenance proram is important to buildin ownersand operators. 'ifferent maintenance approaches have beendeveloped over the years to ensure that e=uipment reaches the end ofits desin life. The followin describes the various approachesD

*eactie Maintenance. In this stratey systems are basically rununtil failure. There are no proactive efforts utili"ed to prevent

inopportune failures. 'isadvantaes includeD

#ailure of secondary devices caused by failure of the primary

device.

Increased labor cost due to possibly more extensive damae than

would have been reali"ed had the approach been routine orpreventive. @abor costs could also be more extensive if the

* ;an 8- &)8


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e=uipment fails durin off


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e=uipment rather than on a preset schedule as with a preventiveproram. Advanced technoloies are used to sense machineryoperatin characteristics such as vibration spectra temperature noiseand pressure. These measured values are then compared to historicalor other pre


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;;%/%3%;% 'redictie Maintenance +ec#nologies

There have been reat advances in predictive maintenancetechnoloies in recent years. Implementation of this type proramre=uires serious commitment. As with any new technoloy properimplementation application and trainin are vitally important. Someof the latest methods in predictive maintenance technoloy aredescribed below.

Infrared +#ermograp#y. Infrared 1I42 thermoraphy is a dianostictechni=ue that involves the detection of component problems bytakin an infrared scan or picture. 7hen e=uipment Foes badG itenerally heats up. I4 radiation increases with temperature. An I4camera takes imaes of ob:ects based on their surface temperature andproportional emittance of I4 radiation. Takin an infrared survey of acomponent helps to detect a problem and have it repaired before itmanifests into a costly failure. ,enefits of the technoloy include the

prevention of unscheduled shutdowns by allowin repairs to be madeat a convenient time improvements in production efficiency plantsafety thermoram documentation and a reduction in enery bills.!ther advantaes of I4 thermoraphy are that the e=uipment doesntneed to be shutdown to take the infrared scan and direct contact withthe e=uipment is not necessary. ;ust some of the many possibleapplications of usin I4 thermoraphy include detection of problemsin electrical systems such as motors transmission lines distributionsystems various mechanical rotatin e=uipment steam systems andheaters. The followin vendors are suppliers of infraredthermoraphic measurement e=uipment. This list is by no means all.S. industry to establish eothermal enery asan economically competitive contributor to the >.S. enery supply.#or information on the /eothermal Technoloies ProramNs keyactivities and for eothermal application information reference theEE4Es web site. The site also provides information on the ?avys

/eothermal Proram.

",# 7ind Energy

'evelopment of wind resources on 'o' facilities may provide the facilitywith a secure power source durin a power rid failure. Althouh notinterested in ownin wind farms for itself 'o' is interested in forminpublicnited States and identified thepotential of each installation for wind power development In eneral thereare few locations where utility si"ed on


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already. 'rawin on this success the A# tripled the capacity of thesite in )88*.

Small wind applications look very promisin especially in locationswhere utility costs are hih or where diesel fuel or asoline must behauled to a site. The installed cost of wind enerators is sinificantlyless than solar photovoltaic systems so wind is very effective inhybrid applications.

#or more information on wind power applications and resourcesvisit the !ffice of Enery Efficiency and 4enewable Enery web site.

"- *iomass

,iomass is fre=uently overlooked as a renewable enery source but there area remarkable number of biomass opportunities. #or the past four years

biomass has been the leadin source of renewable enery in the >nited Statesand it is the fourth larest enery resource after coal oil and natural as.,iomass is used for heatin 1such as for wood stoves and for process heat andsteam in industries such as for pulp and paper2 cookin transportation 1suchas ethanol and biodiesel2 and for electric power eneration. 4esearch showsthat current biomass consumption is dominated by industrial use. 9oweverthere has been a ma:or increase in the use of li=uid transportation fuels suchas ethanol and biodiesel.

The benefit of biomass pro:ects is the fuel cost which tends to be very lowresultin in reduced power costs. An obvious fuel source is landfill as thatcan be economically piped to a power plant on or near an installation. !ther

approaches involve asification of animal wastes use of enery intensivecrops tires 1consumed without emissions2 wood chips and much more.,ecause of utility reulations and the cost of transmission these pro:ectsusually are most cost effective if the plant is on or ad:acent to the installation.

The >.S. '!Es !ffice of the ,iomass Proram 1!,P2 partners with industryto foster research and development on advanced technoloies in order totransform the nations abundant biomass resources into clean affordable anddomestically


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@aboratory Idaho ?ational Enineerin and Environmental @aboratory1?EE@2 and Aronne ?ational @aboratory 1A?@2.

A ,iomass 4esearch and 'evelopment Technical Advisory Committee wasestablished by the ,iomass 4' Act of )888 1,iomass Act2. Thecommittees mandates under the ,iomass Act include advisin the Secretaryof Enery and the Secretary of Ariculture facilitatin consultations andpartnerships and evaluatin and performin strateic plannin.

,iomass pro:ects add to installation enery security and fre=uently provide ama:or environmental benefit to the reion by usin a pollutin substancesuch as chicken waste as the fuel source. 'oE has technoloy specificEnery Savins Performance Contracts to help implement biomass pro:ects.Additionally the 4enewable Enery Study has developed purchasinstrateies to assist in ac=uirin biomass power from enery providers.

"/ $istributed Energy 3eneration

'istributed Enery 4esources shall be used for on


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efficient reliable and affordable to consumers. The ultimate oal is toimprove the enery and environmental performance of the distributedtechnoloies and increase the level of technoloy interation amon on


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"(# 7ater Conservation

"(#"# %ey Points

7ater conservation is the responsibility of the 'o' enery manaer.

The same common


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boiler blow down and wash rack dischare will fall into thiscateory.

7ater conservation measures not only reduce water use and cost butit also reduces the cost for water treatment. $any 'o' installationsin semi.S. Corps of Enineers Construction Enineerin4esearch @aboratory 1CE4@2 has desined and constructed wetlandsystems at >tah Test and Trainin 4ane 1>TT42 9ill Air ,ase >Tand Sierra Army 'epot CA.

"(#(# 7ater !anagement

"(#(#"# .ate Structures

7hile many water suppliers use flat rate or decreasin block ratestructures some use rate structures desined to promote waterconservation. These are enerally one of two typesD increasin eitherblock rates or summer demand peak surchares. Increasin blockrates are used to promote year


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the #ederal sector There is also 74$ session as part of #E$PNsEnery $anaement Telecourse.

Another tool for characteri"in water use on 'o' installations is theInstallation 7ater 4esource Plannin and Analysis System1I74APS2. I74APS includes a software packae that helps usersassess historical and future water re=uirements. I74APS is able toproduce seasonally based sectorally disareated waterre=uirements forecasts and has the capability to address mobili"ationand conservation scenarios. Bersions of the software exist for theArmy and Air #orce. ,efore the Enery Policy Act of &%%) watermanaement issues were directed to the $aster Plannin section atmost installations. Therefore this system and the relevant water usedata may already be available at the $aster Plannin office on someinstallations.

7hen no other information is available estimates of water use may

be obtained from literature. The American 7ater 7orks Association1A77A2 publishes a variety of manuals and books that characteri"ewater usae. !ther sources include the Environmental EnineersN9andbook which provides water use data

Documents

Do d Energy Manager Handbook