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AUTHOR t Pao, K. N.

TITLE Collaboration in Science and Technology. AnInter-American Perspectiv,e. Issues in InternationalEducation Report No. 4.-

INSTITUTION InstitUte of International Education, New York,N.Y.

DATE 75'

NOTE gip.p.AVAILABLE FROM Institute-of International Education, 809 United

Nations Plaza, New York, N.Y. 10017 (free)

'EBRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$1.67 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS College Science; Developing Nations; *Higher

Education; Latin American Culture; ScienceCurriculum; *Science Education; Science Facilities;Science Institutes; Science InstruCtion; ScientificAttitudes; *Scientific Research; *TechnicalEducation; Technological Advancement; Technology;*Universities

IDENTIFIERS *Latin America

ABSTRACTPolitical events in Latin America in recent years

have caused universities to re-examine their goals and externalrelationships, especially in terms of'science.and technology. Thereexamination has led to a renewed stress on basic science educationand an explosive growth of gradsgte.education. In view of thesestructural changes, almost every Latin American country hasestablished a national council ofscience, and technology to providesupport for scientific and technological research in theuniversities. Parallel to the research councils are the natio nalassociations of universities and the councils of rectors charged withthe task of allocating nationalfunds to universities, courses andprograms. /What is needed now is greater hemispheric collaboration,increased technology transfer, and interaction in the area ofscientific and technological policy studies as well as innovations infunding of research. (JMF)

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;4,-IssU0s in Internatonal Education

The publication of this series'of papers reflects.tee Institute'scontinuing concern with the critical issues in internationaleducation. In recent years this concern has been expressedparticularly through, the Institute's sponsorship of the International'Councils On Higher Education, which bring together chiefexecutives of universities in-the U.S. and other regions of 'theworld for examination of topics of shared interest°. Essays preparedas subjects for discussion at these conferences will fo a portionof the series, which will draw upon other, resources as ww 11.

Th-past- two decades -have been -a- period-of-enormous growth -ineducatilm throughout the World. As the role of education hasincreased in dimension, the Choices involved in educationaldecision-making have increased in complexity and in social impact.It.is hoped that this series will contribute to the ongoing debateon the issues of international education through examinationalternative viewpoints and through the publicationinformation. As international educati s r era has broadenedits scope beyond traditio way to include developmentalassistance and other concerns, the range of topics covered in theseries will reflect this breadth of interests in the field.

Papers in this series are prepared under'the direction of theOffice of Planning and Analysis, the progra'm planning anddevelopment arm of HE. , r

0 197.58i-institute of International Education809 United Nations Plaza. New Ygrk, N.Y. 10017 3

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C Ilaborationin Science and

TechnologyAn inter-Amer' an

Perspective

by N. Rao

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Nagaraja Rao is currently a SeniorResearch Associate at the Center for PolicyAlternatives of the Masslichusetts Institute

of Technology. He ibmuglit to this porlengthy experience as an educator and

foundation official in the field of scienceand technology policy, Dr. Rao previously

serred for ten years as Ford FoundationProgram Officer for,Science, Technologyand Education in Latin America. He has

acted as a consultant to the Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bptik, the Agency for

International Derelopment, and foreigngovern rents, and hiA taught at universities

both India and the United States.

This ess( v was the subject of discussion at11w_19 .) eticyaco conference of the Council

on, 4; cation in the AmericanRepublics,The meeting s the seventeentlt

in,an annual series of inter-Americaneducators conferences, and was organized

'by IIE throttge(u grant from the Tinker-Fi7undation of New York.

