DO NOWDO NOWWHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE PROSPERITY AND IN THE PROSPERITY AND DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME?DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 150 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE 150 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY”IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY”

DO NOWDO NOWWHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE PROSPERITY AND IN THE PROSPERITY AND DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME?DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 127 IN THE SECTION TITLED “EARLY 127 IN THE SECTION TITLED “EARLY ROME AND THE REPUBLIC”ROME AND THE REPUBLIC”

DO NOWDO NOWLook at the map on page 150. Read Look at the map on page 150. Read the second paragraph on page 150. the second paragraph on page 150. How did Rome’s location help the How did Rome’s location help the Latins conquer Italy?Latins conquer Italy?

DO NOWDO NOWGET READY TO PRESENT YOUR GET READY TO PRESENT YOUR SKIT!!!!!!!SKIT!!!!!!!AFTER THE PRESENTATION WE ARE AFTER THE PRESENTATION WE ARE GOING TO PLAY A REVIEW GAME GOING TO PLAY A REVIEW GAME COVERING YOUR TEST OVER COVERING YOUR TEST OVER CHAPTER 4 AND 5!!!!!CHAPTER 4 AND 5!!!!!YOUR TEST IS TOMORROWYOUR TEST IS TOMORROWSTUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDYSTUDY

Chapter 5: Rome and the Rise Chapter 5: Rome and the Rise of Christianityof Christianity

Section 1: The Rise of RomeSection 1: The Rise of Rome1. Geography of 1. Geography of ItalyItaly

1. 1. Apennines Apennines mountains were mountains were less rugged and did less rugged and did not divide the not divide the Italian peninsulaItalian peninsula into many small, into many small, isolated isolated communities like communities like the Greek city-the Greek city-statesstates

People’s of ItalyPeople’s of Italy2. Latins2. Latins

3. Etruscans3. Etruscans

2. 2. Indo-European Indo-European peoples who were peoples who were farmers and farmers and herdersherders

3. 3. after 650 B.C. after 650 B.C. they expanded into they expanded into north-central Italy north-central Italy and came to and came to control Rome control Rome

Eventually, the Romans are going to Eventually, the Romans are going to overthrow the Etruscans and establish a overthrow the Etruscans and establish a

republicrepublic4. republic4. republic

5. war and 5. war and conquestconquest

4. 4. government in which the government in which the leader is not a monarch and leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the certain citizens have the right to voteright to vote

5. 5. at the beginning of the at the beginning of the republic Rome was republic Rome was surrounded by enemies surrounded by enemies (Greece, Etruscans, Latium)(Greece, Etruscans, Latium)

Romans believed that their early ancestors Romans believed that their early ancestors were successful because of their sense of were successful because of their sense of

duty, courage, and discipline.duty, courage, and discipline.

6. Livy6. Livy 6. 6. Roman historian Roman historian who provided a who provided a number of stories number of stories to teach Romans to teach Romans the virtues that the virtues that made Rome greatmade Rome great

Why was Rome SuccessfulWhy was Rome Successful7. good diplomats7. good diplomats

8. excelled in the 8. excelled in the militarymilitary

9. laws and politics 9. laws and politics

7. 7. allowed states to allowed states to run their own run their own internal affairsinternal affairs

8. 8. were both were both accomplished and accomplished and persistent soldierspersistent soldiers

9. 9. created political created political institutions in institutions in response to response to problemsproblems

The Romans had been ruled by kings under the The Romans had been ruled by kings under the Etruscans. As a result, they distrusted kingship Etruscans. As a result, they distrusted kingship

and devised a very different system of and devised a very different system of government.government.

10. patricians10. patricians

11. plebeians11. plebeians

10. 10. were great were great landowners, who landowners, who became Rome’s became Rome’s ruling classruling class

11. 11. craftspeople, craftspeople, merchants, small merchants, small farmers were part farmers were part of larger groupof larger group

Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, but only patricians could be elected to government but only patricians could be elected to government offices. The chief executive offices of the Roman offices. The chief executive offices of the Roman

Republic were the consuls and praetors.Republic were the consuls and praetors.

12. consuls12. consuls

13. praetor13. praetor

12. 12. two were chosen every two were chosen every year ran the government year ran the government and led army into battleand led army into battle

13. 13. was in charge of was in charge of Roman law as it applied to Roman law as it applied to Roman citizensRoman citizens

The Roman Senate came to hold an especially The Roman Senate came to hold an especially important position in the Roman Republic. important position in the Roman Republic.

Tribunes of the plebs were given to protect the Tribunes of the plebs were given to protect the power of the plebeians. power of the plebeians.

14. Senate14. Senate

15. council of 15. council of plebsplebs

14. 14. a select group of about a select group of about 300 patricians who will end 300 patricians who will end up holding the force of law up holding the force of law (served for life)(served for life)

15. 15. a popular assembly for a popular assembly for plebeians onlyplebeians only

DO NOWDO NOWWHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR WHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD??????MEDITERRANEAN WORLD??????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 151 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 151 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “WAR AND CONQUEST” AND “WHY “WAR AND CONQUEST” AND “WHY ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL”ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL”

DO NOWDO NOWWHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR WHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD??????MEDITERRANEAN WORLD??????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES 128-129 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 128-129 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF ITALY”“THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF ITALY”

One of Rome’s chief gifts to the Mediterranean world of its day and to later One of Rome’s chief gifts to the Mediterranean world of its day and to later generations was its system of law. Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve generations was its system of law. Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve

Tables, which was adopted in 450 B.C.E. This code was a product of a simple Tables, which was adopted in 450 B.C.E. This code was a product of a simple farming society and proved inadequate for later Roman needs. From the farming society and proved inadequate for later Roman needs. From the

Twelve Tables, the Romans developed a more sophisticated system of civil Twelve Tables, the Romans developed a more sophisticated system of civil law. This system applied only to Roman citizens, however. As Rome law. This system applied only to Roman citizens, however. As Rome

expanded, legal questions arose that involved both Romans and non-Romans. expanded, legal questions arose that involved both Romans and non-Romans. The Romans found that although some of their rules of civil law could be used The Romans found that although some of their rules of civil law could be used in these cases, special rules were often needed. These rules gave rise to a in these cases, special rules were often needed. These rules gave rise to a body of law known as the Law of Nations. The Romans came to identify the body of law known as the Law of Nations. The Romans came to identify the

Law of Nations with natural law, or universal law based on reason. This Law of Nations with natural law, or universal law based on reason. This enabled them to establish standards of justice that applied to all people.enabled them to establish standards of justice that applied to all people.

16. Twelve 16. Twelve TablesTables

17. Law of 17. Law of NationsNations

16. 16. Rome’s first code of laws Rome’s first code of laws only applied to only Roman only applied to only Roman citizens (simplistic)citizens (simplistic)

17. 17. universal (natural) law universal (natural) law based on reason that applied to based on reason that applied to both citizens and non-citizensboth citizens and non-citizens

Roman Law and its Principles.Roman Law and its Principles.These standards of justice included These standards of justice included principles still recognized today. A person principles still recognized today. A person was regarded as innocent until proved was regarded as innocent until proved otherwise. People accused of wrongdoing otherwise. People accused of wrongdoing were allowed to defend themselves before were allowed to defend themselves before a judge. A judge, in turn, was expected to a judge. A judge, in turn, was expected to weigh evidence carefully before arriving weigh evidence carefully before arriving at a decision. These principles lived long at a decision. These principles lived long after the fall of the Roman Empire. after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Rome Conquers the Mediterranean: After their conquest of Rome Conquers the Mediterranean: After their conquest of Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with a Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with a

strong power in the Mediterranean, the state of Carthagestrong power in the Mediterranean, the state of Carthage

18. First Punic War18. First Punic War

19. Second Punic 19. Second Punic WarWar

18. 18. Rome battled Rome battled the state of the state of Carthage to win Carthage to win the territory of the territory of SicilySicily

19. 19. Carthage Carthage vowed revenge vowed revenge and Hannibal and Hannibal (famous general) (famous general) struck backstruck back

Fifty years later, the Romans fought their Fifty years later, the Romans fought their third and final struggle with Carthage in the third and final struggle with Carthage in the

Third Punic War.Third Punic War.

20. Third Punic War20. Third Punic War 20. 20. Carthage Carthage became a Roman became a Roman province called province called AfricaAfrica Rome called for the Rome called for the complete complete destruction of destruction of Carthage and did Carthage and did soso

Producing a skit of an ancient Producing a skit of an ancient Greek marketplace:Greek marketplace:

You are going to be divided up into groups of You are going to be divided up into groups of two and write and produce a skit that shows two and write and produce a skit that shows typical activity in an ancient Greek marketplace. typical activity in an ancient Greek marketplace. Assigned groups will handle the various Assigned groups will handle the various activities: script writing; designing and activities: script writing; designing and producing a simple set, costumes, program, and producing a simple set, costumes, program, and promotional materials, acting, and directing. promotional materials, acting, and directing. You need to include a variety of people in the You need to include a variety of people in the skit: women, slaves, children, aristocrats, skit: women, slaves, children, aristocrats, artisans, and merchants. The skit should artisans, and merchants. The skit should clearly convey the operation of democracy in clearly convey the operation of democracy in the polis through action and words. After the the polis through action and words. After the presentation, I along with your classmates will presentation, I along with your classmates will assess the skit to determine if this goal was assess the skit to determine if this goal was accomplished.accomplished.

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE.THEIR VAST EMPIRE.

READ PAGE 151 IN THE SECTION READ PAGE 151 IN THE SECTION TITLED “WHY ROME WAS TITLED “WHY ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL”SUCCESSFUL”

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE.THEIR VAST EMPIRE.

READ PAGES 128-129 IN THE READ PAGES 128-129 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN REPUBLIC”REPUBLIC”

DO NOWDO NOWOPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 161 OPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 161 AND LOOK AT THE MAP AT THE TOP AND LOOK AT THE MAP AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE. ANSWER QUESTION OF THE PAGE. ANSWER QUESTION #2 ON THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS. #2 ON THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS.

