DO NOW WHAT ARE SOME POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE?WHAT ARE SOME POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE?

DO NOWDO NOW

• WHAT ARE SOME POSITIVE AND WHAT ARE SOME POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCES THAT NEGATIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE?DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE?

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Unit III: War on DrugsUnit III: War on Drugs

TIP Don’t use drugs!

The War on Drugs

Section 1: Drug use and Section 1: Drug use and its affects on societyits affects on society

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What is a drug?What is a drug?

1. Drug (Positive view):

• 1. a substance used by itself or in a mixture in the treatment or diagnosis of disease.

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Meaning of the word (f) of who is askedPositive view:Webster’s Dictionary “a substance used by itself or in a mixture in the treatment or diagnosis of disease.”

• 2. Drugs are used to:

– 2. fight infection;– reverse a

disease process;– relieve

symptoms of illness;

– restore normal functioning of human organs;

– aid in diagnosing sickness …

– maintain health.04/22/23

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What is a drug?What is a drug?• Neutral view:

• “any substance that causes or creates significant psychological and/or physiological changes in the body”

• “any absorbed substance that changes or enhances any physical or psychological function in the body”

• Coffee in the morning?

• Tea in the afternoon?

• Cigarettes when drinking at a bar?

Neutral View of Drugs: (Write down these three examples)

Coffee in the morning?Tea in the afternoon?Cigarettes when drinking at a bar?• 3. neutral view3. neutral view• 3. “any substance

that causes or creates significant psychological and/or physiological changes in the body”

– Ex: coffee, tea, cigarettes

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• Negative view:

• “something (and often an illegal substance) that causes addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness”

• This is the focus of our war on drugs

• against illegal forms of drug use and the activities which permit it (manufacturing, growing, distributing, selling, possessing)


• 4. Drug (Negative 4. Drug (Negative View) View)

• 4. “something (and often an illegal substance) that causes addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness”

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WAR ON DRUGS: THE WAR ON DRUGS: THE FOCUSFOCUS

• 5. focus of war 5. focus of war on drugson drugs

• 5. 5. against illegal forms of drug use and the activities which permit it (manufacturing, growing, distributing, selling, possessing)

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What do drugs do?What do drugs do?

• All drugs, whether legal or illegal affect the brain by interacting with naturally occurring brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters

• This alters people’s behavior.

• Every drug (including a legal drug such as aspirin) is potentially harmful.

What do drugs do?What do drugs do? All drugs, whether legal or illegal affect the brain by interacting with naturally occurring brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters

• 6. impact of 6. impact of drugsdrugs

• 6. 6. affect the brain by interacting with naturally occurring brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters

•

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Effects of drugs Effects of drugs (write down (write down four of these factors)four of these factors)

• The Factors on how a drug effects people Effects of any drug depend on:

• type of drug used

• amount of drug used

• drug potency

• method of ingestion

• frequency of use (tolerance)

• setting of ingestion

• mood of the user

• biological & psychological make-up of user (e.g., genetics, brain chemistry)

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Is Drug Use normal? (Write Is Drug Use normal? (Write down (4 Examples)down (4 Examples)• How do people use

(legal) drugs?

• “Happy Hour”

• Parties with friends

• “Pick up” girls/guys

• Relieve boredom

• Alter your mood

• Inspire creativity

• Medicinal purposes

• Religious purposes

• (adaptive)

Drug use vs. Abuse: Drug use vs. Abuse: Drug abuse costs the U.S. economy more than $180 billion a year.

• 7. drug abuse7. drug abuse

• 8. effects of drug 8. effects of drug abuse abuse

• 7. is a higher degree of consumption of drugs … suggests some problem level of use, or “overuse.”

• 8. is drug use that results in social, economic, psychological or legal problems for the drug user

• Costs U.S. economy more than $180 billion a year

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DO NOWDO NOW• WHAT IS THE WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF DRUG IMPACT OF DRUG USE USE

WHETHER IT BE LEGAL OR ILLEGAL? WHETHER IT BE LEGAL OR ILLEGAL? EXPLAIN THE EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE? PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF AN ? PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF AN EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE.EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE.

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Effects of drug abuse on Effects of drug abuse on the brain.the brain.

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Drug use vs. AbuseDrug use vs. Abuse

• 9. drug use9. drug use • 9. is ANY consumption of a drug (i.e., recreational or occasional; medical use)

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Drug Use v. AbuseDrug Use v. Abuse

• Drug use is ANY consumption of a drug (i.e., recreational or occasional use)

• Drug abuse is a higher degree of consumption of drugs … suggests some problem level of use, or “overuse.”

• Drug abuse is drug use that results in social, economic, psychological or legal problems for the drug user

• (maladaptive)

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Is Drug Use normal?Is Drug Use normal?• Weil (1998: 4) “The use of drugs to alter

consciousness is nothing new. It has been a feature of human life in all places on the earth and in all ages of history” … as innate as hunger and sex.

• Hamid (1998: vii) “The human use of psychoactive drugs is both primordial and nearly universal. In almost every human culture in every age of history, the use of one or more psychoactive drugs was featured prominently in the contexts of religion, ritual, health care, divination, celebration (including the arts, music, and theater), recreation, and cuisine.”

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Drug Use v. AbuseDrug Use v. Abuse

• Oh yeah, and then there are college students …

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Outcomes of Drug AbuseOutcomes of Drug Abuse• Physical dependence – growing tolerance of a

drug’s effects so that increased amounts of the drug necessitate the continued presence of the drug in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms

• Psychological dependence – craving for or compulsive need to use drugs because they provide the user with a feeling of well-being and satisfaction

• Tolerance – continued regular use of a drug leading to progressively larger doses to attain the desired effect, thereby reinforcing the compulsive behavior known as drug dependence

• Withdrawal – physical reaction of bodily functions that, when a body is deprived of an addictive drug, causes increased excitability of the bodily functions that have been depressed by the drug’s habitual use

• 10. physical 10. physical dependencedependence

• 10. the body’s growing tolerance of a drug’s effects so that increased amounts of the drug necessitate the continued presence of the drug in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms

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OUTCOMES OF DRUG ABUSE

• 11. psychological 11. psychological dependencedependence

• 11. craving for or compulsive need to use drugs because they provide the user with a mental feeling of well-being and satisfaction

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OUTCOMES OF DRUG ABUSE

War on Drugs: Short video War on Drugs: Short video clipclip

• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/



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DO NOWDO NOW

• WHAT IS A NEUTRAL VIEW OF HOW WHAT IS A NEUTRAL VIEW OF HOW DRUGS ARE USED? GIVE AN DRUGS ARE USED? GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A NEUTRAL VIEW.EXAMPLE OF A NEUTRAL VIEW.

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Outcomes of Drug AbuseOutcomes of Drug Abuse

• 12. tolerance12. tolerance • 12. 12. continued regular use of a drug leading to progressively larger doses to attain the desired effect, thereby reinforcing the compulsive behavior known as drug dependence

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Outcomes of Drug AbuseOutcomes of Drug Abuse• 13. withdrawal13. withdrawal • 13. 13. physical reaction of

bodily functions that, when a body is deprived of an addictive drug, causes increased excitability of the bodily functions that have been depressed by the drug’s habitual use

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DO NOWDO NOW

• NAME THE FOUR DIFFERENT NAME THE FOUR DIFFERENT OUTCOMES OF DRUG ABUSE. OUTCOMES OF DRUG ABUSE. EXPLAIN EACH OUTCOME IN EXPLAIN EACH OUTCOME IN YOUR YOUR OWN WORDSOWN WORDS..

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Drug Use v. AbuseDrug Use v. Abuse• It is possible to use illegal drugs without

engaging in abuse of them …

• Only a small portion of drug users actually become drug abusers

• According to ONDCP, 7 million people meet diagnostic criteria for drug abuse (out of 20 million users)

• Percentage of drug abusers seems to remain relatively stable over time, even as number of drug users changes

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Major Types of DrugsMajor Types of Drugs

• Drugs are categorized according to their major effects on brain function and human behavior

• stimulants• depressants• hallucinogens / disssociative anesthetics• narcotics/opiates

• Others add inhalants, analgesics, sedatives, and hypnotics

Major Types of DrugsMajor Types of Drugs: : Drugs are categorized according to their major effects on brain function and human behavior

• Stimulants – stimulate central nervous system (CNS) / increase activity of the brain and spinal chord

• Depressants – lessen activity of the CNS / decrease or stop vital functions

• Hallucinogens – produce mood and perceptual changes varying from sensory illusions to hallucinations

• Narcotics – opium and opium derivatives, and their synthetic versions, used mostly as pain killers

• Others add inhalants, analgesics, sedatives, and hypnotics

Stimulants – Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine• 14. stimulants14. stimulants • 14. 14. stimulate central

nervous system (CNS) / increase activity of the brain and spinal chord

• Ex: cocaine; methamphetamine;nicotine; caffeine

• Amphetamine; ritalin

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Depressants – Alcohol• 15. depressants 15. depressants • 15. lessen activity

of the CNS / decrease or stop vital functions– Ex: alcohol;

tranquillisers

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Depressants (Alcohol’s Depressants (Alcohol’s effect on the brain)effect on the brain)

• Alcohol has effects on different areas of the brain.Alcohol has effects on different areas of the brain.

• In the region of the cerebral cortex, alcohol decreases a person's In the region of the cerebral cortex, alcohol decreases a person's inhibitions and slows down thought processes as well as the inhibitions and slows down thought processes as well as the processing of incoming visual and auditory information.processing of incoming visual and auditory information.

• The cerebellum, the center of balance, is affected, leading to the The cerebellum, the center of balance, is affected, leading to the staggering gait of a drunk.staggering gait of a drunk.

• The effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary increases sexual The effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary increases sexual desire, but decreases actual performance.desire, but decreases actual performance.

• Alcohol acts on the medulla to slow a person's breathing and Alcohol acts on the medulla to slow a person's breathing and decrease body temperature, which can cause death.decrease body temperature, which can cause death.