4

4 41

I. Changed Structure

eclarations of Punta delEst, the Consensus of Vinadel Mar, resolutions of theCACTAL Confetence ofBrasilia, the Andean Pact

and the communiques of the 1974Mexico City foreign ministers'conference are among thepronouncements that have punctuated astormy period of inter-Americanrelations which began in the early sixties.These documents consistently affirm The

:individual personality' of Latin Americain their tone and iu the new relationsthey seek to establish among thecountries of the region, and betweenLatin America and the rest of the Ap.They reject developmental determinism,and intellectual dependency as inimicalto the legion's development. Morerecently, the tides of inflation sweepingthe world and the energy crisis haveaffected individual countries of LatinAmerica in different ways, but in theircombined effect have served to introckrcenew complekitieg into inter-Americanrelations. The passage of the 1974 U,S.Trade Bill has _turned out to be yetanother pi of salt in a festering .

wound.

/These events are significant earlyindicators of the contours of the newpower relations unfolding before us. In

hithe case of Latin they bespeak adetermination to ac ve new andadvantageous terms of trade intechnolOgy, capitalizing on the region'snatural resources, its higher level ofdevelopment in comparison with otherdeveloping regions, and especially itsinstitutional capacity to ingest newtechnology. In spite of diversions in theregion and elsewhere from anti-scienceand anti-technology forces, every one ofthe declarations, resolutions and pactscited above place special emphasis on theneed for further rapid. development ofscience and technology, and on the needtb develop manpower, ideas, andanalyses for the fulfillmentof the,economic and social development of -the

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region. The Declarations of thePresidents of the American Republicsassembled at Punta del Este gave impetusto a vastly expanded Regional Programof Science and Tedhnologyof theOrganization of American States (OAS).The "Consensus of Vina del Mar"pfescribed a specific set of actions towhich the U.S. and the Latin Americannations should address themselves in theareas of science and technology. TheCACTAL (Cbnference on' the Applicationof Science and Technology to LatinAmefican Development) conferedce.heldin Brasilia (1972) subjected these and avariety of other ideas to vigorous debate.

f .Subsequent official announcements fromthe U.S. have re-emphasized U.S. desireto share its technology with LatinAmerica, but concrete mechanisms andincentives to translate this desire intoactionable- programs have yet to appearfrom either side. However, articles.related to the transfer of technologyhave become commonplace in mostrecent cultural-and trade agreementsbetween the U.S. and other countries.

While these major events were takingplace in the political arena, LatinAmerican universities were re-examiningtheir goals and their external,relationships. Structural changesintended to modernize traditional .

'university structures in Latin Americahad yielded mixed results. Manyuniversities16d created institutes ofbasic sciences or established generalstudies programs to horizontallyinterconnect their disparate andvertically integrated faculties. In mostcases, basic sciences and mathematicswere jhe firSt disciplines around whichgeneral studies programs were built, Thisprovided the opportunity for universitiesto introduce new experimentalapproaches to the teaching of these basicdisciplihes and to the modernization offacilitibs and curricula. The basic scienceinstitutes also provided desperately

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needed underpinning for engineeringprogramg, whic1). also underwentupdating during the late sixties and earlyseventies.

Basic sciences started as parts of thegeneral studies programs, grew to becomeindependent licenciatura' prOirzfinsand are now providing new kinds_of,specialists in the basic sciences. Thisstructural transformation is oftencriticized because it is an innovationpatterned after U.S. models and 'ruseit might not provide`the solution toall the, problems of Latin Americanuniversities, many of which have theirrots in the long history and culture'ofthe continent. It would appear thatstructural changes introduced barely adecade ago need time tb undergoAidditiondl transformation _before they .

come to support the stable universities,of the future in Latin America. The factthat certain private universities have

.z.tdone bettei in adapting these innovationsthan public universities might say..something about -thy difficulty ofInstitutional modernization in the region.

A second major change in highereducation in Latin America is the-explosive growth of.graduate education,especially in- scientific and engineeringfields. Establishedon the basis of theurgent need for high level manpower byindustry, government and higher_education itselfand as a method oflifting the quality of higher educationgraduate programs in the sciences andengineering have helped to developcenters of creativity in the region wherenone existed before. Nurtured properly,they piomise to provide a network ofinstitutions necessary not only tointeract With and adapt, technology fromoutside, but to develop technologiesindigenously. Appropriateness ofimported technologyand the relevanceof training abroad can be questioned bythe developing countries ad nauseambut unless indigenous graduate programsand related science and technologyinstitutions are given the freedom andincentive to attain parity with those ofthe developed countries, dependencewill continue and autonomy will be just

- a slogan.