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 152-153 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 152-153 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE”“THE ROMAN STATE”

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 129-READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 129-131 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “THE 131 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE” AND “THE STRUGGLE OF ROMAN STATE” AND “THE STRUGGLE OF ORDERS: SOCIAL DIVISIONS IN THE ROMAN ORDERS: SOCIAL DIVISIONS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC”REPUBLIC”

Roman Expansion:Roman Expansion:http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/socialstudies/in_motion_08/jat/p_138.swf

Evolution of Roman GovernmentEvolution of Roman GovernmentMonarchy: Etruscans ruled Latins’ (their title king Monarchy: Etruscans ruled Latins’ (their title king

and queenand queen

Republic: Senate (right to vote & hold office)Republic: Senate (right to vote & hold office) Plebeians (only have right to vote)Plebeians (only have right to vote)

Dictatorship: absolute power (Julius Caesar)Dictatorship: absolute power (Julius Caesar)

Theocracy/Empire: Octavian Caesar will be Theocracy/Empire: Octavian Caesar will be viewed as a god and be titled viewed as a god and be titled Imperator (Emperor)Imperator (Emperor)

Section 2: From Republic to EmpireSection 2: From Republic to EmpireBy the second century B.C.E, the Senate had become By the second century B.C.E, the Senate had become the real governing body of the Roman state. Members the real governing body of the Roman state. Members of the Senate were drawn mostly from the landed of the Senate were drawn mostly from the landed aristocracy. They remained senators for life and held aristocracy. They remained senators for life and held the chief offices of the republic. The Senate directed the chief offices of the republic. The Senate directed the wars of the third and second centuries B.C.E. and the wars of the third and second centuries B.C.E. and took control of both foreign and domestic policy, took control of both foreign and domestic policy, including financial affairs. The Senate and political including financial affairs. The Senate and political affairs were increasingly controlled by a small circle of affairs were increasingly controlled by a small circle of wealthy and powerful families. wealthy and powerful families. Of course, these aristocrats formed only a tiny minority Of course, these aristocrats formed only a tiny minority of the Roman people. The backbone of the Roman of the Roman people. The backbone of the Roman state and army had always been the small farmers.state and army had always been the small farmers.

Roman Empire: Trade and ExpansionRoman Empire: Trade and ExpansionHeight of the Roman Empire, A.D. 200Height of the Roman Empire, A.D. 200

Over a period of time, however, many small farmers had found themselves Over a period of time, however, many small farmers had found themselves unable to compete with large, wealthy landowners and had lost their lands. As unable to compete with large, wealthy landowners and had lost their lands. As a result, many of these small farmers drifted to the cities, especially to Rome, a result, many of these small farmers drifted to the cities, especially to Rome, forming a large class of landless poor. Some aristocrats tried to remedy this forming a large class of landless poor. Some aristocrats tried to remedy this

economic and social crisis. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, economic and social crisis. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, believed that the basic cause of Rome’s problems was the decline of the small believed that the basic cause of Rome’s problems was the decline of the small

farmer. To remedy this problem, they urged the council of the plebs to pass farmer. To remedy this problem, they urged the council of the plebs to pass land-reform bills that called for the government to take back public land held by land-reform bills that called for the government to take back public land held by large landowners and give it to landless Romans. Many senators, themselves large landowners and give it to landless Romans. Many senators, themselves

large landowners whose estates included large areas of public land, were large landowners whose estates included large areas of public land, were furious. A groups of senators took the law into their own hands and killed furious. A groups of senators took the law into their own hands and killed

Tiberius in 133 B.C.E. His brother Gaius later suffered the same fate. The Tiberius in 133 B.C.E. His brother Gaius later suffered the same fate. The attempts of the Gracchus brothers to bring reforms had opened the door to attempts of the Gracchus brothers to bring reforms had opened the door to

more instability and more violence. Changes in the Roman army soon brought more instability and more violence. Changes in the Roman army soon brought even worse problems.even worse problems.

1. Growing 1. Growing inequality and inequality and UnrestUnrest2. small 2. small farmersfarmers

1. 1. the Senate became the real the Senate became the real governing body made up of wealthy governing body made up of wealthy aristocratsaristocrats2. 2. had found themselves unable to had found themselves unable to compete with large, wealthy compete with large, wealthy landowners and had lost their landslandowners and had lost their lands

In 107 B.C.E a Roman general named Marius became consul and began to In 107 B.C.E a Roman general named Marius became consul and began to recruit his armies in a new way. For a long time, the Roman army had been recruit his armies in a new way. For a long time, the Roman army had been

made up of small farmers who were landholders. Now Marius recruited made up of small farmers who were landholders. Now Marius recruited volunteers from the urban and rural poor who owned no property. To recruit volunteers from the urban and rural poor who owned no property. To recruit

them, he promised them land. These volunteers swore an oath of loyalty to the them, he promised them land. These volunteers swore an oath of loyalty to the general, not to the Roman state. As a result, Marius created a new type of general, not to the Roman state. As a result, Marius created a new type of army that was not of under government control. In addition, generals were army that was not of under government control. In addition, generals were forced to become involved in politics in order to get laws passed that would forced to become involved in politics in order to get laws passed that would

provide the land they needed for their veterans. Marius left a powerful legacy. provide the land they needed for their veterans. Marius left a powerful legacy. He had created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in He had created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in

the hands of the individual generals. the hands of the individual generals. 3. a new role 3. a new role for the army for the army (107 B.C.E.)(107 B.C.E.)

4. Roman 4. Roman generalsgenerals

3. 3. Roman generals recruited Roman generals recruited volunteers from the poor who volunteers from the poor who owned no property and owned no property and promised them landpromised them land4. 4. forced to become involved in forced to become involved in politics in order to get laws politics in order to get laws passed that would provide land passed that would provide land needed for their veteransneeded for their veterans

Lucius Cornelius Sulla was the next general to take advantage Lucius Cornelius Sulla was the next general to take advantage of the new military system. The Senate gave him command of the new military system. The Senate gave him command of a war in Asia Minor. The council of the plebs tried to of a war in Asia Minor. The council of the plebs tried to transfer command to Marius, and a civil war broke out. Sulla transfer command to Marius, and a civil war broke out. Sulla won and seized Rome itself in 82 B.C.E., conducting a reign of won and seized Rome itself in 82 B.C.E., conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition. Then Sulla restored power to terror to wipe out all opposition. Then Sulla restored power to the hands of the Senate and eliminated most of the power of the hands of the Senate and eliminated most of the power of the popular assemblies. the popular assemblies. Sulla hoped that he had created a firm foundation to restore a Sulla hoped that he had created a firm foundation to restore a traditional Roman republic governed by a powerful Senate. traditional Roman republic governed by a powerful Senate. His legacy was quite different from what he had intended, His legacy was quite different from what he had intended, however. His example of using an army to seize power would however. His example of using an army to seize power would prove most attractive to ambitious men.prove most attractive to ambitious men.

The Collapse of the Republic: For the next 50 yrs Roman history was The Collapse of the Republic: For the next 50 yrs Roman history was characterized by civil wars as a number of individuals competed for power. characterized by civil wars as a number of individuals competed for power. Three men—Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar emerged as the victors. Three men—Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar emerged as the victors.

Crassus was known as the richest man in Rome. Pompey had returned from a Crassus was known as the richest man in Rome. Pompey had returned from a success command in Spain as a military hero. Julius Caesar also had a success command in Spain as a military hero. Julius Caesar also had a

military command in Spain. The combined wealth and power of these three military command in Spain. The combined wealth and power of these three men was enormous ad enabled them to dominate the political scene and men was enormous ad enabled them to dominate the political scene and achieve their basic aims. In 60 B.C.E., Caesar joined with Crassus and achieve their basic aims. In 60 B.C.E., Caesar joined with Crassus and

Pompey to form the First triumvirate. A triumvirate is a government by three Pompey to form the First triumvirate. A triumvirate is a government by three people with equal power. Pompey received command in Spain, Crassus was people with equal power. Pompey received command in Spain, Crassus was given command in Syria, and Caesar was granted special military command in given command in Syria, and Caesar was granted special military command in Gaul (modern day France)—where he achieved success and distinction as a Gaul (modern day France)—where he achieved success and distinction as a military leader. When Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.E., however, only military leader. When Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.E., however, only two powerful men were left. Leading senators decided that rule by Pompey two powerful men were left. Leading senators decided that rule by Pompey

alone would be to their benefit. They voted for Caesar to lay down his alone would be to their benefit. They voted for Caesar to lay down his command.command.

5. triumvirate 5. triumvirate 5. 5. a government by three a government by three people with equal power (made people with equal power (made up of Crassus, Pompey, and up of Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar)Julius Caesar)

Caesar Claiming Dictatorship of Caesar Claiming Dictatorship of RomeRome

Caesar refused. During his time in Gaul, he had Caesar refused. During his time in Gaul, he had gained military experience, as well as an army of gained military experience, as well as an army of loyal veterans. He chose to keep his army and loyal veterans. He chose to keep his army and moved into Italy by illegally crossing the Rubicon, moved into Italy by illegally crossing the Rubicon, the river that formed the Southern boundary of the river that formed the Southern boundary of his province. Caesar marched on Rome, starting his province. Caesar marched on Rome, starting a civil war between his forces and those of a civil war between his forces and those of Pompey and his allies. The defeat of Pompey’s Pompey and his allies. The defeat of Pompey’s forces left Caesar in complete control of the forces left Caesar in complete control of the Roman government.Roman government.

Caesar was officially made dictator in 45 B.C.E.. A dictator is an absolute ruler. Caesar was officially made dictator in 45 B.C.E.. A dictator is an absolute ruler. Realizing the need for reforms, Caesar gave land to the poor and increased Realizing the need for reforms, Caesar gave land to the poor and increased

the Senate to 900 members. By filling it with many of his supporters and the Senate to 900 members. By filling it with many of his supporters and increasing the number of members, he weakened the power of the Senate. increasing the number of members, he weakened the power of the Senate.

Caesar planned much more in the way of building projects and military Caesar planned much more in the way of building projects and military adventures to the east. However, in 44 B.C.E. a group of leading senators adventures to the east. However, in 44 B.C.E. a group of leading senators

assassinated him.assassinated him.

6. Julius 6. Julius CaesarCaesar

7. dictator7. dictator8. Caesar 8. Caesar assassinatedassassinated

6. 6. was made dictator of Rome 45 was made dictator of Rome 45 B.C. after the death of Crassus B.C. after the death of Crassus (53 B.C.) in battle and the defeat (53 B.C.) in battle and the defeat of Pompey (48 B.C.E.); gave land of Pompey (48 B.C.E.); gave land to poorto poor7. 7. an absolute ruleran absolute ruler8. 8. by a group of leading senators by a group of leading senators in 44 B.C.E.in 44 B.C.E.Lead by Gaius Cassius and his Lead by Gaius Cassius and his trusted friend Marcus Brutus was trusted friend Marcus Brutus was stabbed 23 times by 40-60 stabbed 23 times by 40-60 senatorssenators

A new struggle for power followed Caesar’s death. Three men—Octavian A new struggle for power followed Caesar’s death. Three men—Octavian Caesar’s heir and grandnephew; Antony, Caesar’s ally and assistant; and Caesar’s heir and grandnephew; Antony, Caesar’s ally and assistant; and Lepidus, who had been commander of Caesar’s cavalry—joined forces to Lepidus, who had been commander of Caesar’s cavalry—joined forces to

form the Second Triumvirate. Within a few years after Caesar’s death, form the Second Triumvirate. Within a few years after Caesar’s death, however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west; Antony took the east. The empire of the Romans, large as took the west; Antony took the east. The empire of the Romans, large as

it was, was still too small for two masters. Octavian and Antony soon it was, was still too small for two masters. Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen came into conflict. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen

Cleopatra VII. Like Caesar before him, Antony had fallen deeply in love Cleopatra VII. Like Caesar before him, Antony had fallen deeply in love with her. At the battle of Actium in Greece in 31 B.C.E., Octavian’s forces with her. At the battle of Actium in Greece in 31 B.C.E., Octavian’s forces

smashed the army and the navy of Antony and Cleopatra. Both fled to smashed the army and the navy of Antony and Cleopatra. Both fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later.Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later.

