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Doc Adams

Daniel Lucius "Doc" Adams (November 1, 1814 – Jan-

uary 3, 1899) was an American baseball player and ex-

ecutive who is regarded by historians as an important fig-

ure in the sport’s early years. For most of his career he

was a member of the  New York Knickerbockers. He

first played for the New York Base Ball Club in 1840 and

started his Knickerbockers career five years later, contin-

uing to play for the club into his forties and to take part

in inter-squad practice games and matches against oppos-

ing teams. Researchers have called Adams the creator of

the shortstop position, which he used to field short throwsfrom outfielders. In addition to his playing career, Adams

manufactured baseballs and oversaw bat  production; he

also occasionally acted as an umpire.

From 1847 to 1861, the Knickerbockers selected Adams

as their president six times, and as a vice president, trea-

surer, or director in six other years. As president of

the club, Adams was an advocate of rule changes in

baseball that resulted in nine-man teams and nine-inning

games. When the National Association of Base Ball Play-

ers (NABBP) was formed in 1858, he led the rules and

regulations committee of the new organization. In his

role, Adams ruled that the field’s bases should be 90 feet(27 m) apart, the modern distance, and supported the

elimination of the “bound rule”, which allowed for balls

caught after one bounce to be recorded as outs. He re-

signed from his positions with the Knickerbockers and

NABBP in 1862. Adams’ contributions in creating base-

ball’s rules went largely unrecognized for decades after

his 1899 death, but in 1980 a letter about him appeared in

The New York Times ; by 1993, researcher John Thorn had

written about Adams’ role. Other historians have given

him credit for helping to develop the sport, and Thorn has

called Adams “first among the Fathers of Baseball”.[1]

A graduate of   Yale University   and   Harvard MedicalSchool, Adams began working in the medical field in the

late 1830s, and practiced in New York City during his

time as a member of the Knickerbockers. In 1865, he left

medicine and later became a bank president and member

of the  Connecticut legislature. He and his wife had five

children.

1 Early life

Born in Mont Vernon, New Hampshire, on November 1,

1814, Adams was the fourth of Daniel and Nancy Adams’five children.[2] The elder Daniel Adams was a physician

and author; he wrote a math textbook that was widely

used in the United States in the early- to mid-1800s.

After being schooled at   Kimball Union Academy   in

New Hampshire from 1826 to 1828 and Amherst, Mas-

sachusetts’ Mount Pleasant Classical Institution, Adams

attended three colleges from 1831 to 1838. He studied

at Amherst College for two years,[3][4] then transferred to

Yale University, where he acquired a  bachelor’s degree

upon his graduation in 1835.[5][6] Nancy Adams, Daniel’s

sister, indicated in a letter penned in the early 1830s that

he began playing with “bats and balls” by this time.[7][8]

Adams continued his studies at Harvard Medical Schoolthrough 1838, obtaining an MD.[9][10] Following his time

in college, he joined his father’s medical practice. The

pair worked in Mont Vernon, before the younger Adams

relocated twice, first to Boston and then to New York

City. Adams also worked for the New York Dispensaries,

which provided medical care to poor residents.[3] His field

of employment gave rise to his nickname of “Doc”, which

was given as “Dock” at the time.[11]

2 Playing career

According to baseball historian John Thorn, 1839 is the

year Adams became a baseball player. In an 1896 inter-

view in  The Sporting News , Adams said that “soon after

going to New York I began to play base ball just for ex-

ercise, with a number of other young medical men.”[12]

Starting in 1840, he was a player with the New York Base

Ball Club.[8] This team began play five years earlier than

the New York Knickerbockers, who are credited in sev-

eral baseball histories as pioneering the modern version

of baseball.[13] Adams played an early form of the game,

but Thorn writes that he “understood [it] to be baseball,

no matter what it was called”.[12]

Adams received an invitation to become a member of the

Knickerbockers a month or so after the team’s Septem-

ber 23, 1845, creation.[14] He accepted and joined the

club along with other men in the medical field; he later

said that players from the New York Base Ball Club were

behind the formation of the Knickerbockers.[12] Records

of the club’s practice games indicate that he was a mem-

ber of the Knickerbockers by November 18, 1845. In an

inter-squad game held that day, which was the Knicker-

bockers’ last of the year, Adams scored nine  runs   for

his team as they defeated a side picked by   William R.

