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DO or DI:Differentiating Instruction So All Students Can Succeed
Danny Brassell, Ph.D.
www.lazyreaders.com
dannybrassell.com
Who are you?
Give your Lottery smile…
and introduce yourself to the folks around you.
Playwithme!
GET A PARTNER• Decide who is PARTNER A and who is
PARTNER B.
• PARTNER A stand up and for 20 seconds tell your partner everything you do well.
• PARTNER B, look up to your partner and repeat after me:
• “You’re amazing!”
• “I want to be just like you someday.”
GET A PARTNER• PARTNER A may sit down.
• PARTNER B stand up and for 20 seconds tell your partner everything you do well.
• PARTNER A, look up to your partner and repeat after me:
• “What a stud!”
• “I’m not worthy.”
GIVE YOURSELVES
A HAND!
Give yourselves a hand!
No matter what you do, you are
always a teacher and a
role model
Who am I?
Dannyteacher of many ages,
cultures, shapes & sizes
Stand and Deliver
Two janitors and an airport security
guard
“Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life.”
- Confucious
By the end of this
presentation…
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
R U Xcited?
Get pumped!
Singwithme!
The Differentiation Diddy(to the tune of “Do Wah Diddy Diddy”)
There I was just about to teach my classSingin’, “Do what I say. I’m the teacher. Yes,
indeed.”
Then my students looked at me en massAskin’, “Do what you say? Are you kiddin’? We can’t
read.”
They looked stressed (looked stressed) -They looked bored (looked bored) -They looked stressed. They looked bored…They were not a happy hoard.
The Differentiation Diddy(to the tune of “Do Wah Diddy Diddy”)
I had kids of all sizes. They were different, every one.Singin’, “do you want to teach a standard or me?”
They asked, “Why is school always work, and no fun?”Sing this: “That is not the way that school has to be!”
I said, “Yes!” (said “yes”) -You’re all right (all right) -I said, “Yes!” You’re all right... Now our future’s lookin’ bright.
The Differentiation Diddy(to the tune of “Do Wah Diddy Diddy”)
Our class is now happy, and we learn a lot more.‘Cuz we each are different, and we learn
differently.
When others critique us, we just shut-our-door.And we play. And we sing. And we think critically.
YEAH!
GIVE YOURSELVES
A HAND!
Give yourselves a hand!
Let’s have
FUN!
Learning Goals
By the end of this presentation, we will have:
• Determined what differentiated instruction means and why it is important;
• Discussed ways to meet standards without sacrificing student readiness, interests and learning styles;
• Examined 50 tricks teachers may keep in mind when differentiating instruction; and
• Reviewed songs, games and activities designed to stimulate student interest in school.
E-mail inquiries via my website:www.dannybrassell.com
Thank you, Carol
Tomlinson!
Thank you, Howard
Gardner!
Thank you,
Gordon Dryden
& Jeannette
Vos!
What Is Differentiated Instruction?
Differentiated instruction is a teaching philosophy based on the premise that teachers should adapt instruction to student differences. Rather than marching students through the curriculum lockstep, teachers should modify their instruction to meet students’ varying readiness levels, learning preferences, and interests. Therefore, the teacher proactively plans a variety of ways to ‘get at’ and express learning.
- Carol Ann Tomlinson
huh?
Whenever a teacher reaches out to an individual or small group to vary his or her teaching in order to
create the best learning experience possible, that teacher is differentiating
instruction.
- CAROL ANN TOMLINSON
Oh…
Raise your hand if you have a variety
of different students in your
class.
Raise your hand if you utilize a number of
different teaching strategies with your students.
Raise your hand if you have a hand.
[Repeat after me]I think therefore I am.
- Descartes
[Repeat after me] I think I will succeed;
therefore, I can. - us, just now
Look at the person to your left and the person to your right and the person behind you and the person in front of you.
[Repeat after me] We are all different.
We can all learn something from each other.
- us, just now
Wave your arms
wildly if you
choose to learn from
others!
Compliment the people
around you, and say you are happy to be here.
DO or DI?Chances are, you’re already doing it.
- me (just now)
Why Is Differentiating Instruction Important?
To learn a particular concept, some children need days; some, ten minutes, but the typical lockstep school schedule ignores this fundamental fact.