9. The Second 9. The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

10. Octavian 10. Octavian Caesar Caesar

9. 9. Octavian (Caesar’s heir & Octavian (Caesar’s heir & grand-nephew); Antony grand-nephew); Antony (Caesar’s ally); Lepidus (Caesar’s ally); Lepidus (commander of Caesar’s (commander of Caesar’s cavalry)cavalry)10.10. became emperor of Rome became emperor of Rome in 27 B.C.E.in 27 B.C.E.

Within a few years after Caesar’s death, Within a few years after Caesar’s death, however, only two men divided the Roman world however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west and between them. Octavian took the west and Antony, the east. They soon came into conflict Antony, the east. They soon came into conflict with one another. Antony allied himself with the with one another. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. They were both Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. They were both defeated by Octavian’s army at the Battle of defeated by Octavian’s army at the Battle of Actuim in Greece in 31 B.C. Both fled to Egypt, Actuim in Greece in 31 B.C. Both fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later.where they committed suicide a year later.Octavian, at the age of 32, stood supreme over Octavian, at the age of 32, stood supreme over the Roman world. The civil wars had ended. So the Roman world. The civil wars had ended. So had the republic. The period beginning in 31 had the republic. The period beginning in 31 B.C.E. and lasting until 14 C.E. came to be known B.C.E. and lasting until 14 C.E. came to be known as the Age of Augustus.as the Age of Augustus.

DO NOWWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE????????HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 157-158 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

DO NOWWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE????????HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 133-135 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ROMAN ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

The Age of AugustusThe Age of AugustusIn 27 B.C.E., Octavian proclaimed the In 27 B.C.E., Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. He knew that “restoration of the Republic”. He knew that only traditional republican forms would satisfy only traditional republican forms would satisfy the Senate. At the same time, he was aware the Senate. At the same time, he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. that the republic could not be fully restored. Although he gave some power to the Senate, Although he gave some power to the Senate, Octavian in fact became the first Roman Octavian in fact became the first Roman emperor. In 27 B.C.E., the Senate awarded emperor. In 27 B.C.E., the Senate awarded him the title of Augustus “the revered one” a him the title of Augustus “the revered one” a fitting title in view of his power.fitting title in view of his power.

Octavian became the first Roman Emperor and was titled Augustus. Octavian Octavian became the first Roman Emperor and was titled Augustus. Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. Although he gave some power to proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. Although he gave some power to

the Senate he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. the Senate he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. Augustus proved to be highly popular, but his continuing control of the army Augustus proved to be highly popular, but his continuing control of the army

was the chief source of his power. The Senate gave Augustus the title was the chief source of his power. The Senate gave Augustus the title imperator, or commander in chief. Imperator gave us our word emperor. imperator, or commander in chief. Imperator gave us our word emperor.

Augustus maintained a standing army of 28 legions, or about 150,000 men. (A Augustus maintained a standing army of 28 legions, or about 150,000 men. (A legion was a military unit of about 5,000 troops. Only Roman citizens could be legion was a military unit of about 5,000 troops. Only Roman citizens could be

legionaries (members of a legion). Subject peoples could serve as auxiliary legionaries (members of a legion). Subject peoples could serve as auxiliary forces, which numbered around 130,000 under Augustus. Augustus also set forces, which numbered around 130,000 under Augustus. Augustus also set

up a praetorian guard of roughly 9,000 men who had the important task of up a praetorian guard of roughly 9,000 men who had the important task of guarding the emperor. guarding the emperor.

11. Octavian 11. Octavian (Augustus) (31 (Augustus) (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)B.C.E.-14 C.E.)

12. imperator12. imperator

13. Octavian 13. Octavian

11. 11. first Roman Emperor “the first Roman Emperor “the revered one” and was titled revered one” and was titled imperatorimperator

12. 12. commander in chiefcommander in chief

13. 13. granted some powers granted some powers back to Senateback to Senate

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 152-153 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 152-153 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE”“THE ROMAN STATE”

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 129-READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 129-131 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “THE 131 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE” AND “THE STRUGGLE OF ROMAN STATE” AND “THE STRUGGLE OF ORDERS: SOCIAL DIVISIONS IN THE ROMAN ORDERS: SOCIAL DIVISIONS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC”REPUBLIC”

DO NOWWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE????????HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 157-158 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

DO NOWWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE????????HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 133-135 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ROMAN ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

Beginning in 14 C.E. a series of new emperors ruled Rome. This period, Beginning in 14 C.E. a series of new emperors ruled Rome. This period, ending in 180 C.E., is called the Early Empire. Augustus’s new political system ending in 180 C.E., is called the Early Empire. Augustus’s new political system allowed the emperor to select his successor from his natural or adopted family. allowed the emperor to select his successor from his natural or adopted family.

The first four emperors after Augustus came from his family. They were The first four emperors after Augustus came from his family. They were Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. During their reigns, these emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. During their reigns, these emperors

took over more and more of the responsibilities that Augustus had given to the took over more and more of the responsibilities that Augustus had given to the Senate. At the same time, as the emperors grew more powerful, they became Senate. At the same time, as the emperors grew more powerful, they became more corrupt. Nero, for example, had people killed if he wanted them out of the more corrupt. Nero, for example, had people killed if he wanted them out of the

way—including his own mother. Without troops, the senators were unable to way—including his own mother. Without troops, the senators were unable to oppose his excesses, but the Roman legions finally revolted. Nero, abandoned oppose his excesses, but the Roman legions finally revolted. Nero, abandoned

by his guards, chose to commit suicide by stabbing himself in the throat.by his guards, chose to commit suicide by stabbing himself in the throat.

14. Augustus’s 14. Augustus’s new political new political systemsystem

15. Bad 15. Bad emperorsemperors

14. allowed the emperor to select 14. allowed the emperor to select his successor from his natural or his successor from his natural or adopted familyadopted family

15. 15. relatives of Augustus began relatives of Augustus began taking more and more power taking more and more power from Senate and became corrupt; from Senate and became corrupt; ex: Neroex: Nero

At the beginning of the second century, a series of five so-called good At the beginning of the second century, a series of five so-called good emperors came to power. These emperors created a period of peace and emperors came to power. These emperors created a period of peace and

prosperity known as the Pax Romana. These rulers treated the ruling class prosperity known as the Pax Romana. These rulers treated the ruling class with respect, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in the empire, and with respect, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in the empire, and

supported domestic policies generally helpful to the empire. By adopting supported domestic policies generally helpful to the empire. By adopting capable men as their sons and successors, the first four good emperors capable men as their sons and successors, the first four good emperors

reduced the chances of succession problems. Under the five good emperors, reduced the chances of succession problems. Under the five good emperors, the powers of the emperor continued to expand at the expense of the Senate. the powers of the emperor continued to expand at the expense of the Senate.

Officials who were appointed and directed by the emperor took over the Officials who were appointed and directed by the emperor took over the running of the government. The good emperors also created new programs to running of the government. The good emperors also created new programs to

help the people. Trajan, for example, created a program that provided state help the people. Trajan, for example, created a program that provided state funds to assist poor parents in the raising and education of their children.funds to assist poor parents in the raising and education of their children.16. Pax Romana 16. Pax Romana (27 B.C.E.-180 (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)C.E.)17. consequences 17. consequences of the good of the good emperorsemperors

16. 16. a time of Roman peace; led a time of Roman peace; led by the Five Good Emperorsby the Five Good Emperors17. 17. treated the ruling class with treated the ruling class with respect, ended arbitrary respect, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in executions, maintained peace in the empire, and supported the empire, and supported domestic policies generally domestic policies generally helpful to the empirehelpful to the empire

Rome expanded further during the period of the Early Empire. At its height in Rome expanded further during the period of the Early Empire. At its height in the second century, the Roman Empire was one of the greatest states the the second century, the Roman Empire was one of the greatest states the

world had ever seen. It covered about three and a half million square miles world had ever seen. It covered about three and a half million square miles and had a population that has been estimated at more than 50 million people. and had a population that has been estimated at more than 50 million people.

The U.S. today contains around 315 million. The U.S. today contains around 315 million.

18. Trajan 18. Trajan and and HadrianHadrian

19. extent 19. extent of the of the empireempire

18. 18. were especially active in were especially active in building public works—aqueducts, building public works—aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbor facilitiesbridges, roads, and harbor facilities

19. 19. covered about three and a half covered about three and a half million square miles; population million square miles; population estimated at more than 50 millionestimated at more than 50 million

The emperors and the imperial government provided a degree of unity. Much The emperors and the imperial government provided a degree of unity. Much leeway was given to local customs, and the privileges of Roman citizenship leeway was given to local customs, and the privileges of Roman citizenship

were granted to many people throughout the empire. Cities were important in were granted to many people throughout the empire. Cities were important in the spread of Roman culture, Roman law, and the Latin language. Provincial the spread of Roman culture, Roman law, and the Latin language. Provincial cities resembled each other with their temples, markets, and public buildings. cities resembled each other with their temples, markets, and public buildings.

Local city officials acted as Roman agents, performing many government Local city officials acted as Roman agents, performing many government duties, especially taxation.duties, especially taxation.

20. citizenship20. citizenship

21. urbanization21. urbanization

20. 20. granted to many people granted to many people throughout the empirethroughout the empire

21. 21. important in the spread important in the spread of Roman culture, law and of Roman culture, law and the Latin languagethe Latin language

Economic and Social ConditionsEconomic and Social ConditionsThe Early Empire was a period of much prosperity, with The Early Empire was a period of much prosperity, with internal peace leading to high levels of trade. internal peace leading to high levels of trade. Merchants from all over the empire came to the chief Merchants from all over the empire came to the chief Italian ports of Puteoli on the Bay of Naples and Ostia at Italian ports of Puteoli on the Bay of Naples and Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber. Trade went beyond the Roman the mouth of the Tiber. Trade went beyond the Roman frontiers as well and included even silk goods from frontiers as well and included even silk goods from China. Large quantities of grain were imported, China. Large quantities of grain were imported, especially from Egypt, to feed the people of Rome. especially from Egypt, to feed the people of Rome. Luxury items poured in to satisfy the wealthy upper Luxury items poured in to satisfy the wealthy upper class.class.

