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Do you agree or disagree why? What is religion’s true role in history?. Science and the Enlightenment 1550 – 1789. Scientific Revolution Age of Reason. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Do you agree or disagree why?What is religion’s true role in history?
Science and the Enlightenment1550 – 1789
Scientific RevolutionAge of Reason
Enlightenment: a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
Move from God-centered society to man centered society.
New “thinkers” began to doubt the ability to “know”
Rene Descartes’ solution to doubt is “I think therefore I am.” He claims the only certainty in reality is doubt because all things can be doubted. So doubt becomes the gateway for reality.
How do we know?
1. Royal Absolutism – monarchs attempted to control all aspects of their subjects lives including religion.
2. Rationalism - philosophical view that knowledge is acquired through reason, without the aid of the senses. Developed by Rene Descartes
Ex: “I think therefore I am”3. Deism - belief in a God who has no interest in creation. “The Great watch maker god”
New Philosophies and Ideologies
Quietism - which declares that man's highest perfection consists in a sort of psychical self-annihilation and a consequent absorption of the soul into the Divine Essence even during the present life.Jansenism - theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination
More Heresies…
Refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between mid 1500’s and late 1700’s.
Scientific Revolution
• University System• Scientific Method• Big Bang Theory • Study of Genetics• Topography/Exploration • Advances in Astronomy
Roman Catholic Contributions to Science
Apparent contradictions between Bible and Science. Example:
Bible (interpreted litterally) – Earth is 6000 years old
Science – Earth is 13.7 billion years old
This leads some to question Religion OR others develop Theological conclusions from scientific discoveries.
Does this make the Bible invalid?
Decline of Faith and belief in God View that the Church is not necessary Reason alone is the basis of Truth Church loses its political sway Freemasonry develops – aim to undermine
the Catholic Church.
Enlightenment and the Church
A man is six feet tall, he's an assistant at the local butcher, wears size nine shoes and eats 3 square meals a day. What does he weigh?
Thinking Thursday
Dissatisfaction of King Louis XVI by the people.
Seven Years War and American Revolution causes debt
Fueled by Enlightenment ideals
French Revolution 1789-1814
First Estate – Clergy both rich and poorSecond Estate – NobilityThird Estate – Everybody else, the middle class or bourgeoisie and the poor. Comprised 97% of French population
The Estates General was convened to deal with current financial crisis.
Estates General
1st and 3rd Estate support the abolition of the 3 estates.
The 3rd Estate proclaims itself the “National Assembly” as the true representation of France.
Nobility does not recognize the National Assembly and locks them out of the meeting hall.
National Assembly
Kicked out of the meeting hall the National Assembly meets at a nearby Tennis Court and makes the following Oath:
Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered. [It] decrees that all members of this assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature. - See more at: http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/record-tennis-court-oath-1789/#sthash.0UrFxSmr.dpuf
May 4, 1789 – Estates General Convenes June 20, 1789 – Tennis Court OathJuly 14, 1789 – Bastille Day1792-1794 – Reign of TerrorJanuary 21, 1793 – King Louis XVI is executed
Quick Timeline
1. New National calendar created without Church holidays and Sundays
2. Church property taken by the state 3. Turned Churches into stables and stock exchanges4. Mass forbidden 5. Icons, crosses, religious items destroyed6. Clergy must swear allegiance to the state, not the pope7. Creation of false gods/goddesses of Reason and Justice8. Suppression of Religious Orders. 9. 1000’s of people are killed, including many clergy10. Pope Pius VI condemns the Revolution
De-Christianization & Anti-Catholic Legislation
Radical period of the French Revolution 1792-1794
Instituted by the Committee of Public Safety directed by Maximillian Robespierre.
Newly invented Guillotine aided the Committee in using terror to control the people and destroy government resistance.
Many people were executed for suspicion of usurping the revolution.
Reign of Terror – Enlightenment at its finest!
Read the eyewitness account of the monarch’s execution. Discuss for 5 min with ONE person around you. 1. Discuss if this scene reflects Enlightenment views of,
equality, liberty and fraternity?2. Do you think something like this could happen today?3. The King was a divine ruler, what else does this
regicide express besides political changes?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XB5fyimVXUo
King Louis XVI Executed!
• Carmelites of Compiegne –• Forced to disband under anti- Catholic
laws. • Volunteered to stay in France. And
continued their religious life together even thought it was illegal.
• They were found out, put on trial, and sent to Paris to be executed. They offered their lives for the conversion of France and an end to the Reign of Terror.
• As they were being executed they sang Salve Regina
• 10 days after their deaths, the Reign of Terror ended!
http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos#napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Established government but plagued with civil and economic problems.
1800 – Napoleon Bonaparte mounts a coup d’etat in Paris and creates the French Empire.
Post Revolution France
The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status that had been taken away in the revolution. However the concordant favored the French state.
Napoleon is excommunicated in 1809 Pius VII is kidnapped and imprisoned. Finally the
Pope returns to Rome in 1814 after 6 years of mistreatment.
Napoleon and the Church
New Ideas of 19th c. Society stemming from the enlightenment. Liberalism: Ideology focused on human freedom and the idea that progress equals flourishing. Really an effort to gain more freedom, which turns into a wish to do ANYTHING; it's an abuse of free will. Tainted view of FreedomNationalism: Patriotism to the point of conquering and intolerance towards other nations and even the Church if it stands in the wayThese lead to further rejection of the Church, God, and religion as a whole.
Church in the 19th C.
Many new political trends develop during the 19th century.