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Depressants (Alcohol’s Depressants (Alcohol’s effect on the brain)effect on the brain)

• In the long run, heavy drinking can cause severe and In the long run, heavy drinking can cause severe and permanent brain damage, and your brain can really shrink. permanent brain damage, and your brain can really shrink. Many alcoholics come down with Wernicke-Korsakoff Many alcoholics come down with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome because alcohol interferes with the body's syndrome because alcohol interferes with the body's absorption of thiamine. This syndrome causes mental absorption of thiamine. This syndrome causes mental confusion, lack of coordination and problems with memory confusion, lack of coordination and problems with memory and learning. Dependence on alcohol also causes changes in and learning. Dependence on alcohol also causes changes in the brain's chemistry, and if a person tries to stop drinking the brain's chemistry, and if a person tries to stop drinking suddenly, withdrawal symptoms of delirium tremens (DTs), suddenly, withdrawal symptoms of delirium tremens (DTs), hallucinations, nausea and seizures can result. Detoxification hallucinations, nausea and seizures can result. Detoxification centers can help to alleviate these symptoms.centers can help to alleviate these symptoms.

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Hallucinogens : LSD, PCP, Marijuana, Shrooms, Peyote• 16. 16.

HallucinogensHallucinogens• 16. 16. produce mood and

perceptual changes varying from sensory illusions to hallucinations; to change in blood pressure

• Ex: LSD, Marijuana, Shrooms

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Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens are drugs that distort the way you perceive reality. Hallucinogens are drugs that distort the way you perceive reality. They can cause you to see, feel and hear things that don't exist, They can cause you to see, feel and hear things that don't exist, making it hard to communicate or think clearly. They can also making it hard to communicate or think clearly. They can also cause rapid, intense emotional mood swings. cause rapid, intense emotional mood swings.

• Hallucinogens work by disrupting how your nerve cells and the Hallucinogens work by disrupting how your nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin interact throughout the brain and neurotransmitter serotonin interact throughout the brain and spinal cord.spinal cord.2525 By changing the normal, healthy structure of By changing the normal, healthy structure of serotonin in the body, hallucinogens twist and alter the way your serotonin in the body, hallucinogens twist and alter the way your brain processes your senses, feelings and visual information. brain processes your senses, feelings and visual information. When you are unable to get a grip on reality, normal events and When you are unable to get a grip on reality, normal events and situations can take on an unreal and frightening quality.situations can take on an unreal and frightening quality.

Narcotics – Heroin, Codeine, Morphine, Oxycodone• 17. Narcotics17. Narcotics • 17. opium and opium

derivatives, and their synthetic versions, used mostly as pain killers

• Ex: opium, heroin, morphine; oxycodone

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NarcoticsNarcotics• Narcotics affect the body in different ways, Narcotics affect the body in different ways,

depending on the particular drug and how it depending on the particular drug and how it is taken. Some common effects include is taken. Some common effects include constricted pupils, dizziness, drowsiness, constricted pupils, dizziness, drowsiness, and loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. and loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. Codeine elevates the blood pressure, Codeine elevates the blood pressure, increases the heart rate and causes tremors increases the heart rate and causes tremors and seizures.and seizures.Over time, narcotics can cause chronic Over time, narcotics can cause chronic constipation, impaired vision, and irregular constipation, impaired vision, and irregular menstrual cycle and decreased sex drive. menstrual cycle and decreased sex drive.

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Some “club drugs” …

• Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA aka aka ecstasyecstasy (stimulant)(stimulant)

• Gamma-hydroxybutyrate or Gamma-hydroxybutyrate or GHBGHB aka aka grievous grievous bodily harmbodily harm (depressant)(depressant)

• flunitrazepam / Rohypnol aka flunitrazepam / Rohypnol aka roofies roofies (depressant)(depressant)

• Ketamine aka Ketamine aka special Kspecial K (hallucinogen)(hallucinogen)• 18. 18. ecstasy ecstasy

(stimulant), roofies (stimulant), roofies (depressant), special (depressant), special K (hallucinogen) K (hallucinogen)

• 18. club drugs18. club drugs

MDMA and its affect on MDMA and its affect on the brainthe brain• MDMA acts by increasing the activity of three neurotransmitters, MDMA acts by increasing the activity of three neurotransmitters,

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The emotional and serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The emotional and pro-social effects of MDMA are likely caused directly or indirectly pro-social effects of MDMA are likely caused directly or indirectly by the release of large amounts of serotonin, which influences by the release of large amounts of serotonin, which influences mood (as well as other functions such as appetite and sleep). mood (as well as other functions such as appetite and sleep). Serotonin also triggers the release of the hormones oxytocin Serotonin also triggers the release of the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which play important roles in love, trust, and vasopressin, which play important roles in love, trust, sexual arousal, and other social experiences. This may account sexual arousal, and other social experiences. This may account for the characteristic feelings of emotional closeness and for the characteristic feelings of emotional closeness and empathy produced by the drug; studies in both rats and humans empathy produced by the drug; studies in both rats and humans have shown that MDMA raises the levels of these hormones.have shown that MDMA raises the levels of these hormones.

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A close-up of Ecstasy pills in assorted shapes and colors. MDMA, (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), AKA ecstasy, is a synthetic drug that is chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline.

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MDMA (AKA: Ecstasy)MDMA (AKA: Ecstasy)• A close-up of Ecstasy pills in assorted shapes and colors. MDMA,

(3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), AKA ecstasy, is a synthetic drug that is chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. Taken orally in tablet or capsule form, MDMA effects brain cells’ utilization of serotonin, a chemical transmitter that plays an important role in regulating mood, aggression, sexual activity, sleep and sensitivity to pain. MDMA has a similar chemical structure to serotonin, and when it enters brain cells, it causes an excessive release of that chemical. As a result, users experience feelings of increased energy, euphoria, emotional warmth, and distortions in time, perception, and tactile experience.

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Ketmine (aka: Special K)Ketmine (aka: Special K)• A pile of ketamine and pills. Ketamine—chemically, a compound

called ketamine hydrochloride—is a drug that was developed in the 1960s to sedate animals and humans for surgery, though it eventually was replaced by medications that worked faster with less risk. Beginning in the 1990s, initially to the puzzlement of police, burglars began breaking into veterinary clinics and stealing ketamine. They soon learned that recreational drug users had discovered ketamine and were turning it into the new hallucinogenic party drug. In its standard powdered form, ketamine looked like cocaine, and could be snorted in the same way. But it also could be easily modified for injecting, smoking or even mixing into drinks.

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A pile of ketamine and pills. Ketamine—chemically, a compound called ketamine hydrochloride—is a drug that was developed in the 1960s to sedate animals and humans for surgery, though it eventually was replaced by medications that worked faster with less risk.

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If we’re going to have a If we’re going to have a “war on drugs” which “war on drugs” which drugs should we drugs should we pursue??? (WRITE THESE pursue??? (WRITE THESE DOWN)DOWN)

• Answer depends on …?:

• Degree of harm caused to individuals by drug use/abuse?

• Degree of harm caused to families, communities and society by drug use/abuse?

• Degree of dependence/addiction triggered by drug use experimentation?

• If we used these criteria, on what drugs would we focus?

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ActivityActivity

• What are discrepancies in descriptions of drugs from ONDCP and the Drug Policy Alliance/Safety First???

DO NOWDO NOW

• Effects of any drug depends on Effects of any drug depends on what:(List four)what:(List four)

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If we’re going to have a “war If we’re going to have a “war on drugs” which drugs on drugs” which drugs should we pursue???should we pursue???

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607604644/fulltext

Extent of Drug Extent of Drug Use in USAUse in USA

• Major sources of information about drug use:

• Monitoring the Future (MTF) -- national (MTF) -- national survey/interviews with approximately survey/interviews with approximately 50,000 randomly selected students in 50,000 randomly selected students in 88thth, 10, 10thth and 12 and 12thth graders graders

• Started in 1975 (12Started in 1975 (12thth graders), added graders), added other grades in 1991other grades in 1991

• National estimates of the past month, National estimates of the past month, past year, and lifetime use of past year, and lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, and non-medical use of prescription drugsnon-medical use of prescription drugs

• Also measures disapproval and perceived harmfulness & availability

Extent of Drug Use in USExtent of Drug Use in US(NSDUH)(NSDUH)

• NSDUH findings:

• Lifetime useLifetime use: 114.3 million users (46.1% of : 114.3 million users (46.1% of pop.)pop.)– Mostly marijuana (40.6%) followed by Mostly marijuana (40.6%) followed by

psychotherapeutics (20.3%)psychotherapeutics (20.3%)

• Past year use: 35.7 million users (14.4%)– Most marijuana (10.1%) followed by

psychotherapeutics (6.6%)

• Past month (current) use: 19.9 million users (8% of pop.)

• Current use(NSDUH)






• Other interesting facts re current use (NSDUH):

• Current use lower for full-time college students than non-students (but higher lifetime use for students)

• Current use lowest for college grads

• Current use lowest for full-time employed (but most users are employed)

• Highest rates in the west, lowest in the south

• Highest rates in cities, lowest in rural counties


• Now more initiates of prescription drug use per year than marijuana!



• 51.1% use alcohol

• 23.3% binge drink (5 or more drinks at one setting at least once a month)

• 6.9% heavy drink (5 or more drinks at one setting at least five times a month)



• Highest rates of smoking for 18-25 year olds (36.2%) versus 9.8% of 12-17 year olds



• Users of alcohol and tobacco more likely to be current users of illicit drugs

• Tobacco users about 9 times more likely …

• Heavy drinkers about 12 times more likely …


Extent of Drug UseExtent of Drug Usein US (MTF)in US (MTF)

• MTF findings (12th, 10th, 8th graders)

• Lifetime useLifetime use: 47.4%, 34.1%, 19.6%: 47.4%, 34.1%, 19.6%• Past year use: 36.6%, 26.9%, 14.1%• Past month (current) use: 22.3%, 15.8%,

7.6%• Current use is higher among 12th graders

for virtually every drug (one drug consistently higher for 8th graders)

• MTF Prevalence of Current Use (12th graders):

• Alcohol – 43.1%

• Been drunk – 27.6%

• Cigarettes – 20.4%

• Marijuana – 19.4%


• Smokeless tobacco – 6.5%

• Narcotics – 3.8% (heroin – 0.4%)

• Amphetamines – 2.9% (meth – 0.6%)

• Sedatives – 2.8%

• Tranquilizers – 2.6%


• Hallucinogens – 2.2% (LSD – 1.1%)

• Cocaine – 1.9%

• Ecstasy – 1.8%

• Inhalants – 1.4%

• Steroids – 1%


• Current use(MTF)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1991 2008

12th grade 10th grade 8th grade


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1991 2008

12th grade 10th grade 8th grade

Trend lines

• Other interesting facts re current use (MTF):

• Perceived harmfulness of drug use generally NOT up

• Perceived disapproval of drug use generally NOT up

• Perceived availability of drugs generally NOT down








DO NOWDO NOW

• THE EFFECTS THAT A DRUG HAS ON THE EFFECTS THAT A DRUG HAS ON A PERSON DEPENDS ON WHAT A PERSON DEPENDS ON WHAT FACTORS? FACTORS? LOOK IN YOUR LOOK IN YOUR NOTES!!!!!!!!!!!!NOTES!!!!!!!!!!!!

