Doc Sanskrit Read Writehilwebsite.com/pdfs/learn to read write sanskrit.pdf · 3 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 26 Rules for Sanskrit

1 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium

LEARN SANSKRIT Through English Medium

A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL

Ratnakar Narale

KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY NAGPUR, INDIA


INDEX

anukraman<ika@ AnauÛmaiNaka_

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama` xii

The anus>t>ubh metre AnauP@uBa`-Cnd: xvii

BOOK 1

LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa 3

Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 5

Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s˜tavaNaa|: 8

Vowels svara: 8

Consonants vyaØjanaaina 10

Sound Strings from S}iva maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa 12

Word endings oabdantaa: 15

Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants vyaØjanaaina 17

va, ba, k (va, ba, ka) ; pa, Pa, f, Na (pa, s<a, pha, n<a) 18

ta, na, ga, ma, Ba (ta, na, ga, ma, bha); ca, ja, Øa, La (c{a, ja, n~a, la) 19

r, sa, Sa, oa (ra, sa, kha, s{a) ; za, Za, C (gha, dha, c{ha) 20

ya, Ya; xa, Xa, Ù (ya, tha; ks<a, jn~a, l> ), @, #, $, d, D, G, h, Ja (t>a, t>ha, d<ha, da, d<a, ha, jha) 21

Lesson 5 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels svara: 22

A, Aa, Aae, AaE (a, a@, o, au) ; }, }| (i, &) 22

q, Q, /, ¿, La\, La¾ (u, u@, r<, r<{, lr<, lr<{) ; ], ]e (e, ai) 23

Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaÈaina 24

Application of Vowel-signs 25


Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 26

Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 27 Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants with : 31

k‘, Sa; ga, za, G, (k, kh, g, gh, n[,) 33; ca, C, ja, Øa, @, #, D, $, Na, ta, Ya, Za, (c[, c{h, j[, jh, n~, t>, t>h, d<m d<h,[ n<, t, th, dh) 34; na`, pa, f‘, ba, Ba, ma, ya, La, va, oa (p, ph, b, bh, m, y, l, v, s{) 35;

Pa`, sa, h (s>, s, h) 36 Lesson 8 Writing Special Compound Characters sa>yauFoada: 37

Kta, F (kta); ±, ª, &, §, ®, ^, ¯, V (dr<a, dda, ddha, dga, dbha, dya, dma, dva) 37; Û,

gaR, Ã, %a, @¼, Ä, Å (kra, gra, s{ra, tra, tra, sra, stra) 38; k–, pa| Ta Tva ² (rka, rpa, tta, ttva, nna) 39

Lesson 9 Rapid Reading : oaIzaRpa#nama 46

The Sanskrit Language sa>s˜taBaaPaa 46

Ra@ma@yan<am ramaayaNama 48

A Devotional Song BaiFgaItama 49

Maha@bha@ratam mahaBaartama 50

The G&ta@ gaItaa 51

I am S}iva ioavaae~hma 52

Obeisance to Motherland vande maatarma 53

The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-ma>%a: 54

BOOK 2 UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY

Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi sainZa: 57

Compounding Vowels svarsainZa: 57

Compounding Consonants vyaØjanasainZa: 64

Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga|sainZa: 68

Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals sa>Syaa: 72

Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs iÛyaapadaina 82


Lesson 13 Persons pauwPaa: 87

Lesson 14 Numbers vacanaaina 89

Genders iLaGÐaina 93

Lesson 15 Nouns naamaaina 95

Dictionary of Nouns oabdkaeoa: 97

Pictorial Dictionary ica%akaeoa: 105

Lesson 16 Pronouns sava|naamaaina 120

Lesson 17 The Present Tense La@ 123

Use of the Particle sma sma 126

Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense LaG 133

Use of the phrase ma@ sma maa sma 137

Lesson 19 The (Past) Perfect Tense iLa@ 138

Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense LauG 140

Use of the Particle ma@ maa 142

Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense La\@ 143

Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense Lau@ 147

WHICH TENSE TO USE? LakarpaRyaaega: 151

Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& Verbs AatmanaepadI parsmaEpadI ca 152

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma|kma Akma|kma ca 157

The Causative Verbs iNajantapaRiÛyaa 159

The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapaRiÛyaa 160

The Frequentive Verbs yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae 162

Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs gaNaa: 164

1. The First Class Bvaaid: 167

2. The Second Class Adaid: 175

3. The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: 181

4. The Fourth Class idvaaid: 188

5. The Fifth Class svaaid: 191


6. The Sixth Class taudaid: 195

7. The Seventh Class WZaaid: 202

8. The Eighth Class tanaaid: 206

9. The Nineth Class Ûyaaid: 213

10. The Tenth Class cauraid: 217

11. The Eleventh Class kNDÔaid: 221

Lesson 25 The Cases karka: ca ivaBaFya: ca 225

The Nominative (1st) Case paRYamaa 230

The Accusative (2nd) Case iVtaIyaa 232

The Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taIyaa 237

The Dative (4th) Case catauYaI| 243

The Ablative (5th) Case paØcamaI 248

The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 254

The Locative (7th) Case saptamaI 251

The Vocative Case sambaaeZanama 265

Lesson 26 The Voices paRyaaegaa: 267

The Active Voice kta|irpaRyaaega: 267

The Passive Voice kma|iNapaRyaaega: 269

The Bha@ve Voice BaavaepaRyaaega: 272

Lesson 27 The Moods AYaa|: 275

The Negative Mood nakaraYa|: 275

The Interrogative Mood paRonaaYa|: 277

The Imperative Mood Laae@ 279

The Potential Mood ivaiZaiLaG 282

The Benedictive Mood AaioaiLa|G 286

The Conditional Mood La\G 287

Lesson 28 The Adjectives and Participles ivaoaePaNaaina ×dntaaina ca 289

The Adjectives ivaoaePaNaaina 290


The Degree of Comparison tar-tama-BaavaaE 296

The Participles ×dntaaina 299

Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 299

Past Active Participle Fvatau 302

Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca 304

Potential Participle AnaIyar 310

Future Active Participle 310 Future Passive Participle 311 Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa 314

The Infinitive taumauna 318

set> and anit> verbs sae@ Aina@ 321

Creating Existance of Non-existent icva 322

Lesson 29 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 324 Adverbs iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 324

Dictionary of Adverbs 327 Conjunctions yaaEigakoabda: 340

Lesson 30 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga|koabda: 344

Lesson 31 The Compound Words samaasaa: 348

BOOK 3

SPEAK SANSKRIT Lesson 32 Conversations vaataa|lapaa: 363

Lesson 33 Correct Speaking oau&samBaaPaNama 372

Lesson 34 Prose Reading ga^pa#nama 377

Short Stories LazaukYaa: 377

Mother and the Baby Parrot oaukIoaavakaE 377

Unnecessary Advice inarYa|k: qpadeoa: 379

The Inherant Nature jaaitasvaBaava: 381

Short Essays LazauinabanZaa: 383


The Horse Aova: 383

The Sun saUya|: 384

The Knowledge ivaâ 386

Poetic Sayings sauBaaiPataaina 388

The Words of Wisdom sadupadeoaa: 389

Good Sayings sauvacanaaina 391

Parsing and Analysis ivaoLaePaNama 393

Va@lm&kih vaaLmaIik: 393

Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-ma>>%a: 398

Lesson 35 General Knowledge saamaanyaXaanama 399

The Days of the Week vaasara: 399

The Names of the Months maasaa: 400

The Measurements pairmaaNaaina 401

The Names of the Directions idoa: 402

Time samaya: 403

Relationships sa>banZaa: 405

Lesson 36 Antonyms ivalaemaoabda: 408

Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes paRtyayaantaoabda: 409

Words with Primary Suffixes ×tapaRtyayaantaoabda: 810

Words with Secondary Suffixes tai&ta-oabda: 415

Using Nouns as Verb Roots naamaZaatau: 422

Amazing Sanskrit Creations 423 APPENDICES : (i) Charts of conjugations of the Tenses 429 Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice 429 Ten Ètmanepad& tenses, Active voice 438 Ten Passive Voice tenses 445 (ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases 448


rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 448; maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 449; vaair (}), maita (}), sauZaI (}|) 450; nadI (}|),

gauw (q) 451; maZau (q), Zaenau (q), svaBaU (Q) 452; vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 453; kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 454;

rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 455; naaE (AaE), oak‘ (k`)456; iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 457; raja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`), Äja`

(ja`) 458; paRaØca` (Øca`) 459; SaØja` (Øja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 460; Bavata` (ta`), kÖva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 461;

mahta` (ta`), sairta` (ta`) 462; sauÊd` (d`), Êd` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 463; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 464; Aatmana` (na`),

kma|na` (na`) 465; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 466; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`) 467; idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 468;

idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 469; AaioaPa` (Pa`), ca>dRmasa` (sa`) 470; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 471; garIyasa` (sa`),

pau>sa` (sa`) 472, mauh` (h`), qpaanah` (h`) 473.

(iii) Declensions of Pronouns 474 Asmad, yauPmad, tad (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 474; yad, (yad) 475; ]tad, }dma (etad, idam) 476,

Adsa, sava| (adas, sarva) 477; ikma (kim) 478; kiocata (kas{c{it) 479.

(iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 480 ]ktar, ]ktama (ekatara, ekatama) 482

(v) Dictionary of 2000 Verbs Zaatauoabdkaeoa: 484

(vi) Which verb to use? 570 (vii) Charts of Verb Declensions 577 þAd`, þAca| , þAsa` 577; þAasa`, þ} 578; þ}Pa`, þ/cC` 579; þ]Za`, þkYa`, þkma` 580; þ×, þÛya`, þÛID`, þixa

581; þxauBa`, þgaNa` 582; þgad`, þgama`, þgaRh` 583; þzaRa 584; þcaLa`, þicanta`, þcaur` 585; þjana`, þija þXaa 586; DI,

þtana`, þtapa` 587; þtaud`, þtauPa`, þtyaja`, þ%aE 588; þdd`, þdh` 589; þda 590; þidva`, þdIpa`, þdU, þ±oa` 591; þZaa

592; þZa\, þZaava` 593; þZva>sa` 594; þnand`, þnaoa`, þnaI 595; þpaca` 596; þpad` 597; þpaa, þpauPa` 598; þpaUja`, þbauZa`

599; þpaRcC`, þbaRU 600; þBaxa`, þBaja` 601; þBaa, þBaI 602; þBauja` 603; þBaU, þBa\, þBaRma` 604; þBaR>sa` 605; þmana`,

þimaLa` 606; þmauØca` 607; þma\, þma\oa`, þmLaE, þyaja` 608; þyaa 609; þyauja`, þrxa` 610; þrma` 611; þwca`, þwd` 612;

þwZa`, þLaa, þiLaSa` 613; þpad`, þivaja` 614; þivad` 615; þivaoa`, þva\ 617; þva\ta` 618; þvaRja`, þvah` 619; þoauca`, þoauBa`

620; þoauPa`, þÃu 621; þsad`, þsau, þsaU, þsa\ja` 622; þsYaa 623; þsnaa, þÄ>sa`, þhna` 624; þhsa`, þha 625; þih>sa`,

þhu, þÊ 626; þÊPa`, þÉI 627, þÌe 628.

(viii) Chart of Participles ×dnta> 629

(ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses 630 (x) Answers to the Exercises qTaraiNa 647

References inade|oa: 653


LESSON 1 Prathamah< abhya@sah< paRYama: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET sam~skr<ta-varn<ama@la@ sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa_

Vowels (svara@h< svara:) A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ La\ La¾ ] ]e Aae AaE A> A:

a a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ l> l<} e ai o au m[ h<:

Consonants (vyan~jana@ni vyaØjanaaina)

k Sa ga za G 1 - the Gutterals

ka kha ga gha n[a

ca C ja Ja Øa 2 - the Palatals

c{a c{ha ja jha n~a

@ # D $ Na 3 - the Cerebrals

t>a t>ha d<a d<ha n<a

ta Ya d Za na 4 - the Dentals

ta tha da dha na

pa f ba Ba ma 5 - the Labials

pa pha ba bha ma

ya r La va oa Pa sa h

ya ra la va s{a s<a sa ha


NOTES

** In these lessons, the pronounciation of Sanskrit character ‘ch’ is transliterated as c{ in order to distinguish it from the common English character c (which = k).

eg\ The car moves. karyaana> caLaita ca@rya@nam[ c{alati (ca@rya@nam[ calati).

PRONOUNCIATIONS

(1) GUTTURALS : The consonants from k-class (k, kh, g, gh, n[) are pronounced by touching the hind part of the tongue to the THROAT (Gutter).