- Marilyn Hughes
Eight Principles of a Differentiated Classroom
Principle #1The teacher is clear about what matters in the content area.
Principle #2The teacher
understands, appreciates and
builds upon student
differences.
Principle #3Assessment and instruction are inseparable.
You’re wrong!You’re wrong!vs.vs.
Why did you say that?Why did you say that?
Playwithme!
Right-Brain Word Puzzles
Directions
• Each group of words shares a common trait.
• Only one answer shares that same trait.
• Figure out the common trait and select the correct answer.
Right-Brain Word Puzzle #1
• sexes
• level
• redder
a. dined
b. mom
c. start
Right-Brain Word Puzzle #2
• golden
• tallow
• clamp
a. trace
b. crawl
c. oven
Right-Brain Word Puzzle #3
• tea
• eye
• sea
a. wee
b. you
c. ate
Principle #4All students participate in respectful work.
Principle #5Students and
teachers collaborate in
learning.
Principle #6The teacher adjusts content, process, and product in response to student readiness, interests, and learning styles.
Principle #7Goals of a differentiated classroom are maximum growth and continued success.
Principle #8Flexibility is the
hallmark of a differentiated
classroom.
AIR TRAFFICNumber of decisions per hour
Environment
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #1
Create a supportive environment of respect
(teacher-students, students-to-students).
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #2
Develop a sense of community.
Conondrums
Visual Puzzle
Convert Diagram A to Diagram B. Do it by moving only three circles.
Visual Puzzle
ANSWER:
Math Puzzle
Which number continues this sequence?
1 3 6 10 12
3 5 3 3 ?
Math Puzzle
ANSWER:
1 3 6 10 12
3 5 3 3 6
The lower numbers indicate the number of letters in the preceding upper number.
Thinking Puzzle
• I am sitting at a table.
• Ten flies are on the table.
• With one swat - I kill three flies.
• How many flies are left on the table?
Thinking PuzzleANSWER:
• 3
• I killed three flies - so they would remain on the table. The rest would have flown away immediately.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #3
Facilitate an environment where students feel safe to
take risks.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #4
Promote the development of a broad range of skills and
interests, incorporating all senses.
e.g.
Great classroom libraries appeal to the…
Senses
Touch
Sight
Smell
Taste
Sound
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #5
Set-up physical classroom for student-centered instruction.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #6
Provide purposeful materials and resources.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #7
Have high expectations for ALL.
If you refuse to accept anything but the best in life, you very often get it.
- Somerset Maugham
Readiness
When a teacher tries to teach something to the entire class at the same time, chances are, one-third of the kids already know it; one-third will get it; and the remaining third won’t. So two-thirds of the children are wasting their time.
- Lilian Katz
Teachers often cope with the academic diversity in
their classrooms by teaching to the middle.
Countwithme!
How to Count to Ten in Japanese
ENGLISH JAPANESE SOUND ACTION
one ichi Itchy Scratch your
two ni knee. knee.
three san Sun, Point to sky.
four shi she Fingers thru hair
five go go Walk.
six rocko rocko. Rock ‘n’ roll.
seven shishi Chi-chi Double sneeze
eight hatchi Hat-chi Put on hat.
nine kyu Coo Coo like dove.
ten ju Jew Jewish hat.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #8
Allow students to “show what they know” in a variety of
ways.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #9
Provide students with plenty of time to explore, understand
and transfer learning to long-term memory.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #10
Permit students time to revisit ideas and concepts in order to
connect or extend them.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #11
Ensure lessons are developmentally appropriate.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #12
Tier activities to provide appropriate level of challenge.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #13
Compact curriculum to provide enrichment and challenge.
Interest
If a student has a spark (or better still, a fire), a curiosity about a topic, learning is more likely for that student.
- Carol Ann Tomlinson (2001)
If there is anything we wish to change in the child, we should first examine it and
see whether it is not something that could better be changed in ourselves.
- Carl Jung
An informal survey of elementary aged students found they are most interested in ...
Leveraging Student Interest
a. conjugating verbs.
b. balancing a complex chemical equation.
c. the Pythagorean theorem.
d. dinosaurs and volcanoes.
Presentation
matters
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #14
Incorporate creativity.
Let’s try to figure out the expression.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #15
Provide students real choices in what they learn, how they learn
and how they demonstrate learning (flexible and varied).
