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doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Slide 1
Introduction to IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 and its Amendment PAR for P802.22b: Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Name Company Address Phone email Apurva N. Mody
BAE Systems 130 D. W. HWY Merrimack, NH
404-819-0314
Zander (Zhongding) Lei
Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)
1 Fusionopolis Way #21-01 Connexis, Singapore 138632
65-6408-
2436 [email protected]
Gwangzeen Ko ETRI Korea +82-42-860-
4862 [email protected]
Chang Woo Pyo NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka, Yokosuka, Japan
+81-46-847-5120
M. Azizur Rahman
NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka, Yokosuka, Japan
Authors:
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.22. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE’s name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.11.
Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures <http://standards.ieee.org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws.pdf>, including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair Apurva N. Mody <[email protected]> as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at <[email protected]>.
AbstractThis tutorial is to be presented during the IEEE 802 Plenary session in November 2011 in Atlanta. The first part of the tutorial provides an overview of the recently completed standard IEEE std. 802.22-2011. The second part of the tutorial is to educate the IEEE 802 community as to why a new P802.22b amendment to the IEEE std. 802.22-2011 is needed and what it will do.
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 2
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Problem: Digital Divide Exists Today• According to the recent TIME Magazine article (October 31st issue), 73% of
the world population (5.1 Billion people) does not have access to internet • 49.5% of the people (3.465 Billion) in the world live in rural areas.
• It is expensive to lay fiber / cable in rural and remote areas with low population density. Wireless is the only solution.
• Backhaul / backbone internet access for rural areas is very expensive (50% of the cost)
• Traditional wireless carriers have focused on urban areas with high populations density (faster Return on Investment) using licensed spectrum
• Example - America: About 28 percent of rural America, lack access to Internet with speeds of three megabits per second or faster, compared with only 3 percent, in non-rural areas, according to an FCC report titled "Bringing Broadband to Rural America”
• Example - India: In India, a country with more than 1.2 Billion people, more than 500 Million people have cell phones but less than 0.75% of the population has access to high speed internet access
• This has created a DIGITAL DIVIDE Slide 3
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
b
Population density ( per km2)
Rel
ativ
e c
om
ple
xity
/co
st (%
)
Su
bu
rban
Urb
an
Den
se
urb
an
Ru
ral
Sp
ars
ely
po
pu
late
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
www.crc.cawww.crc.ca
b
Population density (per km2)
Rel
ativ
e c
om
ple
xity
& c
ost
per
su
bsc
rib
er (%
)
Su
bu
rban
Urb
an
Den
se
urb
an
Ru
ral
Sp
ars
ely
po
pu
late
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
www.crc.cawww.crc.cawww.crc.cawww.crc.caOptical fiber
Cable modem
ADSL
Satellite
0.4 M
0.8 M
1.2 M
1.6 M
2.0 M
0.0 M
Pop
ula
tion
per
den
sity
bin
(M
illi
on)
Canada
2.4 M
USA
(scal
ed x0
.1066
)
Mobilebroadband
Fixed broadband
at lower frequency
Satellite WRAN100 W Base Station4 W User terminal
ADSL, Cable, ISM and UNII Wireless and Optical Fiber
4 W Base Station
FCC Definition of ‘Rural’Courtesy: Gerald Chouinard: [email protected]
Rel
ativ
e C
omp
lexi
ty a
nd
Cos
t (%
)Relative Cost and Complexity of Various Technologies for Rural
and Regional Area Broadband Service
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
High Range and NLoS Operation are Necessary for Broaband to Rural
• Range: VHF/ UHF Bands and Television Whitespaces with appropriate transmit / receive power allowance are ideally suited to deploy large Regional Area Networks (RANs) due to favorable propagation characteristics.
• Deployment of Wireless Regional Area Networks with greater range allows more users per Base Station, resulting in a viable business model
4 Watts Omni
5.8 GHz
2.4 GHz
900 MHzVHF / UHF and TV Whitespaces
10 – 30 km
Slide 5
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 6
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Television Whitespaces: A New Hope
Legend
Available TV channels
None
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 and +
Source: Gerald Chouinard, CRC and Industry CanadaSouthern Ontario Canada
More Channels Available in Rural
AreasRural Areas
Urban Areas
• TV Channels in VHF / UHF bands have highly favorable propagation characteristics• Analog TV will be transitioned world-wide to Digital TV which is more spectrum
efficient.• Excess spectrum is called the digital dividend and it can be used to provide broadband
access while ensuring that no interference is caused to primary users.• In some administrations like the United States, opportunistic license-exempt usage of the
spectrum used by the incumbents is allowed on a non-interfering basis using cognitive radio techniques.
TV Channel Availability for Broadband
Slide 7
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
What can Television Whitespaces do?
• Television Whitespaces (TVWS) will allow broadband wireless access to regional, rural and remote areas under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight (NLoS) conditions.