Rome’s economic prosperityRome’s economic prosperityDespite the active trade and commerce, Despite the active trade and commerce, however, farming remained the chief however, farming remained the chief occupation of most people and the underlying occupation of most people and the underlying basis of Roman prosperity. Large landed basis of Roman prosperity. Large landed estates called latifundia dominated farming in estates called latifundia dominated farming in southern and central Italy. These estates southern and central Italy. These estates raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using mostly slave labor. Small peasant farms mostly slave labor. Small peasant farms continued to exist in northern Italy.continued to exist in northern Italy.

Despite the active trade and commerce, however, farming remained the chief Despite the active trade and commerce, however, farming remained the chief occupation of most people and the underlying basis of Roman prosperity. occupation of most people and the underlying basis of Roman prosperity. Large landed estates, called latifundia dominated farming in southern and Large landed estates, called latifundia dominated farming in southern and central Italy. These estates raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using central Italy. These estates raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using

mostly slave labor. Small peasant farms continued to exist in northern Italy. mostly slave labor. Small peasant farms continued to exist in northern Italy.

◊ 22. economic 22. economic and social and social conditionsconditions

◊ 23. latifundia 23. latifundia

◊ 22. 22. farming (chief farming (chief occupation); trade and occupation); trade and commercecommerce Internal peace led to high levels of trade Internal peace led to high levels of trade throughout the entire empire. Trade went beyond throughout the entire empire. Trade went beyond Roman boarders. Included even silk goods from Roman boarders. Included even silk goods from ChinaChina

23. 23. large landed estates large landed estates which raised sheep and which raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using cattle on a large scale using mostly slave labor mostly slave labor

Roman Empire: Trade and ExpansionRoman Empire: Trade and ExpansionHeight of the Roman Empire, C.E. 200Height of the Roman Empire, C.E. 200

An enormous gulf separated rich and poor in Roman society. The An enormous gulf separated rich and poor in Roman society. The upper class lived lives of great leisure and luxury in their villas and upper class lived lives of great leisure and luxury in their villas and on their vast estates. Small farmers often became dependent on on their vast estates. Small farmers often became dependent on the huge estates of their wealthy neighbors. In the cities, many the huge estates of their wealthy neighbors. In the cities, many

poor citizens worked in shops and markets. Thousands of poor citizens worked in shops and markets. Thousands of unemployed people depended on the emperor’s handouts of grain unemployed people depended on the emperor’s handouts of grain

to survive. to survive. 24. Roman 24. Roman social social stratificationstratification

24.24. there was an there was an enormous gulf that enormous gulf that separated the rich and separated the rich and poor in Roman societypoor in Roman society

DO NOWDO NOWREAD THE SHORT EXCERPT AT THE READ THE SHORT EXCERPT AT THE TOP OF PAGE 154 ABOUT HANNIBAL. TOP OF PAGE 154 ABOUT HANNIBAL. WHO WAS HANNIBAL AND WHAT WHO WAS HANNIBAL AND WHAT WAS HIS FATE?WAS HIS FATE?

DO NOWWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE????????HOW DOES ROME CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????

DO NOWDO NOWWHY DID THE ROMAN DEFEAT IN WHY DID THE ROMAN DEFEAT IN GERMANY DEVASTATE AUGUSTUS?GERMANY DEVASTATE AUGUSTUS?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 159 UNDER THE SECTION PAGE 159 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS”TITLED “THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS”

ASSIGNMENTS:ASSIGNMENTS:Homework pages 162 #’s 4-6 due Homework pages 162 #’s 4-6 due wed (11/26)wed (11/26)Intervening quiz tomorrow (11/25)Intervening quiz tomorrow (11/25)Project is due (tue 12/2)Project is due (tue 12/2)

DO NOWDO NOWOPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 166-OPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 166-167 TO THE SECTION 167 TO THE SECTION THE WAY IT THE WAY IT WAS: SPORTS & CONTESTSWAS: SPORTS & CONTESTS. READ . READ THE SECTION AND ANSWER THE THE SECTION AND ANSWER THE TWO FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. TWO FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF 1. WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? 2. EXPLAIN HOW THE GAMES 2. EXPLAIN HOW THE GAMES SATISFIED THE RULING CLASSES SATISFIED THE RULING CLASSES POLITICAL PURPOSES.POLITICAL PURPOSES.

The Roman’s excelled in architecture, a highly practical art. The Roman’s excelled in architecture, a highly practical art. Although they continued to use Greek styles such as colonnades Although they continued to use Greek styles such as colonnades and rectangular buildings, the Romans also used forms based on and rectangular buildings, the Romans also used forms based on curved lines: the arch, the vault and dome. The Romans were the curved lines: the arch, the vault and dome. The Romans were the first people in antiquity to use concrete on a massive scale. Using first people in antiquity to use concrete on a massive scale. Using concrete along with the new architectural forms made it possible concrete along with the new architectural forms made it possible for the Romans to construct huge buildings undreamed of by the for the Romans to construct huge buildings undreamed of by the Greeks.Greeks.The remarkable engineering skills of the Romans were also put to The remarkable engineering skills of the Romans were also put to use in constructing roads, bridges, and aqueducts. The Romans use in constructing roads, bridges, and aqueducts. The Romans built a network of some 50,000 miles of roads throughout the built a network of some 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire. In Rome, almost a dozen aqueducts kept a population of empire. In Rome, almost a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water. The Romans were superb one million supplied with water. The Romans were superb builders.builders.

Section 3: Culture and Society in the Section 3: Culture and Society in the Roman WorldRoman World1. Roman 1. Roman

ArchitectureArchitecture1. 1. were the first to use were the first to use concrete on a massive concrete on a massive scales (roads, bridges, scales (roads, bridges, and aqueducts, using arch and aqueducts, using arch vault and dome)vault and dome)Aqueducts kept a population of one Aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water.million supplied with water.

Roman ColosseumRoman Colosseum

Roman LiteratureRoman Literature

Although there were many talented Although there were many talented writers, the high point of Latin literature writers, the high point of Latin literature was reached in the Age of Augustus. was reached in the Age of Augustus. Indeed, the Augustan Age has been Indeed, the Augustan Age has been called the golden age of Latin literature.called the golden age of Latin literature.

The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age was Virgil. The son of a The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age was Virgil. The son of a small landholder in northern Italy near Mantua, he welcomed the rule of small landholder in northern Italy near Mantua, he welcomed the rule of

Augustus and wrote his greatest work, the Aeneid in honor of Rome. In the Augustus and wrote his greatest work, the Aeneid in honor of Rome. In the poem, the character of Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman—his virtues poem, the character of Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman—his virtues

are duty, piety, and faithfulness. Virgil’s overall purpose was to show that are duty, piety, and faithfulness. Virgil’s overall purpose was to show that Aeneas had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby Aeneas had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby

start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world. Another prominent Augustan start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world. Another prominent Augustan poet was Horace, a friend of Virgil’s. He was a sophisticated writer who poet was Horace, a friend of Virgil’s. He was a sophisticated writer who

enjoyed pointing out to his fellow Romans the “follies and vices of his age.” In enjoyed pointing out to his fellow Romans the “follies and vices of his age.” In the Satires, Horace directs attack against job dissatisfaction and greed. (“How the Satires, Horace directs attack against job dissatisfaction and greed. (“How does it happen, Maecenas, that no man alone is content with his lot?”) Horace does it happen, Maecenas, that no man alone is content with his lot?”) Horace

mostly laughs at the weaknesses of humans.mostly laughs at the weaknesses of humans.

2. Virgil2. Virgil

3. Horace3. Horace

2. 2. famous poet who wrote the famous poet who wrote the Aeneid (characterized the Aeneid (characterized the ideal Roman with virtues of ideal Roman with virtues of duty, piety, and faithfullness)duty, piety, and faithfullness)

3. 3. famous poet whose poetry famous poet whose poetry laughs at human weaknesslaughs at human weakness

4. Livy4. Livy 4. 4. famous Roman historian whose famous Roman historian whose masterpiece was the masterpiece was the History of History of Rome Rome in 142 Booksin 142 Books; ; saw history in saw history in terms of moral lessonsterms of moral lessons; traced ; traced history of Rome to its foundationhistory of Rome to its foundationLivy had a serious weakness as a historian: he Livy had a serious weakness as a historian: he was not always concerned about the factual was not always concerned about the factual accuracy of his stories; traced the history of accuracy of his stories; traced the history of Rome demonstrated the virtues that made Rome demonstrated the virtues that made Rome greatRome great

The most famous Latin prose work of the golden age was written by the The most famous Latin prose work of the golden age was written by the historian Livy, whose masterpiece was the History of Rome. In 142 books, Livy historian Livy, whose masterpiece was the History of Rome. In 142 books, Livy traced the history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 B.C.E. Only 35 traced the history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 B.C.E. Only 35 of the books have survived. Livy saw history in terms of moral lessons. Livy’s of the books have survived. Livy saw history in terms of moral lessons. Livy’s history celebrated Rome’s greatness. He built scene upon scene that not only history celebrated Rome’s greatness. He built scene upon scene that not only

revealed the character of the chief figures but also demonstrated the virtues revealed the character of the chief figures but also demonstrated the virtues that had made Rome great. Livy had a serious weakness as a historian: he that had made Rome great. Livy had a serious weakness as a historian: he

was not always concerned about the factual accuracy of his stories. He did tell was not always concerned about the factual accuracy of his stories. He did tell a good tale, however, and his work became the standard history of Rome for a a good tale, however, and his work became the standard history of Rome for a

long time.long time.

At the heart of the Roman structure stood the family, headed by the At the heart of the Roman structure stood the family, headed by the paterfamilias—the dominant male. The household also included the wife, sons paterfamilias—the dominant male. The household also included the wife, sons

with their wives and children, unmarried daughters and slaves. Unlike the with their wives and children, unmarried daughters and slaves. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans raised their children at home. All Roman upper-class Greeks, the Romans raised their children at home. All Roman upper-class

children (boys and girls) were expected to learn to read. The father was the children (boys and girls) were expected to learn to read. The father was the chief figure in providing for the education of his children. He made the decision chief figure in providing for the education of his children. He made the decision whether to teach his children himself, acquire a teacher for them, or send them whether to teach his children himself, acquire a teacher for them, or send them

to school. Teachers were often Greek slaves because upper-class Romans to school. Teachers were often Greek slaves because upper-class Romans had to learn Greek as well as Latin to prosper in the empire. Roman boys had to learn Greek as well as Latin to prosper in the empire. Roman boys learned reading and writing, moral principles and family values, law, and learned reading and writing, moral principles and family values, law, and physical training to prepare them to be soldiers. The end of childhood for physical training to prepare them to be soldiers. The end of childhood for

Roman males was marked by a special ceremony. At the age of 16, a young Roman males was marked by a special ceremony. At the age of 16, a young Roman man exchanged his purple-edged toga for a plain white toga—the toga Roman man exchanged his purple-edged toga for a plain white toga—the toga

of manhood.of manhood.