(2) PALATALS : The consonants from c{-class (c{, c{h, j, jh, n~) are pronounced by touching the middle

part of the tongue to the middle roof of the mouth i.e. the PALATE. (3) CEREBRALS : The consonants from t>-class (t>, t>h, d<, d<h, n<) are pronounced by momentarily

touching tip of the tongue against roof of the mouth i.e. the CEREBRUM. (4) DENTALS : The consonants from t-class (t, th, d, dh, n) are pronounced by touching tip of the

tongue against the base of the TEETH. (5) LABIALS : The consonants from p-class (p, ph, b, bh, m) are pronounced by touchning the LIPS

together.


LESSON 2 dvit&yah< abhya@sah< iVtaIya: AByaasa:_

Pronouncing Sanskrit Characters

(1) Guttural kN#¹ (kan<t<hya) = with throat

(2) Palatal taaLavya (ta@lavya) = with palate

(3) Cerebral maUZa|nya (mu@rdhanya) = with cerebrum

(4) Dental dntya (dantya) = with teeth

(5) Labial AaeP#¹ (os<t>hya) = with lips

(6) Nasal Anaunaaisak (anuna@sik) = with nose

(1) THE VOWELS : Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation a (A) A American Guttural

a@ (Aa) a car Guttural

i (}) I India Palatal

& (}|) ee peel Palatal

u (q) u put Labial

u@ (Q) oo moon Labial Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation r< (/) ri, ru ring, crucial Cerebral

r<{ (¿) r&, ru@ Cerebral


lr< (La\) lri, lru Dental

lr<{ (La¾) lr&, lru@ Dental

e (]) e grey Guttural+Palatal

ai (]e) ai aisle Guttural+Palatal

o (Aae) o go Guttural+Labial

au (AaE) au gauge Guttural+Labial

(2) THE SEMIVOWELS : m{ (A>) a~ nasal

h<: (A:) half-h breath

(3) THE CONSONANTS : Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation k (k‘) k kit Guttural

kh (Sa) kh khyber Guttural

g (ga) g god Guttural

gh (za) gh ghost Guttural

n[ (G) n ring Guttural

c{, c (ca) ch rich Palatal

c{h (C) chh c{ with breath Palatal

j (ja) j jug Palatal

jh (Ja) dgeh hedgehop Palatal

n~ (Øa) n hinge Palatal

Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation t> (@) t cut> Cerebral

t>h (#) th t> with breath Cerebral

d< (D) d red Cerebral

d<h ($) dh adhere Cerebral


n< (Na) n band Cerebral

t (ta) t (soft t) Dental

th (Ya) th thunder Dental

d (d) th other Dental

dh (Za) dh buddha Dental

n (na) n no Dental

p (pa) p cup Labial

ph (f‘) ph, f photo Labial

b (ba) b rub Labial

bh (Ba) bh abhore Labial

m (ma) m mug Labial

y (ya) y yes Palatal

r (r) r rub Cerebral

l (l, La) l love Dental

v (va) v, w wave Dental + Labial

s{ (oa) sh shoot Palatal

s< (Pa) sh should Cerebral

s (sa) s sun Dental

h (h) h hug Guttural

l< (Ù) soft l Cerebral


LESSON 3

tr<t&yah< abhya@sah< ta\taIya: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT CHARACTERS sam~skr<ta-varn<a@h< sa>s˜tavaNaa|:_

The character (varn<ah< vaNa|:) that can be pronounced independently is called a VOWEL (svarah< svar:).

eg\ A, }, q (a, i, u) ...etc.

The characters that can NOT be pronounced independently (without the help of a vowel), are called the CONSONANTS (vyan~jana@ni vyaØjanaaina). yaePaa> vaNaa|naama qccaarNa> svata>%a> na Bavaita tae vyaØjanaaina kYyantae **_

eg\ k‘, Sa, ga (k, kh, g) ...etc. Therefore,

k‘ + A = k; Sa, + A = Sa k + a = ka; kh + a = kha ...etc.

3.1

THE VOWELS

svara@h< svara:_ In Sanskrit, the vowels are of three types. sa>s˜tasvara: i%aivaZaa: sainta_

(A) The SHORT vowels (hrasva@h< svara@h< Ésvaa: svara:) are those which take one unit of time to pronounce

them. A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r<, lr<) are the five basic short vowels.

(B) The LONG vowels (d&rgha@h< svara@h< dIzaa|: svara:) are those which take two units of time to pronounce

them. Aa, }|, Q, ¿, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ (a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{) are the nine long vowels. Each long

vowel is made up of two or more short vowels. The Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r< and lr<) and the Long vowels Aa, }|, Q, ¿ and La¾ (a@, &, u@, r<

and lr<{) are together called SIMPLE vowels (AimaOaRsvara:)

The four Long vowels ], ]e, Aae AaE (e, ai, o, au) composed of two dis-similar vowels, are called

DIPTHONGS (imaOaRsvara:)


EXAMPLES : Long Vowels (1) Long vowel Aa = short vowel A + short vowel A

(2) Long vowel }| = short vowel } + short vowel }

(3) Long vowel Q = short vowel q + short vowel q

(4) Long vowel ] = short vowel A + short vowel }

(5) Long vowel Aae = short vowel A + short vowel q

(C) The PLUTA vowels (pluta@h< svara@h< pLautaa: svara:) are those that take at least three units of time to

pronounce them. The long expressions such as vowel Aa (a@) in the word ra~~~ma, form the pluta vowels.

TABLE : VOWELS (What we learned so far) 1. Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ a, i, u, r<, lr< 2. Long vowels Aa, }|, Q, ¿, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{ 3. Simple vowels A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, /, ¿, La\, La¾ a, a@, i, &, u, u@, r<, r<{, lr<, lr<{ 4. Dipthongs ], ]e, Aae AaE e, ai, o, au

5. Pluta vowels ~

EXERCISE 1 : A. Read the following characters: (1) A, q, }, / (2) }, /, A (3) q, }, A

(4) Q, Aa, }| (5) AaE, ], Aae (6) ], ]e, Q, Aa

B. Fill in the blanks: (1) A + A = -------- (2) A + q = -------- (3) A + } = --------

3.2

THE CONSONANTS In Sanskrit there are 25 class consonants (varga-vyan~jana@ni vaga|vyaØjanaaina) and there are nine non-class

(avarga Avaga|-) consonants. sa>s˜tae paØcaiva>oaita: vaga|vyaØjanaaina nava ca Avaga|vyaØjanaaina sainta_

(1) The 25 Class Consonants from k‘ to ma are grouped phonetically into five classes (varga@h< vagaa|:)


consisting of five consonants each. These 25 consonants from k to m are also called ‘Contactuals’ (spars{a-vyan~jana@h< spaoa|-vyaØjanaa: kadyaa: maavasaanaa: spaoaa|:)

1. Class k (k) k‘ Sa ga za G k kh g gh n[ 2. Class c{ (ca) ca C ja Ja Øa c{ c{h j jh n~

3. Class t< (@) @ # D $ Na t> t>h d< d<h n< 4. Class t (ta) ta ya d Za na t th d dh n

5. Class p (pa) pa f‘ ba Ba ma p ph b bh m

(2). The next 4 characters ya, r, La, va are semi-consonsnts or semi-vowels (antastha@h< yarLavaa: A>tasYaa:)

(3). Remaining four characters oa, Pa, sa, h are the ‘warm breath characters’ (us<ma@n<ah< qPmaaNa: oaPasaha: qPmaaNa:) of which the first three oa, Pa, sa are called ‘sibilants’ and the last one h is an aspirate.

THE PRONOUNCIATIONS

(1) GUTTURALS are A, Aa, : k‘, Sa, ga, za, G, h a, a@, h<, k, kh, g, gh, n[, h. They are pronounced from the throat (2) PALATALS are }, }|, ca, C, ja, Ja, Øa, ya, oa (i, &) c{, c{h, j, jh, n~, y, s{. They are pronounced from the palate (3) CEREBRALS are /, ¿, @, #, D, $, Na, r, Pa r<, r<{, t>, t>h, d<, d<h, n<, r, s<. They are pronounced from the roof of the mouth (4) DENTALS are La\, La¾, ta, Ya, d, Za, na, La, sa lr<, lr<{, t, th, d, dh, n, l, s. They are pronounced from the teeth (5) LABIALS are q, Q, pa, f‘, ba, Ba, ma u, u@, p, ph, b, bh, m, v. They are pronounced from the lips. Character va v is dental-labial; ], ]e e, ai are guttural-palatal

and ], ]e e, ai are guttural-palatal.

(6) THE HARD CONSONANTS The first two consonants from each class (k‘, Sa; ca, C; @, #; ta, Ya; pa, f‘ k, kh, c{, c{h, t>, t>h, t, th, p, ph)

and three sibilants (oa, Pa, sa s{, s<, s) are Hard Consonants (kat>hora-vyan~jana@ni k#aer-vyaØjanaaina)

(7) THE SOFT CONSONANTS The rest of the consonants, namely, the last three consonants from each class (ga, za, G; ja, ja, Øa; D,

$, Na; d, Za, na; ba, Ba, ma g, gh, np, j, jh, n~, d<, d<h, n<, d, dh, n, b, bh, m) the semi-vowels (ya, r, La, va y, r, l,v) and the aspirate (h h) are Soft Consonants (mr<du-vyan~jana@ni ma\duvyaØjanaaina)

(8) THE NASAL CONSONANTS


The last character from each of the five classes (G, Øa, Na, na, ma), are the Nasal Consonants

(anuna@sika@ni Anaunaaisakaina)

(9) THE ANUSV‡RA AND THE VISARGA Anusva@ra ( > ) and visarga (:) are two more sounds in Sanskrit. The anuswa@ra (Anausvaar:) is the

modification of nasal consonants G, Øa, Na, na and ma; where as the visarga (ivasaga|:) is the modified

form of consonant sa or r_ So the anusva@ra and visarga are counted among the consonants, even

though they are not counted as separate characters, but they are sometimes treated as semi-vowels. Together they are called ‡yogava@ha/ (a@yogava@hau AayaaegavaahaE)

3.5

THE WORD ENDINGS oabdantaa:_

Below is how consonants and vowels are joined to form words. The last character of a word shows how the word ends. eg\ in the word rama (r + A + A + ma + A) the last letter is A, therefore, the

word rama is Akaranta (aka@ra@nta = ending in character A)

(A) Ajanta (ending in Aca , ending in a vowel)

(1) rama = r + Aa + ma + A Akaranta

(2) vana = va + A + na + A Akaranta

(3) maaLaa = ma + Aa + La + Aa Aakaranta

(4) kiva = k‘ + A + va + } }karanta

(5) vaair = va + Aa + r + } }karanta

(6) maita = ma + A + ta + } }karanta

(7) nadI = na + A + d + }| }|karanta

(8) Baanau = Ba + Aa + na + q qkaranta

(9) maZau = ma + A + Za + q qkaranta


(10) Zaenau = Za + ] + na + q qkaranta

(11) vaZaU = va + A + Za + Q Qkaranta

(12) ipata\ = pa + } + ta + / /karanta

(13) Zaata\ = Za + Aa + ta + / /karanta

(14) maata\ = ma + Aa + ta + / /karanta

(B) hLanta (ending in a consonant)

(15) vaaca = va + Aa + ca cakaranta

(16) raja = r + Aa + ja jakaranta

(17) mawta = ma + A + r + q + ta takaranta

(18) jagata = ja + A + ga + A + ta takaranta

(19) sauÊd = sa + q + h + / + d dkaranta

(20) oaioana = oa + A + oa + } + na nakaranta

(21) Aatmana = Aa + ta + ma + A + na nakaranta

(22) kma|na = k‘ + A + r + ma + A + na nakaranta

(23) idoa = d + } + oa oakaranta

(24) ca>dRmasa = ca + A + na + d +r + A + ma + A + sa sakaranta

(25) payasa = pa + A + ya + A + sa sakaranta

EXERCISE 2 : A. Fill in the blanks (1) rama = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(2) saItaa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(3) pauPpa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(4) ˜PNa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(5) sa>s˜ta = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(6) manasa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(7) Baanau = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(8) vaZaU = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _


(9) vaed = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(10) vaE = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

(11) baRMa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

LESSON 4

c{aturthah< abhya@sah< catauYa|: AByaasa:_

WRITING SANSKRIT WORDS

PRACTICING SIMPLE CONSONANTS asam~yukta-varn<a@na@m abhya@sah< Asa>yauFvaNaa|naama` AByaasa:_

Study the order of the Sanskrit consonants given in Lesson 1, and do the following exercises. Uniquely in this book, the characters are grouped according to their shapes, and not according to their usual aplhabetical order. For, we have observed that with this novel method it is easy for a new learner to co-relate and remember the Hind& characters.