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DO NOW

• WHAT IS A STIMULATE? NAME SOME EXAMPLES OF A STIMULATE.

• YOU HAVE UNTIL 12:38

SECTION 2: DRUGS INC.• Some call methamphetamine the "Devil's Drug."

Often made in less than an hour from a common cold remedy, this powerful stimulant is sweeping across the U.S. and Asia.

• It can be injected, smoked, or snorted, and one hit can keep a user high for as long as eight hours. More addictive than cocaine or alcohol, meth locks users in a devastating cycle.

Some call methamphetamine the "Devil's Drug." Often made in less than an hour from a common cold remedy, this powerful stimulant is sweeping across the U.S. and Asia. Follow a raid on a suspected meth lab, stake out a neighborhood pharmacy where addicts attempt to accumulate cold and flu pills, and meet a neuroscientist urgently searching for a cure for addiction. See the dangers of meth and the unexpected physical damages caused by the drug.• 1. Methamphetamine • 1. one of the world’s most

powerful stimulants “Devils Drug”

• It can be injected, smoked, or snorted, and one hit can keep a user high for as long as eight hours. More addictive than cocaine or alcohol, meth locks users in a devastating cycle.

All over the United States, thousands of dealers sell methamphetamine under the street names crank, crystal, glass, or ice.Every year Mexican drug cartels produce approximately 200 metric tons of meth for the U.S. market alone, with an estimated revenue of $8 billion.In China and India, a small number of pharmaceutical factories produce thousands of tons of pseudo-ephedrine for legitimate use. Criminal middlemen legally purchase vast quantities of these chemicals but then sell them on to illegal meth producers.Supplying chemicals illegally is a lucrative business. In Asia, a kilo of pseudo-ephedrine costs $68. But international criminal organizations, like the Mexican cartels, pay up to $10,000 for the same kilo.• 2. street names 2. street names

for Methfor Meth

• 3. Mexican drug 3. Mexican drug cartelscartels

• 2. 2. crank, crystal, glass, crank, crystal, glass, or iceor ice

• 3. 3. produce produce approximately 200 approximately 200 metric tons of meth for metric tons of meth for the U.S. market alonethe U.S. market alone

Facts about Meth

• All over the United States, thousands of dealers sell methamphetamine under the street names crank, crystal, glass, or ice.

• Every year Mexican drug cartels produce approximately 200 metric tons of meth for the U.S. market alone, with an estimated revenue of $8 billion.

• In China and India, a small number of pharmaceutical factories produce thousands of tons of pseudo-ephedrine for legitimate use. Criminal middlemen legally purchase vast quantities of these chemicals but then sell them on to illegal meth producers.

• Supplying chemicals illegally is a lucrative business. In Asia, a kilo of pseudo-ephedrine costs $68. But international criminal organizations, like the Mexican cartels, pay up to $10,000 for the same kilo

In the United States, imported Mexican methamphetamine has spread rapidly eastward. With increased Mexican migration, traffickers and dealers can now hide amongst law-abiding Hispanic communities across America.

Seventy percent of the 250 metric tons of meth coming into the U.S. originates from Mexican sources. But Mexican ice is by no means the only kind of methamphetamine available. Unlike heroin or cocaine, methamphetamine can be produced at home, using a concoction of easily available household chemicals.

• 4. Mexican 4. Mexican sources of methsources of meth

• 5. Missouri5. Missouri

• 4. 4. 70% of the 250 metric tons of meth 70% of the 250 metric tons of meth coming into the U.S. originates from coming into the U.S. originates from Mexican sourcesMexican sources

• 5. 5. Almost 1,500 meth labs were discovered in Missouri last year, making it one of the worst hit states in one of the worst hit states in the epidemic of home the epidemic of home methamphetamine cookingmethamphetamine cooking

Facts about Meth• In the United States, imported Mexican methamphetamine has spread

rapidly eastward. With increased Mexican migration, traffickers and dealers can now hide amongst law-abiding Hispanic communities across America.

• Seventy percent of the 250 metric tons of meth coming into the U.S. originates from Mexican sources. But Mexican ice is by no means the only kind of methamphetamine available. Unlike heroin or cocaine, methamphetamine can be produced at home, using a concoction of easily available household chemicals.

• Almost 1,500 meth labs were discovered in Missouri last year, making it one of the worst hit states in the epidemic of home methamphetamine cooking.

America is the largest methamphetamine market in the Western Hemisphere.In the state of Missouri, an estimated 53,000 people use methamphetamine.Methamphetamine makes the user feel euphoric, alert, and powerful. But the horrific after-effects of this extraordinary rush include severe depression and an inability to eat or sleep.

• 6. America6. America

• 7. effects of meth7. effects of meth

• 6. 6. is the largest is the largest methamphetamine market in methamphetamine market in the Western Hemisphere; 1.4 the Western Hemisphere; 1.4 millionmillion

• In the state of Missouri, an estimated 53,000 people use methamphetamine

• 7.7. makes the user feel makes the user feel euphoric, alert, and powerful euphoric, alert, and powerful

04/22/23

Facts about Meth

• America is the largest methamphetamine market in the Western Hemisphere.

• In the state of Missouri, an estimated 53,000 people use methamphetamine.

• Methamphetamine makes the user feel euphoric, alert, and powerful. But the horrific after-effects of this extraordinary rush include severe depression and an inability to eat or sleep.

• Large doses of methamphetamine can also cause hallucinations. As with powerful hallucinogens such as LSD, meth-induced delusions seem entirely real.

Methamphetamine makes the user feel euphoric, alert, and powerful. But the horrific after-effects of this extraordinary rush include severe depression and an inability to eat or sleep. Large doses of methamphetamine can also cause hallucinations. As with powerful hallucinogens such as LSD, meth-induced delusions seem entirely real.• 8. after-effects of meth8. after-effects of meth• 8. 8. include severe include severe

depression and an depression and an inability to eat or inability to eat or sleep; sleep; hallucinationshallucinations

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A few ingredients such as ingredients, including A few ingredients such as ingredients, including ammonium fertilizer and lithium from household ammonium fertilizer and lithium from household batteries, are placed in a simple soda bottle The batteries, are placed in a simple soda bottle The chemicals react, producing not only chemicals react, producing not only methamphetamine, but also poisonous fumes that can methamphetamine, but also poisonous fumes that can explodeexplode• 9. Sources of 9. Sources of

Methamphetamine Methamphetamine • 9. 9. can be produced can be produced

at homeat home; ; Mexican Mexican drug cartels are drug cartels are another sourceanother source

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A few ingredients such as ingredients, including A few ingredients such as ingredients, including ammonium fertilizer and lithium from household ammonium fertilizer and lithium from household batteries, are placed in a simple soda bottle. The batteries, are placed in a simple soda bottle. The chemicals react, producing not only methamphetamine, chemicals react, producing not only methamphetamine, but also poisonous fumes that can explodebut also poisonous fumes that can explode

• 10. harmful 10. harmful ingredients of ingredients of methmeth

• 10. 10. ammonium ammonium fertilizer and fertilizer and lithium from lithium from household household batteries batteries

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METH LABMETH LAB

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DO NOWDO NOW

• AFTER WATCHING THE NATGEO AFTER WATCHING THE NATGEO VIDEO “WORLD’S MOST VIDEO “WORLD’S MOST DANGEROUS DRUG” WHAT ARE DANGEROUS DRUG” WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON THE AFFECTS YOUR THOUGHTS ON THE AFFECTS OF METH TO PEOPLE’S LIVES AND OF METH TO PEOPLE’S LIVES AND SOCIETY? SOCIETY?

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DO NOWDO NOW

• HOW DOES METH AFFECT THE HOW DOES METH AFFECT THE BODY?BODY?

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SECTION 2: DRUGS INC.Cocaine is a global business. From coca farmers in Colombia and trafficking cartels in Mexico to crack slingers in Miami and cocaine dealers in London, the supply chain of cocaine stretches around our world.• 11. Cocaine • 11. powerful

stimulant that produces feelings of intense pleasure and well being

Social effects of Cocaine Social effects of Cocaine Drug traffickers are the real "winners" in the cocaine business. They earn millions of dollars by smuggling large shipments of drugs across international borders.The cocaine trade wreaks havoc on countries around the world. Cash from the sale of cocaine has financed coups in Bolivia, fuelled guerrilla wars in Nicaragua and Colombia, and threatens the stability of the Mexican state.

• 12. social effects 12. social effects of cocaineof cocaine

• 12. 12. financed coups in Bolivia, fuelled guerrilla wars in Nicaragua and Colombia, and threatens the stability of the Mexican state

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Miami, Florida, is America’s first city of cocaine. Since the 1970s it’s been a point of entry for traffickers and home to a large population of dealers. There are two forms of cocaine:Cocaine powder is snorted predominantly by the wealthy, many of whom believe it’s non-addictive and can enhance both work and play. Crack cocaine is sold in rock form and smoked. It delivers an intense high and a way to escape the reality of life, if only for a brief while.

• 13. Miami, 13. Miami, FloridaFlorida

• 14. two forms of 14. two forms of cocainecocaine

• 13. 13. is America’s is America’s first city of cocainefirst city of cocaine

• 14. 14. cocaine cocaine powder; crack powder; crack cocainecocaine

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While the drug cartels earn millions of dollars While the drug cartels earn millions of dollars smuggling cocaine, the peasant farmers who grow the smuggling cocaine, the peasant farmers who grow the coca plants, from which cocaine is extracted, are lucky coca plants, from which cocaine is extracted, are lucky to earn enough to survive. Over half of the world’s to earn enough to survive. Over half of the world’s cocaine is produced in Colombia. Tens of thousands of cocaine is produced in Colombia. Tens of thousands of peasant farmers grow coca in Colombia. Growing food peasant farmers grow coca in Colombia. Growing food crops does not yield nearly as much profit as growing crops does not yield nearly as much profit as growing coca. Colombian farmers sell yucca plants for 40 cents coca. Colombian farmers sell yucca plants for 40 cents a kilo, whereas cocaine paste sells for $750 per kilo. a kilo, whereas cocaine paste sells for $750 per kilo. The profit from coca farming is the only way these The profit from coca farming is the only way these growers can provide a better life for their familiesgrowers can provide a better life for their families• 15. Source of 15. Source of

CocaineCocaine• 15. 15. Over half of the Over half of the

world’s cocaine is world’s cocaine is produced in produced in ColombiaColombia

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When cocaine is used it interferes with the reabsorption of When cocaine is used it interferes with the reabsorption of dopamine, a brain chemical associated with pleasure and dopamine, a brain chemical associated with pleasure and movement, producing a euphoric effect. Shortly after cocaine is movement, producing a euphoric effect. Shortly after cocaine is ingested the user may experience the following symptoms: ingested the user may experience the following symptoms: Constricted blood vessels. Dilated pupils. Increased body Constricted blood vessels. Dilated pupils. Increased body temperature. Increased heart rate. Higher blood pressure.temperature. Increased heart rate. Higher blood pressure.