Two other institutional developmentsare worthy of note as we reviewstructural changes in Latin Americanscience and technology. Almost everycountry-in the region now has a nationalcouncil of science and technology, or willsoon have one. These councils have beenhelpful in providing support for scientificand technological tesearch in theuniversities, thereby augmenting the .

meager investments the universities can ,

make in support of research oat of theirregular budgets. It is probablytrue thatin several countries funds'available to

e the research councils are not sufficientto meet even the current demand, letalone to'finance major new types of

\actiyity. It may also be true that somecouncils have become too bUreaucratizedto be innovative in the support of .

research and in mustering support fromvariety of national and internationalagencies to develop major programs ofresearch. In some cases, local financingthrough the councils is supplemented bythe OAS Regional Program of Scienceand Technology, the agencies of theUnited Nations, and by otherinternational organizations andfoundations. There is evidence, however;to indicate that in real terms theinternational aioncia and foundationsare not investing as heavily in scienceand technology as they did in the period1965-70.

Parallel to the research councils are thenational associations of universities andthe councils of rectors. Charged with thedifficult task of allocating national fundsto universities, and controlling theexpansion of the number of universities,courses and programs, these associationshave had varying degrees of success indischarging their responsibilities. Eventhe developed countries with advancedsyst4 of higher education have nothad much success in controlling thegrowtli of university systems and relatingtheir output to national needs. .

Region-wide-federations of universityassociations have also had a checkeredhistory. Associations such as theGULERPE (Latin American Study -Group on the Reform and Improvementof Education) and UDUAL (Union ofLatin American Universities) have had

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rgreat difficulty in aLhieving linancialviability. Other university asOciationssuch as UNICA (The ApociationCaribbean Universities and' ResearchInstitutes) CSUCA (The HigherUniversity Council of.Central AmeiicanUniversities) and CJIEAR (Cciuncii`CinHigher Education in the AmericanRepublics) continue to render service toHigher ed.ucaton in spite. of thediscontinnities inituuling available tothem. The potential of_ Latin Americanuniversity associations for furtheringcollaboration with universitia in otherregions of the world deserves urgentstudy.

To complete this rapid review ofstructural changes and some of,the majorimplications of these changes, one mustnote a variety' of other experiments thdthave taken place on the Latin Amerjcanhigher education landscape in the, jastdecade. Countries have cautiously moved,into t he, realm of subprofessiorialtechnical education, as in Brazil with theOperational Eitsineering Program, anti inChile with the Regional College Programsof the University of °file.Decentralization of the massive -

university systems in Chile and Mexico, .

the emergence of Latin American prkatefoundations in a few countries,experimentation with television in highereducation,`reform of scienceic`lirricula at_the school level,--anifprograms to link -research in science and engineering at theuniversities with the needs of industryand government are-some excitingdeveloimients in the latin American.region which brighten a picture that inthe heat of confrontdtiOn politic's is toooften drawn in dark colors.

To this observer, the accoMplishments ofthe past ten years-in erecting aninfrastructure of scientific andtechnological institutions have beenquite substantial. The big task o puttingtliese institutions to work to alizesocial and economic objecti es for whichthey were created lies ahead: and that islargely the responsibility of indigenousleadership. Tvhis task is a long-termundertaking and in some senses will-never be completed.

.

Many of the development agencies whichoriginally collaborated in the effort t&build an infrastructure argue that, as firas science and technology are concernid,the Latin American region.now'hasinstitutions and competeth people toman them. Therefore, it is argued,external assistance jvio longer requiredin the same volume and for the same -

purposes. Pitvision of technicalassistance intLinstitutionabievelopmentthrough externally supplied gxpertiseare no longer the objectives ofdevelopment agencies interested in LatinAmerica. In fact, it is said that LatinAmerica pas much to contribute to therest of the developing.workas alaboratory of development.expe.Fience.Some countries in the region now \havethe capacity in certain fields to,rendersuch service to other developing regions.Viewed in this perspective, `dependencia'becoines a shop-worn idea which mayhave servedits purpose. `Dependencia'may be replaced by the more positiveideology of Intadependencia.'which Latin American universities andother scientific and technologicalinstitutions might play the truly-international role to which they aspire.