Wheaton, 51–42.[15] The club organized its first gameagainst outside opposition in 1846; at a June 5 meeting

Adams was selected to a three-man committee whose

1

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2   3 PLAYING STYLE 

The Knickerbockers during a practice session, as depicted by

Homer Davenport . Adams took leadership in pushing other clubmembers to attend practice.

aim was to set up a game against the New York Base

Ball Club. The committee’s efforts were successful, and

a game was scheduled on June 19.[16] Adams participated

in the contest, which the Knickerbockers lost 23–1. Bat-

ting second in the Knickerbockers’ lineup, he made one

out and did not score a run.[17]

The Knickerbockers did not play any known games

against other clubs from 1847 to 1850. During these

years, the team split its players into two squads, which

played against each other twice per week.[9] According

to Adams, he often attempted to compel members of the

Knickerbockers to attend the sessions. He was only occa-

sionally successful, and when few Knickerbockers came,

they played variants of baseball that required fewer play-

ers than regular games.[18] Twice in June 1851, the club

played against the Washington Base Ball Club, winning

by scores of 21–11 and 22–20. No individual statistics

are available for the first game;[19] Adams scored twice

for the Knickerbockers in the second. In 1853, Adams

played in two games against the Gotham Ball Club, tal-

lying seven runs in a pair of victories.[20] The two clubs

met three times from June to October 1854, and Adamshad one run in each game. After splitting the first two

contests, their October 26, 1854, game lasted 12 innings

before being suspended due to darkness with the score

tied 12–12; both teams fell short of the 21 runs that were

required to win a game under the rules of the time.[21][22]

Following two November games against the Eagle Base

Ball Club that Adams is not known to have participated

in, he returned to the Knickerbockers’ lineup for a June1, 1855, game against Gotham and scored three times,

although Gotham prevailed, 21–12.[23][24] He took part

in two other 1855 games against Eagle and Gotham, re-

spectively, scoring five runs total as the Knickerbockers

won both contests. Adams competed four times for the

club against outside opponents in 1856 as it won once,

lost twice, and had one tie; he scored ten times, and

records for two games showed that his defensive position

was shortstop. The Knickerbockers had a 2–2 win–loss

record in competitive games during 1857 that Adams par-

ticipated in. Playing three times at shortstop and once at

first base defensively, he contributed 12 runs offensively,

including a six-run effort in the Knickerbockers’ 37–23victory over the Empire club on June 24. In 1858, Adams

made four appearances for the Knickerbockers against

outside opposition and scored nine runs, but the team

went 1–3 in the games. He varied his defensive position-

ing between second base, third base, and shortstop.[25]

3 Playing style

1B

2B

3B

SS

RFLFCF

C

P

Adams has been credited as the creator of the shortstop position

(highlighted).

As a player, Adams created the concept of the short-

stop position, according to Thorn and Baseball Hall of

Fame researcher Freddy Berowski.[12][26] In the first five

years the Knickerbockers played, the team fielded any-

where from eight to eleven players. The only infielders

were the players covering each of the bases; if there were

more than eight players, extra  outfielders   were some-

times used. The outfielders had difficulty throwing base-balls into the infield, because of the balls’ light weight.