• Other Applications:
• Triple play for broadcasters (e. g. video, voice and data),
• Smart grid
• Cheap backhaul using multi-profile RAN stations
• Off-loading cellular telephony traffic to un-licensed spectrum,
• Distance learning, civic communications, regional area public safety and homeland security, emergency broadband services,
• Monitoring rain forests, monitoring livestock, border protection,
• Broadband service to multiple dwelling unit (MDU), multi tenant unit (MTU), small office home office (SoHo), campuses, etc.
Wireless Regional Area Networks such as IEEE 802.22 systems using TV Whitespaces can connect rural areas in emerging markets.
Slide 8
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Kinsley, Kansas, USA
TV Channel Availability
Courtesy: Spectrum Bridge: http://spectrumbridge.com/whitespaces.aspx
Rural Town, Moderate Density
Plenty of TV channels are available in rural areas for broadband
deployment
Slide 9
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Manhattan, New York TV Channel
Availability
Courtesy: Spectrum Bridge: http://spectrumbridge.com/whitespaces.aspx
Urban City with very high
population density
Large cities such as Manhattan are not the potential target markets for IEEE 802.22
technology. Hardly any TV channels available in these markets and there are plenty of other
options for broadband such as cable and fiber.
Slide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 11
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
802.22 WRAN
Courtesy, Paul Nikolich, Chair, IEEE 802
IEEE Standards Association Hierarchy
802.15 WPAN
802.11 WLAN
Slide 12
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
IEEE 802.22 WG on Wireless Regional Area Networks
IEEE 802.22 Standard – Wireless Regional Area
Networks: Cognitive Radio based Access in TVWS: Published in July 2011
802.22.1 – Std for Enhanced Interference Protection in
TVWS: Published in
Nov. 2010
802.22.2 – Std for Recommended
Practice for Deployment of
802.22 Systems: Expected
completion - Dec 2012
802.22a – Enhanced
Management Information Base and Management Plane Procedures:
Expected Completion - Dec.
2013
www.ieee802.org/22
802.22 RASGCIM –
Regional Area Smart Grid and
Critical Infrastructure
Monitoring Study Group
Slide 13
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
802.22 Unique Proposition
First IEEE Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces
First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide
First IEEE Standard that has all the Cognitive Radio features
Recipient of the IEEE SA Emerging Technology of the Year Award
Slide 14
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 15
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 16
Abstract
TV Channel Characteristics
IEEE 802.22 PHY Features
Conclusions
Contributor
Slide 16
Name Company Address Phone Email Zander (Zhongding) Lei
Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)
1 Fusionopolis Way #21-01 Connexis, Singapore 138632
65-6408-2436
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 17
TV ChannelsMultipath Channel Characteristics
Frequency selective with large excessive delay Excessive delay (measurements in US, Germany,
France*)Longest delay: >60 μsec
85% test location with delay spread ~35 μsec
Low frequency (54~862 MHz)
Long range (up to 100 km)
Slow fadingSmall Doppler spread
(up to a few Hz)
* WRAN Channel Modeling, IEEE802.22-
05/0055r7, Aug 05
Profile C
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Excess delay (usec)
Re
lati
ve
att
en
ua
tio
n (
dB
)
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 18
PHY Features
• Worldwide Operation (6, 7, and 8 MHz Bandwidths supported)
• Simple and Light Specs• Robust OFDMA and High throughput• Adaptive Modulation and Coding• Preamble, Pilot Pattern and Channelization
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 19
Worldwide Operation
Support worldwide TV channels (6, 7, or 8 MHz) in the VHF/UHF broadcast bands from 54 MHz to 862 MHz
Same frame/symbol structure, preamble/pilot pattern, FFT size, number of data/pilot subcarriers, modulation and coding, interleaving etc.
Sampling frequency, carrier spacing, symbol duration, signal bandwidth, and data rates are scaled by channel bandwidth
TDD
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 20
Simple and Light Specs
Single PHY mode: OFDMA
Single FFT mode: 2048
Single antenna specHeavy multiple antennas specs (MIMO or beamforming) are not
supported due to physical sizes of antenna structures at lower frequencies
Linear burst allocation DS: little time diversity gain could be achieved across symbols due to
channel changes slowly
US: allocated across symbols to minimize the number of subchannels used by a CPE, hence reducing (EIRP) to mitigate potential interference to incumbent systems
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 21
Robust OFDMA Design with High Throughput
Robust OFDMA Design Longer symbol time
1/Δf ~ 300 μsec*; CPmax ~ 75 μsec
WiMAX: CP ~ 11.2 μsec
Slow fadingΔf ~3.3 kHz (Robustness to ICI better than WiMax in 3.5
GHz)
WiMAX: Δf ~11 kHz (Overkill in VHF/UHF band)
High throughputPeak data rate per channel: 22.69 Mb/s (rate 5/6, 64-QAM)
WiMAX: 15.84 Mb/s (rate 5/6, 64-QAM)
* US 6 MHz TV channel
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 22
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
4 CP factors: 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
3 modulations (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) with 4 coding rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6)
Mandatory CC + optional turbo (CTC or SBTC) and LDPC codes
Turbo-block bit interleaver and subcarrier interleaverMaximize the distance between adjacent samples to achieve better
frequency diversity
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 23
Preamble, Pilot Pattern and Channelization
3 types preamblesSuperframe
Frame
CBP
Tile pilot patternFor each symbol, every 7 useful
subcarriers has a pilot
For each subcarrier, every 7 symbols has a pilot
Robust channel estimation combining 7 OFDMA symbols.
