Do-Now Do-Now

Going over the homework. Going over the homework. Last night you read about Last night you read about the British and American the British and American Strategies. What did you Strategies. What did you learn? How did you respond learn? How did you respond to the questions?to the questions?

Recall what you know about Recall what you know about the advantages & the the advantages & the disadvantages on the disadvantages on the American and British sides…American and British sides…

Tuesday, November 17Tuesday, November 17thth

AgendaAgendaDo Now & HW checkNotes & Discussion:- advantages & disadvantages, - key battles- key leaders, etc.

HomeworkHomework

The American RevolutionThe American RevolutionAdvantages & DisadvantagesKey events and battlesNotable leaders and participants

StrengthsStrengthsBRITISH STRENGTHSWell-equipped & fundedTrained armyStrong navy, etc.

AMERICAN STRENGTHSHome field advantageGuerilla war tacticsMotivation

WeaknessesWeaknessesBRITISH WEAKNESSESWar was unpopular in BritainUnknown, hostile territoryCommanders resisted adopting

guerilla tactics

AMERICAN WEAKNESSInexperienced, No central government control, Lacking funds, supplies, etc.Loyalists joined British or fled to

Canada

““Once these rebels have Once these rebels have felt a felt a

smart blow, smart blow, theythey

will submit.”will submit.”King George III

British Strategy:British Strategy:• Divide and conquer

▫ Attack the middle Colonies toseparate north from south

• Enlist help from mercenaries, loyalists, and Native Americans▫ With Hessian support, the Brits

attack Washington’s poorly trained & equipped forces in NY

• Throw money & men at the problem

Continental Strategy:Continental Strategy:

• Build a military from the ground up▫ Continental soldiers, minutemen, militia,

privateers, etc.

• Break tradition▫ Fight during the winter, use guerrilla support, etc.

• Spies and Misinformation▫ Live to fight another day, present false information, use

spies to secure intelligence, do the unexpected

• Secure some powerful allies▫ France’s support proved key to victory

Support from the Support from the SwampsSwamps

Who was Francis Marion?Who was Francis Marion?

• Famous Patriot militia leader• Bold, hardy, resourceful, skillful, • Carried his secretive plans with him to the grave• Nicknamed the “Swamp Fox” of South Carolina• Attacks from Marion’s militia unit and others

provided indispensable support for the Patriot cause

Weapons of the Weapons of the RevolutionRevolution

•Muskets

•Cannons

•Flintlock Pistols

•Swords & Sabers

•!Submarines! Sort of… America’s first (and failed) experiment with the

concept of an underwater vessel during the Revolutionary War. A submarine, then called "the Turtle" was invented by David Bushnell in order to attach explosives to British ships without being detected. Though General Washington loathed this underwater manner of attack as "ungentlemanly", the Turtle was deployed on September 6th, 1776.

George WashingtonGeorge Washington Master of Misinformation

““I only regret that I have but I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”one life to lose for my country.”

Nathan Hale,Captured Patriot

New JerseyMajor actions in the state include:

▫ 11/20/1776 - Forced Abandonment of Fort Lee, starting the retreat of the American army across NJ to the other side of the Delaware river.

▫ 12/26/1776 - The first battle of Trenton ▫ 1/3/1777 - The battle of Princeton ▫ 4/14/1777 - The Battle of Bound Brook ▫ June 1777 - The Battle of Short Hills ▫ Autumn 1777 - River Forts defense of the lower Delaware ▫ 6/28/1778 - The battle of Monmouth ▫ 6/6/1780 - The Battle of Connecticut Farms ▫ 6/23/1780 - The Battle of Springfield, last large action in the

north. ▫ Additionally, there were hundreds, even thousands, of smaller

battles, engagements, skirmishes, raids, ambushes, etc. involving regular troops, militia units and loyalist units, and many actions off the coast of sea vessels.

Major Battles: Major Battles: Date Location Battle American British

04/19/1775 MA Lexington/Concord Parker Smith

06/17/1775 MA Bunker Hill Prescott Howe

11/13/1775 Quebec Montreal Montgomery Carleton

12/31/1775 Quebec Quebec Montgomery Carleton

08/27/1776 NY Long Island Washington Howe

12/26/1776 NJ Trenton Washington Rall

01/03/1777 NJ Princeton Washington Cornwallis

09/11/1777 PA Brandywine Washington Howe

10/04/1777 PA Germantown Washington Howe

06/28/1778 NJ Monmouth Washington Clinton

09/23/1779 North Sea

Bonhomme Richard v. Serapis

Jones Pearson

10/07/1780 SC King’s Mountain Campbell Ferguson

03/15/1781 SC Guilford Courthouse

Greene Cornwallis

Oct. 16-19, 1781

NC Yorktown Washington Cornwallis

Benedict Benedict ArnoldArnold

•Brilliant general •Won several battles against the British

… then joined them.

• He helped Ethan Allen take Fort Ticonderoga, also played a major part in the Patriot victory at Saratoga.

• Feeling jaded and overlooked for appointment to higher posts, he joined the British and tried to help them win the war. ▫ He had planned to deliver his own keys to West Point, site of the

U.S. army, to Britain's Major John Andre. ▫ Andre was captured and hanged. Arnold escaped and actually

commanded British troops later in the war. He died in Britain, unrecognized and alone.