Adams’ shortstop position, at which he started playing in

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3

about 1849 or 1850, was used to field throws from the

outfielders and throw to the three infielders.[12][27] With

the advent of higher-quality baseballs, Adams moved to-

ward the infield, since the distance the balls could travel

increased.[12] Prior to the invention of the shortstop, large

gaps existed in the defensive positioning of infields; de-

fensive players tended to stand by bases, leaving emptyspace in between them for batters. The shortstop filled

one of the two gaps.[28]

Adams hit left-handed; he said that his batted balls occa-

sionally went into a river by the Elysian Fields, the ground

in Hoboken, New Jersey, where the Knickerbockers prac-

ticed and played.[29] Adams had a long on-field career

with the Knickerbockers; he remained a player with the

team until 1859.[30] He did not limit his play to short-

stop; he fielded at every position except pitcher.[9] Little

is known about the relative performance of early baseball

players, and the game was largely recreational, as opposed

to competitive. Thorn speculates that Adams may havebeen “the best player of the 1840s”, citing his lengthy

playing career as evidence.[31]

4 Equipment maker and umpire

In addition to playing the game, Adams was involved in

the production of early baseball equipment. He person-

ally manufactured   baseballs   for a period of time, sup-

plying many New York City-based clubs. Adams found

that the ball became “livelier” when it was more tightly

stitched; this meant that it traveled further when batted or

thrown.[12][32] According to author Peter Morris, Adams’

ball-manufacturing efforts helped to keep the Knicker-

bockers in operation during their first few years, as they

would otherwise have had difficulty finding balls.[33] In

later years Adams gathered rubber from old galoshes for

the insides of baseballs. A tanner then used  horsehide

to create the balls.[8] As late as 1863, Adams was one

of the three most prominent makers of baseballs in New

York, continuing to produce them by hand.[34] Adams

also played a role in producing  baseball bats, choosing

which wood to use and overseeing the manufacturingprocess.[8]

Adams also worked occasionally as an umpire in signif-

icant games.[9] One notable example was the final con-

test of a three-game series between all-star teams from

Brooklyn and New York City, held on September 10,

1858, in Long Island. During the game, which the New

York City all-stars won 29–18, Adams became the first

umpire to use a new rule allowing for a strike to be called

against a batter who did not swing at a pitch in the strike

zone. Previously, strikes were only called when a batter

swung at a pitch and missed. Three batters were ruled out

on strikes called by Adams in the game.[35][36] Otherwise,the called strike rule was not applied often in its first few

years of existence.[37]

5 Knickerbockers and NABBP ex-

ecutive

The Knickerbockers held elections annually to deter-

mine who would serve as officials. At the club’s sec-

ond election, held on May 5, 1846, Adams was namedthe Knickerbockers’ vice president. At an April 1847

meeting, he became the president of the team, and was

re-elected in 1848 and 1849.[38] He was the leader of a

“Committee to Revive the Constitution and By-Laws” of

baseball in 1848.[12] Adams was not chosen as an officer

in 1851, but the next year was named one of the club’s

three treasurers; he was elected to the same position the

following two years.[39] The number of baseball teams in

the New York City area started to grow during the early

1850s, as the Washington Base Ball Club (also known

as the Gotham Ball Club) and Eagle Base Ball Club were

founded or reorganized.[40] The Eagle Base Ball Club, de-

siring a unified set of rules, sent a message to the Knicker-

bockers requesting that a committee be formed. Adams

was one of the three Knickerbockers members selected

to be on the committee, and the clubs agreed on a set of

rules, which were presented at the Knickerbockers’ meet-

ing on April 1, 1854. At the same meeting, Adams was

voted into the position of club director.[41]

After again being named a director in 1855, Adams be-

came president of the Knickerbockers for the fourth time,

winning an election held at the club’s April 5, 1856,

meeting. He remained the team’s president in 1857,

and after not being named as an officer the next three

years, was elected president in 1861.[42] During his time

as the club’s president, the Knickerbockers’ organization

was emulated by newly formed teams, and Adams him-

self was considered a “respected” figure by members of

other clubs.[26][43] According to author Andrew J. Schiff,

Adams was among the most powerful baseball figures

of the era.[44] Concurrently, Adams maintained his New

York City medical practice.[10]

5.1 Number of players and game length

A supporter of nine-man baseball teams, Adams favoreda measure in 1856 which allowed for players from out-

side the Knickerbockers to join their intrasquad games

when 17 or fewer team members appeared. No rules ex-

isted at the time regarding team size, but official games

between clubs were typically played with nine men per

club. The proposal was defeated by a 13–11 vote, in fa-

vor of a rule forbidding non-club members to play if there

were 14 players (seven per team).[45]

A two-man committee was created with the aim of work-

ing with the Eagle and Washington clubs to resolve the

debate over how many players to field in official games.