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011Slide 24
Conclusions - PHY
IEEE 802.22 standard is optimized for VHF/UHF TV channels to provide broadband services with up to 100km coverageSimple and light specs
Robust to large delay spread
Robust to Doppler spread
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 25
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Abstract
This contribution summarizes the MAC and Cognitive
Capability (CC) features in the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard.
Contributors
Slide 26
Name Company Address Phone email Gwang-Zeen Ko ETRI Korea +82-42-860-4862 [email protected]
Byung Jang Jeong ETRI Korea +82-42-860-6765 [email protected]
Sung-Hyun Hwang ETRI Korea +82-42-860-1133 [email protected]
Jung-Sun Um ETRI Korea +82-42-860-4844 [email protected]
Antony Franklin ETRI Korea +82-42-860-0752 [email protected]
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Contents
802.22 MAC FeaturesIntroduction
Super-frame/Frame Structure
CBP summary and Coexistence schemesDynamic QP Scheduling
Self-Coexistence Schemes
Cognitive Capabilities in 802.22Spectrum Manager
Channel Classification
Spectrum Sensing
Geo-location
DB Access
Slide 27
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
MAC Introduction (1)
• Some aspects of IEEE 802.22-2011 MAC have been inspired from the IEEE 802.16 MAC standard
• Combination of polling, contention and unsolicited bandwidth grants mechanisms
• Support of Unicast/Multicast/Broadcast for both management and data
• Connection-oriented MAC– Connection identifier (CID) is a key component
• IEEE 802.22-2011 CID can be constructed from Station ID (SID) and Flow Identifier (FID) [1]. This new CID definition can reduce overhead and storage requirements [2].
– Defines a mapping between peer processes– Defines a service flow (QoS provisioning)
Slide 28
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
MAC Introduction (2)
• However, major enhancements have been made–Support of Cognitive functionality
• Dynamic and adaptive scheduling of quiet periods• Various incumbent user detection and notification methods
–Coexistence with both incumbents and other 802.22 systems (self-coexistence)
• Measurements (incumbents and 802.22 operation)• Spectrum management (time, frequency and power)• The Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP)• The Incumbent Detection Recovery Protocol (IDRP)• Wireless microphone beacon mechanism (IEEE 802.22.1)
–Self-coexistence mechanisms• Spectrum Etiquette• On-demand Frame Contention
Slide 29
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Summary of Cognitive Capabilities
Spectrum Manager
Policies
Incumbent Database Service
IncumbentDatabase
Spectrum SensingRF sensing performance
0.1%
1.0%
10.0%
100.0%
-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2SNR (dB)
Pro
ba
bilit
y o
f m
isd
ete
cti
on
(P
md
)
Energy - 1dB Pfa=10% 5 ms
Energy - 0.5dB Pfa=10% 5 ms
Energy - 0dB Pfa=10% 5ms
Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms
I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms
I2R Pfa= 1% 4ms
I2R Pfa=10% 4 ms
Qualcomm Field Pfa=10% 24 ms
Qualcom Field Pfa=1% 24 ms
Thomson Field Pfa=10% 24 ms
Thomson Field Pfa=1% 24ms
Channel Set Management
Subscriber Station Registration and Tracking
Self Co-existence
time
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)
… … …
Coexistence Beacon WindowsData Frames
TV Channel X
Geo-location
Slide 30
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
frame 0
Superframe Preamble
SCHframe
Preamble
frame 1
Superframe Preamble
SCHframe
Preamble
frame 15
frame Preamble
WRAN 0
WRAN 1
......
......
160 ms
10 ms
Time
frame n-1 frame n frame n+1 ...Time
...
FramePreamble
FCH DS burst 1 DS burst 2 DS burst x...
UDCOptionalBroadcastMAC PDU
MAC PDU 1 ... MAC PDU y Pad
MAC Header
MAC Payload CRC
Ranging slots
BW request slots
US Burst (CPE m)
US PHY PDU (CPE p)
...