4.1

Letters : va va (wa), ba ba, k ka

v va b ba v va k v (w) # va (wa) b # ba v # va # ka EXERCISE 3 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. ka, ba, ka 2. ba, va, ba 3. va, ka, ba 4. ba, va, ka 5. ka, va, ba 6. va, ba, ka 7. k, ba, va 8. kk, kba, kva 9. baba, bak, bava

10 vava, vak, vaba 11 kkk, kbava, kvaba 12 vabak, bakva


4.2 Letters : pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha (fa), Na n<a

p pa P Pa p pa f N Na p # pa s< # s<a p # pa # pha, fa n< # n<a EXERCISE 4 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. pa, pha 2. pha, ba 3. va, pa, ka 4. pa, s<a, n<a 5. pha, s<a, pa 6. ba, pa, pha 7. Pa, pa, f 8. k, Na, f, va 9. ba, Na 10. kNa, baba, kpa, fNa, bava, kba, NaNa, PaNa, Papa, baf, kf, paPa,

bak, vak, pak, baf, vaf, paba, vaNa, baPa, NaPa, pava, kva


4.3 Letters : ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha

t ta n na g ga m ma B Ba t # ta n # na g # ga m # ma bh # bha EXERCISE 5 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following in Sanskrit : (A) 1. ma, bha 2. bha, ga 3. ma, na 4. ka, ta, ga 5. va, s<a 6. pa, na (B) 1. ta, na, Ba 2. ma, Ba, na, ta 3. ga, ta, k, ba 4. tana (body) , mana (mind), naga (mountain), kNa

(particle), vana (forest), Bagata (devotee), tama (darkness), bak (stork), mata (opinion), gagana (sky), patana

(downfall)

4.4 Letters : ca c{a, ja ja, Øa n~a, La or l la

c ca j ja Ø Øa L La c{ (ch)# c{a (cha) j # ja n~ # n~a l # la EXERCISE 6 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following characters in Sanskrit 1. ka, c{a, n<a, pa 2. la, ma, ja, ta 3. bha, pha, s<a 4. mana, manana 5. kan<a, vana 6. labha, c{ala 7 ja, ca, Øa 8. La, ja, ca 9. l, La 10. jaLaja, capaLa 11. jaLa, caLa 10. LavaNa

(mana mind, manana meditation, kNa particle, vana forest, LaBa get, caLa moving, jalja water-born, capal quick, jal water,

lvaNa salt)


4.5 Letters : r ra, sa sa, Sa kha, oa s{a

r s sa S Sa o oa ra s # sa kh # kha s{ # s{a EXERCISE 7: Only on what we have learned so far Read and write the following in Sanskrit : 1. c{a, ja, la 2 n~a, ja, c{a 3. la, c{a, ja 4. sa, kha, ra 5. sa, s{a, kha 6. ra, sa, s{a 7. ca, ja, Øa, La 8. r, sa, Sa, oa 9. caLa, jaLa, jaga 10. kLaoa, carNa, rsa, oar, rsa, sama, fLa,

kmaLa, sarLa, Barta 11. caNak, carma, samar, tana, mana, kNa, parma, capal, pata, nar 12. naBa, nark, jaLa, SaLa,

oar, par, sama, caLa, oarNa, sabaLa_

4.6 Letters : za gha, Za dha, C c{ha

z za Z Za C gh # gha dh # dha c{ha EXERCISE 8 : Only on what we have learned so far Read and witer in Sanskrit : 1. c{a, ga, c{ha 2. na, c{a, ma, c{ha 3. bha, c{a, gha 4. za, Za, na, ga 5. C, ca, Ba, ta 6. ma, C, Ba, ca

7. naga, zana, Zana 8. tana, manana, gata 9. mama, vacana, knak

10. CLa, vaZa, ZavaLa, marNa, vamana, Sar, baLa, paLa, fl, maLa_

(for meanings of the words, see Answers in Appendix 10)


4.7 Letters : ya ya, Ya tha; xa ks<a, Xa jn~a

y ya Y Ya x xa X Xa y # y a th # tha ks< # ks<a jn~ # jn~a EXERCISE 9 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : (A) 1. c{ha, gha, dha 2. dha, gha 3. ya, tha 4. ks<a, jn~a 5. gha, jn~a, ya, tha 6. jn~a, dha, tha, gha. (B) 1. za, Za, C 2. ya, Ya 3. xa, Xa 4. xaya, oar, yaxa 5. yaXa, rYa, Zana 6. zana, yama, xar 7. tana maya Zana, vaZa,

jaya, lya, yajana, CLa, saZana, zana, sama, oarNa; 8. Baya, oayana, rNa, rxaNa, kxa, xaNa, paxa, lBa, tarLa, sarLa, garLa;

9. caLa, mata, yaXa, BaxaNa, kr, var, Zar, Bar, Sar, car, nar, hr, oar; 10. Baxa, yaxa, rxa, taxak, taXa, kxa, yama, oama,

xaNa, rxaNa, saXa, yaXa, kxa, paxa, Baxa, Laxa, vaxa, rxak, Baxak, sayaXa_ (for the meanings, see Answers in Appendix

10)

4.8 Letters : t>a, t>ha, d<a, n[a, d<ha, da, Jha, ha

@, #, D, G, $, d, Ja, h

@ # $ d D G Ja h t>a t>ha d<ha da d<a n[a jha ha EXERCISE 10 : On what we have learned. Write the following characters in Sanskrit 1. t>ha, t>a, d<a, ha 2. d<a, t>a, t>ha 3. n[a, d<a, t>ha 4. d>ha, da, jha 5. da, d<ha, jha 6. t>a, t>ha, d<a, d<ha

7. @, #, $, d, D, G, Ja, h, Ja, dLa, dma, LaBa, janana_ 8. Dyana, rma, bak, JaPa, hta, kr, tamasa, taLa, dma,

oama, pavana, hr_ 9. JaPa, var, nar, mad, pa@, pa@La, pad, baLa, vana, satata, Saga, caLa_ 10. Bava, mana, bak, Baja, vaoa,

Laxa, LaxaNa, zana, Zana, varNa, hya_


LESSON 5

pan~c{amah< abhya@sah< paØcama: AByaasa:_

STUDY OF SANSKRIT VOWELS sam~skr<ta-svara@n<a@m abhya@sah< sa>s˜tasvaraByaasa:_

5.1

Letters : A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au

A a Aa A ae Aae A aE AaE a # a@ a # o a # au EXERCISE 11 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the Sanskrit characters : 1. A, Aa, Aae, AaE 2. Aa, A, AaE 3. Aae, AaE, Œ

4. Axa Aagama Aagaar 5. Aaeza Aaeja 6. AaEdk AaExa

(for meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10)

5.2 Letters : } i, }| &,

} }| i &

EXERCISE 12 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. a, a@ 2. i, & 3. a@, a@ 4. a, & 5. a@, &, i 6. a@, & 7. }, }|, }|rNa, }h, }|D, }|oa: }|xak, }tar, }xava, }|xaNa, }va_

(for meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10)


5.3 Letters : q u, Q u@, / r<, ¿ r@<, La\ lr<, La¾ lr<{

q Q / ¿ La\ u u@ r< r<{ lr< EXERCISE 13 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following Sanskrit characters and words : 1. q, Q, q, /, ¿ 2. qxaNa, qdr 3. qpa, qpaga, ˜paa

4. qpapad, Avakr 5. qpamaana, qpaLa 6. Qta, QPak

5.4

Letters : ] e, ]e ai

] ]e e ai

EXERCISE 14 : Only on what we have learned so far (A) Write the following Sanskrit words : 1. ], ]e 2. ]k, ]ktar 3. ]PaNa, ]exava

4. ]eravata, ]eLa 5. ]tad`, ]kadoa 6. ]eravaNa, ]eoa


LESSON 6

s<as<t>hah< abhya@sah< PaP#: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS

SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS Vowels : A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ ] ]e Aae AaE

signs : a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae aE

sound: a a@ i & u u@ r> r<{ e ai o au aa ee oo ri r&

a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae a

a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au eg\ pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pa¾ pae paE paae paaE

p pa@ pi p& pu pu@ pr< pr<{ pe pai po pau

pau paU kÖ k” w W C½ × ta\ Ê ± Oa\ ta¾ pu pu@ ku ku@ ru ru@ c{hru kr< tr< hr< dr< s{r< tr<{ EXERCISE 15 : On what we have learned. Read and write the following in Sanskrit : 1. jayaI, jayaita, ijagaIPaa 2. ijagaIPau, kita 3. Oa\Nau, ˜paa 4. dIpa, Êdya, paUta, paUita 5. paUjak, paUjana 6. ±ita,

±$ 7. XaanaI, maha, sauSa, du:Sa, ±oa`, dUPaNa, va\Yaa, pa\Yaa, pa\iYavaI 8. Xaanayaaega, mahaBaartaIya, sa>oaya, naILa, paaEraiNak,

iBaxau, ipata¾Naama, gauw, Wpa, taw, tawNa, kwNa_


CHART OF VOWEL-SIGNS APPLICATION

A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ ] ]e Aae AaE

a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae aE

a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au k ka ik kI kÖ k” × k¾ k’ k“ kae kaE

xa xaa ixa xaI xau xaU xa\ xa¾ xae xaE xaae xaaE

Sa Saa iSa SaI Sau SaU Sa\ Sa¾ Sae SaE Saae SaaE

ga gaa iga gaI gau gaU ga\ ga¾ gae gaE gaae gaaE

za zaa iza zaI zau zaU za\ za¾ zae zaE zaae zaaE

G Ga iG GI Gu GU Ge GE Gae GaE

ca caa ica caI cau caU ca\ ca¾ cae caE caae caaE

C Ca iC CI Cu CU C\ C¾ Ce CE Cae CaE

ja jaa ija jaI jau jaU ja\ ja¾ jae jaE jaae jaaE

Xa Xaa iXa XaI Xau XaU Xae XaE Xaae XaaE

Ja Jaa iJa JaI Jau JaU Ja\ Ja¾ Jae JaE Jaae JaaE

Øa Øaa iØa ØaI Øau ØaU Øae ØaE Øaae ØaaE

@ @a i@ @I @u @U @\ @¾ @e @E @ae @aE

# #a i# #I #u #U #\ #¾ #e #E #ae #aE

D Da iD DI Du DU D\ De DE Dae DaE

$ $a i$ $I $u $U $\ $e $E $ae $aE

Na Naa iNa NaI Nau NaU Na\ Nae NaE Naae NaaE

ta taa ita taI tau taU ta\ ta¾ tae taE taae taaE

Ya Yaa iYa YaI Yau YaU Ya\ Ya¾ Yae YaE Yaae YaaE

d da id dI du dU ± d¾ de dE dae daE

Za Zaa iZa ZaI Zau ZaU Za\ Za¾ Zae ZaE Zaae ZaaE


na naa ina naI nau naU na\ na¾ nae naE naae naaE

pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pa¾ pae paE paae paaE

f fa if fI fÖ f” f\ f’ f“ fae faE

ba baa iba baI bau baU ba\ ba¾ bae baE baae baaE

Ba Baa iBa BaI Bau BaU Ba\ Ba¾ Bae BaE Baae BaaE

ma maa ima maI mau maU ma\ ma¾ mae maE maae maaE

ya yaa iya yaI yau yaU ya\ yae yaE yaae yaaE

r ra ir rI w W re rE rae raE

La Laa iLa LaI Lau LaU La\ La¾ Lae LaE Laae LaaE

va vaa iva vaI vau vaU va\ va¾ vae vaE vaae vaaE

oa oaa ioa oaI oau oaU oa\ oa¾ oae oaE oaae oaaE

Pa Paa iPa PaI Pau PaU Pa\ Pae PaE Paae PaaE

sa saa isa saI sau saU sa\ sa¾ sae saE saae saaE

h ha ih hI hu hU Ê he hE hae haE

ANUSWARA AND AVAGRAHA

A> m[, A: h<

pa> pam[ pa: pah< EXERCISE 16 : On what we have learned so far. Read and write the following words. 1. Ama, A:, ANDja: (born from egg), va>oa: (linage), pa>kja> (lotus), r>ga: (colour), dND: (punishment), Ba>ga: (breaking),

ga>Za: (smell), 2. sa>ga: (attachment), sa>oaya: (doubt), h>sa: (swan), käsa: (a glass), svata: (oneself), käpana> (shaking), Sa>ja:

(bald), Baya>kr: (terrible), ca>dna> (sandlewood), kädr> (cave) 3. kä#: (throat), pata>ga: (moth), Ba>jana> (breakage), ga>Zak:

(sulphur), tar>ga: (wave), vadna> (mouth), va>dna> (salute), oa>Sa: (conch-shell), sa>kLana> (weaving), saØcaya: (assembly), sa>pada

(wealth), maØca: (a stage) 4. PaD>ga> (of six organs), A>ba (mother), ma>jana> (rubbing compound), A>bar> (sky), oa>kr: (Shiva),

sacaya: (gathering), r>jana> (entertainment), balva>ta: (powerful), Bagava>ta: (god), sa>jaya (Sanjaya), sa>gar: (battle), sa>za:

(group), saØca: (gathering), sa>ta: (saint) , ma>d (slow), Ana>tar> (after) 5. C>d: (meter), d>Ba: (pretending), r>k: (poor),

sa>gama: (meeting), sa>kr: (admixture).