Consolidation of the gains made thus far,imprbvemen t of the management of thenew and the old institutions andprograms, re-examination of national and

-institutional priorities, and the..,..:fashioning of c9igtruetive relationships

with centers41 intellectual activityaround the constitute a complexagenda that will keep Latin-Americaneducators busy for quite some time. Thisis the moment to breathe new meaningand vitality into the externalrelationships so that autarchic ideas andprocedures will not smother intellectualinterchange betWeen the U.S., LatinAmerica and the rest of the world.

With the expansion of Latin Americanuniversities and the development ofgraduate programs in the region, itpossible that in years ahead studentexchange will involvea greaterproportion of graduate students andsenior scholars than undergraduates,although programs such as theVenezuelan goverriment's Gran- Marischalde Ayacucho Scholarship Program may

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ske' this trendsom-e\the nearfuture.-The travel of U.S. scholars toLatin America for research and teachinghas'awarently' slowed quite considerably

.wrt-ri the decrease in the number of .inter-u niVersi tycollabora tion programssupported by the U.S, Agency forlnternatiOnal Deielopinent and theMajor foundats. However, statisticson scholarly exchange within theheinisphert have been unreliable it istherefore quite difficult toquantity thsize ofJhe gap that may be developiin scholarly communication between

-the U.S. and Latin American countries.

.Unless a new grand strategy emerges inthe near ftiture', it is perhaps unrealistito think that external-resources of tImagnitude that were available during the-19604970 period.for scientific andtechnological deyelopment "ag9inbe available in the next ten years, Manyof the resources necessary for further.development of the universities and of ,

the research and development 4

infrastructure are likely to be internallygenerated in the region. Venezuela'sbeneficence in sharing,its-new petrbleum

e riches both through the Inter,AmericanDevelopment Bank and bilaterally withcountries of the region is a commendableinitiatiNe. What portion of these grantsand loans will go to the support or hjghereducation and scientific and _

technological research and developmentis not yet clear. ,

The develormenf of coll4biOrative tirosis not in itself a new sugge4oK Suchinteractions have already ttziteuplacewith fruitful results.17,avorahle conditionsfor interaction Ore,ail iW Latin Americatodliy.The number of competentscientists and technologists in the region.hai increased over the past decade,laboratvy ficilities have improvedsignificrintly-in -a-dozen or more-majoixlink, rsities and-researeaceleri,co nmunication and ta,tran sm iss ntacilitieS 1--b mg estabfaed a mostij rtantly, rese.ar(h commu ties haveidentified re,sedrch prioritipin respons6to funding ag cy demands.Relevance of research t developmentne s of the nation is a criterion -freqrien0 applied by funding agenciesin Latin America.

It is not illy purpose here to suggest anagenda fof collaborative research. Sincesuch research assumes Mutually'agreed-upon goals and procedures and adivisioyi of responsibilities betWeen thecollaborators, a research agenda featuringa set of 'common' or 'convergent'program areas or themes could be easilyarrived at. Sofia4 scientists have pointedout that the.01'oblems of urbancongestion, maldistribut ion of income,alienation, population growth,environmental decay, and resourcedepletion are c nmon to bc;..tyli developedand develo ig countries, and::.t.hat theyvary o in degree andmin the intensityof, i en- impact.