MAC PDU 1 ... MAC PDU k Pad
MAC Header
MAC Payload CRC
UCS Notification
Slots
DS subframe
US-MAPDS-MAP DCD
US subframe
TTGSelf Coexistence
Window RTG
Nov. 2011
IEEE 802.22 Frame Structure(Logical View)
Super frame Structure
Frame Structure
Slide 31
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
IEEE 802.22 Frame Structure(Physical View)
DS sub-frame
TTG
RTG
US sub-frame(smallest US burst portion on a given subchannel= 7 symbols)
26 to 42 symbols corresponding to bandwidths from 6 MHz to 8 MHz and cyclic prefixes from 1/ 4 to 1/ 32
Fram
e P
ream
ble
FCH
DS-M
AP
Burs
t 1
DCD
Burs
t 2 tim
e b
uff
er
tim
e b
uff
er
Self-c
oexis
tence w
indow
(4
or 5
sym
bols
when s
chedule
d)
Burst 1
60 s
ubchannels
Burst 2
Burst 3more than 7 OFDMA symbols
Burst
Burst n
Burst
Burs
t m
Ranging/ BW request/ UCS notification
Burst
Burst
Bursts
Burs
ts
frame n-1 frame n frame n+1... Time...
10 ms
US-M
AP
US-M
AP
UCD
Slide 32
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Concept of 802.22 Frame Operation
Slide 33
The propagation time for CPEs beyond 30km will be accommodated by scheduling of late upstream bursts
BS
CPE
T=0
T=10ms
Neighbor Cell CPE
Neighbor BS
Home Cell Coverage
Neighbor Cell Coverage
Long distance From BS
Short distance From BS
CPE
The allocation of burst could be based on
distance of CPE from BS in order to compensate the propagation delay
under overlapping cells
Contention for all CBP transmitters
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
SCH and CBP Features
• The Super-frame Control Header (SCH)– Provides the control information for a WRAN cell– Support the intra-frame and inter-frame quiet periods management mechanisms
for sensing– Support coexistence with incumbents and other WRAN cells (self coexistence)
• An SCH can include various CBP (Coexistence Beacon Protocol) IEs– Backup channel information IE– Frame Contention information IE– Terrestrial Geo-location information IE– Signature IE, Certificate IEs (CBP frame security)
• Using SCH, WRAN BS can intelligently manage the operation of its associated CPEs
• Also, using CBP (Extended version of SCH), WRAN BS can intelligently manage the operation of neighboring WRAN cell under co-existence situation
Slide 34
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Dynamic Quiet Period Scheduling
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH frame 0 ...
160 ms
Time
frame 2 ...
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Quiet Period Quiet Period
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH
160 ms
Time
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Quiet Period
SCH
...
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH frame 0 frame 15...
160 ms
Time
frame 1 frame 2 ...
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Quiet Period Quiet Period
FCH
Intra-Frame QP scheduling(Some part of super-frame)QP < 1Frame
Intra-Frame QP scheduling(Some part of super-frames)QP = 1 Frame
Inter-Frame QP scheduling(whole super-frame except SCH)
Slide 36
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Self-Coexistence Mechanism (1)• Self-Coexistence: Co-existence among WRAN Systems [4]
(Exchange of information between BSs through CPEs using the self-coexistence window)
Coexistence beacon protocol
On
-dem
and
fram
eco
nte
nti
on
Sp
ectr
um
etiq
uet
te
Orthogonal channel selection for operating channel and first backup channel
Frame allocation signalledby the super-frame control header (SCH)
MAC self-coexistence schemes
PHY coexistence mechanisms
Spectrum Etiquette
Frame contention
Spectrum Etiquette
Frame-based On-demand Spectrum contention
Enough channels available
Two or more cells need to
coexist on the same channel
Slide 37
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Self-Coexistence Mechanism (2)
• Spectrum Etiquette• Orthogonal channel assignment scheme between adjacent cells
– different operating channel for overlapping or adjacent cells– different first backup channel
1, 2, 7 3, 4, 2, 6, 7
5, 6, 2, 7, 84, 8, 2, 6, 7
3, 7, 2, 5, 8
6, 4, 2, 5, 7 8, 5, 2, 4, 7
(a) (b)
7, 5 3, 4, 6
5, 6, 2, 84, 8, 2, 6
3, 2, 5, 8
6, 4, 2, 5 8, 5, 2, 4
1 2
Operating Channel NumberBackup Channel Number
Candidate Channel numberCandidate Channel number
Incumbents are arrived at CH # 1 and 2
New Operating Channel NumberNew Backup Channel Number
Requires that information on operating, backup and candidate channelsof each cell is shared amongst WRAN cells: exchanged by CBP packets [5]
Slide 38
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Self-Coexistence Mechanism (3)
• On-demand Frame Contention• Two or more cells need to co-exist on the same channel
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH frame 0 frame N...
160 ms
Time
...
10 ms
FCH
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms10 ms
SCH ......
SCH ......