• 16. effects of 16. effects of cocainecocaine

• 17. after-effects 17. after-effects of cocaineof cocaine

• 16. 16. produces a produces a euphoric effect; euphoric effect; restlessness; mental restlessness; mental alertnessalertness

• 17. 17. dilated pupils; dilated pupils; higher blood higher blood pressure; paranoia; pressure; paranoia; anxietyanxiety

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Crack cocaine first emerged in 1984. Up until then, cocaine, costing $100 per gram, was seen as a drug that was the preserve of the rich.Crack revolutionized the cocaine business by offering a cheap, yet intensely powerful high for only $5. It soon swept through America’s inner cities. Within a year 5.8 million people had succumbed to addiction.

• 18. crack cocaine18. crack cocaine • 18. 18. revolutionized revolutionized the cocaine the cocaine business by business by offering a cheap offering a cheap cocainecocaine

• Plagued the inner Plagued the inner citiescities

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The profit from coca farming is the only way these The profit from coca farming is the only way these growers can provide a better life for their families. growers can provide a better life for their families. For the million peasant farmers growing and For the million peasant farmers growing and producing cocaine paste in Colombia, the producing cocaine paste in Colombia, the international drugs trade is economically brutal. international drugs trade is economically brutal. They receive a mere 5 cents for every gram of They receive a mere 5 cents for every gram of cocaine sold, but growing any other crop would cocaine sold, but growing any other crop would condemn them to poverty.condemn them to poverty.

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Facts about Cocaine• Miami, Florida, is America’s first city of cocaine. Since the 1970s it’s been a

point of entry for traffickers and home to a large population of dealers.

• There are two forms of cocaine:– Cocaine powder is snorted predominantly by the wealthy, many of whom

believe it’s non-addictive and can enhance both work and play.– Crack cocaine is sold in rock form and smoked. It delivers an intense high

and a way to escape the reality of life, if only for a brief while.

• Crack cocaine first emerged in 1984. Up until then, cocaine, costing $100 per gram, was seen as a drug that was the preserve of the rich.

• Crack revolutionized the cocaine business by offering a cheap, yet intensely powerful high for only $5. It soon swept through America’s inner cities. Within a year 5.8 million people had succumbed to addiction.

Facts about Cocaine• In the 1990s the appetite for cocaine in the UK exploded, seen as a glamorous

drug that enables users to work and play harder and longer. Cocaine became the drug of choice for Britain’s middle class. Forty-two U.S. tons of cocaine are consumed in the UK each year.

• Around the world there are two million people working as cocaine dealers. Selling cocaine and crack can provide a profitable living, but few make a fortune

• Drug traffickers are the real "winners" in the cocaine business. They earn millions of dollars by smuggling large shipments of drugs across international borders.

• The cocaine trade wreaks havoc on countries around the world. Cash from the sale of cocaine has financed coups in Bolivia, fuelled guerrilla wars in Nicaragua and Colombia, and threatens the stability of the Mexican state.

•

DO NOWDO NOW

• PROVIDE A NEUTRAL VIEW OF DRUG PROVIDE A NEUTRAL VIEW OF DRUG USE? WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES USE? WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF NEUTRAL DRUGS?OF NEUTRAL DRUGS?

• LOOK IN YOUR LOOK IN YOUR NOTES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!NOTES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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The global heroin industry funds terrorism and international crime while undermining the fabric of society. America’s prisons hold half a million drug offenders — more than any country in the world. Drug abuse costs the U.S. economy more than $180 billion a year.• 19. Heroin • 19. a drug that changes

the way the brain works, so when an addict is deprived of the drug, they become physically sick. These physical changes in the brain lead to chemical dependence.

• Heroin is one of the deadliest drugs on the face of the planet.

The global heroin industry funds terrorism and international crime while undermining the fabric of society. America’s prisons hold half a million drug offenders — more than any country in the world. Drug abuse costs the U.S. economy more than $180 billion a year.

• 20. America’s 20. America’s prisonsprisons

• 21. U.S. 21. U.S. governmentgovernment

• 20. 20. hold half a million hold half a million drug offenders costing drug offenders costing U.S. economy $180 billion U.S. economy $180 billion per yearper year

• 21. 21. spends less than a 1/4 spends less than a 1/4 of its drug control budget of its drug control budget on treatmenton treatment

• 22. methods 22. methods heroin of useheroin of use

• 22.22. injected, injected, snorted, or snorted, or smoked (mostly smoked (mostly injected)injected)

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Soon after injection (or inhalation), heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, heroin is converted to morphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors. Abusers typically report feeling a surge of pleasurable sensation - a "rush." The intensity of the rush is a function of how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is particularly addictive because it enters the brain so rapidly. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itching.

• 23. effects of heroin23. effects of heroin

• 24. opioid receptors24. opioid receptors

• 23. 23. in the brain heroin is in the brain heroin is converted to morphine and converted to morphine and binds rapidly to opioid binds rapidly to opioid receptors; creating a euphoric receptors; creating a euphoric state within secondsstate within seconds

• 24. 24. receptors located in the receptors located in the brain and various organs that brain and various organs that bind opiates or opioid bind opiates or opioid substancessubstances

Opioid ReceptorsOpioid Receptors• Medications such as morphine and Medications such as morphine and

oxycodone bind to these receptors in the oxycodone bind to these receptors in the brain to reduce feelings of pain, and brain to reduce feelings of pain, and these drugs may also cause feelings of these drugs may also cause feelings of euphoria. Increasing the scientific euphoria. Increasing the scientific understanding of opiate receptors may understanding of opiate receptors may help pharmaceutical companies develop help pharmaceutical companies develop medications for pain without the threat of medications for pain without the threat of addiction.addiction.

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After the initial effects, abusers usually will be drowsy After the initial effects, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours. Mental function is clouded by heroin's for several hours. Mental function is clouded by heroin's effect on the central nervous system. Cardiac function effect on the central nervous system. Cardiac function slows. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes to slows. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug cannot be accurately known.cannot be accurately known.

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Within the after effects of heroin the use may Within the after effects of heroin the use may feel drowsy for several hours Mental function is feel drowsy for several hours Mental function is clouded by heroin's effect on the central clouded by heroin's effect on the central nervous system. Cardiac function slows. nervous system. Cardiac function slows. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes

to the point of death.to the point of death. • 25. after effects 25. after effects

of heroinof heroin• 2525. drowsy for several . drowsy for several

hours; mental function is hours; mental function is clouded; cardiac function clouded; cardiac function slows; breathing is slows; breathing is severely slowedseverely slowed sometimes to the point of sometimes to the point of death death

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Because it’s injected, heroin’s impact on the brain is extreme. Unlike other drugs that rely on snorting or smoking, heroin’s effects are felt within seconds. It quickly crosses from the blood stream into the brain, releasing huge amounts of dopamine which trigger a euphoric state in the user.• 26. symptoms of

heroin withdrawal• 26. Physical symptoms of

heroin withdrawal include severe muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and in some cases, even death.

Two million people across the country are involved in Two million people across the country are involved in the cultivation of opium poppies. Poppies contain the cultivation of opium poppies. Poppies contain opium sap — the raw ingredient needed for heroin. opium sap — the raw ingredient needed for heroin. Some families rely on the sale of poppies to feed their Some families rely on the sale of poppies to feed their families. An Afghan farmer earns more than the families. An Afghan farmer earns more than the average yearly wage ($9,000) by selling the opium average yearly wage ($9,000) by selling the opium needed to make just one kilo of heroin. In America, needed to make just one kilo of heroin. In America, that kilo fetches $130,000.that kilo fetches $130,000. • 27. Source of 27. Source of

heroinheroin• 27. 27. More than 75% of More than 75% of

the world’s heroin the world’s heroin supply of heroin supply of heroin originates in originates in AfghanistanAfghanistan

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Two million people across Afghanistan are involved in the cultivation of opium poppies. Opium sap, the raw ingredient of heroin, comes from poppies.

• 28. opium sap28. opium sap • 28. the raw ingredient of heroin, comes from opium poppies

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FIELD OF OPIUM POPPIES FIELD OF OPIUM POPPIES USED TO CREATE USED TO CREATE HEROINE IN HEROINE IN AFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN

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Facts about Heroin• Opiates, like heroin, kill more people than

any other narcotic — around 100,000 a year worldwide. Its victims die primarily from infection from dirty needles or overdose.

• The U.S. government spends less than a quarter of its drug control budget on treatment

• In 2007 more than 1.8 million drug-related arrests were made in the U.S.

Heroin use is risky because it’s almost always injected. Sharing needles spreads HIV and other infectious diseases. The Insite project, a government run facility that provides users with clean needles and a safe place to shoot up, was set up in 2003 after Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside posted the highest rates of HIV in the Western world.

• 29. victims of 29. victims of heroin useheroin use

• 29. 29. die primarily from die primarily from infection from dirty infection from dirty needles or overdoseneedles or overdose

DO NOWDO NOW

• LIST THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF LIST THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF DRUGS AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF DRUGS AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH.EACH.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS AND AFTER-EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS AND AFTER-EFFECTS OF HEROIN USE. WHAT EFFECTS OF HEROIN USE. WHAT TWO WAYS DO HEROIN USERS TWO WAYS DO HEROIN USERS TEND TO DIE PRIMARILY FROM?TEND TO DIE PRIMARILY FROM?

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To many, it's an evil weed, but to some, it's a sacred herb, even a lifesaver. For decades the global supply was controlled by criminals, but now a quasi-legal industry worth billions of dollars is booming. Visit growers who are leading a horticultural revolution, hear from users consuming for medicinal purposes, go inside the "Green Rush" of medical marijuana in cities across the U.S. and the violent marijuana cartels in Mexico.