RULES FOR PROPER TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT CHARACTERS INTO ENGLISH

with diacritical signs

m~ (A>), m[, m (ma); ma (ma), n[ (G), n~ (Øa), n< (Na), n (na), na (na)

Character m~ (A>) or m[ (ma) is the nasal dot (Anausvaar:) placed over any chacter in a word :

(i) m[ Within a sentence, when character m (ma) comes at the end of any word that is followed by a word

that begins with any consonant, only that nasal dot means m[ (ma) eg\ aham kim kromi = aham[ kim[ kromi Ahma ikma kraeima = Ah> ikä kraeima_

(ii) m Within a sentence, when m (ma) comes at the end of the sentence, it stays as ma (m).

eg\ kim kromi aham = kim[ kromi aham ikma kraeima Ahma = ikä kraeima Ahma_

(iii) m[ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any consonant from p-class (p ph b bh m pa f

ba Ba ma), then that nasal dot means half character ma (m).

eg\ sam[pada@ sa>pada = samapada = sampada_ gum[phana gau>fna = gaumafna = gaumfna, am[bara A>bar = Amabar =

Ambar_ dam[bha d>Ba = dmaBa = dmBa_ sam[mati sa>maita = samamaita = sammaita_ (iv) m~ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any non-class consonant (y r l v s{ s< s h ya r l va

oa Pa sa h), that nasal dot means m~ A> (just a nasal sound, even though it is generally inaccurately

transliterated as m[). eg\ sa>s×ta> pa# = sam~skr<tam[ pat>ha NOT sam[skr>tam[ pat>ha sams×ta> pa# or sanskr<tam pat>ha sans×ta> pa# (NOTE: the nasal dots in sams sa>sa` and in kr<tam ×ta> both have

different pronounciations, and thus must be transliterated differently (as m~ and m[), but NOT both as m[)

Similarly, sa>yama = sam~yama, not sama`yama sam[yama; sa>rxaNa = sam~raks<an<a, not sama`rxaNa sam[raks<an<a; sa>Lagna

= sam~lagna, not sama`Lagna sam[lagna; sa>vaad = sam~va@da, not sama`vaad sam[vada; va>oa = vam~s{a, not vamaòa

vam[s{a; käsa = kam~sa, not kma`sa kam[sa; sa>har = sam~hara, not sama`har sam[ha@ra ...etc. (v) m The half character m ma may come (1) at the end of any word that is followed by any word that is

starting with a vowel, eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama q&r! or (2) it may come at

the end of a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ uddhara tvam! Baae rama maama q&r tvama! Baae rama maamau&r tvama!


(vi) The full character ma ma (ma + A = ma m + a = ma) may come anywhere in a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama q&r! Baae rama maa> tvamau&r! Baae rama maama q&r tvama! Baae rama maamau&r

tvama! Baae ramaae&r tva> maama_ Baae rama tvamau&r maama_

AGAIN REMEMBER Anuswara = n[ (G), n~ (Øa), n< (Na), n (na), m[ (ma), m~ (A>)

For transliterating the nasal dot (anusva@rah< Anausvaar:) within a word, into English,

following six rules apply. (1) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from k-class (k‘, Sa`, ga`, za` k, kh, g, gh), that

nasal dot is transliterated as # n[ (G`)

(2) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from c{-class (ca`, C`, ja`, Ja` c{, c{h, j, jh), that nasal

dot is transliterated as # n~ (Øa`)

(3) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t>-class (@`, #`, D`, $` t>, t>h, d<, d<h), that nasal

dot is transliterated as # n< (Na`)

(4) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t-class (ta`, Ya`, d`, Za` t, th, d, dh), that nasal

dot is transliterated as # n (na`)

(5) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from p-class (pa`, f‘, ba`, Ba` p, ph, b, bh), that nasal

dot is transliterated as # m (ma`)

(6) When the nasal dot is followed by any non-class character (ya` r` La` va oa` Pa` sa h`` y, r, l, v, s{, s<, s),

that nasal dot is transliterated as # m~ (A>)

EXERCISE 17 : What we learned so far. Read and write the following words

(answers are on the next page)

(1) Ahma Aavaama vayama maama mayaa mae mama na: maiya tava sa: tama taena tae saa taama ya: yaaE yae yama yaana yaena yaa yaa: yaama yayaa

]Pa: ]tae ]tama ]taana ]taena ]taE: ]taePau ]Paa ]taa: ]taama ]tayaa ]taasau ]tata ]tad ]taaina k: kaE k’ kma k’na k’Pau ka

ka: kyaa kaiBa: ikma kaina Ayama }mae }mama Anaena ]Paama ]Pau }dma }maaina AsaaE rama: vanama maaLaa kiva: vaair maita:

nadI maZau Zaenau: vaZaU ipataa Zaata\ maataa vaak‘ ra@ jagata oaioana idk‘ paya: BaU Asa Ad taud` tana_

(2) Ahma` kraeima_ AZaunaa oaItama` AnauBavaaima_


(3) ]tata` kdaipa na kraeima_ sa: k:? sa: mama banZau:_

(4) Baaejanae LavaNa> kYa> na Bavaita?

(5) ]tata` Ah> na jaanaaima_ maatar> namaaima_

(6) mama ga\he ]k: oauk: AasaIta`_ saItaa ]ka cataura baaiLaka_

(7) sa: Avadta` mama LaeSanaI na iLaSaita }ita_

(8) ˜payaa tasmaE inajaLaeSanaI> deih_ Ahma` }danaIma` qpaivaoaaina ikma`?

(9) sada mahaBaarta> ca ramaayaNa> ca pa#_

(10) tava vaEvaaihkjaIvana> sauSamaya> BaUyaata`!

(11) mayaa sah Baaejana> caayapaana> ca kÖw_

(12) maU$vata` va\Yaa maa vad_ ga>gaa paavanaa nadI_

(13) baIjama` Ah> BaUtaanaa> sanaatanama` }ita k’oava: qvaaca_

(14) paRyaaNakaLae manasaa AcaLaena yaaegabaLaena ca par> pauwPama` qpaEita_

(15) ramae vanae gatae tae sakLaa: Aipa wwdu:_

(16) taata! k: Ayama`? Aya> yaacak:_ yaacak: ikä kraeita?

(17) kaiLadasa: mahakiva: AasaIta`_

(18) paura imaiYaLaayaa> janak: naama mahana` rajaa baBaUva_

ANSWERS TO THE PREVIOUS EXERCISE (1) aham a@va@m vayam ma@m maya@ me mama nah< mayi tava sah< tam tena te sa@ ta@m yah< yau ye yam ya@n

yena ya@ ya@h< ya@m yaya@ es<ah< ete etam eta@n etena etaih< etes<u es<a@ eta@h< eta@m etaya@ eta@su etat etad eta@ni kah< kau ke kam kena kes<u ka@ ka@h< kaya@ ka@bhih< kim ka@ni ayam ime imam anena es<a@m es<u idam ima@ni asau ra@mah< vanam ma@la@ kavih< va@ri matih< nad& madhu dhenuh< vadhu@ pita@ dha@tr< ma@ta@ va@k ra@t> jagat s{as{in dik payah< bhu@ as ad tud tan.

(2) aham[ karomi. adhuna@ s{&tam anubhava@mi. (3) etat kada@pi na karomi. sah< kah<? sah< mama bandhuh< (4) bhojane lavan<am kahtam[ na bhavati? (5) etat aham[ na ja@na@mi. ma@taram[ nama@mi. (6) mama gr<he ekah< s{ukah< a@s&t. s&ta@ eka@ c{atura@ ba@lika@>


(7) sah< avadat mama lekhan& na likhati. (8) kr<paya@ tasmai nijalekhan&m[ deh&. aham ida@n&m upavis{a@ni kim? (9) sada@ maha@bha@ratam[ c{a ra@ma@yan<am[ c{a pat>ha. (10) tava vaiva@hika-j&vanam[ sukhamayam[ bhu@ya@t! (11) maya@ saha bhojanam[ c{a@ya-pa@nam[ c{a kuru! (12) mu@d<havat vr<tha@ ma@ vada. gan[ga@ pa@vana@ nad&. (13) b&jam aham[ bhu@ta@na@m[ sana@tanam iti kes{avah< uva@c{a. (14) praya@n<a-ka@le manasa@ ac{alena yoga-balena c{a param[ purus<am upaiti. (15) ra@me vane gate sakala@h< ruruduh<. (16) ta@t! kah< ayam? ayam[ ya@c{akah<. ya@c{akah< kim[ karoti? (17) ka@lida@sah< maha@kavih< a@s&t. (18) pura@ mithila@ya@m[ janakah< na@ma maha@n ra@ja@ babhu@va.

LESSON 7

saptamah< abhya@sah< saptama: AByaasa:_

COMPOUND CONSONANTS

sam~yukta-vyan~jana@na@m abhya@sah< sa>yauFvyaØjanaanaama` AByaasa:_

Very well, now that you have studied the chart of simple consonants and vowels, let us study compounding of the consonants and application of vowel-signs, through proper examples. THE HALF CONSONANTS : (halanta@h< hLantaa:) - The Chart shown in Lesson 1 containes the full

consonants i.e. each base consonant with vowel a (A) added to it. Let us now see the consonants without

this vowel (A) a. These consonants are called Half-consonants (halanta@h< hLantaa:) and they are either

written by attaching a small slant at the bottom of the character or by writing their half-letter shapes. A half-consonant can not be pronounced by itself, unless a vowel is added to it. A vowel can be pronounced by itself. A consonant can be added to another consonant or consonants, and, at least one vowel must be added to it, to make it a complete compound character that can be pronounced.


7.1

The Sanskrit Half-Consonants

EXERCISE 18 : Write the following Half Consonants (pure consonants without a vowel)

k‘ K Sa` S ga` g za z G`

k kh g gh n[

ca` c C` ja` j Ja` J Øa` Ø

c{ c{h j jh, z n~

@` #` D` $` Na` N

t> t>h d< d<h n<

ta` t Ya` Y d` Za` Z na` n

t th d dh n

pa` p f‘ Ý ba` b Ba` B ma` m

p ph, f b bh m

ya` y r` La` L va` v

y r l v, w

oa` o Pa` P sa` s h` Æ s{ s< s h


7.2

COMMON COMPOUND CHARACTERS

With the use of half characters such as: k‘ k, Sa` kh, ga` g, za` gh, G` n[, ca` c{, C` c{h, ja` j, Øa` n~, @` t>, #` t>h, D` d<, Na` n<,

ta` t, Ya` th, Za` dh, na` n, pa` p, f‘ ph, ba` b, Ba` bh, ma` m,

ya` y, r` r, La` l, va` v, oa` s{, Pa` s<, sa` s, h` h

EXERCISE 19 : Read, study and write the following groups of Sanskrit Compound characters. Compare each of them with the corresponding full-character. (1) Character k (k‘ K )

paKva, pak‘va (pakva ripened), KlIbama`, k‘LaIbama`, (kl&bam weakness) KLaed: k‘led: (kledah< wettness), vaaKyama`, vaak‘yama` (va@kyam speech), rKtama`, rk‘tama` (raktam blood), wiKmaNaI,

wk‘imaNaI (rukmin<&), Kvaicata`, k‘vaicata` (kvac{it sometimes) (2) Character kh (Sa` S )

Syaaita: Sa`yaaita: (khya@tih< fame), AaSyaa AaSa`yaa (a@khya@ saying), saSyama` saSa`yama` (sakhyam friendship)

(3) Characters g and gh (ga` g ; za` z )

gLaaina: ga`Laaina: (gla@nih< downfall), Aigna: Agaìna: (agnih< fire), Baagyama` Baaga`yama` (bha@gyam fortune), Bagna Baga`na (bhagnam broken), ivaznama` ivaza`nama` (vighnam obstacle)

(4) Characters n[ (G`)

G` n[ GÍ n[ka GÎ n[kta GÏ n[kha GÐ n[ga

GÑ n[gha GÒ n[ma GÓ n[la GÕ n[ks<a Gß n[ks<va LaGÍa LaG`ka (lan[ka@ Sri Lanka), paiGÎ: paGìKta: paG`k‘ita: (pan[ktih< line, row), oaGÏ: oaG`Sa: (s{an[khah<

conchshell), rGÐ: rG`ga: (ran[gah< colour), saGÑ: saG`za: (san[ghah< group), vaaGÒyama` vaaG`mayama` (va@n[mayam literature), AaGÓ AaG`La (a@n[la English), kaGÕa kaG`xaa (ka@n[ks<a@ desire), BauGß (bhun[ks<va please enjoy)

