Doctor of Philosophy - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/54156/2... · is a piece of research work done by Shri Abhishek Kumar Singh who has worked under the guidance

Universityof

Lucknow

Ph.D. ThesisPhysical Education

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE

UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW

FOR THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of PhilosophyIN

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOWLUCKNOW

Associate Professor & HeadDepartment of Physical Education

Lucknow Christian College,Lucknow

By

Under the Supervision of :

DR. K.M. VALSARAJ

COMPARISON OF SELECTED MOTOR ABILITY

COMPONENTS ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

AND BODY COMPOSITION OF HOCKEY GOALKEEPERS

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMPETITION

ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH

ii

Dedicated

To

My

Grand Parents

Late (Shri) Raja Ram Singh &

Late (Shrimati) Shona Singh

&

Parents

Shri Hriday Narayan Singh &

Shrimati Bindu Singh

iii

Dr.K.M.VALSARAJ,M.P.Ed.,M.Phil.,Ph.D., Associate Professor and Head Department of Physical Education, Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow

Certificate

This is to certify that the work entitled “Comparison of selected

motor ability components, anthropometric measurements and body

composition of hockey goalkeepers at different levels of competition”

is a piece of research work done by Shri Abhishek Kumar Singh who

has worked under the guidance of the undersigned during 2010-2014 for

the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education from

University of Lucknow, Lucknow. This thesis has not been submitted for

any degree to any other University.

This thesis is an original accomplishment

Lucknow (Dr.K.M.Valsaraj)

Date: - Supervisor

iv

DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis entitled “Comparison of selected motor

ability components, anthropometric measurements and body

composition of hockey goalkeepers at different levels of competition”

is my own work conducted under the supervision of Dr. K.M.Valsaraj,

Associate Professor, Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow (U.P.) India,

approved by the Research Degree Committee.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, the thesis does

not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award

of any degree either in this University or in other University, Deemed

University without proper citation.

(Abhishek Kumar Singh)

Research Scholar

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the first instance, I have to pay my obeisance and acceptance to

“Almighty God” the great faith in whom helped me to accomplish this research work.

Next to the Almighty God, I extend my gratitude and thanks to my

Mother, Smt. Bindu Singh and Father , Shri Hriday Narayan Singh for continuing

to guide me and helping me to remove any consternation. They supported me on each

and every aspect of my life with their great help, affection and prayers. Today, I am

what I am just because of them. Thank you Mummi and Papa for believing in me

and directing me that nothing is impossible and I can achieve success in life by doing

hard work by believing in Almighty God.

This thesis arose in part out of years of research that has been done since I

joined the Ph.D. programme in the Department of Physical Education, Lucknow

Christian College, Lucknow by that time, I have worked with a great number of

persons whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of the

thesis deserved special mention. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to them all in

my humble acknowledgment.

Words are inadequate in translating deep sentiments of gratitude towards

my extremely respectable, sagacious, eminent, and honourable supervisor Dr. K.M.

Valsaraj, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Physical Education,

Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow. It has been a great honour and privilege to

have worked under his apt and mellifluous guidance; his rich blend of knowledge

and experience, perpetual interest, enlightened, discussions, incessant

encouragement, painstaking efforts and deep concern about my welfare, always

influenced and guided me.

I would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of Dr.Gopal Krishna

Dubey (Retd.), Ex-Head, Department of Physical Education, Luvcknow Christian

College, Lucknow, for making necessary corrections in my thesis and for their

immense help and encouragement in completion of my Ph.D. work.

vi

I am also grateful to the teaching staff of the Department of Physical

Education, Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow Dr. Baiju Abraham, for their

encouragement and motivation for this academic Endeavour.

Thanks to Dr. Joseph Singh, Dr. Sohel Raza, Dr. Vikram Singh, Dr.

Mukesh Mitra, Dr. Sheel Dhar Dubey, Dr. Vishnu Mishra, Dr. Jaswant Singh

Thakur, Dr. Ashish Mishra, Dr. Krishna Kant Yadav Ex. teachers of the

Department of Physical Education, Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow, who

taught me Physical Education and make me able to pursue and compete Ph.D. in

this subject.

It is my heartfelt duty to express my deep sense of gratitude to the man

behind the curtain, my friend Dr.Arif Mohammed, assistant professor S.K.R.C.P.E

Bhagoo Majra Kharar, Mohali ,Punjab for always inspiring, motivating and

encouraging me, He significantly contributed towards the completion of this research

work.

I am also thankful to my seniors Dr. Praveen Kumar Singh, Dr.Sudheer

Srivastava, Mr. Amit Singh, Mrs. Nirja Singh Chauhan, Mrs. Seema Pandey and

Mr. Arun Mishra, for their valuable cooperation.

I also grasp this opportunity to express my heartiest thanks to my friends

Mr. Kumar Shobhit and Mr. Santosh Kumar who generously helped me throughout

the work as and when required.

I am greatly indebted with special thanks to my brother-in-laws

Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, Dr. Verendra Vikram Singh and my loving sisters Mrs.