No Tx
SCW
frame 1
No Tx No Tx No Tx
frame 1
frame 0
No Tx No Tx
No Tx No Tx
frame 0
No Tx
No Tx No Tx
No Tx
No Tx
WRAN Cell 1
WRAN Cell 2
WRAN Cell 3
Using SCW, BS exchange CBPs and decides next frame owner using contention
frame 2
No Tx
SCW does not have to be allocated at each frame
time
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)
… … …TV Channel X
Slide 39
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Cognitive Capability
Higher layer
MAC
PHY
MLME
PLME
Spectrum Manager(SM)
Geo-location
SAP SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SA
PS
AP
Station Management entity(SME)
Management PlaneData/Control Plane
Cognitive Plane
SpectrumSensingFunction
(SSF)
From Sensing Antenna
Location Informationfrom Satellites
From CPEs
From Database
A
B
D
C
MAC : Medium Access ControlPHY: PHYsical LayerMLME: MAC Layer Management EntityPLME: PHY Layer Management EntitySAP: Service Access Point
• Collection of Spectrum Information– Geo-location information (A)– TVWS Database (B)– CPE Spectrum Sensor (C)– BS Spectrum Sensor (D)
• Cognitive Engine (Decision Maker)– Spectrum Manager (BS)– Spectrum Automation (CPE)
• Configurable Communication System – 802.22 PHY– 802.22 MAC
Slide 40
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
SM Channel Classification [5]
Two step channel decision
External to IEEE 802.22 System
Internal to IEEE 802.22 System
IncumbentDB exist?
Incumbent Data Base
Channel Availability?
Yes No
Incumbent Protection Requirements(i.e., FCC Rules in US)
Yes
Available Channels
Unavailable Channels
No
Is the channelSensed?
SM
Decision Considerations- Empty or not- Own WRAN cell used- WMP used- TV used- Other WRAN cells used- Cumulated Empty time- History- local regulatory- etc.
CandidateBackupOperating ProtectedDisallowed Unclassified
Yes
No
Channel Classification
Start
end
Slide 41
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Nov. 2011
Spectrum Sensing
• IEEE 802.22 supports spectrum sensing capability by using SSA and SSF• Spectrum Sensing Automation (SSA, sensing manager)
– All the IEEE 802.22 devices (BS and CPEs) shall also have an entity called the Spectrum Sensing Automaton (SSA). The SSA interfaces to the Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF) and executes the commands from the SM to enable spectrum sensing
• Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF, sensor)– Spectrum sensing is the process of observing the RF spectrum of a television
channel to determine its occupancy (by either incumbents or other WRANs).– The base station and all CPEs shall implement the Spectrum Sensing Function
(SSF)– The SSF shall be driven by the SSA. The SSF shall observe the RF spectrum of
a television channel and shall report the results of that observation to the SM (at the BS) via its associated SSA
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November 2011
Nov. 2011
Spectrum Sensing
Spectrum Sensing Automation state machine Input/Output of the Spectrum Sensing Function
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Nov. 2011
Geo-Location
• Satellite based geo-location– Requires GPS antenna at each device– NMEA 0183 data string used to represent geo-location– Poor accuracy in Northern hemispheres
• Terrestrial based geo-location– Besides satellite-based geo-location, the 802.22 standard includes terrestrial
geo-location using inherent capabilities of the OFDM based modulation and the coexistence beacon protocol bursts transmitted and received among CPEs
– Propagation time measured between BS and its CPEs and among CPEs of the same cell using Fine Time Difference of Arrival: TDOA
BS
Vernier-1
Vernier-2
CPE 1
Downstream
Upstream
Vernier-3 CPE 2
CBP burst
Vernier-1
Slide 44
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November 2011
Nov. 2011
DB Access• WRAN DB access
– 802.22 WG defined DB access structure
– Interfaces are defined between DB and BS
• Defined number of primitives for DB access– M-DB-AVAILABLE-
REQUEST– M-DEVICE-ENLISTMENT-
REQUEST– M-DB-AVAILABLE-
CHANNEL-REQUEST– M-DB-AVAILABLE-
CHANNEL-INDICATION– M-DB-DELIST-REQUEST– Etc.