Duncan F. Curry  and William F. Ladd were chosen asthe committee members, but Ladd withdrew and Adams

was named as a substitute. His partner on the committee,

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4   5 KNICKERBOCKERS AND NABBP EXECUTIVE 

Duncan Curry and Adams were on opposite sides of the Knicker-

bockers’ debates on roster size and game length.

Curry, had led the opposition to nine-man teams. Adams

and Curry also differed on another issue: the length of

games.[45] At the time, a baseball game lasted until one

of the teams had 21 runs; that team was awarded the

victory.[8] A change in how games were won was deemed

necessary after the suspended game in 1854. Adams fa-

vored nine-inning games, while Curry wanted contests

to last seven innings. According to Thorn, a convention

was scheduled for February 25, 1857, and Adams joined

a three-man committee tasked with encouraging local

clubs to send delegates. The Knickerbockers had voted

among themselves to back seven-inning games, but at the

convention the other teams backed a motion for nine-

inning contests, which passed; in March, the Knicker-

bockers changed their rules to match those passed at the

convention.[46] Journalist  Alfred Henry Spink  provided

an alternate account of the convention’s details, writing

that it took place on January 22 and had delegates from

14 clubs. Spink wrote that Adams was voted president

of the convention, and that a committee produced regu-

lations which gained formal approval on February 3.[47]

In May 1857, Adams presided over a player conventionwhere nine-inning games were officially made part of the

rules of baseball for participating teams.[1]

5.2 Distance between bases and campaign

against bound rule

In March 1858, the  National Association of Base Ball

Players (NABBP) was formed at another convention.[1]

Adams was one of the Knickerbockers’ two delegates,having been selected at a February meeting attended by

representatives from 25 clubs.[48] He held the chairman-

ship of the association’s rules and regulations commit-

tee, and drafted the new organization’s initial set of rules.

These included a clarification of the prescribed distance

between   bases, which under  Knickerbocker Rules   had

been set at “forty-two paces” between home plate and

second base, and “forty-two paces, equidistant” between

first and third base.[40] Historians differ on whether the

bases were roughly 90 feet (27 m) apart, or a shorter

distance.[49] Thorn has written that the pace itself may

have been “an imprecise and variable measure, to gauge

distances by 'stepping off',” and Adams described the rule

as “rather vague.”[40] As rules committee chairman for

the new NABBP, Adams made the baselines 90 feet (27

m) from one base to another, the distance seen in mod-

ern baseball. He ruled on the distance between home

plate and the pitcher’s mound as well, making them 45

feet (14 m) apart.[1] In addition, the committee mandated

that clubs have nine players per side, which became the

norm.[26][50] It also created the called strike rule, in an ef-

fort to reduce pitch totals and the time required to play

games.[51]

Adams campaigned for a further change in the rules of

baseball, involving when outs were recorded. At the time,

an out was allowed when the ball was caught by a fielder

after one bounce; this was known as the “bound rule”.[52]

Adams supported a ban on such outs, calling his preferred

rule “the fly-game”.[1] Under the style of play he backed,

when a flyball was hit a fielder would have to catch the ball

before it touched the ground for an out to be made. This

was similar to rules on catches in cricket, and would serve

to increase the level of skill required from fielders.[53] The

Knickerbockers had enacted a rule mandating the “fly-

catch” by 1857.[54]

The rule change was proposed to the NABBP annually by

Adams but did not pass. At the 1858 NABBP convention,

a vote on eliminating the bound rule was unsuccessful.[55]