K k

S kh

g g; z gh


(5) Characters c{ and c{h (ca` c ; C`)

Acyauta: Aca`yauta: (ac{yutah< Krishna), Avaacya Avaaca`ya (ava@c{yah< unspeakable), sauvaacya sauvaaca`ya (suva@c{ya well said), qcCÔasa: qca`Cvaasa: (uc{c{hava@sah< breath) (6) Characters j and n~ (ja` j ; Øa` Ø )

rajyama` raja`yama` (ra@jyam kingdom), sajja saja`ja (sajja ready), qjjvaLa qja`ja`val

(ujjvala bright), jyaaeita: ja`yaaeita: (jyotih< light) paØca paØa`ca (pan~c{a five) (7) Characters t>, t>h (@`, #` )

pa£k: pa@`@k: (pat>t>akah< plate), pa£nama` pa@`@nama` (pat>t>anam town), kN#¹ kNa`#`ya

(kan<t>hya guttural) (8) Character d<, d<h (D`, $`)

q¥yanama` q¥yanama` (ud<d<ayanam flight), qi¥ta (ud<d<ita flown), ca×$Ôe (c{akr<d<hve you all had done)

(9) Character n< (Na`, N )

paaNDva: paaNa`Dva: (pa@n>d<vah<), kN#: kNa`#: (kan<t>hah< throat), kN@k: kNa`@k: (kan<t>akah< thorn), PaNmaasa: PaNa`maasa: (s<an<ma@sah< six-months)

(10) Characters t, th and dh (ta` t ; Ya` Y ; Za` Z )

satkar: sata`kar: (satka@rah< honour), dugZama` duga`Zama` (dughdam milk), rtnaakr:

rta`naakr: (ratna@karah< ocean), qtpaata: qta`paata: (utpa@tah< rise), Aatmaa Aata`maa

(a@tma@ soul), satyama` sata`yama` (satyam truth), tyaaga: ta`yaaga: (tya@gah< sacrifice), tvara ta`vara (tvara@ rush); taYyama` taYa`yama` (tathyam reality); baaZya baaZa`ya (ba@dhya binding) (11) Character n (na`, n )

Aanand: Aanana`d: (a@nandah< joy), A²ma` Ana`nama` (annam food), janma jana`ma (janma birth), Anya

Ana`ya (anya other), Anvaya: Ana`vaya: (anvayah< relation), iBa² iBana`na (bhinna different), vandnama` vana`dnama` (vandanam salute), banZanama` bana`Zanama` (bandhanam bondage) (12) Characters p, ph (pa` p ; f‘ Ý )

samaapta samaapa`ta (sama@pta ended), Apsara Apa`sara (apsara@ celestial maid), svapnama` sa`vapa`nama` (svapnam dream), paapmana` paapa`mana` (pa@pman sin), wpyakma` wpa`yakma`

c c{ ; C` c{h

j j ; Ø n~

@` t> ; #` t>h

D` d< ; $` d<h

N n<

t t ; Y th ; Z dh

n n

p p ; Ý ph


(rupyakam Rupee). (13) Characters b, bh and m (ba` b ; Ba` B ; ma` m )

oabd: oaba`d: (s{abdah< word), oaEbya: oaEba`ya: (s{aibyah<), saBya saBa`ya (sabhya gentle), sampada sama`pada (sampada@ wealth), samyak` sama`yak‘ (samyak right),

Za\P@ Za`/Pa`@ (dhr<s<t>a courageous), Aml Ama`l (amla sour) (14) Characters y and l (ya` y ; La` L )

oayyaa! oaya`yaa! (s{ayya@ bed), qLka ql`ka (ulka@ meteor), qLLaeSa: qLa`LaeSa: (ullekhah< reference), ALpa Al`pa (alpah<, short), kLyaaNama` kl`yaaNama` (kalya@n<am benefit)

vaLganaa val`ganaa (valgana@ chatter) (15) Character v (va` v )

vyaya: va`yaya: (vyayah< expense), vyaayaama: va`yaayaama: (vya@ya@mah< exercise), vyaaema va`yaaema (vyoma sky), vyaU$ va`yaU$ (vyu@d<ha, arranged), vyaGÐma` va`ya>gama` (vyangam deformity), vyavasaaya:

va`yavasaaya: (vyavasa@yah< business) (16) Chararacter s{ (oa` o O )

ivaOvaasa: ivaovaasa: ivaoa`vaasa: (vis{va@sah< trust), inaOcaya: inaocaya: inaoa`caya:` (nis<c{ayah< firm

resolution), paOcaata` paocaata` paoa`caata` (pas{c{a@t after), kaomaIr: kaoa`maIr: (ka@s{m&rah<), Avaoyama` Avaoa`yama` (avas{yam certainly), Aomak: Aoa`mak: (as{makah< stone), ivaolePaNama` ivaoa`lePaNama`

(vis{les<an<am analysis) (17) Character s< (Pa` P )

AP@ APa`@ (as<t>a eight), }P@ }Pa`@ (is<t>a desired), kP@ma` kPa`@ma` (kas<t>am trouble), AaivaPkar:

AaivaPa`kar: (a@vis<ka@rah< discovery), manauPya: manauPa`ya: (manus<yah<, man), pauPpama` pauPa`pama` (pus<pam flower), qPmaa qPa`maa (us<ma@ heat), AaeP#: AaePa`#: (os<t>hah< lip), qPNa: qPa`Na: (us<n<ah< hot), ˜PNa: ×Pa`Na:

(kr<s<n<ah<), baaPpama` baaPa`pama` (ba@s<pam vapour), BaivaPyama` BaivaPa`yama` (bhavis<yam future) (18) Character s (sa` s )

taskr: (taskarah< thief), Astau Asa`tau (astu let it be), isYaita: saìYaita: (sthitih< state), sfi@k:

sa`fi@k: (sphat>ikah< crystal), snaayau: sa`naayau: (sna@yuh, muscle), spaP@ sa`paPa`@` (spas<t>a clear), Asya Asa`ya (asya of this), hasyama` (ha@syam laughter), ismatama` (smitam a smile), svata: sa`vata: (svatah< oneself), svadeoa: sa`vadeoa: (svades{ah< motherland), svaagatama` (sva@gatam welcome), sknd: sa`kna`d:

b b ; B bh ; m m

y y ; L l

v v

o O s{

P s<

s s


(skandah<), sma\ita: sa`ma\ita: (smr<tih< memory, rememberance) (19) Character h (h` Æ )

Æ h Ê hr< Ç hn<a È hna H hya

M hma É hra Ë hla Ì hva

Êdyama` h`/dyama` (hr<dayam heart), baaH baah`ya (ba@hya external), baRM ba`rh`ma (brahma Brahma), AaËad:

Aah`Laad: (a@hla@dah joy<), ga\Çaita ga\h`Naaita (gr<hn<a@ti he takes), Ésva h`rsa`va (hrasvah< short) icaÈma` icah`nama` (c{ihnam sign), vaiÈ: (vahnih< fire), ijaÌa ivaÌa (jihva@ toung)

LESSON 8

as<t>amah< abhya@sah< AP@ma: AByaasa:_

8.1

STUDY OF SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS

Characters k‘ + ta can be written as Kta (kta), but there is a special single character F for this purpose.

eg\ rKtama rFma (raktam blood), BaiKta: BaiF: (bhaktih< devotion), vaKtaa vaFa (vakta@ speaker), yauKta: yauF:

(yuktah< equipped)

Kta F kta Character da (d`) has following common compounds

1. d + da = dda û d` + d = ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taªanama` tadda@nam that charity)

2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking)

3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = § (q§ma: udgamah< rise, Bagava§Itaa bhagavadg&ta@) 4. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = ® (sa®ava: sadbha@vah< goodness; q®va: udbhavah< rise)

5. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; Ûtama` dyu@tam, gambling)

6. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = ¯ (pa¯ma` padmam lotus, C¯I c{hadm& cunning)

7. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (V>V: dvandvah< duality, ivaVana` vidva@n learned)


ª dda © dgha & ddha § dga

® dbha ^ dya ¯ dma Vdva Letter ra (r) forms following two groups of compounds:

(A) When full-consonant r (ra) comes after any half-consonant, it is written as a slanted line ( R)

attached to that half-consonant. 1. k + ra (k‘ + r = Û) caÛma` c{akram wheel, Ûainta: kra@ntih< revolution, ÛaeZa: krodhah< anger, iÛyaa

kriya@ deed, Û”r: kru@rah< cruel, Û’taa kreta@ buyer

2. g + ra (ga` + r = gaR) AgaRma` agram tip, AgaResar: agresarah< leader, gaRamama` gra@mam village, gaRIvaa gr&va@ neck

3. d + ra (d` + r = dR) BadR: bhadrah< gentle, sauBadRa subhadra@, dRivaD dravid<a, dRaeNa: dron<ah<, dRaeh: drohah< treachery, dRuma: drumah< tree

4. s{ + ra (oa` + r = Oa` + r = Ã) Ã&a s{raddha@ faith, ivaÃa>ita: vis{ra@ntih< rest, ÃI s{r& divine, ÃeP#:

s{res<t>hah< superior, Ãaetaa s{rota@ listner, Ãutama` s{rutam heard

5 t + ra (ta` + r = %a) ya>%ama` yantram machine, rai%a: ra@trih< night, pa%ama` patram leaf, %aetaa treta@ saviour,

i%aZaa tridha@ in three ways, %aeZaa tredha@ in three ways.

Û kra gaR gra Ã s{ar %a tra

6. t> or d< + ra (@¼, D¼) : qP@¼: qPa`@`r: us<t>rah< camel, raP@¼: raPa`@`r: ra@s<t>rah< country, paaEND¼: paaENa`D`r:

paun<d<rah< 7. s + ra (sa` + r = Ä) sahÄma` sahsa`rma` sahasram thousand, Äaeta: sa`raeta: srotah< flown, Äava: sa`rava:

sra@vah < a flow

8. s+ t + ra (sa`+ta`+r = Å) ÅI sa`ta`rI str& woman, AÅma` Asa`ta`rma` astram weapon, vaÅma` vasa`ta`rma` vastram cloth

@¼ tra Ä sra Å stra (B) When half-consonant r` (r) comes before any consonant, it is written as ( | )


9. r` + pa = (pa|); Ak–: Ar`k: arkah< sun, saga|: sar`ga: sargah< the creation, Aca|naa Ar`canaa arc{ana@ worship, vaataa| vaar`taa va@rta@ news, sapa|: sar`pa: sarpah< snake, kma| kr`ma karma deed, kaya|ma` kar`yama`

ka@ryam duty

k– rka pa| rpa Character ta (ta`) makes following common compounds

1. t + ta = tta (ta`+ta = Ta, tta) qTamama` uttamam best, saTaa satta@ jurisdiction, saTvama` sattavam truth. 2.

n + na = nna (na`+na = ²) iSa² khinn sad

3. h + ma = hma (h`+ma = M) baRMa brahma@ the Creator, baRMaNDma` brahman<d<am universe

4. h + ya = hya (h`+ya = H) baaH: ba@hyah<, external, gauHma` guhyam, secret

T tta Tva ttva ² nna EXERCISE 20 : What we learned so far. Read and write the following Sanskrit words 1. Ûma: (order), ˜PNa (black), ÛÖ&: (angry), ˜paNa: (miser)

2. caØcal: (quick), oaUcya: (pure), paUjya: (holy), jyaaetsnaa (moonlight), ZanaØjaya: (Arjun)

3. svapnama` (dream), paRona: (question), paRaZaanyama` (priority), paRsa²ma` (pleased), Za\P@ûmna: (Draupad&’s

brother), A²ma` (food)

4. vyaazaR: (tiger), vajaRma` (thunderbolt), ABaRma` (cloud), i%alaek: (three worlds), ta\pta: (satisfied), ZaRuva:

(steady), Za\ita: (courage), paRtyaek (each), baRM (God), taIvaRma` (strong)

5. ±iP@: (vision), va\iP@: (rain), sa\iP@: (creation), pa\YvaI (earth), ma\taatmaa (dead person), pa\P#ma` (surface)

6. va\Tama` (news), Za\taraP@¼: (a king’s name), na\pa: (king), Ûa>ita: (revolution)

7. ÅI (woman), iÅya: (women), staae%ama` (praise), AjaÄma` (huge), sa\janama` (creation); pa¯naaBa: (Vis{n<u),

pa¯a (Laks<m&), pa^ma` (poetry), ga^ma` (prose)