• 30. Cannabis • 30. psychoactive plant commonly known as marijuana, grass, pot, or weed; the most widely used drug on the planet

Cannabis Revolutionaries Cannabis Revolutionaries vs. Law Enforcementvs. Law Enforcement

• Used by 167 million Used by 167 million people worldwide, people worldwide, cannabis polarizes public cannabis polarizes public opinion. On one side, opinion. On one side, there are cannabis there are cannabis revolutionaries trying to revolutionaries trying to legitimize the plant. On legitimize the plant. On the other, law the other, law enforcement is trying to enforcement is trying to wipe it off the planet.wipe it off the planet.

The Facts on Cannabis• Used by 167 million people worldwide, cannabis polarizes public

opinion. On one side, there are cannabis revolutionaries trying to legitimize the plant. On the other, law enforcement is trying to wipe it off the planet.

• In 1970, the U.S. Federal Government passed the Controlled Substances Act classifying cannabis as a Schedule 1 drug, just like heroin. This designation identifies the drug as having a high potential for abuse with no medicinal value.

• In defiance of Federal law, 14 U.S. states now allow patients to grow or purchase cannabis on a doctor’s recommendation. Chief among these rebel states is California.

In 1970, the U.S. Federal Government passed the Controlled Substances Act classifying cannabis as a Schedule 1 drug, just like heroin. This designation identifies the drug as having a high potential for abuse with no medicinal value. In defiance of Federal law, 14 U.S. states now allow patients to grow or purchase cannabis on a doctor’s recommendation. Chief among these rebel states is California.

• 31. Controlled 31. Controlled Substances Act Substances Act (1970)(1970)

• 32. Schedule 1 drug32. Schedule 1 drug

• 33. California (1996)33. California (1996)

• 31. 31. classified cannabis as classified cannabis as a Schedule 1 drug, just a Schedule 1 drug, just like heroinlike heroin

• 32. 32. drug has a high drug has a high potential for abuse w/no potential for abuse w/no medical valuemedical value

• 33.33. allow patients to grow allow patients to grow or purchase cannabis on a or purchase cannabis on a doctor’s recommendationdoctor’s recommendation

In defiance of Federal law, 14 U.S. states now allow patients to grow or purchase cannabis on a doctor’s recommendation. Chief among these rebel states is California.

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•States that have decriminalized possession or allow medical marijuana.

•States considering decriminalization, legislation, or medical marijuana in 2012

•States with existing decriminalization or medical marijuana laws that are considering further reform.

Cannabis contains a complex mixture of Cannabis contains a complex mixture of more than 60 unique active compounds more than 60 unique active compounds known as cannabinoids. The two most known as cannabinoids. The two most abundant of which are Tetrahydro-abundant of which are Tetrahydro-cannibinol, or THC, and cannabidiol, or cannibinol, or THC, and cannabidiol, or CBD.CBD.

• 34. cannabis 34. cannabis compounds compounds

• 35. two main 35. two main cannabinoidscannabinoids

• 34. contains a complex 34. contains a complex mixture of more than mixture of more than 60 60 unique active compounds unique active compounds known as cannabinoidsknown as cannabinoids

• 35. 35. THC & cannabidiolTHC & cannabidiol

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When ingested, the compounds attach themselves to cannabinoid receptors, molecules affecting neural signals in parts of the brain governing memory, anxiety, appetite, coordination, and pain.

• 36. effects of 36. effects of cannabiscannabis

• 36. 36. affects neural signals in affects neural signals in parts of the brain governing parts of the brain governing memory, anxiety, appetite, memory, anxiety, appetite, coordination, and pain. coordination, and pain.

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California’s tolerance of cannabis for medical use dates back to the early outbreaks of AIDS in the 1980s.

In 1996, California passed Proposition 215, a state law allowing doctors to recommend cannabis to patients.• 37. proposition 37. proposition

215215• 37. 37. a state law a state law

allowing doctors allowing doctors to recommend to recommend cannabis to cannabis to patientspatients

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Facts about Cannabis• When ingested, the compounds attach themselves to cannabinoid

receptors, molecules affecting neural signals in parts of the brain governing memory, anxiety, appetite, coordination, and pain.

• California’s tolerance of cannabis for medical use dates back to the early outbreaks of AIDS in the 1980s.

• In 1996, California passed Proposition 215, a state law allowing doctors to recommend cannabis to patients.

• Once a patient has a doctor’s recommendation, they can legally grow their own or purchase cannabis from a dispensary. The so called “Cannabusiness” is booming. Like ordinary goods, cannabis is subject to a sales tax and it’s underpinning California’s economy.

Once a patient has a doctor’s recommendation, they can legally grow their own or purchase cannabis from a dispensary. The so called “Cannabusiness” is booming. Like ordinary goods, cannabis is subject to a sales tax and it’s underpinning California’s economy.

California has up to 400,000 medical cannabis patients, serving them are an estimated 2,100 dispensaries and co-operatives — a total that outnumbers the state’s Starbucks, McDonald’s and 7-11s combined.

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The last 15 years have seen a medical revolution across America. Doctors are recommending cannabis for everything from cancer to stress. But critics say the system is abused by recreational users who exploit medical endorsement to bypass the law.Despite being legal under State law, dispensary owners still risk prosecution under Federal drug laws, which don’t recognize medical cannabis.

• 38. dispensary 38. dispensary ownersowners

• 39. 39. cannabusinesscannabusiness

• 38. 38. still risk prosecution still risk prosecution under Federal drug lawsunder Federal drug laws, , which don’t recognize which don’t recognize medical cannabismedical cannabis

• 39. 39. subject to a sales tax subject to a sales tax and it’s underpinning and it’s underpinning California’s economyCalifornia’s economy

Marijuana can be cultivated Marijuana can be cultivated anywhere on the planet by anywhere on the planet by growing it indoors, a process growing it indoors, a process that began in Holland.that began in Holland.• 40. Source of 40. Source of

MarijuanaMarijuana• 40. Marijuana40. Marijuana can be can be

cultivated anywhere cultivated anywhere on the planet by on the planet by growing it indoors, a growing it indoors, a process that began in process that began in Holland.Holland.

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MarijuanaMarijuana

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Facts about Cannabis

• California has up to 400,000 medical cannabis patients, serving them are an estimated 2,100 dispensaries and co-operatives — a total that outnumbers the state’s Starbucks, McDonald’s and 7-11s combined.

• The last 15 years have seen a medical revolution across America. Doctors are recommending cannabis for everything from cancer to stress. But critics say the system is abused by recreational users who exploit medical endorsement to bypass the law.

• Despite being legal under State law, dispensary owners still risk prosecution under Federal drug laws, which don’t recognize medical cannabis.

Quiz #1 EssayQuiz #1 Essay

• DESCRIBE SOME NEGATIVE AND DESCRIBE SOME NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS POSITIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE.HAVE ON PEOPLE.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• WHICH STATE IN THE U.S. IS THE WHICH STATE IN THE U.S. IS THE PIONEER STATE FOR LEGALIZING PIONEER STATE FOR LEGALIZING MEDICAL MARIJUANA? MEDICAL MARIJUANA?

• EXPLAIN PROPOSITION 215. HOW IS EXPLAIN PROPOSITION 215. HOW IS MEDICAL MARIJUANA AIDING MEDICAL MARIJUANA AIDING CALIFORNIA’S ECONOMY?CALIFORNIA’S ECONOMY?

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Section 3: The Enforcers

Atlanta is home to “Spaghetti Junction,” a concrete jungle where two U.S. interstates and a number of other major highways converge. A tractor trailer leaving here can reach about 80 percent of the population in the United States within 48 hours. It’s a logical transshipment point for legitimate business and for loads of drugs and money. Spreading through America like wildfire, meth is seen by many law enforcement agencies as the number one drug threat because it can drive users to desperate acts.

• 1. Atlanta

• 2. drug shipment

• 1. home to two U.S. interstates and a number of major highways

• 2. uses this Spaghetti Junction for loads of drugs and money

In 2006, Federal anti-meth laws cracked down on methamphetamine production. Sales of pseudo-ephedrine are now strictly limited to nine grams a month per person. Nationally, the cost of methamphetamine-related crime is estimated at $4 billion.• 3. Federal anti-

meth laws• 3. have cracked down

on meth production; cost of crime $4 billion

Rotterdam is the third biggest port in the world with 25 miles of harbor handling over a million tons of cargo a day — and not all of that cargo is legal. Officers in the port have to determine which ships to search for drugs. It's one of the most difficult jobs in the harbor.• 4. Rotterdam

(Holland)

• 4. third largest port in the world; officers must determine which ships to search for drugs

But they have a tool to make their job a bit easier: an X-ray machine so powerful it can see through the steel walls of shipping containers. Despite the best efforts of border police, 340 tons of heroin made it onto the world’s streets last year.

• 5. x-ray machine • 5. can see through the steel walls of shipping containers

Since the 1970s the war on drugs has cost more than two trillion taxpayer dollars, but it hasn’t eliminated marijuana. In fact, cannabis use is so widespread that 41 percent of Americans admit trying it, including President Obama. In the 1930s Federal Bureau of Narcotics chief Harry Anslinger began America’s war on drugs. He created a moral panic, claiming cannabis use led to insanity, rape, and murder.• 6. Federal Bureau of Narcotics chief Harry Anslinger

• 7. Anslinger’s claim on cannabis

• 8. Taxpayers money against War on drugs

• 6. began Americas war on drugs in the 1930s

• 7. claiming cannabis use led to insanity, rape and murder; outlawed in 1937 by U.S. Congress

• 8. since 1970s the war on drugs has cost U.S. $2 trillion

Despite objections from the American Medical Association, Anslinger persuaded Congress to outlaw the drug in 1937. Since Cannabis was outlawed in the 1930s, stopping its use has been the main focus of America’s War on Drugs. While medical marijuana patients can legally consume their medicine in 14 U.S. states, more than 800,000 people are arrested for illegal cannabis use every year.

For the past 25 years governments around the world have been fighting a war against cocaine. Austin, Texas, is one of the main battlegrounds in this war. In Colombia, the American government has financed an eradication operation to reduce cocaine production in the country by 50 percent. Since 2000 the U.S. Government has poured $5 billion into these eradication missions to little effect.

• 8. Austin, Texas

• 9. U.S. gov

• 8. main battleground for war against cocaine

• 9. financed ($5 billion) eradication operation in Columbia to reduce cocaine production

The amount of cocaine manufactured in Colombia remains the same today as at the beginning of the century. The majority of this cocaine is smuggled into America. Instead of shipping large loads across the country, smugglers have been forced to ship smaller units due to the successes of the DEA and Border Patrol.