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #16
Offer real-world challenges that are directly connected to the
students’ lives.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #17
Offer novel, unique and engaging activities to capture
and sustain students’ attention.
Up Close & Personal
The Picture Quiz
www.coolquiz.com
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #18
Use multi-media/technology.
computerfriend
Technological
INTERLUDE
www.mindjet.com
Cool semantic maps!
www.inspiration.com
www.eduplace.com
www.internet4classrooms.com/di
Learning Profile
The biggest mistake of past centuries in teaching has been to treat all children as if they were variants of the same individual and thus to feel justified in teaching them all the same subjects in the same way.
- Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #19
Focus on students’ learning styles.
It’s not how smart you are.It’s how
you are smart.
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
Creative Analytical
Practical
• We all have some of each of these intelligences, but are usually stronger in one or two areas than in others.
• We should strive to use all three…but also recognize where students’ strengths lie and teach through those intelligences as often as possible, particularly when introducing new ideas.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #20
Emphasize brain-compatible instruction.
Drawwithme!
Artist Inside
1. Get out a piece of paper.
2. Draw a pig.
3. You have 38 seconds.
Who Are You?
• Top of paper: positive, optimistic
• Middle of paper: realist
• Bottom of paper: pessimistic & tend to behave negatively
Who Are You?
• Facing left: believe in tradition, are friendly & remember dates (e.g. birthdays)
• Facing right: innovative and active, but don’t have strong sense of family & don’t remember dates
• Facing front: you are direct, enjoy playing devil’s advocate & neither fear nor avoid discussion
Who Are You?
• Many details: analytical, cautious & distrustful
• Few details: emotional and naïve, care little for details & enjoy taking risks
Who Are You?
• Less than 4 legs: insecure or living through a period of change
• 4 legs: secure, stubborn & stick to ideals
Who Are You?
• The size of your pig’s ears indicates what kind of listener you are.
• The length of your pig’s tail indicates your job satisfaction.
Courtesy: drawapig.desktopcreatures.com
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #21
Recognize and honor cultural diversity.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #22
Emphasize student strengths and develop ways to compensate for
weaknesses so they do not inhibit what student can do.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #23
Permit positive movement.
Dancewithme!
Teachin’ Has Got You!(to the beat of “Waddlyacha”)
Teachin’ has got you.
Teachin’ has got you.
What do you do?
What do you do?
(repeat)
It’s the craziest job. There’s quite a lot to it.
I don’t know how I’m gonna get though it.
I like the job. It’s the job I like best.
I love teaching my students at school! (faster)
Content
Instruction begins where the students
are, not at the front of the curriculum guide.
- CAROL ANN TOMLINSON
to Differentiate Content
• Reading Partners / Reading Buddies *• Choral Reading/Antiphonal Reading• Flip Books• Split Journals (Double Entry – Triple Entry)• Books on Tape• Highlights on Tape• Digests/ “Cliff Notes”• Notetaking Organizers• Varied Texts• Varied Supplementary Materials• Highlighted Texts• Think-Pair-Share/Preview-Midview-Postview
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #24
Present the curriculum through interdisciplinary “big ideas” versus disconnected small
facts.
Remember jigsaw puzzles: they’re much easier when you can see the whole picture
first.
- GORDON DRYDEN,The Learning Revolution
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #25
Plan before, during and after instruction.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #26
Negotiate contracts to provide appropriate learning activities
for students.
Motivation and productivity
skyrocket when students reach their
goals.- BETTIE B. YOUNGS,
The 6 Vital Ingredients of Self-Esteem: How to Develop Them in Students
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #27
Challenge students (i + 1).
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #28
Create centers.
Singwithme!
The Newspaper Song(to the tune of “The Facts of Life”)
You take the good. You take the bad. You take them both, and there you have: a newspaper. A
newspaper.
There are sections for business reports, entertainment, news and sports. A newspaper. A
newspaper.
It has everything! You can buy the car of your dreams! It has classifieds and movie times, stories
showing local crimes.
You…you…You can share it with your friends, and learn the facts of life!
FACT/opinion
Can You Find….?• A used Ford for less than
$500.00• A place to hear Irish
music• The oldest person on the
obituary page• A story about a mouse• A recipe for bouillabaisse• The price of Iams dog
food • Two places to have your
teeth whitened• What movie is playing at
7:30 at the cinema 12• A story about the
governor
• A used fiddle for sale• The score of the
football game• Why Jerry Frenz is
angry?• The interest rate on a
new Dodge pickup truck• The address of the local
library• The time of the AARP
meeting• The publisher’s name• Etc.