5. paterfamilias5. paterfamilias

6. boys and 6. boys and girlsgirls

5. 5. the dominant male the dominant male (patriarch)(patriarch)6. 6. were expected to learn to were expected to learn to read (had to learn Greek and read (had to learn Greek and Latin) Latin) The father could teach the children himself, or The father could teach the children himself, or he could acquire a teacher for themhe could acquire a teacher for them

Attitudes toward WomenAttitudes toward WomenLike the Greeks, Roman males Like the Greeks, Roman males believed that the weaknesses believed that the weaknesses of females made it necessary of females made it necessary for women to have male for women to have male guardians. The paterfamilias guardians. The paterfamilias had that responsibility. When had that responsibility. When he died, his sons or nearest he died, his sons or nearest male relatives assumed the male relatives assumed the role of guardian. Fathers also role of guardian. Fathers also arranged the marriages of their arranged the marriages of their daughters.daughters.

For females, the legal minimum age for marriage was 12, although 14 was a For females, the legal minimum age for marriage was 12, although 14 was a more common age in practice (for males, the legal minimum age was 14, more common age in practice (for males, the legal minimum age was 14,

although most men married later). Although some Roman doctors warned that although most men married later). Although some Roman doctors warned that pregnancies could be dangerous for young girls, early marriages continued. pregnancies could be dangerous for young girls, early marriages continued.

Traditionally, Roman marriages were meant for life, but divorce was introduced Traditionally, Roman marriages were meant for life, but divorce was introduced in the third century B.C.E, and became fairly easy to obtain. Either husband or in the third century B.C.E, and became fairly easy to obtain. Either husband or

wife could ask for a divorce. No one needed to prove the breakdown of the wife could ask for a divorce. No one needed to prove the breakdown of the marriage.marriage.

7. marriage7. marriage

7. 7. for females, the legal for females, the legal minimum age was 12, for minimum age was 12, for males, 14males, 14Both men and women could Both men and women could ask for divorceask for divorce

Changing RolesChanging RolesBy the second century A.D. important changes By the second century A.D. important changes were occurring in the Roman family. The were occurring in the Roman family. The paterfamilias no longer had absolute authority paterfamilias no longer had absolute authority over his children nor his wife. He could not sell over his children nor his wife. He could not sell his children into slavery or have them put to his children into slavery or have them put to death. Women were no longer required to have death. Women were no longer required to have guardians. Women now had the right to own, guardians. Women now had the right to own, inherit, and sell property. Outside their homes, inherit, and sell property. Outside their homes, upper-class women could attend races, the upper-class women could attend races, the theatre, and events in the amphitheater. theatre, and events in the amphitheater. Women could not participate in politics; Women could not participate in politics; however, a number of important women however, a number of important women influenced politics through their husbands.influenced politics through their husbands.

DO NOWWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE????????HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 157-158 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

DO NOWDO NOWHOW WERE THE ROMANS ABLE TO HOW WERE THE ROMANS ABLE TO OBTAIN LARGE NUMBERS OF OBTAIN LARGE NUMBERS OF SLAVES. WHY DID SOME ROMANS SLAVES. WHY DID SOME ROMANS LIVE IN GREAT FEAR OF THEIR LIVE IN GREAT FEAR OF THEIR SLAVES?SLAVES?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 166-167 UNDER THE SECTION PAGES 166-167 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “SLAVERY”TITLED “SLAVERY”

DO NOWDO NOWHOW WERE THE ROMANS ABLE TO HOW WERE THE ROMANS ABLE TO OBTAIN LARGE NUMBERS OF SLAVES. OBTAIN LARGE NUMBERS OF SLAVES. WHY DID SOME ROMANS LIVE IN WHY DID SOME ROMANS LIVE IN GREAT FEAR OF THEIR SLAVES?GREAT FEAR OF THEIR SLAVES?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 144-145 UNDER THE SECTION PAGES 144-145 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “SLAVES AND THEIR TITLED “SLAVES AND THEIR MASTERS”MASTERS”

SlaverySlaverySlavery was common throughout the ancient world, but Slavery was common throughout the ancient world, but no people had more slaves or relied so much on slave no people had more slaves or relied so much on slave labor as the Romans did. Before the third century labor as the Romans did. Before the third century B.C.E., a small Roman farmer might possess one or two B.C.E., a small Roman farmer might possess one or two slaves, who would help farm his few acres and work in slaves, who would help farm his few acres and work in the house. These slaves would most likely be from Italy the house. These slaves would most likely be from Italy and be regarded as part of the family household. The and be regarded as part of the family household. The very rich would have many slaves.very rich would have many slaves.The Roman conquest of the Mediterranean brought a The Roman conquest of the Mediterranean brought a drastic change in the use of slaves. Large numbers of drastic change in the use of slaves. Large numbers of foreign peoples who had been captured in different wars foreign peoples who had been captured in different wars were brought back as slaves.were brought back as slaves.

Greek slaves were in much demand as tutors, musicians, doctors, Greek slaves were in much demand as tutors, musicians, doctors, and artists. Roman businessmen would employ them as shop and artists. Roman businessmen would employ them as shop

assistants or craftspeople. Many slaves of all nationalities were assistants or craftspeople. Many slaves of all nationalities were used as household workers, such as cooks, valets, waiters, used as household workers, such as cooks, valets, waiters,

cleaners and gardeners. Slaves built roads and public buildings, cleaners and gardeners. Slaves built roads and public buildings, and farmed the large estates of the wealthy. The conditions under and farmed the large estates of the wealthy. The conditions under

which these slaves lived were pitiful. One Roman writer argued which these slaves lived were pitiful. One Roman writer argued that it was cheaper to work slaves to death and then replace them that it was cheaper to work slaves to death and then replace them

than to treat them well.than to treat them well.8. Roman 8. Roman conquest of conquest of MediterraneaMediterraneann

9. slaves9. slaves

8. 8. meant large numbers of foreign meant large numbers of foreign peoples who had been captured peoples who had been captured in different wars were brought in different wars were brought back as slavesback as slaves9. 9. Greek slaves were in high Greek slaves were in high demand as tutors musicians, demand as tutors musicians, doctors, and artistsdoctors, and artistsSlaves of other nationalities were used as Slaves of other nationalities were used as cooks, cleaners, gardenerscooks, cleaners, gardeners

Slave revoltsSlave revoltsSome slaves revolted against their owners and even Some slaves revolted against their owners and even murdered them, causing some Romans to live in great murdered them, causing some Romans to live in great fear of their slaves. The murder of a master by a slave fear of their slaves. The murder of a master by a slave might mean the execution of all the other household might mean the execution of all the other household slaves. The most famous slave revolt in Italy occurred slaves. The most famous slave revolt in Italy occurred in 73 B.C.E.in 73 B.C.E.

The most famous slave revolt in Italy occurred in 73 B.C.E.. Led The most famous slave revolt in Italy occurred in 73 B.C.E.. Led by the gladiator Spartacus, the revolt broke out in southern Italy by the gladiator Spartacus, the revolt broke out in southern Italy and involved seventy thousand slaves. Spartacus managed to and involved seventy thousand slaves. Spartacus managed to defeat several Roman armies before being trapped and killed in defeat several Roman armies before being trapped and killed in

71 B.C.E. Six thousand followers of Spartacus were crucified (put 71 B.C.E. Six thousand followers of Spartacus were crucified (put to death by nailing to a cross.to death by nailing to a cross.

10. Spartacus10. Spartacus

11. result of 11. result of revoltrevolt

10. 10. a gladiator led a revolt a gladiator led a revolt that broke out in southern that broke out in southern Italy involving 70,000 slavesItaly involving 70,000 slaves

11. 11. Spartacus was eventually Spartacus was eventually trapped and killed; six trapped and killed; six thousand followers were thousand followers were crucifiedcrucified

Six thousand followers of Spartacus were crucified (put to Six thousand followers of Spartacus were crucified (put to death by nailing to a cross.)death by nailing to a cross.)

Daily life in the City of RomeDaily life in the City of RomeAt the center of the colossal Roman Empire was the ancient At the center of the colossal Roman Empire was the ancient city of Rome. Truly a capital city, Rome had the largest city of Rome. Truly a capital city, Rome had the largest population of any city in the empire---close to one million by population of any city in the empire---close to one million by the time of Augustus. For anyone with ambitions, Rome was the time of Augustus. For anyone with ambitions, Rome was the place to be. People from all over the empire resided there.the place to be. People from all over the empire resided there.Rome was an overcrowded and noisy city. Because of the Rome was an overcrowded and noisy city. Because of the congestion, cart and wagon traffic was banned from the congestion, cart and wagon traffic was banned from the streets during the day. However, the noise from the traffic at streets during the day. However, the noise from the traffic at night often made sleep difficult. Walking in Rome at night was night often made sleep difficult. Walking in Rome at night was also dangerous. Augustus had organized a police force, but also dangerous. Augustus had organized a police force, but people could be assaulted or robbed. They could also be people could be assaulted or robbed. They could also be soaked by filth thrown out of the upper-story windows of soaked by filth thrown out of the upper-story windows of Rome’s massive apartment buildings.Rome’s massive apartment buildings.

An enormous gulf existed between rich and poor. The rich had comfortable An enormous gulf existed between rich and poor. The rich had comfortable villas, while the poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae. These apartment villas, while the poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae. These apartment blocks might be six stories high. These buildings were usually poorly built and blocks might be six stories high. These buildings were usually poorly built and often collapsed. Fire was a constant threat in the insulae because of the use of often collapsed. Fire was a constant threat in the insulae because of the use of

moveable stoves, torches, candles and lamps within the rooms for heat and moveable stoves, torches, candles and lamps within the rooms for heat and light. Once started, fires were extremely difficult to put out. The famous fire of light. Once started, fires were extremely difficult to put out. The famous fire of 64 C.E., which Nero was falsely accused of starting, destroyed a good part of 64 C.E., which Nero was falsely accused of starting, destroyed a good part of the city. High rents forced entire families to live in one room. There was no the city. High rents forced entire families to live in one room. There was no

plumbing or central heating. These conditions made homes uncomfortable. As plumbing or central heating. These conditions made homes uncomfortable. As a result, many poor Romans spend most of their time outdoors in the streets.a result, many poor Romans spend most of their time outdoors in the streets.