But with the huge number of cars crossing the border and coming into Austin, law enforcement knows it has no hope of stopping all cocaine from reaching the city. But even containing the cocaine problem is an uphill battle. Not only have the drug cartels divided their shipments between hundreds of traffickers, they now employ thousands of dealers to sell their product.

• 10. drug cartels • 10. employ thousands of dealers to sell their product

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Juarez Cartel

Sinaloa Cartel

Tiajuana Cartel

Beltran Leyva

Cartel Spheres of influence and U.S. PresenceGulf Cartel

La Familia Michoacana

Cartel Spheres of influence and U.S. Presence

DO NOWDO NOW

• WHAT DID THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF WHAT DID THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF NARCOTICS CHIEF HARRY ANSLINGER NARCOTICS CHIEF HARRY ANSLINGER CLAIM THE USE OF CANNABIS LEAD TO? CLAIM THE USE OF CANNABIS LEAD TO? WHAT IS THE CONTROLED SUBSTANCES WHAT IS THE CONTROLED SUBSTANCES ACT OF 1970? DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS ACT OF 1970? DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS ACT? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.ACT? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

• LOOK IN YOUR NOTESLOOK IN YOUR NOTES

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DO NOWDO NOW• WHY IS ROTTERDAM SUCH A WHY IS ROTTERDAM SUCH A

NIGHTMARE FOR THE DEA (DRUG NIGHTMARE FOR THE DEA (DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY)? WHAT ENFORCEMENT AGENCY)? WHAT TOOL HAS MADE THEIR JOB MUCH TOOL HAS MADE THEIR JOB MUCH EASIER FOR THE DEA IN EASIER FOR THE DEA IN ROTTERDAM?ROTTERDAM?

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Section 4: The TraffickersSection 4: The Traffickers

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Cocaine SubmarinesCocaine Submarines

• http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/built-for-speed/

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San Ysidro, the point of entry between Tijuana, San Ysidro, the point of entry between Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California, is the Mexico, and San Diego, California, is the busiest land border crossing in the world, and busiest land border crossing in the world, and America’s front line in the war on drugs. Large America’s front line in the war on drugs. Large Mexican drug trafficking organizations have Mexican drug trafficking organizations have begun producing methamphetamine on an begun producing methamphetamine on an industrial scale. It’s marketed to the masses as industrial scale. It’s marketed to the masses as “Mexican Ice” or “Crystal.” Many traffickers “Mexican Ice” or “Crystal.” Many traffickers use the San Ysidro border crossing to smuggle use the San Ysidro border crossing to smuggle meth from Mexico into the United States. meth from Mexico into the United States. Working almost exclusively with mid-level drug Working almost exclusively with mid-level drug dealers, many traffickers rarely associate with dealers, many traffickers rarely associate with the end user.the end user.• 1. San Ysidro1. San Ysidro

• 2. large Mexican 2. large Mexican drug traffickingdrug trafficking

• 1. 1. busiest land border busiest land border crossing in the world; U.S. crossing in the world; U.S. front line in the war on front line in the war on drugsdrugs

• 2. 2. organizations have organizations have begun producing meth on begun producing meth on and industrial scaleand industrial scale

Many traffickers use the San Ysidro border crossing to smuggle Many traffickers use the San Ysidro border crossing to smuggle meth from Mexico into the United States. San Ysidro, the point of meth from Mexico into the United States. San Ysidro, the point of entry between Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California, is the entry between Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California, is the busiest land border crossing in the world, and America’s front busiest land border crossing in the world, and America’s front line in the war on drugs. line in the war on drugs.

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The global opiate market is estimated to be $65 The global opiate market is estimated to be $65 billion. The global heroin industry funds billion. The global heroin industry funds terrorism and international crime while terrorism and international crime while undermining the fabric of society. Raw opium is undermining the fabric of society. Raw opium is taken to a group of drug warlords who control taken to a group of drug warlords who control large areas of Afghanistan. These warlords large areas of Afghanistan. These warlords traffic opium to international crime syndicates traffic opium to international crime syndicates across the Iranian border, which turn it into across the Iranian border, which turn it into heroin that they sell for up to $5,000 a kilo. heroin that they sell for up to $5,000 a kilo. Perhaps to ensure prices remain consistently Perhaps to ensure prices remain consistently high, traffickers have stockpiled 12,000 tons of high, traffickers have stockpiled 12,000 tons of opium. That’s enough to keep the world’s heroin opium. That’s enough to keep the world’s heroin addicts fixed for two whole years.addicts fixed for two whole years.• 3. heroin industry3. heroin industry

• 4. drug warlords4. drug warlords

• 3. 3. funds terrorism and funds terrorism and international crimeinternational crime

• 4. 4. in Afghanistan traffic in Afghanistan traffic opium across Iranian opium across Iranian borderborder

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The Mexican drug cartels that dominate the supply of The Mexican drug cartels that dominate the supply of cannabis are fighting for their share of the worldwide cannabis are fighting for their share of the worldwide cannabis market estimated to be worth $142 billion cannabis market estimated to be worth $142 billion annually. In California the Mexican cartels’ profits are annually. In California the Mexican cartels’ profits are being eroded by “mom and pop” operators who are being eroded by “mom and pop” operators who are supplying the booming legal medical marijuana supplying the booming legal medical marijuana business. People from all over America are flocking to business. People from all over America are flocking to California to be part of the so called “Green Rush.” California to be part of the so called “Green Rush.” • 5. Mexican drug 5. Mexican drug

cartelscartels

• 6. “mom and pop” 6. “mom and pop” operators in operators in CaliforniaCalifornia

• 5. 5. dominate supply of dominate supply of cannabiscannabis

• 6. 6. supplying the supplying the booming legal medical booming legal medical marijuana businessmarijuana business eroding Mexican drug eroding Mexican drug cartels’ profitscartels’ profits

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America’s multi-billion dollar demand for America’s multi-billion dollar demand for marijuana is fueling devastating bloodshed on marijuana is fueling devastating bloodshed on Mexico’s streets. Two of Mexico’s biggest drug Mexico’s streets. Two of Mexico’s biggest drug gangs, the Sinaloa and the Juarez cartels, are gangs, the Sinaloa and the Juarez cartels, are fighting a war over El Paso’s strategic location fighting a war over El Paso’s strategic location on the Mexican-U.S. border. The war over on the Mexican-U.S. border. The war over lucrative smuggling routes has turned Juarez, lucrative smuggling routes has turned Juarez, Mexico, into the murder capital of the world.Mexico, into the murder capital of the world.

• 7. Sinaloa and Juarez 7. Sinaloa and Juarez cartelscartels

• 8. both gangs8. both gangs

• 9. Juarez, Mexico9. Juarez, Mexico

• 7. 7. Mexico’s biggest drug Mexico’s biggest drug gangsgangs

• 8. 8. are fighting a war over El are fighting a war over El Paso’s location on the Paso’s location on the Mexican U.S. borderMexican U.S. border

• 9. 9. considered to be the considered to be the murder capital of the worldmurder capital of the world

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Juarez Cartel

Sinaloa Cartel

Tiajuana Cartel

Beltran Leyva

Cartel Spheres of influence and U.S. PresenceGulf Cartel

Cartel Spheres of influence and U.S. Presence

La Familia Michoacana

DO NOWDO NOW

• Why is Juarez, Mexico considered to Why is Juarez, Mexico considered to be the murder capital of the world?be the murder capital of the world?

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DO NOW

• WHICH DRUG DID YOU CHOOSE TO DO YOUR PROJECT ON WHEN DISCUSSING “WAR ON DRUGS”? EXPLAIN WHY?







DO NOWDO NOW

• If we’re going to have a “war on If we’re going to have a “war on drugs” which drugs should we drugs” which drugs should we pursue???pursue???

• WHAT ARE SOME FACTORS THAT WHAT ARE SOME FACTORS THAT THIS QUESTION DEPENDS ONTHIS QUESTION DEPENDS ON

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DO NOWDO NOW• MISSOURI IS NOW TRYING TO PUSH FOR A MISSOURI IS NOW TRYING TO PUSH FOR A

LAW WHICH WILL LEGALIZE MEDICAL LAW WHICH WILL LEGALIZE MEDICAL CANNABIS. DO YOU AGREE THAT MEDICAL CANNABIS. DO YOU AGREE THAT MEDICAL CANNABIS SHOULD BE LEGALIZED. EXPLAIN CANNABIS SHOULD BE LEGALIZED. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.YOUR ANSWER.

• SHOULD CANNABIS BE LEGALIZED SHOULD CANNABIS BE LEGALIZED COMPLETELY. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERCOMPLETELY. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER

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Section 5: The DoctorsSection 5: The Doctors

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The volatile substances used to manufacture meth The volatile substances used to manufacture meth can cause an explosion powerful enough to kill. The can cause an explosion powerful enough to kill. The Vanderbilt Hospital in Nashville has one of the United Vanderbilt Hospital in Nashville has one of the United States’ premier burn units. Patients are flown here States’ premier burn units. Patients are flown here from all over the southeastern U.S. At any time, from all over the southeastern U.S. At any time, victims of exploding methamphetamine labs make up victims of exploding methamphetamine labs make up about a quarter of the unit’s patients. In the U.S. about a quarter of the unit’s patients. In the U.S. overall healthcare costs for methamphetamine users overall healthcare costs for methamphetamine users are estimated at almost $864 million per year.are estimated at almost $864 million per year.• 1. Vanderbilt 1. Vanderbilt

Hospital in Hospital in NashvilleNashville

• 2. health cost for 2. health cost for meth usersmeth users

• 1. 1. premier burn units in premier burn units in U.S.; meth lab explosion U.S.; meth lab explosion victims make up ¼ of victims make up ¼ of unit’s patientsunit’s patients

• 22. estimated at almost . estimated at almost $864 million per year; $864 million per year; 48% of meth users do not 48% of meth users do not have health insurancehave health insurance

Meth burn victim from meth lab Meth burn victim from meth lab explosion: explosion: Mark Buckner is one of the 48 Mark Buckner is one of the 48 percent of meth users who have no health insurance, percent of meth users who have no health insurance, putting a great strain on hospital resources. One putting a great strain on hospital resources. One hospital in central Tennessee provided approximately hospital in central Tennessee provided approximately 300 million dollars in charity care last year. 300 million dollars in charity care last year.