Opponents raised concerns that the proposal would dra-

matically lengthen game times.[54] Despite his support for

the fly rule, in 1858 Adams successfully motioned for

NABBP regulations, including outs on bounces, to ap-

ply to the Knickerbockers. He did so because he was re-

luctant to oppose the rules of the NABBP. Shortly after

his motion, he organized a Knickerbockers meeting to

discuss the fly rule and “obtain a reconsideration” of the

newly passed resolution. At the meeting, the Knicker-

bockers decided to exclude outs on bounces from their

practice games and contests against teams that supportedthe fly rule.[55] In future years, the club remained an ad-

vocate of eliminating the bound rule, but Adams’ con-

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tinued efforts were rejected. A split in the rules and

regulations committee caused it to avoid supporting the

fly game at the NABBP’s 1859 convention, and votes

at the 1860 and 1861 conventions maintained the bound

rule.[56] Adams’ final comments about the regulation at an

NABBP convention indicated that he believed it would

soon be modified.[1] The bound rule started losing sup-port by 1863, after Adams left the Knickerbockers, and

outs on bounced balls were outlawed in 1864.[8][57]

5.3 Retirement

In addition to his other roles, Adams regularly served as a

delegate on behalf of the Knickerbockers at the NABBP’s

annual meetings.[55] He remained with the Knickerbock-

ers in an executive role until March 26, 1862, when he

retired having served 12 years overall in various non-

playing capacities.[9][58] Upon leaving his position, theclub named him an honorary member.[26] He received a

scroll from the Knickerbockers, which referred to him

as “The   Nestor   of Ball Players”, alluding to a mythi-

cal king known for offering advice.[8][26] Adams also re-

signed from his role as rules committee chairman of the

NABBP.[58]

6 Later life

Adams and Cornelia Cook married in 1861, and re-

mained together until Adams’ death.[10] The couple had

five children; the first, a son named Charles, died less

than a month after his birth in 1864. The others, two

sons (Frank and Roger) and two daughters (Catharine and

Mary), were born between 1866 and 1874.[59] Adams

continued to maintain his medical practice during his

baseball career, but was forced to abandon it in 1865 af-

ter he began suffering health issues.[3] After relocating

to Ridgefield, Connecticut,[6] he went on to become “one

of the leading citizens of the Connecticut village,” ac-

cording to author William J. Ryczek.[58] Adams served

as a  Republican  legislator in the   Connecticut House of

Representatives  for the town. Sources variously reportthat he was a representative only during 1870 or for sev-

eral terms.[5][60] Adams contributed to the creation of the

Ridgefield Land Improvement Association, and to a com-

mittee overseeing construction of a  town house.[61] In

1871, he accepted a job with the Ridgefield Savings Bank

as the company’s first president. After working there un-

til 1879, Adams took a break from his duties; during this

time, he helped found Ridgefield’s library and served as

its treasurer. In 1884, he returned to the Ridgefield Na-

tional Bank and remained president there until mid-1886.

Adams and his family relocated to a house in New Haven,

Connecticut, in 1888.

[3][26]

Although no longer actively involved in baseball, Adams

was still a follower of the sport. He played in an exhi-

bition as late as 1875, and stories exist that he played

recreationally into the following decade.[3][26] Late in his

life, he said of the growth of baseball, “We pioneers

never expected to see the game so universal as it has

now become.”[1] Adams contracted pneumonia following

a bout of  influenza, and died on January 3, 1899, at the

age of 84.[3] He was buried at New Haven’s EvergreenCemetery.[7]

7 Legacy

Media reports that Abner Doubleday invented baseball led to a

story on Adams appearing in  The New York Times  in 1980.

For decades after Adams’ death, his role in codifying

baseball’s early rules was largely unremembered. Thorn

included Adams among a group of “powerfully influ-

ential figures” from the period—also including Louis

Wadsworth and Wheaton—who he writes “went unrec-

ognized in their lifetimes and became mysteries to future

generations.”[62] Alexander Cartwright was more widely

recognized as a pioneering figure for the sport. The Base-

ball Hall of Fame has claimed that Cartwright was the

inventor of 90-foot (27 m) baselines and the nine-inning

game. However, by the time conventions led by Adams

had enacted those rules in the late 1850s, Cartwright had

traveled to California and was no longer a member of

the Knickerbockers.[26][63] Adams is said to have avoided

“campaigning for credit” for rules changes after he left

the Knickerbockers; researcher Gary O'Maxfield said of

him that he “didn't like to brag.”[8] Several of the rules

approved at the conventions survived to modern base-

ball, including the 90-foot (27 m) baseline distance. The45-foot (14 m) distance from home plate to the pitching

mound, however, did not last through the 19th century;