12. Living 12. Living conditionsconditions

13. insulae13. insulae

12. 12. Rome was an overcrowded Rome was an overcrowded and noisy city; wagons and and noisy city; wagons and carts were banned during the carts were banned during the dayday13. 13. apartment blocks where the apartment blocks where the poor lived constructed with poor lived constructed with concrete walls with wooden concrete walls with wooden beam floorsbeam floors

Public ProgramsPublic ProgramsRome boasted public buildings unequaled Rome boasted public buildings unequaled anywhere in the empire. Its temples, markets, anywhere in the empire. Its temples, markets, baths, theaters, governmental buildings, and baths, theaters, governmental buildings, and amphitheaters gave parts of the city an amphitheaters gave parts of the city an appearance of grandeur and magnificence.appearance of grandeur and magnificence.

Although it was the center of a great empire, Rome had serious problems. Although it was the center of a great empire, Rome had serious problems. Beginning with Augustus, the emperors provided food for the city poor. About Beginning with Augustus, the emperors provided food for the city poor. About

two hundred thousand people received free grain. Even so, conditions two hundred thousand people received free grain. Even so, conditions remained grim for the poor. Entertainment was provided on a grand scale for remained grim for the poor. Entertainment was provided on a grand scale for the inhabitants of Rome. The poet Juvenal said of the Roman masses, “But the inhabitants of Rome. The poet Juvenal said of the Roman masses, “But nowadays, with no vote…their motto is “Couldn’t care less.” Time was when nowadays, with no vote…their motto is “Couldn’t care less.” Time was when

their vote elected generals, heads of state, commanders of legions: but now…their vote elected generals, heads of state, commanders of legions: but now…there’s only two things that concern them: Bread and Circuses.” Public there’s only two things that concern them: Bread and Circuses.” Public

spectacles were provided by the emperor as part of the great religious festivals spectacles were provided by the emperor as part of the great religious festivals celebrated by the state. The festivals included three major types of celebrated by the state. The festivals included three major types of

entertainment. At the Circus Maximus, horse and chariot races attracted entertainment. At the Circus Maximus, horse and chariot races attracted hundreds of thousands. Dramatic performances were held on theaters. The hundreds of thousands. Dramatic performances were held on theaters. The

most famous of all the public spectacles, however, were the gladiatorial shows.most famous of all the public spectacles, however, were the gladiatorial shows.

14. increase of 14. increase of poor poor

15. purpose of 15. purpose of free free entertainmententertainment

14. 14. emperors provided free emperors provided free food for the city poor; allowed food for the city poor; allowed the poor to go to festivals and the poor to go to festivals and gladiatorial events for freegladiatorial events for free15. 15. kept the minds of the kept the minds of the masses off of any political masses off of any political unrestunrest

QUIZ ESSAY #1QUIZ ESSAY #1WHAT WERE THE THREE THINGS WHAT WERE THE THREE THINGS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD??????MEDITERRANEAN WORLD??????EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE.THEIR VAST EMPIRE.

DO NOWDO NOWWHAT KIND OF TECHNOLOGY DO WHAT KIND OF TECHNOLOGY DO YOU USE DAILY. WHAT DO YOU USE YOU USE DAILY. WHAT DO YOU USE TECHNOLOGY FOR? HOW DO YOU TECHNOLOGY FOR? HOW DO YOU THINK THE WORLD WOULD THINK THE WORLD WOULD FUNCTION IF THE INTERNET WAS FUNCTION IF THE INTERNET WAS TAKEN AWAY?????????TAKEN AWAY?????????

DO NOWDO NOWLOOK AT THE TOP OF PAGE 170 AT LOOK AT THE TOP OF PAGE 170 AT THE CHART TITLED “GREEK AND THE CHART TITLED “GREEK AND ROMAN GODS”ROMAN GODS”ANSWER THE QUESTION UNDER THE ANSWER THE QUESTION UNDER THE CHART SKILLS BOX HIGHLIGHTED CHART SKILLS BOX HIGHLIGHTED APPLYING CHART SKILLS.APPLYING CHART SKILLS.

DO NOWDO NOWWHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? HOW DID THE GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? HOW DID THE GLADIATORIAL GAMES SATISFY THE RULING CLASS’S GAMES SATISFY THE RULING CLASS’S POLITICAL PURPOSES?POLITICAL PURPOSES?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 166-READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 166-167 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE WAY IT 167 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE WAY IT WAS: SPORTS AND CONTESTS; THE WAS: SPORTS AND CONTESTS; THE GLADIATORIAL SHOWS.”GLADIATORIAL SHOWS.”

DO NOWDO NOWWHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? HOW DID THE GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? HOW DID THE GLADIATORIAL GAMES SATISFY THE RULING CLASS’S GAMES SATISFY THE RULING CLASS’S POLITICAL PURPOSES?POLITICAL PURPOSES?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 146-READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 146-147 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE 147 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE GLADIATORIAL SHOWS.”GLADIATORIAL SHOWS.”

DO NOWDO NOWWHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR WHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR JESUS?JESUS?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 151-152 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE 151-152 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY”RISE OF CHRISTIANITY”

Section 4: The Development of Section 4: The Development of ChristianityChristianity

Augustus brought back traditional festivals and Augustus brought back traditional festivals and ceremonies to revive the Roman state religion, ceremonies to revive the Roman state religion, which had declined during the turmoil of the late which had declined during the turmoil of the late Roman Republic. The official state religion Roman Republic. The official state religion focused on the worship of a number of gods and focused on the worship of a number of gods and goddesses, including Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and goddesses, including Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars. (In addition, beginning with Augustus, Mars. (In addition, beginning with Augustus, emperors were often officially made gods by the emperors were often officially made gods by the Roman Senate, thus bolstering support for the Roman Senate, thus bolstering support for the emperors.emperors.

The Romans believed that the observation of proper rituals by state priests The Romans believed that the observation of proper rituals by state priests brought them into a right relationship with the gods. This guaranteed peace brought them into a right relationship with the gods. This guaranteed peace

and prosperity. Indeed, the Romans believed that their success in creating an and prosperity. Indeed, the Romans believed that their success in creating an empire meant that they had earned the favor of the gods. A politician Cicero empire meant that they had earned the favor of the gods. A politician Cicero claimed in the first century B.C.E “We have overcome all the nations of the claimed in the first century B.C.E “We have overcome all the nations of the

world, because we have realized that the world is directed and governed by the world, because we have realized that the world is directed and governed by the gods.” At the same time, the Romans were tolerant of other religions. They gods.” At the same time, the Romans were tolerant of other religions. They

allowed the worship of native gods and goddesses throughout their provinces. allowed the worship of native gods and goddesses throughout their provinces. They even adopted some of the local gods.They even adopted some of the local gods.

1. Roman (state 1. Roman (state religion)religion) 1. 1. polytheistic; emperors polytheistic; emperors

were often made gods by the were often made gods by the Roman SenateRoman Senate thus thus bolstering support for the bolstering support for the emperorsemperorswere tolerant of other were tolerant of other religions especially religions especially Hellenistic (Greek) east Hellenistic (Greek) east religionsreligions

After the Romans conquered the states of the Hellenistic east, religions from After the Romans conquered the states of the Hellenistic east, religions from those regions flooded the western Roman world. The desire for a more those regions flooded the western Roman world. The desire for a more

emotional experience drew many people to these religions. They promised emotional experience drew many people to these religions. They promised their followers an entry into a higher world of reality and the promise of a future their followers an entry into a higher world of reality and the promise of a future life superior to the present one. It was believed that, by participating in these life superior to the present one. It was believed that, by participating in these ceremonies, a person could communicate with spiritual beings and open the ceremonies, a person could communicate with spiritual beings and open the

door to life after death. In Hellenistic times, the Jewish people had been given door to life after death. In Hellenistic times, the Jewish people had been given considerable independence. By 6 C.E. however, Judea, which embraced the considerable independence. By 6 C.E. however, Judea, which embraced the lands of the old Jewish kingdom of Judah had been made a Roman province lands of the old Jewish kingdom of Judah had been made a Roman province and been placed under the direction of a Roman official called a procurator.and been placed under the direction of a Roman official called a procurator.

2. Romans 2. Romans conqueredconquered

3. 3. consequences consequences

2. 2. the states of the Hellenistic the states of the Hellenistic east (Greece, Middle East); east (Greece, Middle East); religions from those regions religions from those regions flooded the western Roman flooded the western Roman worldworld3. 3. desire for a more emotional desire for a more emotional experience drew people to experience drew people to these religionsthese religions

Unrest was widespread in Judaea, but the Jews differed among themselves Unrest was widespread in Judaea, but the Jews differed among themselves about Roman rule. The priestly Sadducees favored cooperation with Rome. about Roman rule. The priestly Sadducees favored cooperation with Rome.

The scholarly Pharisees held that close observance of religious law would The scholarly Pharisees held that close observance of religious law would protect Jewish identity from Roman influences. The Essenes lived apart from protect Jewish identity from Roman influences. The Essenes lived apart from society, sharing goods in common. Like many other Jews, they waited for god society, sharing goods in common. Like many other Jews, they waited for god

to save Israel from oppression. The Zealots, however, called for the violent to save Israel from oppression. The Zealots, however, called for the violent overthrow of Roman rule. In fact, a Jewish revolt began in 66 C.E., only to be overthrow of Roman rule. In fact, a Jewish revolt began in 66 C.E., only to be crushed by the Romans four years later. The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was crushed by the Romans four years later. The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was

destroyed.destroyed.

4. Judea4. Judea

5. procurator5. procurator

4. 4. was made a Roman was made a Roman province under the direction province under the direction of a procurator; religion was of a procurator; religion was monotheisticmonotheistic

5. 5. Roman officialRoman official

A few decades before the revolt, a Jewish prophet named Jesus traveled and A few decades before the revolt, a Jewish prophet named Jesus traveled and preached throughout Judea and neighboring Galilee. Jesus believed that his preached throughout Judea and neighboring Galilee. Jesus believed that his

mission was to complete the salvation that God had promised to Israel mission was to complete the salvation that God had promised to Israel throughout its history. He stated: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the throughout its history. He stated: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the

Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.” Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.” According to Jesus, what was important was not strict adherence to the letter of According to Jesus, what was important was not strict adherence to the letter of

the law but the transformation of the inner person: “So in everything, do to the law but the transformation of the inner person: “So in everything, do to others what you have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the others what you have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the

Prophets.” God’s command was to love God and one another. Jesus said,, Prophets.” God’s command was to love God and one another. Jesus said,, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all

your mind and with all your strength. your mind and with all your strength. 6. Jesus (around 4 6. Jesus (around 4 B.C.E-33 C.E.)B.C.E-33 C.E.) 6. 6. Jewish prophet who Jewish prophet who

believed his mission was believed his mission was to complete the salvation to complete the salvation that God had promised to that God had promised to IsraelIsraelWould preach that Gods command was Would preach that Gods command was to love God and to love one another; to love God and to love one another; his preaching will eventually lead to his preaching will eventually lead to controversycontroversy

Jesus voiced the ethical concepts—humility, charity, and love toward others—Jesus voiced the ethical concepts—humility, charity, and love toward others—that would later shape the value system of Western civilization. Jesus’ that would later shape the value system of Western civilization. Jesus’ preaching eventually stirred controversy. Some people saw Jesus as a preaching eventually stirred controversy. Some people saw Jesus as a potential revolutionary who might lead a revolt against Rome. Jesus’ potential revolutionary who might lead a revolt against Rome. Jesus’

opponents finally turned him over to Roman authorities. The procurator opponents finally turned him over to Roman authorities. The procurator Pontius Pilate ordered Jesus’ crucifixion. After the death of Jesus, his followers Pontius Pilate ordered Jesus’ crucifixion. After the death of Jesus, his followers

proclaimed that he had risen from death and had appeared to them. They proclaimed that he had risen from death and had appeared to them. They believed Jesus to be the Messiah (anointed one), the long expected deliverer believed Jesus to be the Messiah (anointed one), the long expected deliverer

who would save Israel from its foes.who would save Israel from its foes.