This time period sees many persecutions of the Church Confiscation of the Papal States in 1870 when
Italy unites. Pope Pius IX becomes “Prisoner of the Vatican.
Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Prime Minister) – Kulturkampf or “culture struggle”
1814-1914
A. Why?• More Catholics than ever before because of missionaries Amazing renewal and growth in religious orders growth in women’s religious orders Growth in missionary ordersB. Results Expansion of Catholic education system Increase in Catholic hospitals, orphanagesC. Missionary Age: made possible by: Medicine Transportation Communication Enthusiastic young men and women
Catholic Revival
Important SaintsJohn Vianney Therese of Lisieux John Bosco
Stuff Going onMissionary Activity Dogma of Immaculate Conception 1854Pope Pius IX reigns 32 years: WORLD RECORDSyllabus of Errors
Defined Church teachings Infallibility God's existence Revelation Relation between Faith and Reason
Condemned Atheism - there is no God Materialism - Only material things exist Rationalism - If it can't be proven by science or reason, it's
not true Pantheism - many gods
Vatican I 1868-1870
WWI & WWII
Modern Era
"Open a window in the Church and let the Holy Spirit blow through" This council is different from all other councils. The others were called
to fight heresies and correct errors. This was called to bring new life.Two main themes:1. Renovation (new life) – aggiornamentoa. Mass in the language of the people (langue Franca)b. Gestures (in the Mass) - some eliminated, some changedc. Encouraging all the faithful to strive for holinessd. Gave us fresh teaching on Catholic Social Doctrinee. Guidance for missionaries, ordained ministry, consecrated, laityf. Encouraged using the media for the glory of God2. Return to the Sources - ancient Christian tradition, see if you've strayed too far Pope John XXIII died before the end of the Council So far, his body is incorrupt. He looks as if he were sleeping.
Vatican II
http://www.patheos.com/blogs/badcatholic/2012/04/religion-religioff.html
John Paul II (1978-2005) Encyclicals: Fides et Ratio, Evangelium Vitae,
Veritatis Splendor Theology of the Body Engages the youth of the world: WYD!!! Influential in the in the breakup of the Soviet
Union and communism.
Post Vatican II
Founded in 1887 Bishops
John Hennessy Mark Carroll Maloney Eugene Gerber*** - develops structural model of
sterwardship Thomas J. Olmstead Michael O. Jackels ????
Diocese of Wichita History
Fr. Emil Kapaun dies a prisoner of war in a Chinese Communist Hospital in Korea, May 23 at the age of 35.
Because of his heroism both as a priest and a chaplain to the prisoners of war in the Korean prison camp, the Diocese of
Wichita and the US Military are seeking his canonization.
Fr. Emil Kapun
-St. Katherine Drexel and St. Frances Cabrini encourage missions in America-French Jesuits missionize in Canada. Many martyrs. -St. Rose Philippine Duchesne: Society of the Sacred Heart opens school for girl in Kansas. “the Woman who always prays.” -Daughters of Charity and Vincentians : Vincent de Paul (love of the poor), Louise de Marillac
Important Saints/Orders
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Our Lady of Lourdes
Our Lady of Fatima
Marian Apparitions
-1531-Juan Diego -Hill of Tepeyac, near Mexico City - The conversion of over 9 million Indians is attributed to this event.
Miraculous appearance of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Spoke to Juan Diego, asked him to have a church built. The Archbishop wants a sign so Mary tells Juan Diego to pick flowers in December. When he reveals his tilma…
Our Lady of Gudalupe
Miracles - Tilma is made form coarse fibers which should have
deteriorated within 30 years, it is in pristine condition 500 years later. It has also survived acid and a bomb
- Pigments of the picture do not come from any known substances
- No brush strokes or sketches exist, it is almost like a photo.
- The tilma maintains a temperature of 98.6 degrees F. - Heartbeats have been rumored to be heard- Microscopic views of Mary’s eyes show the image of a
man; a reflection of what she saw: Juan Diego and the people around him.
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Symbolism-Starts on her mantle match those of actual constellations as seen in the night sky on that very day. - Designs of her dress match the landmarks of
Mexico- “A great sign appeared in heaven: a woman
clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet” Revelation 12:1
- The Aztec word “quetzelupe” (sounds like Guadalupe) means “one who crushes the serpent.” A main Aztec god Quetzalcoatl was depicted as a snake.
Our Lady of Guadalupe
- 1858- St. Bernadette - Lourdes France
- Mary appears to Bernadette, “I am the Immaculate Conception” (dogma was just promulgated in 1854). Miraculous spring bubbles up and still exists today. Over 4000 unexplainable healings have been attributed to the water.
Our Lady of Lourdes
1917Francisco, Jacinta, LuciaFatima Portugal
Six times Mary presented herself to Francisco, Jancinta and Lucia, calling for the reform of the people and a chapel to be built in her honor. Mary revealed three “secrets” to the children about the world.
Our Lady of Fatima
Secrets1. Vision of hell2. Prediction of WWI ending, and prediction of
WWII beginning unless Russia was consecrated to Mary.
3. Prophecy of 20th c. persecutions including the assassination attempt on JP II.
Our Lady of Fatima
Miracle of the Sun
On October 13, 1917, a rainy overcast day where over seventy thousand people witnessed “the sun appearing
as a disk that gave off various colors and could be looked at without difficulty; it spun like a fireball and looked as it would fall to the earth” (Dedicated to Our Lady of Fatima). The awestruck onlookers discovered
their wet clothes dry and local newspapers recorded the astrologically unexplainable event
Our Lady of Fatima