8. sYaanama` (place), vayask: (old), sma\ita: (memory), snaanama` (bath), isnagZama` (viscous)

9. dRaEpadI, d`raEpadI, duyaae|Zana:, dur`yaaeZana:, Baaga|va: Baar`gava: (proper nouns)

10. gava|: (pride), sava|: (all), paUva|ma` (earlier), svaga|: (heaven), Aca|naa (worship), tak–: (guess), dpa|Na:

(mirror)


8.2

SANSKRIT COMPOUND CHARACTERS

(WITH EXAMPLES)

soda@haran<a@h< sam~yukta-varn<a@h< saaedahrNaa: sa>yauFvaNaa|:_

A Reading and Writing Exercise :

™, Kk (vau™ita, vauKkita vauk‘kita vukkati, he barks), KSa (kKSaita kakkhati he laughs,

kKSa@ kakkhat>a hard), Kca (tvaKcaEva tvakc{aiva skin also), F (qF ukta said), Ktya

(BaKtyaa bhaktya@ with devotion), K%a (vaK%ama` vaktram, mouth), Ktva (qKtvaa uktva@ having said), ³

(oa³aeima s{aknomi, I am able), Kpa (pa\YaKpa\Yak‘ pr<thak-pr<thak separately), Kma (wiKmaNaI rukmin<&), Kya (vaaKyama` va@kyam speech), Û (Ûma: kramah< order), kÓ (KLaa>ta kla@nta tired), KLa\ (KLa\ipta: klr<ptih< invention), š (Kvaicata` kvac{it sometimes), Koa (paRaKoarIrivamaaexaNama` pra@k-s{ar&ra-vimoks<an<am before

death), xa (xamaa ks<ama@, forgiveness), Ksa (/Ksaama r>k-sa@ma Rigveda and Sa@mveda)

xmya (saaExmyama` sauks<myam minuteness), xya (samaIxya sam&ks<ya having seen), xva (Iks<va@ku }xvaakÖ:)

Sya (saa>Sya: sa@n[khyah<) gd (vaagdevaI va@g-dev& Sarasvat&), gZa (dgZa: dagdhah< burnt), ´ (Ai´: agnih< fire), gpa

(vaagpa@u: va@gpat>uh< elouquent), gBa (pa\YagBaava: pr<thag-bha@vah> different nature), gBya

(iLagByaama` lignhya@m for two writers), jagmau: (jagmuh< they went), gya (Baagyama` bha@gyam luck), gaR (gaRsanama`

grasanam eating), gLa (gLaaina: gla@nih< downfall), gva (pa\YaigvaZaa pr<thagvidha@ differently), gvya

(samyagvyavaisYata samyag-vyavasthita properly established) zna (ivazna> vighnam obstacle), znya (Aznya: aghnyah< not to be killed), zya (Azya| arghya holy), zaR (zaRaNa> ghra@n<am nose), zva (LazvaaoaI laghva@s{& moderate eater)

GÍ (AGÍ: an[kah< body), GÎ (BauGÎe bhun[kte he eats), G`KYa (BauG`KYa bhun[gtha you all enjoy),

GÏ (oaGÏ: s{an[khah< conch-shell), GÐ (gaGÐa gan[ga@), GÐ (saGÐItama` san[g&tam music), GÑ (saGÑ:

san[ghah< attachment<), G`Zva (BauG`Zvae bhun[gdhve you all enjoy), GÒ (vaaGÒyama` va@n[gmayam literature), GÕ

(kaGÕaima ka@n[ks<a@mi I desire), G`Bya (paRaG`Byaama` pra@n[gbhya@m for two Easterners)

k‘

xa`

Sa` ga`

za`

G`


cca (qccaE: uc{c{aih<, loudly), cC (}cCa ic{c{ha@, desire), cC\ (qcC\GÏLa uc{c{hr<n[khala un-

restrained), yau&acC¼eya: (yuddha@c{c{hreyah< better than war), cya (Acyauta: ac{yutah< Krishna),

qcyatae uc{yate it is called), icva (c{vi existance of non-existant)

C¹ (C¹vatae c{hyavate he approaches), C¼ (yacC¼eya: yac{c{hreyah that which is better),

qicC¼ta (uc{c{hrita raised), qcCÔasa: uc{c{hva@sah< exhalation)

jja (sajja sajja ready), jjya (tajjyaaeita: tajjyotih that light<), jXa (tajXaatvaa tajjn~a@tva@ knowing that), jya (rajyama` ra@jyam kingdom), jaR (vajaRma` vajram thunderboalt), jva (jvaaLaa

jwa@la@ flame)

Øca (paØca pan~c{a five), ØC (vaaØCa van~c{ha@ desire), Øja (saØjaya: san~jayah<), Øjya (yauØjyaaâegama` yun~ja@dyogam should practice yoga), ØJa (qØJaita un~jhati he lets it go), Øjma

(BauØjma bhun~jma we all enjoy), Øjva (BauØjva bhun~jva we both enjoy), ØÃ (paoyaØÃuNvana` pas{yan~-s{run<van while seeing and hearing), Øova (svapaØovasana` svapan~s{vasan sleeping and breething)

£ (pai£ka pat>t>ika@, plate), P@¼ (raP@¼ma` ra@s<tram country), P@Ô (±P@Ôa drs<t>va@, seeing)

¥ (q¥yatae ud<d<ayate he flies), D`Bya (raD`Byaama` ra@d<bhya@m for two kings), D¹ (}|D¹ &dya glorified)

$¹ (Aa$¹ a@d<d<hya< wealthy)

N@ (kN@k: kan>t>akah< thorn), N# (vaEkÖN#ma` vaikun<t>ham heaven), ND (paaNDvaa: pa@n<d<ava@h<), N$ (PaN$ s<an<d<ha impotant), ND¼ (paaEND¼: paun<d<rah<), NNa (ivaPaNNa vs<an<n<a dejected), Nma

(PaNmaasaa: s<an<-ma@sah< six-months), Nya (kapa|Nyama` ka@rpan<yam pity)

tk (tatkaLa: tatka@lah<, that time), t˜ (AiBaBavaat˜PNa abhibhava@t-kr<s<n<a! O Krishna! from

the rise of), tÛ (kamaatÛaeZa: ka@ma@tkrodhah< anger from desire), txa (Anyatxai%ayasya anyat-ks<atriyasya anything else for a warrior), tca (Bayaatca bhaya@tc{a and from the fear), Ta (saTaa satta@ power), Tya (BayaaTyajaeta` bhaya@t-tyajet let go out of fear), t%a (tat%ayama` tat-trayam those three), Tva (taTvama`

tattvam principle), tYa (AovatYaamaa as{vattha@ma@), tna (rtnaakr: ratna@karah< ocean), tpa (tatparma` tatparam that supreme), taatpaya|> (ta@tparyam morale), tpaR (tatpaRapya tatpra@pya having attained that), tma (Aatmaa

a@tma@ soul), tmya (mahatmyama` maha@tmyam greatness), tya (tyaKtvaa tyaktva@ having renounced), %a (Zama|xae%ama`

dharmaks<etram righteous place), %ya (ra%yaagamae ra@trya@game at night), tva (tvama` tvam you), tsa (qtsaah:

utsa@hah encouragement), tsYa (paoyaitsYataana` pas{yatsthita@n he saw the standing ones), tsna (˜tsnama`

ca`

C`

ja`

Øa`

@` D`

$` Na`

ta`


kr<tsnam all), tsma (sammaaehatsma\itaivaBaRma: sammoha@tsmr<ti-vibhramah< loss of thinking as a result of

delusion) tsya (paRitayaaetsyaaima pratiyotsya@mi I will defend) tsva (parZamaa|tsvanauiP#taata` para-dharma@t-svanus<t>hita@t than performed others’ duty)

maYnaaita (mathna@ti he churns), Yya (taYyama` tathyam truth); imaYyaa mithya@ false)

§ (q§ar: udga@rah< exclamation), ¨ (Asaäh: asadgra@hah< misunderstanding), © (q©a@nama`

udgha@t>anam inauguration), ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective), ª¹ (mahª¹uitakr: mahad-dyutikarah<, sun), ªR (AnyaªRP@uimacCisa anyad-dras<t>um-ic{c{hasi whatever else you wish to see), & (yau&ma`

yuddham war), &¹ (yau&¹sva yuddhyasva please fight), &Ô (bau&Ôa buddhva@ having known) «

(sma\itaBaR>oaa«ui&naaoa: smr<ti-bhram~s{a@d-buddhi-na@s{ah< misunderstanding due to confusion), ¬ (tasmaa¬MiNa

tasma@d-brahman<i therefore in the brahma), ® (sa®ava: sad-bha@vah< righteousness), ®¹ (Bagava®¹ama`

bhagavadbhya@m for two gods), ¯ (pa¯ma` padmam, lotus), ^ (pa^ma` padyam song), dR (dRupad:

drupadah<), V (V>V>, VnVma`ma` dvandvam duality), V¹ (AvyaFaV¹Fya: avyakta@d-vyaktayah<, the manifest

emerged from the unmanifest)

Zna (baZnaaita badhna@ti it binds), Zma (dZmaaE dadhmau he blew), Zya (Zyaanama` dhya@nam meditation), ZaR (ZaRuva dhruva unmoving), Zva (Zvaja: dhvajah< flag)

nk (samavaetaankÖWna` samaveta@n-kuru@n to the assembled Kuru/), nga (AonangacCna` as{nan-gac{c{han eating and going), nta (Anta: antah< the end), ntya (vyaYayantyaetae vyathayantyete

these do bother), n%ya (vAaman%ya a@mantrya having invited), nYa (manYanama` manthanam churning), n%a

(yan%ama` yantram machine), ntva (saantvanaa sa@ntvana@ consolation), ntsya (Bantsyaita bhantsyati he will tie),

nd (Aanand: a@nandah< joy), ndR (}indRyama` indriyam organ), nV (VnVma` dvandvam duality), n& (wn&ama`

runddha@m he should resist), Awn&Ôma` (arunddhvam you all had resisted), n&¹ (wn&¹ataama`

runddhya@ta@m may they stop), nZa (AnZa andha blind), AwnZmaih (arundhmahi we all had resisted),

ivanZyanta: (vindhyantah> lacking), AwnZvaih (arundhvahi we two had resisted), ² (A²ma` annam food),

npa (isYataanpaaYa|: sthita@n-pa@rthah< Arjuna to the seated ones), npaR (paRaNaanpaRaNaePau pra@n<a@n-pra@n<es<u breath in

the breaths), nba (savaa|nbanZaUna` sarva@n-bandhu@n to all brothers), nbaR (taanbaRvaIima ta@n-brav&mi I tell about

them), nBa (BavaainBaPma: bhava@n-bh&s<mah< you Bh&shma), nBya (SanByaama` khanbhya@m for two lame men),

nBaR (maatauLaanBaRata¾na` ma@tula@n-bhratr<{n to uncles and brothers), nma (janma janma birth), nya (Anya: anyah<, other), nr (AismanrNae asmin-ran<e on this battlefield), nva (Anvaya: anvayah< following), nvya (BagavanvyaiFma`

Ya` d`

Za`

na`


bhagavan-vyaktim O Lord! Your personifiction), nsa (taansamaIxya ta@n-sam&ks<ya having seen them), nsya

(baui&maansyaata` buddhima@n-sya@t he will be wise), nsva (Zaata|raP@¼ansvabaanZavaana` dha@rtara@s<t>ra@n-sva-ba@ndha-va@n, to our brother Kauravas), nh (saØjanayanhPa|ma` san~janayan-hars<am, while increasing the joy)

pta (payaa|ptama` parya@ptam limited), ptva (LaaeLauptvama` loluptvam eagerness), ¶ (svapnama`

svapnam sleep, dream), pma (paapmaanama` pa@pma@nam to the wicked), pya (Avaapya ava@pya having obtained), paR (paRita prati towards), pLa (sa>pLautaaedkä samplutodakam full of water), psa (Apsau

apsu in the water), psya (Avaapsyaisa ava@psyasi you will attain)

bd (oabd: s{abdah< sound), bZa (LabZa labdha attained), bZva (LabZvaa labdhva@ having), bBya

(gaubByaama` gubbhya@m for tow defenders), bya (oaEbya: s{aibyah<), baR (baRM brahma) Bya (AByaasa: abhya@sah< study), BaR (BaRma: bhramah< delusion), Bvaaid (bhva@di bhu@ etc.)