Fort TiconderogaFort TiconderogaMay 10, 1775

• NY fort on the western shore of Lake Champlain ▫ Originally French▫ Seized by British in the Fr. & Ind. War

• Captured by Ethan Allen & Green Mountain Boys▫ along with Benedict Arnold

• First "official" victory of the Revolutionary War▫ The fort held a stock of British weapons, cannons, etc. ▫ Delayed a planned British invasion from Canada and also

enabled American troops to invade Canada themselves.

Battles: Bunker HillBattles: Bunker HillJune 17, 1775

• Fought on hills north of Boston Harbor• Britain lost ~42% of their troops• Showed the American

forces they could do some real damage to the great army

• No turning back now... • Losses:

▫ ~1100 British▫ ~400 Patriot

• Victory: Tactical v. Psychological

““These are the times that try men’s These are the times that try men’s souls. The souls. The summer soldier summer soldier and the and the sunshine patriot sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it NOW deserves the but he that stands it NOW deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph”more glorious the triumph”

Thomas Paine, “The Crisis” Winter of 1776

Christmas Eve, leave their post and secretly cross the Delaware River

Battles: Trenton & PrincetonBattles: Trenton & Princeton December 26, 1776 & January 3, 1777

• Washington and his troops cross the Delaware• Achieve total surprise and a clear American victory• Captured nearly the entire Hessian force

▫ Drunken German mercenaries celebrating the holidays ▫ Stealthy tactics

Unusual winter fighting and movements at night Left the fires burning to appear at camp

• Days after Trenton, victory at Princeton drove the British out of NJ, almost for good▫ Morale boost ▫ Chance to gain badly needed supplies

Do-Now Do-Now

Recall the strengths and Recall the strengths and weaknesses of the British weaknesses of the British and Colonial forces in the and Colonial forces in the war. List as many as you war. List as many as you can.can.

ObjectiveObjectiveTo conclude study of the key To conclude study of the key battles/events/figures of the battles/events/figures of the Revolutionary War. To Revolutionary War. To understand the significance of its understand the significance of its resolution.resolution.

Wednesday, November 18Wednesday, November 18thth

AgendaAgendaDo NowNotes & Discussion:- advantages & disadvantages, - key battles- key leaders, etc.

Reading: Washington’s victory

at Yorktown ends the war.

HomeworkHomeworkPacket work – Complete the “Revolutionary War Battles and Leaders” worksheet

Battles: Battles: SaratogaSaratoga

• Series of battles near Saratoga, NY

• Resulted in a huge American victory and turning-point▫1/4 of British forces in North

America surrendered

•Won France as an ally▫Many battles were yet to be fought, but

American Independence was assured

General Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, NY; October 1777

Valley ForgeValley ForgeDecember 1777 to June 1778

• Pennsylvania encampment ▫ A particularly harsh winter▫ Army was short on food,

clothing, & supplies.

• Training the men▫ Commander G. Washington worked to make better,

tougher soldiers With Baron von Steuben, a Prussian drill sergeant

• Among the soldiers who were encamped with Washington at Valley Forge were Generals Nathanael Greene and Benedict Arnold; Alexander Hamilton, Washington's personal aide; the Marquis de Lafayette; and a man named John Marshall, who would go on to become the first famous Chief Justice of the United States.

Battles: Bonne Homme Battles: Bonne Homme Richard vs. Serapis Richard vs. Serapis September 23, September 23, 17791779

• The most remarkable single ship duel of the American Revolution ▫ Bonne Homme Richard

Barely seaworthy▫ HMS Serapis

a strong, 50-gun ship

• Asked to surrender, John Paul Jones answered:" Surrender be dammed, I have not begun to fight!" And the Bon Homme Richard went on the vanquish the

Serapis.

YorktownYorktown October 6-19, 1781

• Washington’s troops aided by French forces attacked Cornwallis’ position

• The French fleet prevented him from being reinforced or rescued

General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown; October 19, 1781

Articles of ConfederationArticles of ConfederationDrafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress

• Came before the Constitution....▫ in effect, the first constitution of the United States. ▫ Established a "firm league of friendship" between

the 13 colonies

• Created during the throes of the Revolutionary War• Reflected a wariness by the states of a strong central

government▫ Fear of giving a central government too much power

Why?

• Purposely vested the largest share of power to individual states

• Weak & flawed in design, it was proven ineffective ▫ Later replaced by what?...

What hardships were What hardships were faced by Americans during the faced by Americans during the war?war?

• Lack of support from the Continental Congress• Disruption in trade caused by the British blockade• Shortages of goods

Why was the fighting that took Why was the fighting that took place in the South particularly place in the South particularly vicious?vicious?

• Americans fighting Americans• Loyalists did much of the fighting for the British

here

What were the major What were the major provisions of the Treaty of provisions of the Treaty of Paris?Paris?

• Britain recognizes American independence

• Florida lands returned to Spain

• Established the Mississippi River as the boundary between the new US and Spanish territory to the west

How did the outcome of How did the outcome of the Revolution affect Native the Revolution affect Native Americans?Americans?• The power of the Iroquois league was destroyed• For decades Native Americans were blamed for

supporting the British

What impact did the Revolutionary War What impact did the Revolutionary War have on African Americans?have on African Americans?

• In the north, it promoted the antislavery cause• In the south slavery only became more

restrictive