Wacky Headlines• Kids make nutritious snacks• Police help dog bite victim• Miners refuse to work after death• Hospital sued by 7 foot doctors• Lung cancer in women mushrooms• Eye drops off shelf• Safety experts say school bus
passengers should be belted• Panda mating fails; veterinarian takes
over
Cut to the Chase
Look at the following photos and come up with a headline
as quickly as possible. Remember, briefer headlines
sell more newspapers!
Shameless Self-Promotion
News Flash!Newspaper
Activities to Meet Language-Arts Standards & Differentiate Instruction
byDanny Brassell
Makes a great gift for that special
someone.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #29
Co-develop standards with students.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #30
Clearly state expectations (be specific about requirements).
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #31
Empower learners! Encourage students to help set and
enforce norms.
Process
Learning is most effective when it’s fun.
- PETER KLINE,The Everyday Genius
I never worked a day in my life. It was all fun.
- Thomas Edison
To learn it, do it!
- ROBERT C. SCHANK,Engines for Learning
TO DIFFERENTIATE PROCESS
• Fun & Games
• RAFTs
• Cubing, Think Dots
• Choices (Intelligences)
• Centers
• Tiered lessons
• Contracts
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #32
Utilize active, hands-on learning.
80 percent of learning difficulties are related to stress. Remove the
stress, and you remove the difficulties.
- GORDON STOKES,The Learning Revolution
Children learn best when they are helped
to discover the underlying principles
for themselves.
- PETER KLINE,The Everyday Genius
Standwithme!
Energizing Breaths
• The key to energizing breaths is to take large belly breaths, and exhale the air rapidly through your nostrils.
• By exhaling rapidly, students are removing stale air from their bodies, thus encouraging them to feel more relaxed and focused.
got confidence?
• Clasp your hands together.
• Which thumb is on top?
got confidence?• Left thumb on top: you rely on logic
& reason. You are the most confident when your decisions are based on real-world information.
• Right thumb on top: you trust your intuition. You are most confident when your gut says you’re doing the right thing. Facts, schmacks!
got confidence?
Do you think you have a thin thumb or a thick
thumb?
got confidence?• Thin thumb: are most confident
hanging with a few close friends. They like parties where everyone could fit on the same elevator.
• Thick thumb: are just as confident in large groups as one-on-one. They like parties where everyone can fit in the same stadium.
got confidence?
Is your thumb short or long?
got confidence?
• Short thumb: work very confidently and quickly. Always the first ones to turn in a math test.
• Long thumb: slow and careful. Yet they never lose a thumb war. Go figure!
got confidence?• Sit down.
• Relax your hands and plop them on your lap, palm side down.
• Where does your left thumb land?
got confidence?• Way out to side: super-confident and like to
be in charge. Some people call you bossy. You should have them fired.
• Not far from your palm: medium-confident. You care what people think about you, but not enough to actually change or do anything.
• Touching or curled under your palm: you might feel pretty unconfident now, like you want to hide from the world. But remember, you’re thumb-one wonderful!
Thank you,
Karen Phillips!
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #33
Allow students to work collaboratively and
independently (flexible grouping).
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #34
Make use of higher level thinking and questioning
strategies.
If the questions are simple so is
the thinking.
kids & adults think differently
Sister Roseanna &
Heavenly Hector
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #35
Offer students plenty of time for reflection and goal setting.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #36
Vary strategies.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #37
Consider integrated curriculum, problem-based
learning and service learning.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #38
Balance teacher-chosen and teacher-directed activities with student-chosen and student-
directed activities.
The art of teaching is developing into the art of teaching children to
teach themselves.
- HELENA H. WALLENBERG and MICHAEL S. BOGOLEAThe Welfare Rennaissance:
The New Swedish Model
Children’s work IS their play. Children
learn from everything they
do.- CAROLYN HOOPER,
New Zealand Playcenter Movement
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #39
Help students understand group’s shared needs for
success, to belong, to trust, the future, etc.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #40
Monitor student progress constantly.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #41
Aim high; scaffold weaknesses.