A similar set of 'convergent'-in which science and technolsignificant role can be eassembled. An agetid'research so derivscientific andin thewoulddeal'to

11. Changing Priorities

iven the constraints thatseem to be ,devdbping;andthe lessened need for -

external technical assistancefor institutional

devel pment, it would aPpear that theinost iyaningful kinds of relationshipsthat Latin American universities andscientific and technological research,institutions could have with theircounterpar'ts in the U.S. and elsewherewould be through collaborative re,seaych.(This (Ides not exclude, howeVer, thetraditional exchange of teachNrs-andstudents that will need to continue,.)

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pro msplay a

y easilyor collaborative

would includechnological research

senses of these terms, butso include the 'softer' aspects

g with societal impact of the new,inologies and the policy alternatives

vailable for consideration by decisionersn that society. CollaboratiOn in

'researC----,,t116 'harder' sciences aridrhaps easier than in

'nose of the longercolla:-xtidn in.the

olicy

technologies isthe polity sciences,history1of scientific

----ion and also because analyst(

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afternativekrequires a `ultidist:iplinaryinteractiona tradition'tliat is onlyslowly being established in the region.

The choice4if subjects of mutual, interestavailable for scientific and technological-research is enormous:

1. aiiplicatiorr of spas:e agetechnoloeies, for resource surveys'

`and. for educationaland socialapplications.research on ocean resourcesincluding studies of population

ydynamics of commerciallysignificant varieties of krill,anchovies; shrimp's and-oysters.developmentOf new technologies 'for pr6ervation-And packaging for..,local distributioti; and for export.a major program -01. varietalimprovement of food crops drawingupon.research at-the two majorinternational agricultural centers ioMexico and Columbia.

5. a scientific assaulton'plant andanimal d iseaseswith multinationaland ifiterdisaPlinary teams..

6.. a major attack on endemic diseases/ such as the Chagas disease,7., further explorations into the

,relation between malnutrition andcognitive development (in the studyof which Latin American scientistshave achided -rfernational

4:

distinction)8. d&velopi n't of communicittions

techyo pies, including developmento tin American cavity to move

eyond assembly of consumer'electronic apparatus to actualdesign and manufacture of-thebasic components.

, 9. encouragement of universityresearchon sapdropriate'technologies to take advantage ofthe factor endOwments of Thecountries Of the region.

. 10. program of researchials technology from steel,

alloys to building construction`*dais.

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The list cou d-be_ektended. Much initialwork in the areas mentioned has alreadybeen supported by the OAS Regional .

Pfogram in Science and Technology, andby other assistance agencies'andfoundations. Thy,- need now seems to beto focus these fforts, to give them amission origin ation, and to car fullyselect local niversities and. researc

/institutes hich-can assume operatidnalrespon ility'for the execution ofspe is research projects. In the past.

e process of grant-making andadministration has tended to become.too rigid. De-bureaucratization of theentire prOcess is urgent if the'necessaryinterdisCiplinaCy and hitfr-institutionalinteractionin such 'protiiern-orientedresearch is to take place. As U.S.institutions now the'receiving end ofresearch support' from Latin Americancountries are discovering, bu-reaucracieseverywhere have great difficulty indealing with research communities,especially those away from their shores,The shoe Pinches even on the other foot."

Equally exciting possibilities forhemispheric interaction exist in the area -of scientific and technological policy -

studies. Stimulated by the earlier workin Europe at the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development,and respondingto the pressure withinthe U.S. for a re-examination of nationalpriorities and of the role of science andtechnology in economic and socialdevelopment, a varietyof policy analysiscenters' ve emerged on the U.S.unive itY scene. New approaches to

ecastiug technology and ITS sessingconseque flees/ of technology on societyrange from die highly mathematical toflie-hpristic. in most cases, theapproach is multidisciplinary .,and theobjective lao'exaMine the.protess odecisidnimaking in the society at is ge,within the scientific and technolo icalinstitutional structure and at the, levelof the alit, and to suggest alternativepoliciekfdtdecision makers to ponder,and tdotilhooses.-

ues464i'elated to technology t4nsfer,.

i$costs and benefits or di vestmentdecisions, indigenotikesea clVanddevelopment vs. inipyiastion of

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technology, 'unbundling' of technOlogy'imported from outside:appropriate

- technologies and their cosf4ndaf.fect-ciri employment generation and inco edistribution, the effect of govoinme tpolicies, incentives and disincenti

, innovation at the firm level, hui ar{resource availability nd neweapprpaches. to:for casting ar s-6ineof the policy q estions on }richuniversity re arch group. couldcollaborat . Certain elf rts have alreadybegun atin Amer an researchcente -in Brazil, gentina; Chile;Me and the h adquarters of the

dean Pactin im9.4ru, amongothers. In this ath7 sensitive area.

