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Do Now1. What happens to your body when you get a
cut?
2. Make a drawing illustrating the healing process.
Cellular Division
Objectives1. To understand why cells divide.
2. To explain different limitations on cell size.
3. To summarize the steps of the cell cycle.
Cell Size*Take a look at the following cells…
*Which cell do you think will work most efficiently?
Surface Area vs. Volume
L x W x # of sides
L x W x H
Practice…
Find the SA:V ratio for the three cubes above.
Which cube has the higher SA:V ratio?
Size Limitations Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of
surface area to volume
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
Cell can have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling waste products.
Transport of Substances
Substances enter membrane through diffusion
Diffusion over a large distance = slow
Smaller cells are more efficient!
Cell Communication
The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.
Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.
Cell Cycle Varies between 8 minutes and one year Average 12-24 hours
Cell Cycle All cells start out in Interphase They then enter cell division, Mitosis &
Cytokinesis
InterphaseA. G1 Phase: First growth phase The cell is growing, carrying out
normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
B. S Phase: DNA is copied (DNA
Replication)
C. G2 Phase: Second Growth Phase Proteins needed for cell division
are produced The cell prepares for the
division of its nucleus.
Mitosis/Cytokinesis
Mitosis: Nuclear Division Cytokinesis: Cell Division
Do Now
Do Now Please hand homework in the bin.
Grab a piece of construction paper from my desk. (Color doesn’t matter)
Then sign into Kahoot.it using the game code on the board.
This will be done individually.
Important Vocab. Chromosome-
Tightly coiled DNA
Chromatid- Half a replicated Chromosome
Chromatin- loosely coiled DNA
Centromere- Center of a chromosome- where the sister chromatids attach
Centriole- Organize the microtubules Attach to the spindle fibers
MITOSIS
Prophase Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear membrane breaks apart
The cell’s chromatin tightens making chromosomes visible!
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.
Spindle apparatus forms and attaches to centromeres of chromosomes.
Metaphase Sister chromatids (duplicted chromosomes) are pulled
along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell at metaphase plate.
Anaphase
The microtubules (spindle fibers) of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate (apart). The chromosomes move toward the poles of
the cell.
Telophase The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin
to relax. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and
the nucleoli reappear. The spindle apparatus disassembles.
Cytokinesis Cytoplasm will divide forming two new genetically
identical daughter cells.
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm. They create a “cleavage furrow”
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms ( which will eventually become the new cell wall)
A B C
D E
Quick Review – Place Cells in Mitosis Order
Let’s Review!
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.html
Do Now Label the parts of the cell. What phases of mitosis?
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Normal Cell Cycle:Different cyclin / CDK (cyclin
dependent kinases) combinations signal other activities
These including○ DNA replication ○ Protein synthesis○ Nuclear division
Quality Control Checkpoints The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints These monitor the cycle and can stop it if
something goes wrong. Spindle checkpoints also have been identified
in mitosis.Ex. If no spindle fibers – will stop before cytokinesis
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
*If G1 checkpoint shows cell is not ready for DNA replication, it enters G0 phase and will not divide.*
When Cell Division Goes Wrong
Begins as a single cell that undergoes “transformation” (process converting a normal cell into a cancer cell)
Immune system fails to destroy cell. Cell proliferates and forms a tumor.
Transformation Transformation is caused by mutations. Mutations can result from a variety of different
“carcinogens” (things that cause cancer)
Carcinogens Tobacco
“Dip” : contains 28 known carcinogens.
Cigarettes
Carcinogens
UV LightCauses skin cancer
(most common type of cancer)
Tanning beds linked to “melanoma”- deadliest type of skin cancer.
Carcinogens Pesticides
Overexposure has been known to cause leukemia and lymphoma.
Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells Cancer cells lack density-dependent inhibition, causing
cells to pile up on top of each other
They proceed past checkpoints
They are “immortal”, meaning they can divide an infinite number of times, whereas nomral cells divide only about 20-50 times before stopping.
Tumors Benign tumor
Abnormally growing mass of cellsCan disrupt certain organs, ex: brain, if they get too
bigCan be completely removed with surgery
Malignant tumorSpreads into neighboring tissuesCan metastasize, enter blood and lymph vessels, and
spread to other organs and parts of the body
Types of Cancer Carcinomas
Originates in external or internal “coverings” such as skin or the lining of the intestine
SarcomasIn tissues that support the body such as bone and
muscle
Leukemias and lymphomasIn blood-forming tissues such as bone marrow,
spleen, and lymph nodes.
Cancer Genetics
Multiple changes in DNA are needed to cause cancer
Cancer increase with age
Certain cancers are inherited in certain families (chances to have it)
Do Now
What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?What category of cancer is found on the lining of different organs?
Apoptosis Programmed cell death Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink
and shrivel in a controlled process.Ex. Leave in FallEx. Webbed Fingers/ToesDNA Damaged Cells
Stem Cells Unspecialized cells
that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Stem Cells (cont)
Embryonic Stem Cells Adult Stem Cells
•After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells.
•Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
•These cells have not become specialized.
•Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor
http://www.stemcellresearchfacts.com/definition.html
Stem Cell Controversy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27skh7prkN0
&feature=related
As a review… Draw out all of the phases of mitosis with
colored pencils. Use 4 chromosomes