Readwithme!
If I Had My Child to Raise Over Againby Diane Loomans, Full Esteem Ahead
If I had my child to raise all over again,
I’d finger paint more, and point the finger less.
I’d do less correcting, and more connecting.
I’d take my eyes off my watch,
and watch with my eyes.
I would care to know less,
and know to care more.
If I Had My Child to Raise Over Againby Diane Loomans, Full Esteem Ahead
I’d take more hikes, and fly more kites.
I’d stop playing serious, and seriously play.
I’d run through more fields,
and gaze at more stars.
I’d do more hugging, and less tugging.
I would be firm less often, and affirm much more.
I’d build self-esteem first, and the house later.
I’d teach less about the love of power,
And more about the power of love.
I keep six honest serving men, they taught me all I knew: Their names are What and Why and When and How and Where and Who.
- RUDYARD KIPLING,The Elephant Child
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #42
Teach for meaning; not rote.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #43
Be flexible (with time, space, materials and groupings).
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #44
Teach strategies explicitly so student has “easy way out” of
tough spots.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #45
Collaborate with parents, resource specialists, etc. It
takes a village!
parentsfriend
Product
If there were only one truth, you couldn’t paint a hundred canvases on the same theme.
- Pablo Picasso
All children are born geniuses, and we spend the first six years of their lives degeniusing them.
- BUCKMINSTER FULLER
to Differentiate Product
• Choices based on readiness, interest, and learning profile
• Clear expectations• Timelines• Agreements• Product Guides• Rubrics• Evaluation
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #46
Provide opportunities for projects, creativity, problems
and challenges.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #47
Focus on student growth.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #48
Initiate student-maintained portfolios and assessments
with varied and original products.
THINKING ABOUT ON-GOING ASSESSMENT
STUDENT DATA SOURCES1. Journal entry2. Short answer test3. Open response test4. Home learning5. Notebook6. Oral response7. Portfolio entry8. Exhibition9. Culminating product10. Question writing11. Problem solving
TEACHER DATA MECHANISMS
1. Anecdotal records2. Observation by checklist3. Skills checklist4. Class discussion5. Small group interaction6. Teacher – student
conference7. Assessment stations8. Exit cards9. Problem posing10.Performance tasks and
rubrics
Differentiated Report Cards
A = Excellent Growth
B = Very Good Growth
C = Some Growth
D = Little Growth
F = No Observable
Growth
1=The student is Above Grade Level
2=The student is Working At Grade Level
3=The student is Working Below Grade Level
On report cards, I need to find a way to show individual growth and relative standing to students and parents
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #49
Support students in creating products for real events/audience
through public displays and performances.
Dare to Differentiate: 50 Terrific Teacher Tricks
Trick #50
Emphasize quality of thought and expression vs. accuracy.
Lookwithme!
Whisper to your neighbor what you think the
picture looks like.
Do you see a woman?
Or do you see a saxophone
player?
Or do you see something else?
A bird, perhaps?
A ray gun, possibly?
Maybe you see a puffing dragon?
Or a funky spaceship?
What’s the correct
answer?
It depends on your
imagination.
Incidentally, it’s obviously a
futuristic telephone.
Raise your hand ifyou enjoyed this
presentation.
Raise your hand ifyou learned a thing or two.
Raise your hand ifyou have a hand.
Turn to the folks around you and thank them
for assisting your learning.
Review
In this presentation, we:
• Determined what differentiated instruction means and why it is important;
• Discussed ways to meet standards without sacrificing student readiness, interests and learning styles;
• Examined 50 tricks teachers may keep in mind when differentiating instruction; and
• Reviewed songs, games and activities designed to stimulate student interest in school.
The real art of discovery consists not in finding
new lands, but in seeing with new eyes.
- Marcel Proust
Shameless Self-Promotion
Find cool short book (adult, young adult & children’s) recommendations at:
www.lazyreaders.com
dannybrassell.com
Buy one of my books…The perfect gifts for that special someone.
Thank you for bringing me here to speak. I always appreciate
referrals. My employment makes my wife happy, which simplifies
my life immensely.Happy wife = happy life
Remember, you make a difference every day.
Enjoy the Enjoy the journey journey
ahead of ahead of you. you.
Thank Thank you foryou forjoining joining me today.me today.
dannybrassell.com