. collaboratio co)ild start with the sharingof nigtho'd logfes (which are stilkn theearly sta es Of,development in tilt' U.S.and-Et oPe)'and then lead to moresubs antive discussions, stithat policyalt' rnatives are illuminated prio'r to

litical confrontation based onincomplete data and analysis.

The immediate need appears to be tostrengtlwAr national policy analysisgroups in the region, particularly by'involving social scientists andtechnologists such programs. NationalResearch Councils are understan 'iblymore used to the idea of making searchgrants for scientific and techniczresearch than they are to the idea of- ,

supporting policy - relevant research inscie nee and technology:

A second step would be to proVide foropportunities for such groups toexchange Vs and data more frequently-than is now possible. The CACTALconference provided one suchopportunity. The interactiOn of Latin

, American policy research groups withtheir counterpirts in the U.S. andelsewhere is somewhat haphazard, at this

'point. However, thp Council of theAmericas has initiated a series ofconversations among business leadersand is su porting 'some research ini the

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academic_comntunity.'U.S. universitieshave estabtished degree programs in.science and technology policy analysisas have sonte British universities, whichprovides an opportunity to establishfurther' reralionship's. \While Opportunities for collaborationin misiipn-oriented -scientifje andtechnological projects and policy exist,a serious information gap has developed`beca se of the-hiatus.in the relations.betwee Latin America and tlic U.Several scie fic symposia withunbroken recore for continuity havehad to be snspendee , .nd travel to Lalin'American from around tbeen affected bj,_funging oreignexchange problems. The :mace ' ilicySeminarssponsored b he U.S. Nati. -alAcademy of aciences'in collaborationwith national reach councils in LatinAmerica and t well-attended AmericanAssociation or the Advancement ofScience7 oilsejo Nacional de Ciencia

'y Tecriologia-conference "Man in theAmericas" suggest the kinds ofproductive interchange that shouldcontinue if countries of the hemisphere',wish not to isolate themselves from eachother. A scientific weekly similar toNature or Science, reporting on currentresearch in Latin America, would appearto be an urgent need. Such a journalcould possibly include Spanish andPortuguese abstracts of articles appearing

`in Nature, Science and similar U.S. and.:'European publications.

Some innovations in funding of resin satin Amerit are desperatelespecially in support of regio

'networking activities and idissemination. ExperipnRegional Program inTechnology would

'diffidult to sustatime 'if financi

ormationWith the t AS

ence andggest that it is

research groups oversupport is subject to

the vagaries of political decisions. New .4

administrative methods of dovetailingactions of national research councils andregionally administered programs ofassistance wherevepossible would helpto ensure that duplications are avoided.--;-.Alternatively, such coordination wouldasslre that. rajor projects are notunderfinanced.

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*Mr

/,Paradonically, while at least some Latin,

- American countries find themselves in apoSition tost,ipport research activitiesOf theiVeientists, U.S. scientists findthemselves the,unaccustomed positionorhaving negligible support to-respondto requests for collaboration from LatinAthericans, much less o initiatentlep dent resear on Latin,A.mericanro ems in the . One hopes that Aisndition is t sitory and that the -

hi e y s Jong and cordial relations, among'the niversities of the region will

du' e changes in the offing inittcr relationships among the nations

of-t 4mispivere

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About IIEThe Institute of International Education was founded in 1919 t0'promote international understanding through education. Itadministers scholarship and fellowship prograMs fdr the U.S. and

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