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• 3. opiates 3. opiates (heroin)(heroin)

• 4. blood-borne 4. blood-borne infectionsinfections

• 3. 3. kill around 100,000 a kill around 100,000 a year world wide; year world wide; through through dirty needles or overdosedirty needles or overdose

• 4. 4. transmitted by sharing transmitted by sharing needlesneedles

• When it comes to heroin use is especially When it comes to heroin use is especially risky because the drug is almost always risky because the drug is almost always injected. Sharing needles spreads HIV and injected. Sharing needles spreads HIV and other infectious diseases. Opiates, like other infectious diseases. Opiates, like heroin, kill more people than any other heroin, kill more people than any other narctoic—around 100,000 a year worldwide. narctoic—around 100,000 a year worldwide. Its victims die primarily from infection from Its victims die primarily from infection from dirty needles or overdose.dirty needles or overdose.

Insite is a government-run facility in Vancouver that Insite is a government-run facility in Vancouver that provides users with clean needles and a safe place to provides users with clean needles and a safe place to shoot up. This project was set up in 2003 after shoot up. This project was set up in 2003 after Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside posted the highest rates Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside posted the highest rates of HIV in the Western world. of HIV in the Western world. Heroin use is especially risky because the drug is almost Heroin use is especially risky because the drug is almost always injected. Sharing needles spreads HIV and other always injected. Sharing needles spreads HIV and other infectious diseases. Physical symptoms of heroin infectious diseases. Physical symptoms of heroin withdrawal include severe muscle pain, vomiting, withdrawal include severe muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and in some cases even death.diarrhea, and in some cases even death.• 5. Vancouver, 5. Vancouver, CanadaCanada

• 6. Insite6. Insite

• 5. 5. in 2003 posted the highest in 2003 posted the highest rates of HIV in the Western rates of HIV in the Western worldworld

• 6.6. a government-run facility in a government-run facility in Vancouver that provides users Vancouver that provides users with clean needles and a safe with clean needles and a safe place to shoot up.place to shoot up.

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Insite is a government-run facility in Insite is a government-run facility in Vancouver that provides users with clean Vancouver that provides users with clean needles and a safe place to shoot up. Heroin needles and a safe place to shoot up. Heroin use is especially risky because the drug is use is especially risky because the drug is almost always injected.almost always injected.

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In Chicago, Illinois Greg Scott, Research Director of the In Chicago, Illinois Greg Scott, Research Director of the Chicago Recovery Alliance, sees the 50,000 addicts in Chicago Recovery Alliance, sees the 50,000 addicts in his city as victims in need of medical treatment. Scott’s his city as victims in need of medical treatment. Scott’s day begins on the wrong side of the tracks. He heads to day begins on the wrong side of the tracks. He heads to some of the city’s most dangerous areas to help some of the city’s most dangerous areas to help homeless addicts. A lack of access to clean needles for homeless addicts. A lack of access to clean needles for addicts during the 1980s helped fuel an AIDS epidemic.addicts during the 1980s helped fuel an AIDS epidemic. Scott’s primary concern is not to get users into Scott’s primary concern is not to get users into addiction treatment but, instead, to teach them safer addiction treatment but, instead, to teach them safer injection practices.injection practices.

• Greg Scott, Research Director of the Chicago Recovery Alliance, Greg Scott, Research Director of the Chicago Recovery Alliance, sees the 50,000 addicts in his city as victims in need of medical sees the 50,000 addicts in his city as victims in need of medical treatment. Scott’s day begins on the wrong side of the tracks. He treatment. Scott’s day begins on the wrong side of the tracks. He heads to some of the city’s most dangerous areas to help heads to some of the city’s most dangerous areas to help homeless addicts. Opiates, like heroin, kill more people than any homeless addicts. Opiates, like heroin, kill more people than any other narcotic — around 100,000 a year worldwide. They do so in other narcotic — around 100,000 a year worldwide. They do so in two main ways — by infection from dirty needles and by overdose. two main ways — by infection from dirty needles and by overdose. Blood-borne infections are transmitted by sharing needles. A lack Blood-borne infections are transmitted by sharing needles. A lack of access to clean needles for addicts during the 1980s helped of access to clean needles for addicts during the 1980s helped fuel an AIDS epidemic. Scott’s primary concern is not to get users fuel an AIDS epidemic. Scott’s primary concern is not to get users into addiction treatment but, instead, to teach them safer into addiction treatment but, instead, to teach them safer injection practices.injection practices.

Greg Scott, Research Director of the Chicago Recovery Greg Scott, Research Director of the Chicago Recovery Alliance, sees the 50,000 addicts in his city as victims Alliance, sees the 50,000 addicts in his city as victims in need of medical treatment. Scott’s day begins on the in need of medical treatment. Scott’s day begins on the wrong side of the tracks. He heads to some of the city’s wrong side of the tracks. He heads to some of the city’s most dangerous areas to help homeless addicts. Scott’s most dangerous areas to help homeless addicts. Scott’s primary concern is not to get users into addiction primary concern is not to get users into addiction treatment but, instead, to teach them safer injection treatment but, instead, to teach them safer injection practices.practices.• 7. Greg Scott7. Greg Scott

• 8. Chicago 8. Chicago Recovery Recovery AllianceAlliance

• 9. narcan 9. narcan

• 7. 7. research director of the Chicago research director of the Chicago Recovery AllianceRecovery Alliance

• 8. 8. provider of community outreach provider of community outreach programs including harm reduction, programs including harm reduction, better vein care, and safer injection better vein care, and safer injection resourcesresources

• 9. a drug that can reverse an opioid 9. a drug that can reverse an opioid overdose. It blocks opioids from overdose. It blocks opioids from attaching to opioid receptors in the attaching to opioid receptors in the brainbrain

DO NOWDO NOW

• EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF THE CHICAGO RECOVERY ALLIANCE CHICAGO RECOVERY ALLIANCE PROGRAM.PROGRAM.

• DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS PROGRAM? EXPLAIN YOUR PROGRAM? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.ANSWER.

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Switzerland is one of the richest and, by reputation, Switzerland is one of the richest and, by reputation, most conservative countries in Europe. But during the most conservative countries in Europe. But during the 1980s and 1990s, Switzerland was in the grips of a 1980s and 1990s, Switzerland was in the grips of a heroin plague. In the capital of Bern, drug-related heroin plague. In the capital of Bern, drug-related crime was through the roof. It was a national crime was through the roof. It was a national disgrace. In response to public outcry, the government disgrace. In response to public outcry, the government came up with a revolutionary program way beyond came up with a revolutionary program way beyond the clean needles and counseling offered in North the clean needles and counseling offered in North America: free heroin for addicts who meet the criteria, America: free heroin for addicts who meet the criteria, prescribed by doctors and courtesy of the taxpayer. prescribed by doctors and courtesy of the taxpayer. Dr. Christoph Bürki has been part of this radical Dr. Christoph Bürki has been part of this radical experiment from the beginning. experiment from the beginning.

• 10. Switzerland10. Switzerland

• 11. HAT program 11. HAT program (heroin assisted (heroin assisted treatmenttreatment

• 10. 10. plagued with heroin plagued with heroin addiction during the 80’s & addiction during the 80’s & 90’s; created an 90’s; created an revolutionary drug programrevolutionary drug program

• 11. free heroin for addicts 11. free heroin for addicts prescribed by doctors & prescribed by doctors & courtesy of taxpayerscourtesy of taxpayers

In 1994 Switzerland became the pioneer of the ‘heroin clinic’, a safe environment where addicts go to be prescribed and inject pure heroin, as opposed to its sometimes ineffective substitute, methadone. Initially, this programme was met with scepticism, but the Swiss public were persuaded of the benefits of heroin-assisted therapy (HAT) and endorsed it twice in nationwide votes. This new-found confidence in HAT was primarily due to a cost-benefit analysis estimating that the rewards of the programme (money saved in law enforcement and health costs) were double that of the cost, tackling areas such as crime, social reform and stopping the spread of HIV & AIDS.

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His clinic in Bern is one of 23 centers around the His clinic in Bern is one of 23 centers around the country that dispense heroin like medicine. It’s country that dispense heroin like medicine. It’s nothing compared to the soup-like consistency of nothing compared to the soup-like consistency of street heroin. Here, it’s 100 percent pure. Every street heroin. Here, it’s 100 percent pure. Every patient in this clinic receives a controlled dose of patient in this clinic receives a controlled dose of pharmaceutical grade heroin. Before Bürki’s clinic was pharmaceutical grade heroin. Before Bürki’s clinic was established, heroin addiction forced his patients into a established, heroin addiction forced his patients into a life of crime, prostitution, and homelessness. They life of crime, prostitution, and homelessness. They were disconnected from medical services and were disconnected from medical services and addiction treatment.addiction treatment.

• 12. Dr. Christoph 12. Dr. Christoph Bürki Bürki

• 13. Bürki’s clinic13. Bürki’s clinic

• 12. 12. dispenses heroin like dispenses heroin like medicinemedicine

• 13. 13. every patient in this every patient in this clinic receives a controlled clinic receives a controlled dose of pharmaceutical dose of pharmaceutical grade heroingrade heroin

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Treating an addict rather than just imprisoning them, where they will more likely be exposed to an even deeper criminal lifestyle, allows them to make a positive contribution to society. Upon admission to the HAT, 73% of the addicts were unemployed and 69% were funding their habit via an illegal income. After 18 months of treatment, the figures dropped dramatically, to 45% and 11%, respectively

• 69% funding 69% funding habit illegallyhabit illegally

• After 18 months After 18 months of treatment; the of treatment; the figures dropped figures dropped to 45% and 11%to 45% and 11%

Crime Rate/Implementation of

HAT

The last 15 years have seen a medical revolution across America. Doctors are recommending cannabis for everything from cancer to stress. But critics say the system is abused by recreational users who exploit medical endorsement to bypass the law.Despite being legal under State law, dispensary owners still risk prosecution under Federal drug laws, which don’t recognize medical cannabis.

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•States that have decriminalized possession or allow medical marijuana.

•States considering decriminalization, legislation, or medical marijuana in 2012

•States with existing decriminalization or medical marijuana laws that are considering further reform.

• Once a patient has a doctor’s recommendation, they can legally grow their own or purchase cannabis from a dispensary. The so called “Cannabusiness” is booming. Like ordinary goods, cannabis is subject to a sales tax and it’s underpinning California’s economy.

California has up to 400,000 medical cannabis patients, serving them are an estimated 2,100 dispensaries and co-operatives — a total that outnumbers the state’s Starbucks, McDonald’s and 7-11s combined.