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6   8 REFERENCES 

it was pushed back 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1880.[28] The short-

stop position, which for Adams was located between the

infielders and outfielders, was later played in the infield,

between second and third base.   Dickey Pearce was the

first player to field in that area, and his ability to prevent

base hits in the formerly unoccupied territory convinced

other teams to employ similar tactics.[64]

The   Hartford Courant   points to 1980 as a year when

Adams started to gain greater attention for his achieve-

ments. A share of the  New York Mets was purchased

by Nelson Doubleday   that year, and  claims   that  Abner

Doubleday invented baseball in 1839, which are consid-

ered flawed by modern researchers, were reported by the

media.[7][8][65] After the Doubleday reports in 1980, The

New York Times  received a letter from the great-grandson

of Adams that the Courant  said attempted “to try to set

the record straight.”[8] The newspaper ran the letter in

its April 13 issue, and added a 1939 piece by Roger

Adams.[3] In 1993, Thorn published research on Adams’contributions in the encyclopedia Total Baseball .[66]

Various historians have given Adams recognition as an

important figure from the early years of baseball. Thorn

has written that he “may be counted as first among the Fa-

thers of Baseball.”[1] O'Maxfield said of Adams: “With-

out [him], we wouldn't have the game we know and love

as baseball today.”[8] The “father” label was rejected by

Ryczek; he wrote that Adams did not conceive the sport,

but called him a “collaborator” in its development.[67]

On July 31, 2014, the  Society for American Baseball

Research   announced that it had chosen Adams as its

2014 “Overlooked 19th Century Baseball Legend”.[68]

Eric Miklich has called him worthy of induction into the

Baseball Hall of Fame for his role as a pioneer. He says

of Adams, “Should he be in the Hall of Fame? Abso-

lutely. You ask anyone who knows about 19th century

baseball. They'll laugh at Cartwright. Abner Doubleday,

they won't even talk about. But they allknow DocAdams.

He was the glue that held things together in the early part

of baseball.”[26]

8 References

[1]   Thorn 1993, p. 7.

[2]   Smith 1907, pp. 255–256.

[3] Thorn, John. “Doc Adams”. Society for American Base-

ball Research.   Archived  from the original on May 17,

2012. Retrieved April 25, 2012.

[4]   Geroud 1880, p. 61.

[5] Thayer, William Roscoe; Castle, William Richards;

Howe, Mark Antony De Wolfe; Pier, Arthur Stan-

wood; De Voto, Bernard Augustine; Morrison, Theodore

(March 1899).   “Non-Academic”.   The Harvard Gradu-

ates’ Magazine: 475. Retrieved January 17, 2012.

[6]   Morris, Ryczek, Finkel, Levin & Malatzky 2013, p. 18.

[7] Beach, Randall (July 9, 2011). “Randall Beach: Take me

out to the gentle game, with 'Doc' Adams and no muffin

ball”.  New Haven Register .  Archived from the original on

May 7, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2011.

[8] Amore, Dom (September 10, 2011).   “Doc Adams Fi-

nally Recognized As A Founder Of Baseball”.   Hartford 

Courant . Retrieved November 28, 2011.

[9]   Husman 2000, p. 5.

[10]  “Obituary Record Of Graduates Of Yale University De-

ceased During the Academical Year Ending in June,

1899”  (PDF). Yale University. June 27, 1899. p. 591.

Retrieved February 5, 2012.

[11]   Thorn 2011, p. 30.

[12]   Thorn 1993, p. 6.

[13]   Thorn 1993, pp. 5–6.

[14]   Thorn 2011, pp. 31, 36.