Structure of the IEEE 802.22 WRANaccess to the database service
Slide 45
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 46
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November 2011
Abstract
This document introduces ten (10) usage cases for the 802.22 New SG “regional area smart grid and critical infrastructure monitoring study group”
These usage cases are grouped by three (3) categories
ContributorsName Company Address Phone email
Chang-Woo Pyo NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka, Yokosuka, Japan
+81-46-847-5120
Zhang Xin NICT 20 Science Park Road, #01-09A/10 TeleTech Park, Singapore
Chunyi Song NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka, Yokosuka, Japan
M. Azizur Rahman NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka, Yokosuka, Japan
Hiroshi Harada NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka, Yokosuka, Japan
Apurva N. Mody BAE Systems 130 Daniel Webster Highway, Mail Stop 2350 Merrimack, NH 03054
Nancy Bravin Bravin Consulting
Bakersfield CA [email protected]
Slide 47
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November 2011
802 Standard Activities for Smart Grid and Critical Infrastructure Monitoring
Slide 48
P802.15.4m
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November 2011
Enhanced Broadband and Monitoring Use Cases for Proposed P802.22b Project
Category Usage Cases Properties
A) Smart Grid & Monitoring
A1) Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering• Low capacity/complexity CPEs • Very large number of monitoring CPEs • Fixed and Potable CPEs• Real time monitoring• Low duty cycle• High reliability and security• Large coverage area• Infrastructure connection
A2) Agriculture/Farm House Monitoring
A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard Monitoring
A4) Environment Monitoring
A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring
A6) Smart Traffic Management and Communication
B) Broadband Service Extension
B1) Temporary Broadband Infrastructure(e.g., emergency broadband infrastructure)
• Fixed and Portable CPEs• Higher capacity CPEs than Category A)• High QoS, reliability and security • Higher data rate than Category A)• Easy network setup• Infrastructure and Ad hoc connection
B2) Remote Medical Service
B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband Service
C) Combined Service
C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Service
• Category A) and B)
Slide 49
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A1) Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering
Usage
Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering by Low Capacity/Complexity CPEs (LC-CPEs) such as smart meters
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE (LC-CPE)
2) Large number of fixed LC-CPEs3) Low duty cycle, high reliability
and security4) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs as well as perform monitoring
Topology
Fixed Infrastructure mode Fixed Point-to-Multipoints Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 50
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A2) Agriculture / Farm Monitoring
Usage
Agriculture/Farm house Monitoring by LC-CPEs, which may be attached in portable objects or fixed stations
Properties
1) Low capability/complexity CPE (LC-CPE)
2) Large number of fixed /portable LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring4) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs as well as perform monitoring
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints Communications
CPE
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 51
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November 2011
A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard Monitoring
Usage
Critical Infrastructure/Hazard Monitoring by infrastructure monitoring CPEs, which may be attached in the portable stations
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE (LC-CPE)
2) Large number of fixed /portable LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring4) Low latency communication5) High reliability and security6) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 52
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A4) Environment Monitoring
Usage
Environment monitoring by monitoring CPEs, which will detect the change of temperature, climate, or unintended events in a very wide area
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE (LC-CPE)
2) Very large number of fixed/portable LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring4) Low duty cycle, low latency
communication5) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 53
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November 2011
A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring
Usage
Homeland security or monitoring by security CPEs, which may be attached in the barrier of land, coast or airport to detect illegality or contaminants
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE (LC-CPE)
2) Fixed/Portable LC-CPEs3) Real-time monitoring4) Very low latency communication5) High reliability and security6) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 54
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November 2011
A6) Smart Traffic Management and Communication
Usage
Smart Traffic Management and Communication by traffic CPEs, which may be attached in the traffic sign poles or cars
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE (LC-CPE)
2) Fixed/Portable LC-CPEs3) Real-time monitoring4) Very low latency communication5) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints CommunicationsTVDB (TV Database)
Slide 55
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November 2011
B1) Temporary Broadband Infrastructure
Usage
Temporary Broadband Infrastructure by portable HC-CPEs, which may be attached in the infrastructure vehicles on emergency
Properties
1) Higher capacity CPEs (HC-CPEs) rather than monitoring CPEs of A1~A6
2) Large number of portable CPEs3) Easy network setup 4) High reliability of connections
Topology
Ad hoc connectionPeer to Peer Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 56
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November 2011
B2) Remote Medical Service
Usage
Remote Medical Service by medical service HC-CPEs, which may be applied in home media products
Properties
1) Higher capacity CPEs (HC-CPEs) rather than monitoring CPEs of A1~A6
2) Higher QoS and reliability3) Real-time and low latency
communication4) HC-CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul to other HC-CPEs or LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure modeFixed Point-to-Multipoints Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 57
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November 2011
B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband Service
Usage
Archipelago/ marine broadband service by broadband HC-CPEs, which may be located in islands or be applied in ships.