7. Jesus’ ethical 7. Jesus’ ethical concepts concepts

8. Pontius Pilate8. Pontius Pilate

7. 7. humility, charity, and humility, charity, and love towards otherslove towards others

8. 8. procurator who ordered procurator who ordered Jesus’ crucifixion (33C.E.)Jesus’ crucifixion (33C.E.)

Christianity began as a movement within Judaism. After the reports that Jesus Christianity began as a movement within Judaism. After the reports that Jesus had overcome death, the Christian movement won followers in Jerusalem and had overcome death, the Christian movement won followers in Jerusalem and throughout Judea and Galilee. Prominent apostles, or leaders, arose in early throughout Judea and Galilee. Prominent apostles, or leaders, arose in early Christianity. One was Simon Peter, a Jewish fisherman who had become a Christianity. One was Simon Peter, a Jewish fisherman who had become a

follower of Jesus during Jesus’ lifetime. Peter was recognized as the leader of follower of Jesus during Jesus’ lifetime. Peter was recognized as the leader of the apostles. Another major apostle was Paul, a highly educated Jewish the apostles. Another major apostle was Paul, a highly educated Jewish

Roman citizens who joined the movement later. Paul took the message of Roman citizens who joined the movement later. Paul took the message of Jesus to Gentiles (non-Jews) as well as to Jews. He founded Christian Jesus to Gentiles (non-Jews) as well as to Jews. He founded Christian

communities throughout Asia Minor and along the shores of the Aegean Sea. communities throughout Asia Minor and along the shores of the Aegean Sea. At the center of Paul’s message was the belief that Jesus was the Savior, the At the center of Paul’s message was the belief that Jesus was the Savior, the Son of God who had come to Earth to save humanity. Paul taught that Jesus’ Son of God who had come to Earth to save humanity. Paul taught that Jesus’ death made up for the sins of all humans. By accepting Jesus as Christ and death made up for the sins of all humans. By accepting Jesus as Christ and

Savior, people could be saved from sin and reconciled to God.Savior, people could be saved from sin and reconciled to God.

9. Simon 9. Simon PeterPeter

10. Paul10. Paul

9. 9. was a follower of Jesus during Jesus’ lifetimewas a follower of Jesus during Jesus’ lifetime; ; recognized as the leader of the apostlesrecognized as the leader of the apostles10. 10. highly educated Jewish Roman citizen who highly educated Jewish Roman citizen who joined the movement laterjoined the movement laterTaught that Jesus’ death made up for the sins Taught that Jesus’ death made up for the sins of all humansof all humans

The teachings of early Christianity were passed on orally. Written materials The teachings of early Christianity were passed on orally. Written materials also appeared however. Paul and other followers of Jesus had written letters also appeared however. Paul and other followers of Jesus had written letters or epistles, outlining Christian beliefs for communities they had helped found or epistles, outlining Christian beliefs for communities they had helped found

around the eastern Mediterranean. Also, some of Jesus’ disciples, or followers, around the eastern Mediterranean. Also, some of Jesus’ disciples, or followers, may have preserved some of the saying of Jesus in writing and passed on may have preserved some of the saying of Jesus in writing and passed on personal memories. Later between, 40 C.E. and 100 C.E., these accounts personal memories. Later between, 40 C.E. and 100 C.E., these accounts became the basis of written Gospels—”the good news” concerning Jesus. became the basis of written Gospels—”the good news” concerning Jesus. These writings give a record of Jesus’ life and teachings, and they form the These writings give a record of Jesus’ life and teachings, and they form the

core of the New Testament, the second part of the bible.core of the New Testament, the second part of the bible.11. New Testament 11. New Testament (40-100 C.E.)(40-100 C.E.)

12. Roman 12. Roman persecution (54-68 persecution (54-68 C.E.)C.E.)

11. 11. written Gospels that written Gospels that give a record of Jesus’ life give a record of Jesus’ life and teachingsand teachings; second part ; second part of the Christian bibleof the Christian bible

12. 12. Romans viewed Romans viewed Christians as harmful to the Christians as harmful to the Roman state because they Roman state because they refused to worship the refused to worship the state gods and emperorsstate gods and emperors

Establishment of Christian Establishment of Christian ChurchesChurches

By 100, Christian churches had been established By 100, Christian churches had been established in most of the major cities of the eastern empire. in most of the major cities of the eastern empire. Most early Christians came from the Jews and Most early Christians came from the Jews and Greek speaking populations of the east. In the Greek speaking populations of the east. In the second and third centuries, however, an second and third centuries, however, an increasing number of followers were Latin-increasing number of followers were Latin-speaking people.speaking people.

Many Romans came to view Christianity as harmful to the Roman state Many Romans came to view Christianity as harmful to the Roman state because Christians refused to worship the state gods and emperors. The because Christians refused to worship the state gods and emperors. The

Romans saw the Christians’ refusal to worship Roman gods and goddesses as Romans saw the Christians’ refusal to worship Roman gods and goddesses as an act of treason, punishable by death. The Roman government began an act of treason, punishable by death. The Roman government began

persecuting Christians during the reign of Nero. The Christians, however, persecuting Christians during the reign of Nero. The Christians, however, believed there was only one God. To them, the worship of state gods and the believed there was only one God. To them, the worship of state gods and the emperors meant worshiping false gods and endangering their own salvation.emperors meant worshiping false gods and endangering their own salvation.

13. persecution13. persecution 13. 13. harassing, to harassing, to cause sufferingcause suffering

The Romans persecuted Christians in the first and second The Romans persecuted Christians in the first and second centuries, but this did nothing to stop the growth of Christianity. In centuries, but this did nothing to stop the growth of Christianity. In fact, it did just the opposite, it strengthened Christianity by forcing fact, it did just the opposite, it strengthened Christianity by forcing it to become more organized. Fear of persecution meant that only it to become more organized. Fear of persecution meant that only

the most committed individuals would choose to follow the the most committed individuals would choose to follow the outlawed faith. Crucial to this change was the emerging role of outlawed faith. Crucial to this change was the emerging role of the bishops, who began to assume more control over church the bishops, who began to assume more control over church

communities.communities.14. clergy14. clergy

15. laity15. laity

16. Constantine 16. Constantine (306-337)(306-337)

14. 14. church leaderschurch leaders

15. 15. the regular church the regular church membersmembers

16. 16. becomes the first becomes the first Christian emperor, issues Christian emperor, issues the Edict of Milanthe Edict of Milan

Spread of Christianity in the Roman Spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire during 325 C.E.-600 C.E.Empire during 325 C.E.-600 C.E.

Although Christianity did not call for revolution, it Although Christianity did not call for revolution, it stressed a sense of spiritual equality for all people, stressed a sense of spiritual equality for all people,

men, women, children, all classes, which was a men, women, children, all classes, which was a revolutionary idea.revolutionary idea.

17. Edict of Milan 17. Edict of Milan (313 C.E.)(313 C.E.)

18. Theodosius the 18. Theodosius the Great (378-395 Great (378-395 C.E.)C.E.)

17. 17. document document which proclaimed which proclaimed official tolerance of official tolerance of ChristianityChristianity

18. 18. follows follows Constantine and Constantine and adopts Christianity adopts Christianity as Rome’s official as Rome’s official religionreligion

Why was Christianity able to attract so many followers?Why was Christianity able to attract so many followers?First, the Christian message had much to offer the Roman world. First, the Christian message had much to offer the Roman world. The Rome state-based religion was impersonal and existed for the The Rome state-based religion was impersonal and existed for the good of Rome. Christianity was personal and offered salvation and good of Rome. Christianity was personal and offered salvation and eternal life to individuals. Christianity gave meaning and purpose eternal life to individuals. Christianity gave meaning and purpose to life. to life. Second, Christianity seemed familiar. It was viewed by some as Second, Christianity seemed familiar. It was viewed by some as similar to other religions, offering immortality as the result of a similar to other religions, offering immortality as the result of a sacrificial death of a savior god.sacrificial death of a savior god.Finally, Christianity fulfilled the human need to belong. Christians Finally, Christianity fulfilled the human need to belong. Christians formed communities bound to one another. In these communities, formed communities bound to one another. In these communities, people could express their love by helping one another and people could express their love by helping one another and offering assistance to the poor and the sick. Christianity satisfied offering assistance to the poor and the sick. Christianity satisfied the need to belong in a way that the huge Roman empire could the need to belong in a way that the huge Roman empire could never provide.never provide.

Why was Christianity able to Why was Christianity able to attract so many followers?attract so many followers?

19. reasons why 19. reasons why Christianity was Christianity was able to attract able to attract followers followers

19. 19. was personal and was personal and offered salvation and offered salvation and eternal life to individuals; eternal life to individuals; similar to other religions, similar to other religions, offering immortality; offering immortality; fulfilled the human need to fulfilled the human need to belongbelong

DO NOWDO NOWWHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR WHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR JESUS?JESUS?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 170-173 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE 170-173 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY”RISE OF CHRISTIANITY”

DO NOWDO NOWWHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR WHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR JESUS?JESUS?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 151-152 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE 151-152 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY”RISE OF CHRISTIANITY”

Crucifixion Uncovered VideoCrucifixion Uncovered Videohttp://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/jesus-rise-to-power/videos/crucifixion-uncovered/?source=vidcarousel&videoDetect=t%252Cf

DO NOWDO NOWWHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ABLE TO WHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ABLE TO ATTRACT SO MANY FOLLOWERS? WHY ATTRACT SO MANY FOLLOWERS? WHY WAS IT SO MUCH MORE APPEALING WAS IT SO MUCH MORE APPEALING THAN ROME’S EARLIER RELIGION?THAN ROME’S EARLIER RELIGION?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 173-174 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE 173-174 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY”TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY”

DO NOWDO NOWWHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ABLE TO WHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ABLE TO ATTRACT SO MANY FOLLOWERS? ATTRACT SO MANY FOLLOWERS? WHY WAS IT SO MUCH MORE WHY WAS IT SO MUCH MORE APPEALING THAN ROME’S EARLIER APPEALING THAN ROME’S EARLIER RELIGION?RELIGION?READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 154 IN THE SECTION TITLED PAGES 154 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY”“THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY”

DO NOWDO NOWWHY WERE SO MANY PEOPLE WHY WERE SO MANY PEOPLE ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIANITY? ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIANITY? WHAT DID CHRISTIANITY OFFER TO WHAT DID CHRISTIANITY OFFER TO THE ROMANS THAT THE ROMAN THE ROMANS THAT THE ROMAN STATE RELIGION (WHICH WAS STATE RELIGION (WHICH WAS POLYTHEISTIC) DID NOT?POLYTHEISTIC) DID NOT?