[15]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, p. 11.

[16]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, pp. 12–13.

[17]  Ryczek 2009, p. 45.

[18]   Morris 2008, pp. 30–31.

[19]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, p. 14.

[20]  Ryczek 2009, pp. 226–227.

[21]  Ryczek 2009, pp. 227–228.

[22]   Spink 2000, p. 56.

[23]  Ryczek 2009, p. 228.

[24]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, p. 16.

[25]  Ryczek 2009, pp. 229–233.

[26] Miller, Robert (September 26, 2009).   “The Ridgefield

man who helped invent baseball”.  The News-Times . Re-

trieved November 30, 2011.

[27] Miller, Robert (September 26, 2009).   "'Doc' Adams

legacy; The position of shortstop”.   The News-Times .

Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved

December 2, 2011.

[28]   Schiff 2008, p. 48.

[29]  Ward & Burns 1994, pp. 4–5.

[30]   Thorn 2011, p. 106.

[31]   Thorn 2011, pp. 105–106.

[32]   Hample 2011, p. 92.

[33]   Morris 2008, pp. 10, 31.

[34]   Hample 2011, p. 94.

[35]   Thorn 2011, pp. 75, 116, 119.

[36]   Morris 2008, p. 71.

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[37]  Ryczek 2009, p. 181.

[38]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, pp. 11–13.

[39]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, pp. 13–14.

[40]   Thorn 1993, pp. 6–7.

[41]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, p. 15.

[42]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, pp. 16–19.

[43]  Ryczek 2009, p. 67.

[44]   Schiff 2008, p. 47.

[45]   Thorn 2011, pp. 51–52.

[46]   Thorn 2011, pp. 52–53.

[47]   Spink 2000, p. 58.

[48]  Freyer & Rucker 2005, p. 18.

[49]  Ryczek 2009, p. 34.

[50]   Thorn 2011, p. 51.

[51]   Morris, Ryczek, Finkel, Levin & Malatzky 2013, p. 3.

[52]   Morris 2008, p. 67.

[53]  Ryczek 2009, pp. 174–175.

[54]   Schiff 2008, p. 54.

[55]  Ryczek 2009, p. 175.

[56]  Ryczek 2009, pp. 175–177.

[57]  Ryczek 2009, pp. 177–178.

[58]  Ryczek 2009, p. 35.

[59]   Smith 1907, pp. 256–257.

[60]   “Members of the Connecticut General Assembly: Search

Results”. Connecticut State Library. Retrieved August

28, 2012. Site does not support direct linking. Search for

“Adams” to find results.

[61] Murphy, Tim (July 26, 2012).  “Group hoping to get for-

mer Ridgefielder Adams into baseball Hall”.   The Ridge-

 field Press .   Archived   from the original on August 27,

2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.

[62]   Thorn 2011, pp. 83–84.

[63]   Thorn 1993, pp. 5–7.

[64]   Cash 2002, pp. 13, 210.

[65]   Morris 2008, p. 227.

[66] Holtzman, Jerome (April 13, 1993).  “King Of Diamond

History Holds Court Here”.  Chicago Tribune. Retrieved

May 27, 2012.

[67]  Ryczek 2009, p. 36.

[68]   “SABR 44: Doc Adamsselected as Overlooked 19th Cen-

tury Baseball Legend for 2014”. Society for AmericanBaseball Research. July 31, 2014. Retrieved August 2,

2014.

9 Bibliography

•   Cash, Jon David (2002).   Before They Were Cardi-

nals: Major League Baseball in Nineteenth-Century

St. Louis . Columbia, Missouri: University of Mis-

souri Press.  ISBN 978-0-8262-1401-0.

•  Freyer, John; Rucker, Mark (2005).  Peverelly’s Na-

tional Game. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia

Publishing.  ISBN 978-0-7385-3404-6.

•   Geroud, Samuel Lankton, ed. (1880).   The Gen-

eral Catalogue and a Brief History of Kimball Union

Academy. Claremont, New Hampshire: Claremont

Manufacturing Co.