Properties
1) Higher capacity CPEs (HC-CPEs) rather than monitoring CPEs of A1~A6
2) Fixed/Portable CPEs3) Higher QoS and reliability of
connections4) HC-CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul to other HC-CPEs or LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure modePoint-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 58
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November 2011
C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Services
Usage
Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Services by different types of CPEs
Properties
1) 802.22 RA smart grid and critical infrastructure monitoring application will be complimentary to other short range applications at the users’ end
2) We may have different types of CPEs in 802.22 new SG
3) Currently CPEs can not communicate to each other. We need this capability
4) Improved broadband service by using wider bandwidth through channel aggregation
Topology
Infrastructure mode & Ad mode
Slide 59
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ConclusionCategories Usage Case
End Device Capability
Num of Devices
Communication Mobility Topology
A) Smart Grid & Monitoring
A1) Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering
LowVery large
Low duty cycle FixedInfrastructure
(Fixed point-to-multipoints)
A2) Agriculture/Farm House Monitoring
High-reliability, Real-time,
Low latency
Fixed/Portable
Infrastructure (Point-to-fixed/portable
multipoints)
A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard Monitoring
A4) Environment Monitoring
A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring
A6) Smart Traffic Management and Communication
B) Broadband Service Extension
B1) Emergency Temporary Broadband Infrastructure
High Large
High reliability,Easy connection
PortableAd hoc
(Portable-to-Portable)
B2) Remote Medical ServiceReal-time,
Low latencyFixed
Infrastructure (Fixed point-to-multipoints)
B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband Service
High QoS and reliability
Fixed/Portable
Infrastructure (Point-to-fixed/portable
multipoints)
C) Combined Service
C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Service
High and Low
Very Large
Category A) and B)Fixed/
PortableInfrastructure and Ad-hoc
Slide 60
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Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 61
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November 2011
Study Group Tentative Plan
2011/07
2011/08
2011/09
2011/10
2011/11
2011/12
2012/01
Study group approved by EC x
Prepare PAR x
WG Approves PAR x
Submit to EC for Nov (30 days ahead) [10/5]
x
Submit Intent to NesCom/IEEE SA SB for Dec 6 meeting [10/17]
x
PAR and 5C Comment Resolution x
PAR approval by EC x
Study Group Extension request before EC (if PAR not Approved by EC or NesCom)
x
NesCom and IEEE SA SB approval [12/6] x
TG starts x
Slide 62
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November 2011
PAR for P802.22b
PAR Status: Unapproved PAR, PAR for an amendment to an existing IEEE Standard
Type of Project: Amendment to IEEE Standard 802.22-2011
PAR Request Date: Expected 2-Oct-2011
PAR Approval Date: Expected 06-Dec-2011
PAR Expiration Date: Expected 31-Dec-2015
1.1 Project Number: P802.22b
1.2 Type of Document: Standard
1.3 Life Cycle: Full Use
2.1 Title: Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands - Amendment: Enhanced Broadband and Monitoring
Slide 63
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PAR for P802.22b continued3.1 Working Group: Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) Working Group (C/LM/WG802.22)
Contact Information for Working Group Chair
Name: Apurva N. Mody
Email Address: [email protected]
Phone: 404-819-0314
Contact Information for Working Group Vice-ChairName: Gerald ChouinardEmail Address: [email protected] Phone: 613-998-2500
3.2 Sponsoring Society and Committee: IEEE Computer Society/LAN/MAN Standards Committee (C/LM)
Contact Information for Sponsor Chair
Name: Paul Nikolich
Email Address: [email protected]
Phone: 857-205-0050
Contact Information for Standards Representative: None
Slide 64
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November 2011
PAR for P802.22b continued4.1 Type of Ballot: Individual
4.2 Expected Date of submission of draft to the IEEE-SA for Initial Sponsor Ballot: 11/2013
4.3 Projected Completion Date for Submittal to RevCom: 06/2014
5.1 Approximate number of people expected to be actively involved in the development of this project: 40
5.2 Scope:
This standard specifies alternate PHY and necessary MAC amendments to IEEE std. 802.22-2011 for operation in VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz to support enhanced broadband services and monitoring applications. The standard supports aggregate data rates greater than the maximum data rate supported by the IEEE std. 802.22-2011. This standard defines new classes of 802.22 devices to address these applications and supports more than 512 devices. This standard also specifies techniques to enhance communications among the devices and makes necessary amendments to the cognitive, security & parameters and connection management clauses.
Slide 65
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PAR for P802.22b continued5.3 Is the completion of this standard dependent upon the completion of another standard: No
5.4 Purpose:
This document will not have a purpose clause.
5.5 Need for the Project:
There are various broadband services and monitoring applications in the context of wireless
regional area networks where communications can be better served by introducing new
classes of 802.22 devices with capabilities appropriate for such applications. In addition,
extending regional area broadband services to applications such as real-time and/or near
real-time monitoring, emergency broadband services, remote medical services etc, requires
higher data rates and greater number of devices. Enhanced technologies become necessary to
enable communications among devices to support those applications. None of the features
mentioned above can be supported by the IEEE std. 802.22-2011 and hence, a new project is
required for amendment.
5.6 Stakeholders for the Standard: The stakeholders include: Manufacturers and users of IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 devices and other operating entities to which the standard may need to interface.
Slide 66
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PAR for P802.22b continued
6.1.a Is the Sponsor aware of any copyright permissions needed for this project?: No 6.1.b Is the Sponsor aware of possible registration activity related to this project?: No 7.1 Are there other standards or projects with a similar scope?: No. 7.2 Joint Development: No.
8.1 Additional Explanatory Notes: (note for 5.2 Scope) This amendment supports mechanisms to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band.
Slide 67
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5 Criteria for P802.22b
1. Broad Market Potential
a) Broad sets of applicabilityThe proposed amendment will enable a number of new broadband
applications in television white spaces (TVWS) in the context of wireless regional area networks by combining broadband services and monitoring applications.
b) Multiple vendors and numerous usersIt is expected that this amendment will be applicable in all markets where the
802.22 technology will be used. The new features of the amendment are expected to bring new equipment vendors.
c) Balanced costs (LAN versus attached stations)It is expected that the new features of the amendment can be implemented
with reasonable cost resulting in overall better value for money.