Harborside Health Center in Oakland is one such Harborside Health Center in Oakland is one such dispensary. Here, patients can choose from dispensary. Here, patients can choose from around 100 different marijuana products, which around 100 different marijuana products, which cost between $30 and $60 for an eighth of an cost between $30 and $60 for an eighth of an ounce. The Harborside has 38,000 registered ounce. The Harborside has 38,000 registered patients who legally grow medical marijuana and patients who legally grow medical marijuana and sell it to the Harborside collective. In the back sell it to the Harborside collective. In the back office the owners ensure the marijuana meets office the owners ensure the marijuana meets the high standards needed to qualify it as the high standards needed to qualify it as medicine. Despite being legal under State law, medicine. Despite being legal under State law, dispensary owners still risk prosecution under dispensary owners still risk prosecution under Federal drug laws, which don’t recognize Federal drug laws, which don’t recognize medical marijuana.medical marijuana.• 14. Californian 14. Californian dispensariesdispensaries

• 15. Harborside 15. Harborside Health CenterHealth Center

• 14. 14. 2100 dispensaries serving 2100 dispensaries serving 400,000 medical cannabis 400,000 medical cannabis patientspatients

• 15.15. cannabis dispensary patients cannabis dispensary patients can choose from around 100 can choose from around 100 different marijuana products, different marijuana products, which cost between $30 and $60 which cost between $30 and $60 for an eighth of an ounce.for an eighth of an ounce.

Harborside Health Center in Oakland is Harborside Health Center in Oakland is one such dispensary. Here, patients can one such dispensary. Here, patients can choose from around 100 different choose from around 100 different marijuana products, which cost between marijuana products, which cost between $30 and $60 for an eighth of an ounce.$30 and $60 for an eighth of an ounce.

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Professor Nora Volkow is America’s leading specialist Professor Nora Volkow is America’s leading specialist on drug addiction. As late as the 1980s many on drug addiction. As late as the 1980s many scientists and politicians believed cocaine was non-scientists and politicians believed cocaine was non-addictive, but Volkow believes they’re wrong. In order addictive, but Volkow believes they’re wrong. In order to better understand the nature of cocaine addiction, to better understand the nature of cocaine addiction, Volkow used a PET scanner to view the brains of Volkow used a PET scanner to view the brains of hundreds of users and ex-users. While scanning ex-hundreds of users and ex-users. While scanning ex-users, she noticed an anomaly — when they were users, she noticed an anomaly — when they were discussing cocaine, their dopamine levels rose. discussing cocaine, their dopamine levels rose. • 16. Dr. Nora 16. Dr. Nora VolkowVolkow

• 17. ex-users of 17. ex-users of cocainecocaine

• 16. 16. specialist on drug addiction specialist on drug addiction proved cocaine is majorly proved cocaine is majorly addictiveaddictive

• 17. 17. when discussing cocaine, when discussing cocaine, their dopamine levels rosetheir dopamine levels rose

• Cocaine is so addictive that simply Cocaine is so addictive that simply showing images of its use is enough showing images of its use is enough to increases users’ dopamine levels to increases users’ dopamine levels and lead them into a relapseand lead them into a relapse

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While scanning ex-users, she noticed an While scanning ex-users, she noticed an anomaly — when they were discussing cocaine, anomaly — when they were discussing cocaine, their dopamine levels rose. Volkow theorized their dopamine levels rose. Volkow theorized that people become addicted to the lifestyle. In that people become addicted to the lifestyle. In another experiment, volunteers were placed in a another experiment, volunteers were placed in a PET scanner and shown images of people PET scanner and shown images of people preparing and snorting lines of cocaine. preparing and snorting lines of cocaine. Incredibly, these images significantly increased Incredibly, these images significantly increased the dopamine levels in the brains of users. Dr. the dopamine levels in the brains of users. Dr. Volkow’s research is revolutionary — it shows Volkow’s research is revolutionary — it shows that cocaine is so addictive that simply showing that cocaine is so addictive that simply showing images of its use is enough to increases users’ images of its use is enough to increases users’ dopamine levels and lead them into a relapse.dopamine levels and lead them into a relapse.

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DO NOWDO NOW• What do you think about Dr. Burk’s clinic What do you think about Dr. Burk’s clinic

in Switzerland where every patient in Switzerland where every patient receives a controlled dose of receives a controlled dose of pharmaceutical grade heroin in order to pharmaceutical grade heroin in order to cut down on drug related crimes and cut down on drug related crimes and transmitted diseases. Do you disagree or transmitted diseases. Do you disagree or agree with their methods? Should the agree with their methods? Should the U.S. try these “radical” methods? U.S. try these “radical” methods? Explain your answer.Explain your answer.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE DISPENSIARIES SUCH AS THE THE DISPENSIARIES SUCH AS THE HARBORSIDE HEALTH CENTER HARBORSIDE HEALTH CENTER WHICH DISPENSES MEDICAL WHICH DISPENSES MEDICAL MARIJUANA TO PATIENTS WITH A MARIJUANA TO PATIENTS WITH A DOCTOR’S RECOMMENDATION. DOCTOR’S RECOMMENDATION. SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• EXPLAIN TWO THINGS TO ME THAT EXPLAIN TWO THINGS TO ME THAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT YOUR YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT YOUR PART OF THE PROJECT WITHIN THIS PART OF THE PROJECT WITHIN THIS WAR ON DRUGS WEBQUEST.WAR ON DRUGS WEBQUEST.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• IN YOUR OWN OPINION DO YOU IN YOUR OWN OPINION DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH MARIJUANA BEING LEGALIZED MARIJUANA BEING LEGALIZED FEDERALLY? EXPLAIN YOUR FEDERALLY? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.ANSWER.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• WHY DO YOU THINK THE UNITED WHY DO YOU THINK THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IS SO STATES GOVERNMENT IS SO AGAINST THE FEDERAL AGAINST THE FEDERAL LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA?LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA?

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DO NOWDO NOW

• SINCE MARIJUANA IS ILLEGAL SINCE MARIJUANA IS ILLEGAL FEDERALLY, DO YOU THINK THAT FEDERALLY, DO YOU THINK THAT CIGARETTES AND ALCOHOL CIGARETTES AND ALCOHOL SHOULD ALSO BE MADE ILLEGAL IN SHOULD ALSO BE MADE ILLEGAL IN THIS COUNTRY? EXPLAIN YOUR THIS COUNTRY? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.ANSWER.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• AFTER READING THIS ARTICLE AFTER READING THIS ARTICLE ANSWER THIS QUESTION: DO YOU ANSWER THIS QUESTION: DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THIS WOMEN BELIEVE THAT THIS WOMEN DESERVES THE PUNISHMENT THAT DESERVES THE PUNISHMENT THAT SHE RECEIVED FOR HER ACTIONS? SHE RECEIVED FOR HER ACTIONS? IF NOT, THEN WHAT PUNISHMENT IF NOT, THEN WHAT PUNISHMENT DO YOU BELIEVE SHE DESERVES. DO YOU BELIEVE SHE DESERVES. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

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DO NOWDO NOW

• EXPLAIN THE POSITION THAT YOUR EXPLAIN THE POSITION THAT YOUR GROUP HAS CHOSEN WHEN IT GROUP HAS CHOSEN WHEN IT COMES TO THE LEGALIZATION OF COMES TO THE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA. HOW DIFFICULT WAS MARIJUANA. HOW DIFFICULT WAS IT TO REACH YOUR DECISION? WHY IT TO REACH YOUR DECISION? WHY DID YOUR GROUP CHOOSE THE DID YOUR GROUP CHOOSE THE POSITION?POSITION?

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DO NOWDO NOW

• EXPLAIN THE EXPERIENCE OF EXPLAIN THE EXPERIENCE OF WORKING IN A GROUP WHEN WORKING IN A GROUP WHEN WRITING THE LEGISLATIVE WRITING THE LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENT OF YOUR PROJECT. DOCUMENT OF YOUR PROJECT. WERE THERE ANY DIFFICULT WERE THERE ANY DIFFICULT MOMENTS. DID EVERYONE GET TO MOMENTS. DID EVERYONE GET TO PLACE THEIR INPUT IN THE PLACE THEIR INPUT IN THE LEGISLATION?LEGISLATION?

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DO NOWDO NOW• I WANT YOU TO GRADE YOUR TEAMMATES WITHIN I WANT YOU TO GRADE YOUR TEAMMATES WITHIN

YOUR GROUP DURING THE WAR ON DRUGS YOUR GROUP DURING THE WAR ON DRUGS WEBQUEST PROJECT BY RATING THEIR WEBQUEST PROJECT BY RATING THEIR PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE GROUP. RATE EACH OF PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE GROUP. RATE EACH OF YOUR GROUP MEMBERS FROM 1-5. 1 BEING THE YOUR GROUP MEMBERS FROM 1-5. 1 BEING THE LEAST PRODUCTIVE AND 5 BEING THE MOST LEAST PRODUCTIVE AND 5 BEING THE MOST PRODUCTIVE IN THE GROUP. DO NOT SHARE THIS PRODUCTIVE IN THE GROUP. DO NOT SHARE THIS WITH YOUR CLASSMATES OR ANYONE IN YOUR WITH YOUR CLASSMATES OR ANYONE IN YOUR GROUP. MAKE SURE TO EXPLAIN YOUR RATINGS GROUP. MAKE SURE TO EXPLAIN YOUR RATINGS FOR EACH GROUP MEMBER!FOR EACH GROUP MEMBER!

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DO NOWDO NOW• TELL ME TWO THINGS THAT YOU TELL ME TWO THINGS THAT YOU

LEARNED FROM ME THIS SEMESTER.LEARNED FROM ME THIS SEMESTER.

• IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE HISTORY IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE HISTORY RELATED.RELATED.

• ONCE FINISHED BEGIN STUDYING ONCE FINISHED BEGIN STUDYING INDEPENDENTLY FOR YOUR FINAL EXAMINDEPENDENTLY FOR YOUR FINAL EXAM

• WE WILL BEGIN SHORTLYWE WILL BEGIN SHORTLY

Section 1

DO NOWDO NOW

• TELL ME TWO THINGS THAT YOU TELL ME TWO THINGS THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO CHANGE ABOUT WOULD LIKE TO CHANGE ABOUT YOURSELF FOR THIS NEW YEAR AND YOURSELF FOR THIS NEW YEAR AND THIS 2THIS 2NDND SEMESTER. SEMESTER.

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Documents

DO NOW WHAT ARE SOME POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE?WHAT ARE SOME POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCES THAT DRUGS HAVE ON PEOPLE?