•   Hample, Zack (2011).   The Baseball: Stunts, Scan-

dals, and Secrets Beneath the Stitches . New York

City: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-307-47545-9.

•   Husman, John R. (2000).   “Adams, Daniel Lu-

cius”. In Porter, David L. Biographical Dictionary

of American Sports: Baseball (A–F). Westport, Con-

necticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.   ISBN 0-

313-31174-9.

•   Morris, Peter; Ryczek, William J.; Finkel, Jan;

Levin, Leonard; Malatzky, Richard, ed. (2013).

Base Ball Founders: The Clubs, Players and Cities 

of the Northeast That Established the Game. Jef-

ferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.

ISBN 978-0-7864-7430-1.

•  Morris, Peter (2008).  But Didn't We Have Fun?: An

Informal History of Baseball’s Pioneer Era, 1843– 

1870. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.  ISBN 978-1-56663-

849-4.

•  Ryczek, William J. (2009).  Baseball’s First Inning: 

A History of the National Pastime Through the Civil 

War . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland &

Company.  ISBN 978-0-7864-4194-5.

•  Schiff, Andrew J. (2008).  “The Father of Baseball": 

A Biography of Henry Chadwick . Jefferson, North

Carolina: McFarland & Company.   ISBN 978-0-7864-3216-5.

•   Smith, Charles James (1907).  History of the Town

of Mont Vernon, New Hampshire. Boston: Blan-

chard Printing Co.

•   Spink, Alfred Henry   (2000) [1911].   The National 

Game: Second Edition. Carbondale, Illinois: South-

ern Illinois University Press.   ISBN 978-0-8093-

2304-3.

•   Thorn, John (2011). Baseball in the Garden of Eden: 

The Secret History of the Early Game. New YorkCity: Simon & Schuster.   ISBN 978-0-7432-9403-

4.

8/10/2019 Doc Adams

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/doc-adams 8/9

8   10 EXTERNAL LINKS 

•   Thorn, John (1993). “The True Father of Base-

ball”. In Thorn, John; Palmer, Pete.   Total Base-

ball: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Baseball  (3 ed.).

New York City: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-

273189-0.

•   Ward, Geoffrey C.;   Burns, Ken (1994).   Baseball: An Illustrated History. New York City: Random

House. ISBN 978-0-679-76541-7.

10 External links

•   Official website

8/10/2019 Doc Adams

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/doc-adams 9/9

9

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

•   Doc Adams Source:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Adams?oldid=631959287 Contributors:  Nikkimaria, Ian Rose, Jprg1966, Ohcon-

fucius, Mr Stephen, Magioladitis, KConWiki, Neonblak, Tis herself, GimmeBot, Eggishorn, Gciriani, Another Believer, Penale52, Gi-

ants2008, Drpickem, PM800, Sarastro1, GA bot, Faolin42, Nihilianth, Helpful Pixie Bot, George Ponderevo, Mark Arsten, Mathew-

Townsend, Br'er Rabbit, Zziccardi, Lekoren, TFA Protector Bot, OccultZone and Ksapiratheepan

11.2 Images

•   File:Baseball_SS.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Baseball_SS.svg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-

tors:  Own work Original artist:   Surachit

•   File:Cscr-featured.svg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg  License:   ?   Contributors:   ?   Original 

artist:  ?

•  File:Duncan_Curry.jpg Source:  http: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Duncan_Curry.jpg License:  Public domain Con-

tributors:  Spalding, Albert.  America’s National Game, American Sports Publishing Company, p. 54.  Original artist:  Not provided

•   File:Gen._Abner_Doubleday_-_NARA_-_528393.tif   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gen._Abner_

Doubleday_-_NARA_-_528393.tif  License:  Public domain Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  Mathew Brady

•  File:Knickerbocker_practice.jpg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Knickerbocker_practice.jpg  License: 

Public domain Contributors:  Spalding, Albert. “America’s National Game”, American Sports Publishing Company, p. 50.  Original artist: 

Homer Davenport (1867-1912)

11.3 Content license

•   Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0