· (Za\P@ûmna: dhr<s<t>adyumnah<), mpa (ivakmpa: vikampah< trembling), mf (gauimfta gumphita intertwined), mba (Ambaa anba@ mother), mBa (AmBaisa ambhasi in the water), mBya (paumByaama`

pumbhya@m for two persons), mma (sammaana: samma@nah< respect), mya (rmya ramya enchanting), maR (imaRyatae

mriyate it dies)

yya (tvayyaupapa^tae tvayyupapadyate it befits you)

k– (Ak–: arkah< sun), xya| (saUixya|Pyaita su@rks<is<yati he will disrespect), Sa| (maUSa| mu@rkha foolish) ga| (vaga|: vargah< class), gBya| (QgByaa|ma` u@rgbhya@m with two languages), gya| (Asvagya|

asvargya un-heavenly), zya| (Azya|ma` arghyam offering) ca| (Aca|naa arc{ana@ worship), cya| (AByaca|:

abhyarc{ah< salute), cC| (maUcC|ita mu@rc{c{hati it coagulates), ja| (BaImaajau|naaE bh&ma@rjunau of Bhima and

Arjuna), jya| (vajya| varjya without), jva| (vadnaEjva|Lai®: vadanairjvaladbih< with balzing mouths), Ja|

(JaJa|ra jharjhara@ prostitute), Na| (vaNa|: varn<ah< a class), Nya| (AakNya| a@karn<ya, hearing), ta| (Zaata|raP@¼:

dha@rtara@s<t<rah< Kaurava), Ta| (AaTa| a@rtta afflicted) tma| (vatma|ina vartmani on the path), tya| (matya| martya dying), Ya| (AYa|: arthah< meaning), d| (janaad|na: jana@rdanah< Kr<s<n<a), Za| (AZa| ardha half), Zna| (maUiZna|

mu@rdhni in the head), Znya| (maUiZnyaa|Zaayaatmana: mu@rdhnya@dha@ya@tmanah< having fixed in one’s head), ZaR|

(ma\tyauZaR|uvama` mr<tyurdhruvam death is certain), Zva| (QZva| u@rdhva up), na| (inaraoaIina|ma|ma: nira@s&rnirmamah< indifferent and selfless), pa| (sapa|: sarpah< snake), ba| (dubau|i&: dur-buddhih<, wicked), baR| (hivabaR|MagnaaE

havirbrhma@gnau offering in the fire of brahma), Ba| (dBa|: darbhah< grass), ma| (kma| karma deed), mya|

(Zamyaa|ta` dharmya@t than the righteous), ya| (oaaEya|ma` s{auryam bravery), La| (icakIPau|Laae|ksa>gaRhma` c{ik&rs<ur-

pa`

ba`

Ba` ma`

ya` r`


lokasan[graham desirous of people), va| (sava| sarva all), vya| (baui&vya|itatairPyaita buddhirvyatitaris<yati mind will transcend), oa| (spaoa|: spars{ah< contact), Pa| (hPa|: hars<ah< joy), PNa| (vaaPNae|ya: va@rs<n<eyah< Krishna), h| (Ah|: ahrah< worthy), Xa| (paR˜taeXaa|navaanaipa pr<kr<terjn~a@nava@napi the wise also - with his own

nature)

Lk (vaLkLama` valkalam bark), Lga (vaLganaa valgana@ chatter), Lpa (ALpa alpa short), qLbaena

(ulbena with umblical cord), paRgaLBa (pragalbha proud), Lma (kLmaPama` kalmas<am sin), Lya

(oaLya: s{alyah< thorn), LLa (Ã&avaaãLLaBatae s{raddha@va@m~l-labhate the faithful person attains), Lva (ibaLvama`

bilvam the Bel tree)

vya (vyaazaR: vya@ghrah< tiger), vaR (vaRta> vratam austerity)

[a (Aaocaya|ma` a@s{c{aryam wonder), oC (BaRP@ioC²ma` bhras<t>s{c{hinnam broken and spoiled),

ona (Aonaaima as{na@mi I eat), oma (komaLama` kas{malam delusion), oya (paoya pas{ya see), Ã

(ÃI s{r& divine), {a (Aova: as{vah> horse), oLa (AoLaIl as{l&la obscene)

Pk (inaPkama: nis<ka@mah< without desire), P˜ (inaP˜ita: nis<kr<tih< fruitless act), P@ (AP@ as<t>a eight), P@¹ (VeP@¹kÖoaLama` dves<t>ya-kus{alam he hates non-pleasent), P@¼ (raP@¼ma` ra@s<t>ram

country), P@Ô (±P@Ôa dr<s<t>va@ seeing), P# (pa\P#ma` pr<s>t>ham surface), PNa (˜PNa: kr<s<n<ah< black), Ppa (pauPpama`

pus<pam flower), PpaR (duPpaRapa: dus<pra@pah< difficult to attain), PNya (AaEPNyama` aus<n<yam warmth), Pma (BaIPma:

bh&s<mah<), Pya (manauPya: manus<yah< man), Pva (kÖwPva kurus<vah< do)

sk (skäd: skandah< chapter), sSa (sSaLaita skhalati it falls), sja` (BaRsja` bhrasj to roast), sta

(Astama` astam setting), stya (paRaNaanstyaKtvaa pra@n<a@nstyaktva@ having renounced their lives),

Ä (Ä>satae sram~sate it falls), Äaeta: (srotah< flow), Å (ÅI str& woman), stva (kÖtastvaa kutastva@ from

where did you?), sYa (sYaanama` stha@nam place), sna (snaanama` sna@nam bath), spa (spaoa|: spars{ah< contact),

sf (ivasfae@: visphot>ah< explosion), sma (tasmaata` tasma@t therefore), smya (igaramasmyaekmaxarma` gira@m-asmyekam-aks<aram among the syllables I am the syllable of Om), sya (Asya asya its), Ä (sahÄma`

sahasram thousand), sva (svata: svatah< oneself), ssa (ihnaisa hinassi you kill)

Ê (Êdyama` hr<dayam heart), ÊPyaita (hrs<yati he enjoys), Ç (ga\Çaita grhn<a@ti he takes), È (vaiÈ:

vahni fire), M (baRMa brahma@), H (dHtae dahyate it burns), É (ijaÉeita jihreti she blushes),

Ë (paRËad: prahla@dah<), Ì (jauÌita juhvati he performs offering)

La`

va` oa`

Pa`

sa`

h`


LESSON 9

navamah< abhya@sah< navama: AByaasa:_

RAPID READING

9.1

THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ sa>s×taBaaPaa_

saursa-saubaaeZaa ivaovamanaaeXaa LaiLataa Êâ rmaNaIyaa_

Ama\tavaaNaI sa>s˜taBaaPaa naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__1__ Surasa-subodha@ vis{va-manojn~a@ lalita@ hr<dya@ raman<&ya@, Amr<ta-va@n<& sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat>hina@.

(for meaning of Sanskrit verses, please see Appendix 9) EXERCISE 21: ONLY FOR READING PRACTICE on what we have learned so far in the previous

pages. I assume that you have understood all previous lessons, before proceeding to the following eight exercises.

Following eight exercises are ONLY FOR A PRACTICE IN READING simpler sentences containing easy-to-read Sanskrit compound words. Please read the exercises several times, skip the meaning at this stage, until you finish the book up to lesson 30. Attain a comfortable Sanskrit-reading skill, so that you may be able to tackle the subsequent difficult exercises.

sa>saare Anaeka: BaaPaa: sainta_ (sam~sa@re aneka@h< bha@s<a@h< santi) taasau savaa|sau sa>s˜ta-BaaPaa savaae|Tamaa ca

ÃeP#a ca Aista_ (ta@su sarva@su sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ sarvottama@ c{a s{res<t>ha@ c{a asti) ]Paa Ama\ta-vaaNaI

gaIvaa|Na-vaaNaI gaIvaa|NaBaartaI deva-vaaNaI }tyaaidiBa: naamaiBa: Xaayatae_ (es<a@ amr<ta-va@n<&, g&rva@n<a-va@n<&,

g&rva@n<a-bha@rat& deva-va@n<& itya@dibhih< na@mabhih< jn~a@yate) ]Paa na k’vaLa> BaartaIyaanaa> BaaPaaNaa>


jananaI Aista (es<a@ na kevalam[ bha@rat&ya@nam[ bha@s<a@n<a@m[ janan& asti) Aipatau vaEdeioakanaa> BaaPaanaama

Aipa jananaI Aista_ (apitu vaides{ika@na@m[ bha@s<a@na@m api janan& asti) /Paya: samaaiZama AasYaaya ]naa>

saaxaata ˜tavanta: (r<s<ayah< sama@dhim a@stha@ya ena@m[ sa@ks<a@t kr<tavantah<) Ata ]va ]Paa BaaPaa

daeParihtaa ivakaroaUnyaa sa>skar-sa>pa²a ca Aista_ (ata eva es<a@ bha@s<a@ dos<a-rahita@, vika@ra-s{u@nya@,

sam~ska@ra-sampanna@ c{a asti) Asyaa: vyaakrNama A®utama Aista_ (asya@h< vya@karan<am adbhutam asti) sa>s×ta> vaEXaainak>

savaa|GÐpaUNa|> ca Aista_ (sam~skr<tam[ vaijn~a@nikam[ sarva@n[ga-pu@rn<am[ c{a asti) Asyaa: oabdrcanaa

ABaUtapaUvaa| Aista_ (asya@h< s{abda-racana@ abhu@ta-pu@rva@ asti) Asyaa: ca oabdkaePa: sauivaoaaLa: Aista_

(asya@h< c{a s{abda-kos<ah< suvis{a@lah< asti) saaihtya> ca sauLaiLatama Aista_ (sa@hityam[ c{a sulalitam

asti) vaaLmaIik: vyaasa: kaiLadasapaRBa\taya: mahakvaya: ivaovasaaihtyae duLa|Baa: sainta_ (va@lm&kih<, vya@sah<,

ka@lida@saprabhr<tayah< maha@-kavayah< vis{va-sa@hitye durlabha@h< santi) sa>s˜taBaaPaayaama AnaekivaZaXaanama iva^tae_ (sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ya@m aneka-vidha-jn~a@nam[ vidyate)

Asyaa> BaaPaayaa> gaiNatasya jyaaeitaPasya Aayauvae|dsya AZyaatmasya ca saUxma-ivavaecanama qpaLaByatae_ (asya@m[

bha@s<a@m[ gan<itasya, jyotis<asya, a@yurvedasya adhya@tmasya c{a su@ks<ma-vivec{anam upalabhyate) sa>s˜ta> BaartaIya-sa>s˜tae: maULama Aista_ (sam~skr<tam[ bha@rat&ya-sam~skr<teh< mu@lam

asti) 9.2

Ra@ma@yan<am

ramaayaNama`_

kivakaeikLa-vaaLmaIik-ivaricataa ramaayaNa-rmaNaIyakYaa_

AtaIva sarLaa maZaura maØjauLaa naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__2__

Kavi-kokila-va@lm&ki-virac{ita@, ra@ma@yan<a-raman<&ya-katha@, At&va sarala@ madhura@ man~jula@, naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat<hina@.


EXERCISE 22 : ONLY A READING EXERCISE. rama> samauidtaE: gauNaE: yauF> samaIxya doarYa: tasya yaaEvarajyama Amanyata_ (Ra@mam[ samuditaih< gun<aih< yuktam[

sam&ks<ya das{arathah< tasya yauvara@jyam amanyat) ivaivaZaana naagairkana naanaa jaanapadana Aipa savaa|> saBaama Aaman%ya

doarYa: qvaaca_ (Vividha@n na@garika@n na@na@ ja@napada@n api sarva@m[ sabha@m a@mantrya das{arathah< uva@c{a) ÃeP#:

]va mama pau%a: rama: savaE|: gauNaE: yauF: Aista_ Ata: yaaEvarajyae tama inayaaejayaaima tasmaata Anaumanyataama_ (S}res<t<hah< eva mama

putrah< ra@mah< sarvaih< gun<aih< yuktah< asti. Atah< yauvara@jye tam[ niyojaya@mi tasma@t anumanyata@m) tae Aipa doarYama Qcau: (te api das{aratham u@c{uh<) na\patae! (Nr<pate!) ÃIrama: Zama|Xa: satyasanZa: oaILavaana AnasaUyak:

(S}r&ra@mah< dharmajn~ah< satyasandhah< s{&lava@n anasu@yakah<) tasmaata sava|oa%audmanama }mama ÃIrama> yaaEvarajyae vayama Aipa

dRP@uma }cCama: (Tasma@t sarvas{atrudamanam imam[ s{r&ra@mam[ yauvara@jye vayam api dras<t<um ic{c{ha@mah<)

EXERCISE 23: Fill in the blanks. (1) rama> samauidtaE: gauNaE: ------------- samaIxya_ (2) savaa|> saBaama Aaman%ya ------------- qvaaca_

(3) mama pau%a: ------------- savaE|: gauNaE: yauF: Aista_ (4) yaaEvarajyae ------------- inayaaeFa Aisma_

(5) tae Aipa ------------- qcau:_ (6) ÃIrama> yaaEvarajyae ------------- Aipa dRP@uma }cCama:_

9.3

A Devotional Song

bhakti-g&tam BaiFgaItama`_

EXERCISE 24 : Only a Reading and Writing exercise. Read the paragrapha and write them in Sanskrit. If you want, the meaning of the verses is given in Appendix 9 at the end.