The Decline and Fall of the The Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Marcus Aurelius, the last of the five good emperors, Marcus Aurelius, the last of the five good emperors, died in 180 C.E. A period of conflict and confusion died in 180 C.E. A period of conflict and confusion followed. followed. Following a series of civil wars, a military government Following a series of civil wars, a military government under the Severan rulers restored order. Septimius under the Severan rulers restored order. Septimius Severus told his sons “to pay the soldiers and ignore Severus told his sons “to pay the soldiers and ignore everyone else,” setting the tone for the new dynasty. everyone else,” setting the tone for the new dynasty. After Severan rulers there was a period of disorder. After Severan rulers there was a period of disorder. For almost fifty years, from 235-284 C.E., the Roman For almost fifty years, from 235-284 C.E., the Roman throne was occupied by whoever had military strength throne was occupied by whoever had military strength to seize it. During this period there were 22 emperors. to seize it. During this period there were 22 emperors. Many of these emperors met a violent death. Many of these emperors met a violent death.

Section 5: Decline and FallSection 5: Decline and Fall1. Marcus Aurelius1. Marcus Aurelius

2. Economic 2. Economic problemsproblems

3. plague3. plague

1. 1. last of the five last of the five good emperors good emperors died and a period died and a period of conflict followedof conflict followed

2. 2. labor shortage; labor shortage; rise in inflationrise in inflation

3. 3. an epidemic an epidemic disease wiped out disease wiped out 1/101/10thth of population of population

Financial Strains made it difficult to Financial Strains made it difficult to pay and enlist more soldierspay and enlist more soldiers

4. Mercenaries4. Mercenaries 4. 4. Rome had to Rome had to rely on hiring rely on hiring Germans to fight Germans to fight under Roman under Roman commanderscommanders These soldiers did These soldiers did not understand not understand Roman traditions Roman traditions and had little and had little loyalty to either loyalty to either the empire or the the empire or the emperorsemperors

The Roman Empire is split into two territories: The East and The Roman Empire is split into two territories: The East and The West. Constantine controlled the East while the The West. Constantine controlled the East while the

Western Roman Empire came under increasing pressure Western Roman Empire came under increasing pressure from the invading Germanic tribes.from the invading Germanic tribes.

5. Visigoths5. Visigoths 5. 5. once allied with once allied with Rome to fight off Rome to fight off the Huns (Asia) the Huns (Asia) revolted and revolted and sacked Romesacked RomeVandals too sacked Vandals too sacked Rome and a series Rome and a series of German of German kingdoms replaced kingdoms replaced the Western the Western Roman EmpireRoman Empire

DO NOWWHAT ELEMENTS CAUSE THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE??????SUMMARIZE THE THEORIES ABOUT WHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE FELL AND THEN TELL WHY SOME THEORIES SEEM MORE POSSIBLE THAN OTHERS.READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 177-178 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE FALL”

DO NOWWHAT ELEMENTS CAUSE THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE??????SUMMARIZE THE THEORIES ABOUT WHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE FELL AND THEN TELL WHY SOME THEORIES SEEM MORE POSSIBLE THAN OTHERS.READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 148-150 IN THE SECTION TITLED “CRISIS IN THE LATE EMPIRE”

DO NOWDO NOWLOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 173 AND ANSWER LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 173 AND ANSWER THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS QUESTIONS. BY THE THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS QUESTIONS. BY THE TIME CONSTANTINE (ROMAN EMPEROR) TIME CONSTANTINE (ROMAN EMPEROR) CONVERTED, CHRISTIANITY WAS WELL CONVERTED, CHRISTIANITY WAS WELL ESTABLISHED IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND ESTABLISHED IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SPREADING QUICKLY.SPREADING QUICKLY.1. WHICH CLOSE GROUPING OF CITIES 1. WHICH CLOSE GROUPING OF CITIES CONSTITUTED SOME OF THE MAIN AREAS OF CONSTITUTED SOME OF THE MAIN AREAS OF CHRISTIAN GROWTH UP TO A.D. 325? HOW CHRISTIAN GROWTH UP TO A.D. 325? HOW DOES THIS CORRELATE TO THE HISTORY OF DOES THIS CORRELATE TO THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY?CHRISTIANITY?2. WHAT GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS BOTH 2. WHAT GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS BOTH HELPED AND LIMITED THE SPREAD OF HELPED AND LIMITED THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY?CHRISTIANITY?

DO NOWDO NOWGET TO WORK ON YOUR GREEK SKIT. GET TO WORK ON YOUR GREEK SKIT. THIS IS THE LAST DAY TO WORK ON THIS IS THE LAST DAY TO WORK ON IT. TOMORROW YOU ARE IT. TOMORROW YOU ARE PRESENTING THE SKIT. IT IS WORTH PRESENTING THE SKIT. IT IS WORTH A PROJECT GRADE. THOSE WHO ARE A PROJECT GRADE. THOSE WHO ARE WRITING PAPERS THOSE ARE ALSO WRITING PAPERS THOSE ARE ALSO DUE TOMORROW!!!! THE TEST IS DUE TOMORROW!!!! THE TEST IS PUSHED BACK TO THUR, WE ARE PUSHED BACK TO THUR, WE ARE REVIEWING ON WED FOR THE EXAM REVIEWING ON WED FOR THE EXAM AFTER YOUR PRESENTATION!!!!AFTER YOUR PRESENTATION!!!!

DO NOWDO NOWTAKE OUT YOUR NOTES AND YOUR STUDY TAKE OUT YOUR NOTES AND YOUR STUDY GUIDES AND WORK ON YOUR SHORT GUIDES AND WORK ON YOUR SHORT ANSWERS AND STUDY FOR YOUR TEST.ANSWERS AND STUDY FOR YOUR TEST.I AM CHECKING NOTES FOR CHAPTER 4 I AM CHECKING NOTES FOR CHAPTER 4 ANCIENT GREECE AND CHAPTER 5 ANCIENT GREECE AND CHAPTER 5 ANCIENT ROME AND THE SPREAD OF ANCIENT ROME AND THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY FOR BONUS POINTSCHRISTIANITY FOR BONUS POINTSWE ARE PLAYING WHO WANTS TO BE A WE ARE PLAYING WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONARE TODAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!MILLIONARE TODAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Invasions, civil wars, and plague came close to causing the economic collapse of the Roman Empire in the third century. There was a noticeable decline in trade and small industry. A labor shortage created by plague (an epidemic disease) affected both military recruiting and the economy. Farm production declined as fields were ravaged by invaders or, even more often, by the defending Roman armies. The monetary system began to show signs of collapse (inflation of products). Armies were needed more than every, but financial strains made it difficult to pay and enlist soldiers. By the mid-third century, the state had to rely on hiring Germans to fight under Roman commanders. These soldiers did not understand Roman traditions and had little loyalty to either the empire or the emperors.

DO NOWDO NOWEXPLAIN WHY DECLINE IN POPULATION WAS EXPLAIN WHY DECLINE IN POPULATION WAS SO HARMFUL TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE.SO HARMFUL TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE.READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOOKS ON PAGE 176 READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOOKS ON PAGE 176 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “ECONOMIC UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “ECONOMIC AND MILITARY PROBLEMS”AND MILITARY PROBLEMS”ONCE FINISHED WITH THE DO NOW, BEGIN ONCE FINISHED WITH THE DO NOW, BEGIN STUDYING INDEPENDENTLY FOR YOUR STUDYING INDEPENDENTLY FOR YOUR CHAPTER 5 SECTIONS 1-5 TEST. CHAPTER 5 SECTIONS 1-5 TEST. WE WILL BEGIN SHORTLY!!!!!WE WILL BEGIN SHORTLY!!!!!

DO NOWDO NOWLOOK AT THE MAP IN YOUR TEXTBOOK LOOK AT THE MAP IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGE 176ON PAGE 176WHICH GROUP OF INVADERS MADE WHICH GROUP OF INVADERS MADE THE MOST LIMITED INCURSIONS THE MOST LIMITED INCURSIONS (SUDDEN ATTACK)?(SUDDEN ATTACK)?WHICH PARTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE WHICH PARTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE SEEM TO HAVE BEEN MORE SECURE SEEM TO HAVE BEEN MORE SECURE FROM THE INVASION? WHY DO YOU FROM THE INVASION? WHY DO YOU THINK THIS WAS?THINK THIS WAS?

DO NOWDO NOWWHY MIGHT EARLY CHRISTIANS HAVE WANTED AN UNDERGROUND SANCTUARY WHY MIGHT EARLY CHRISTIANS HAVE WANTED AN UNDERGROUND SANCTUARY FOR THEIR DEAD?FOR THEIR DEAD?

• LOOK AT THE PICTURE AT THE TOP OF YOUR BOOKS ON PAGE 153. PICTURED IS A FOURTH-LOOK AT THE PICTURE AT THE TOP OF YOUR BOOKS ON PAGE 153. PICTURED IS A FOURTH-CENTURY C.E. FRESCO FROM A ROMAN CATACOMB DEPICTING JESUS AND HIS APOSTLES. CENTURY C.E. FRESCO FROM A ROMAN CATACOMB DEPICTING JESUS AND HIS APOSTLES. CATACOMBS WERE UNDERGROUND CEMETERIES WHERE EARLY CHRISTIANS BURIED THEIR CATACOMBS WERE UNDERGROUND CEMETERIES WHERE EARLY CHRISTIANS BURIED THEIR DEAD. CHRISTIAN TRADITION HOLDS THAT IN TIMES OF IMPERIAL REPRESSION, CHRISTIANS DEAD. CHRISTIAN TRADITION HOLDS THAT IN TIMES OF IMPERIAL REPRESSION, CHRISTIANS WITHDREW TO THE CATACOMBS TO PRAY AND EVEN HIDE.WITHDREW TO THE CATACOMBS TO PRAY AND EVEN HIDE.