Slide 68
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5 Criteria for P802.22b (Continued)
2. Compatibility
The amendment will be compatible with IEEE 802 family of standards, specifically 802 overview and architecture, 802.1 including 802.1D and 802.1Q.
Slide 69
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5 Criteria for P802.22b (Continued)
3. Distinct Identity
a) Substantially different from other IEEE 802 standardsThere is no other IEEE 802 standard or project, for combined broadband services and monitoring applications aimed at wireless regional area networks using television white space bands.
b) One unique solution per problem (not two solutions to a problem)Combined broadband services and monitoring applications for wireless regional area networks by using television white space bands are not currently considered by any other wireless standard or project. Hence, this is the only solution to this problem.
c) Easy for the document reader to select the relevant specificationYes, since the proposed standard will produce an amendment to the IEEE std. 802.22-2011.
Slide 70
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5 Criteria for P802.22b (Continued)4. Technical Feasibility
a) Demonstrated system feasibilityThere are a number of examples of successful prototype operation in TVWS by complying with requirements of various regulatory organizations (e.g., Federal Communications Commission (FCC), USA, Infocomm Development Authority (IDA), Singapore, etc.).
b) Proven technology, reasonable testingExperimental licenses have been issued for operation in TVWS in many countries (e.g. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), USA, Infocomm Development Authority (IDA), Singapore etc). Communications over TVWS are being tested by regulatory organizations in those countries.
c) Confidence in reliabilityResults of TVWS test trial campaigns being carried out by various regulatory organizations provide confidence in the reliability of the proposed project.
d) Coexistence of 802 wireless standards specifying devices for unlicensed operationThis amendment supports mechanisms to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band. A coexistence assurance document will be produced by the WG as a part of the WG balloting process.
Slide 71
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November 2011
5 Criteria for P802.22b (Continued)
5. Economic Feasibility
a) Known cost factors, reliable dataThe amendment uses technologies that are well-proven in the market in a cost effective manner.
b) Reasonable cost for performanceThe IEEE 802.22 systems are designed for operation in rural areas where the population density is likely to be low. However, an IEEE 802.22 base station (BS) covers a large area typically with 30 km radius implying a reasonable cost per geographical unit of coverage. The CPEs are expected to be inexpensive and hence cost for overall network performance would be reasonable.
c) Consideration of installation costsThis amendment will be later combined to the base 802.22 standard resulting in an updated version of IEEE std. 802.22-2011. Installation costs will be those of the updated base standard and are expected to be reasonable.
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November 2011Slide 73
Conclusions
• IEEE 802.22 standard is optimized for VHF/UHF TV channels to provide broadband services
• There is no other IEEE 802 standard or project, for combined broadband services and monitoring applications aimed at wireless regional area networks using television white space bands.
• There is no other IEEE 802 Standard that is specifically designed for rural remote area broadband access.
• There are various broadband services and monitoring applications in the context of wireless regional area networks where communications can be better served by introducing new classes of 802.22 devices with capabilities appropriate for such applications.
• In addition, extending regional area broadband services to applications such as real-time and/or near real-time monitoring, emergency broadband services, remote medical services etc, requires higher data rates and greater number of devices.
• Enhanced technologies become necessary to enable communications among devices to support those applications. None of the features mentioned above can be supported by the IEEE std. 802.22-2011
• Hence, a new P802.22b Amendment project is required.
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November 2011
Slide 74
References• IEEE 802.22 Working Group Website – www.ieee802.org/22
• IEEE 802.22-2011TM Standard
• Apurva Mody, Gerald Chouinard, “Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Standard on Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) and Core Technologies” http://www.ieee802.org/22/Technology/22-10-0073-03-0000-802-22-overview-and-core-technologies.pdf
• 22-10-0054-02-0000_OFDM-based Terrestrial Geolocation.ppt
• IEEE 802.22 PHY Overview https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/10/22-10-0106-00-0000-ieee-802-22-phy-overview.pdf
• IEEE 802.22 MAC Overview - https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/11/22-11-0130-02-0000-ieee-802-22-mac-cc-overview.pdf
• IEEE 802.22 Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use Cases - https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/11/22-11-0073-02-0000-usage-cases-in-802-22-smart-grid-and-critical-infrastructure-monitoring.ppt
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011Gwangzeen Ko, ETRI
References
[1] “Additional text to implement new connection identifier management approach”, 22-10-0137-02-0000, Aug. 2010.
[2] “New connection identifier approach”, 22-09-0112-05-0000, Jul. 2010.
[3] “Overview of CBP”, 22-07-0136-00-0000, Apr. 2007.
[4] “802.22 Coexistence Aspects ”, 22-10-0121-02-0000, Sep. 2010.
[5] “Channel Management in IEEE 802.22 WRAN Systems”, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol.48, No.9, Sep. 2010.
[6] “IEEE P802.22-2011: Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands”, Jul. 2011.
[7] “IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks”, 22-10-0073-03-0000, Jun. 2010.