S}r&kr>s<n<a govinda hare mura@re, He na@tha na@ra@yan<a va@sudeva, Jihve! pibasva@mr>tametadeva, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti. Jihve! sadaiva bhaja sundara@n<i, Na@ma@ni kr<s<n<asya manohara@n<i, Samasta bhakta@rtivina@s{ana@ni, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti. S}r&kr<s<n<a ra@dha@vara gokules{a, Gopa@la govardhana na@tha vis<n<o,


Jihve! pibasva@mr>tametadeva, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti.

EXERCISE 25 : Fill in the blanks with the Sanskrit words used in above English transliterated verses. (1) ijaÌe sadEva ------------------- saundraiNa _ (2) ------------------- ˜PNasya manaaehraiNa_

(3) ------------------- BaFaita|ivanaaoanaaina_ (4) ÃI˜PNa raZaavar ------------------- _

(5) gaaepaaLa gaaevaZa|na ------------------- ivaPNaae_ (6) ------------------- damaaedr maaZavaeita _

9.4

Maha@bha@ratam

mahaBaartama`_

vyaasaivaricataa gaNaeoaiLaiSataa mahaBaartae idvyakYaa_

kaErvapaaNDva-saGÐr-maiYataa naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__6__

Vya@sa-virac{ita@ gan<es<a-likhita@, maha@bha@rate divya-katha@, Kaurava-pa@n<d<ava-san[gara-mathita@, naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat<hina@.

(for meaning of Sanskrit verses, please see Appendix 9)

EXERCISE 26 : READING EXERCISE. This is only a reading exercise. Read the following Sanskrit

paragraphs. Write them for practice.

vaEoampaayana: AbaRvaIta (Vais{ampa@yanah< abrav&t)

tae paaNDvaa: vaIra: ba&SaDÐa: ba&k’oapaaoaa: kaiLandI> nadIma AiBamauSama ˜tvaa jagmau: (te pa@n<d<ava@h< v&ra@h<

baddha-khad<ga@h< baddha-kes{a-pa@s{ah< ka@lindim[ nad&m abhimukham[ kr<tva@ jagmuh<) tata: tae dixaNa>

taIr> paadaByaama ]va AnvagacCna_ (tatah< te daks<in<am[ t&ram[ pada@bhya@m eva anvagac{c{han) tada tae

paaNDvaa: (tada@ te pa@n<d<ava@h<) inava\Tavanavaasaa: (nivr<tta-vana-va@sah<) svaraP@¼> paRepsava: (sva-ra@s<t<ram[

prepsavah<) igairdugae|Pau vanadugae|Pau ZanauPmanta: (giri-durges<u vana-durges<u dhanus<mantah<) tae mahaZanauZaa|irNa:

mahabaLaa: (te maha@-dhanurdha@rin<ah< maha@-bala@h<) vanaePau ma\gasamaUhana oarE: ivanZyanta: (vanes<u


mr<gasamu@ha@n s{araih< vindhyantah<) qTareNa doaaNa| deoaana (uttaren<a das<a@rn<a des{a@n) taYaa dixaNaena

paaØcaaLaana deoaana (tatha@ daks<in<ena pa@n~c{a@la@n des{a@n) AntareNa ca (antaren<a c{a) ya˜LLaaemaana oaUrsaenaana

˜tvaa (yakr<lloma@n s{u@rasena@n kr<tva@) matsyasya ivaPaya> deoa> paRivaP@a: (matsyasya vis<ayam[ des{am[

pravis<t<a@h<) tata: matsyasya nagar> paRapya (tatah< matsyasya nagaram[ pra@pya) Zama|rajaana> dRaEpadI qvaaca_

(dharmara@ja@nam[ draupad& uva@c{a) paoya! ]kpa^: ±oyantae_ (pas{ya! ekapadyah< dr<s{yante) Ata: Anaena

icaÈena vyaFä Bavaita (atah< anena c{ihnena vyaktam[ bhavati) yata ivara@sya rajanagarI }ta: dUre ]va BaivaPyaita_

(yat vira@t>asya ra@janagar& itah< du@re eva bhavis<yati)

EXERCISE 27 : Fill in the blanks : (1) tae ------------- vaIra: ba&SaDÐa:_ (2) tae ------------- taIr> padaByaama ]va AnvagacCna_

(3) ivara@sya rajanagarI }ta: ------------- ]va BaivaPyaita_

9.5

The G&ta@ gaItaa_

kÖwxae%a-samara>GÐNa-gaItaa, ivaovavaindtaa Bagava§Itaa_

Ama\tamaZaura kma|dIipaka, naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__7__ Kuruks<etra-samara@n[gan<a-g&ta@vis{va-vandita@ bhagavadg&ta@, Amr<ta-madhura@ karma-d&pika@ naiva klis<t>a@ na c{a kat<hina.

EXERCISE 28 : READING EXERCISE saØjaya: qvaaca_ ta> taYaa ˜payaa AaivaP@ma AÃupaUNaa|k•lexaNama ivaPaIdna tama }d> vaaKyama qvaaca maZausaUdna:_ k•ta: tvaa

komalma }dma ivaPamae samaupaisYatama_ Anaaya|jauP@ma Asvagya|ma AkIita|krma Ajau|na! KlEbya> maa sma gama: paaYa|! na ]tata tvaiya

qpapa^tae_ xaudRma Êdya-daEba|Lya> tyaKtvaa qiTaP# par>tapa!

San~jayah< uva@c{a. Tam[ tatha@ kr<paya@ a@vis<t>am as{ru-pu@rn<a@kuleks<an<am[ vis<&dan tam idam[ va@kyam uva@c{a madhusu@danah<. Kutah< tva@ kas{malam idam[ vis<ame sam-upasthitam. Ana@rya-jus<t>am asvargyam ak&rtikaram arjuna! Klaibyam[ ma@ sma gamah< pa@rtha! na etat tvayi upapadyate. Ks<udram[ hr<daya-daurbalyam[ tyaktva@ uttis<t>ha parantapa!


EXERCISE 29 : Fill in the blanks (1) ivaPaIdna tama }d> vaaKyama qvaaca ------------- _

(2) k•ta: tvaa komalma }dma ------------- samaupaisYatama?

(3) xaudRma Êdya-daEba|Lyama ------------- qiTaP# par>tapa!

9.6

I am S{iva

s{ivo]ham ioavaae~hma`_

EXERCISE 30: Reade and write the verses as you see them. For meaning see Appendix 9. Na me dves<a-ra@gau na me lobha-mohau, Mado naiva me naiva ma@tsarya-bha@vah<, Na dharmo na c{a@rtho na ka@mo na moks<ah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. na mae VeParagaaE na mae LaaeBamaaehaE_ madae naEva mae naEva maatsaya|Baava:_

na Zamaae| na caaYaae| na kamaae na maaexa:_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma__8__ Na pun<yam[ na pa@pam[ na saukhyam[ na duh<kham, Na mantro na t&rtham[ na veda@ na yajn~a@h<, Aham[ bhojanam[ naiva bhojyam[ na bhokta@, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. na pauNya> na paapa> na saaESya> na du:Sama_ na ma>%aae na taIYa|> na vaeda na yaXaa:_

Ah> Baaejana> naEva Baaejya> na BaaeFa_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma__9__

Na me mr<tyu-s{an[ka@ na me ja@ti-bhedah<, Pita naiva me naiva ma@ta@ na janma, Na bandhurna mitram[ gururnaiva s{is<yah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. na mae ma\tyauoaGÍa na mae jaaitaBaed:_ ipataa naEva mae naEva maataa na janma_

na banZauna| ima%a> gauwnaE|va ioaPya:_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma__10__

Aham[ nirvikalpo nira@ka@ra-ru@pah<, Vibhurvya@pyasarvatra sarvendriya@n<a@m, Sada@ me samatvam[ na muktirna bandhah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. Ah> inaiva|kLpaae inarakarWpa:_ ivaBauvyaa|pyasava|%a savae|indRyaaNaama_

sada mae samatva> na mauiFna| banZa:_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma__11__


PART 9.7

OBEISANCE TO THE MOTHERLAND Vande Ma@taram vande maatarma`_

EXERCISE 31: Read this beautiful prayer from Bankim Chandra Chaterji's poetry.

vande maatarma`_ saujaLaa> saufLaa> maLayaja-oaItaLaama`_

oasyaoyaamaLaa> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__12__

Vande ma@taram, Sujala@m[ suphala@m[ malayaja-s{&tala@m, S}asya-s{ya@mala@m[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

oauBaR-jyaaetsnaa> pauLaikta-yaaimanaIma`_ sauhaisanaI> saumaZaur-BaaiPaNaIma`_

sauSada> varda> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__13__

S}ubhra-jyotsna@m[ pulakita-ya@min&m, Suha@sin&m[ su-madhura-bha@s<in<&m, sukhada@m[ varada@m[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

ivaâdaiyaina namaaima tvaama`_ namaaima kmaLaama` AmaLaama` AtauLaama`_

saujaLaa> saufLaa> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__14__

Vidya@-da@yini! nama@mi tva@m, Nama@mi kamala@m amala@m atula@m, Sujala@m[ suphala@m[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

oyaamaLaa> sarLaama`_ sauismataa> BaUiPataama`_

ZarNaI> BarNaI> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__15__

S}ya@mala@m[ sarala@m, Susmita@m[ bhu@s<ita@m, Dharan<im[ bharan<im[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.


9.8 THE VEDAS

The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-ma>%a:_

gaItaa gaGÐa caò gaaóyaó%aI gaaeivandeita Êòidó isYòatae_ catauga|karòsa>óyauóF’ paunaja|nma naò ivaó^òtae__16__

G&ta@ gan[ga@ c{a ga@yatr& govindeti hr<di sthite, c{aturgaka@rasam~yukte punarjanma na vidyate. Loftiest among all Sanskrit writings is the divine Ga@yatr& Mantra.

EXERCISE 32: Read, write and compare the Sanskrit and English characters.

1. Œ BaUBau|va: sva:_ tatsaivatauva|reNya> Bagaae| devasya ZaImaih_ iZayaae yaae na: paRcaaedyaata__17__

Om[ bhu@rbhuvah< svah<, tatsaviturvaren<yam[ bhargo devasya dh&mahi, dhiyo yo nah< prac{odaya@t.

2. Œ ]kdntaaya iva¯he_ vaÛtauNDaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae dntaI paRcaaedyaata__18__

Om[ ekadanta@ya vidmahe, vakratun<d<a@ya dh&mahi, tanno dant& prac{odaya@t. 3. Œ tatpauwPaaya iva¯he_ mahadevaaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae wdR: paRcaaedyaata__19__

Om[ tatpurus<a@ya vidmahe, maha@deva@ya dh&mahi, tanno rudrah< prac{odaya@t. 4. Œ naarayaNaaya iva¯he_ vaasaudevaaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae ivaPNau: paRcaaedyaata__20__

Om[ na@ra@yan<a@ya vidmahe, va@sudeva@ya dh&mahi, tanno vis<n<uh< prac{odaya@t. 5. Œ devyaE baRMaNyaE iva¯he_ mahaoaKtyaE ca ZaImaih_ ta²ae devaI paRcaaedyaata__21__

Om[ devyai brahma@n<yai vidmahe, maha@s{aktyai c{a dh&mahi, tanno dev& prac{odaya@t. 6. Œ mahaLaxmyaE ca iva¯he_ ivaPNaupatnyaE ca ZaImaih_ ta²ae LaxmaI paRcaaedyaata__22__

Om[ maha@laks<myai c{a vidmahe, vis<n<upatnyai c{a dh&mahi, tanno laks<m& prac{odaya@t. 7. Œ Baaskraya iva¯he_ mahª¹uitakraya ZaImaih_ ta²ae Aaidtya: paRcaaedyaata__23__

Om[ bha@skara@ya vidmahe, mahaddyutikara@ya dh&mahi, tanno a@dityah< prac{odaya@t. 8. gaaya%yaastau par²aista oaaeZana> paapakma|Naama`_ gaaya>ta> %aayatae yasmaa§aya%aI saa tata: sma\taa__24__

Ga@yatrya@stu paranna@sti s{odhanam[ pa@pakarman<a@m, Ga@yantam[ trya@te yasma@t ga@yatr& sa@ tatah< smr<ta@.

Documents

Doc Sanskrit Read Writehilwebsite.com/pdfs/learn to read write sanskrit.pdf · 3 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 26 Rules for Sanskrit