Abha Singh and Dr.Amrita Singh for their immense love, prayers and support,

without their timely help, this work would have not been accomplished in target

time. I also take this opportunity to say thanks to my loving sweet little niece Aashi.

Extremely sincere thanks to my better half, from the inner soul of the heart is

my wife Mrs. Namrata Singh for her loving and tireless support and cooperation

during the research work.

vii

Special thanks to Mr. Lal, Mr. Radheshyam and Mr. Akeel of the

department for their help and cooperation whenever needed.

Heartiest thanks are due to those coaches and players who readily cooperated

with the researcher in collecting the data, without whose help this study could not

have been completed.

Finally, I look upon those researchers whose life and works always

motivated me and make me aware of my responsibilities towards making this world

a better place to live in.

(A.K.S)

viii

TABLES OF CONTENTS

Title Page

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

xiii

Chapter:

I INTRODUCTION

1

Statement of the problem 13

Delimitations 13

Limitations 13

Hypotheses 14

Definition and explanation of operational terms

16

Objectives of the Study 19

Significance of the study 19

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

21

III METHODOLOGY

47

Selection of subjects 47

Selection of variables

47

Selection of tests

47

Instruments Reliability

49

Tester’s Reliability 49

Orientation of the subjects

49

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Title Page

Collection of data 49

Administration of the test 50

Statistical procedure 58

IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DATA

59

Findings 59

Discussion of findings 113

Discussion on Hypotheses 117

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

122

Summary 122

Conclusion 125

Recommendation 128

BIBLIOGRAPHY 130

Books 130

Journal and periodicals 132

Electronic Online Sources 140

APPENDICES 141

1. Raw data of senior national hockey goalkeepers 141

2. Raw data of inter-university hockey goalkeepers 143

3. Raw data of inter-collegiate goalkeepers 145

4. Durnin and Rehman’s Chart 147

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title

Page

1 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Flexibility” at different

levels of competition

60

2 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Orientation” at different


62

3 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Balance” at different levels of

competition

64

4 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Reaction” at different levels

of competition

66

5 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Standing Height” at different


68

6 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Upper body length” at

different levels of competition

70

7 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Leg length” at different levels

of competition

72

8 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Arm length” at different


74

9 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Calf Girth” at different levels

of competition

76

10 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Thigh Girth” at different


78

11 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Body weight” at different


80

12 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Fat Percentage” at different


82

13 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Body Fat” at different levels

of

84

14 Descriptive statistics of the variable “Lean Body Mass” at different


86

15 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Flexibility” among


88

xi

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Title Page

16 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Flexibility”

among different levels of competition

89

17 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Orientation”


90

18 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Orientation”


91

19 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Balance” among


92

20 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Balance”


93

21 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Reaction” among


94

22 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Reaction”


95

23 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Standing Height”


96

24 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Upper body

length” among different levels of competition

97

25 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Leg length”


98

26 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Arm length”


99

27 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Arm length”


100

28 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Calf Girth” among


101

29 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Calf Girth”


102

30 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Thigh Girth”


103

xii

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Title Page

31 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Thigh Girth”


104

32 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Body weight”


105

33 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Body weight”


106

34 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Fat Percentage”


107

35 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Fat

Percentage” among different levels of competition

108

36 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Body Fat” among


109

37 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Body Fat”


110

38 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable “Lean Body Mass”


111

39 Least Significant Difference (LSD) of the variable “Lean Body

Mass” among different levels of competition

112

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Showing mean’s difference among different levels of competition of

the variable “Flexibility”

61


the variable “Orientation Ability”

63


the variable “Balance”

65


the variable “Reaction Ability”

67


the variable “Standing Height”

69


the variable “Upper Body Length”

71


the variable “Leg Length”

73

8 Showing mean’s difference among different levels of competition

the variable “Arm length”

75


the variable “Calf Girth”

77


the variable “Thigh Girth”

79


the variable “Body Weight”

81


the variable “Fat Percentage”

83


the variable “Body Fat”

85


the variable “Lean Body Mass”

87

Chapter-I

INTRODUCTION

Chapter-Ι

INTRODUCTION

Today it is necessary for sports scientist and coaches to recognize

the vital part of scientific investigation, which plays an important role in

successful conduct of athletic programmes. To contribute to the best of

one’s ability, all aspects of sports and athletics performance will require a

good understanding of the available scientific knowledge. In today’s age

of scientific knowledge man is making rapid progress in all walks of life

including the area of games and sports. The progress of games and sports

may be attributed to improve scientific understanding of human

organism.

The identification of physical characteristics in a sport/game

contributes success among athletes of different modalities, which is of

great interest for both sport coaches and scientists. Sports performance is

based on complex and intricate diversity of variables, which include body

morphology, anthropometry, body composition, general physical

condition, specific physical condition and psychological factors. The

relationship between motor ability, body composition and

anthropometrical variables and sports performance is the objective of our

study.

Hockey is undoubtedly one of the most popular sports in the world.

There are different levels of hockey tournaments in different countries. In

India national level, state level, inter-university and district level hockey

tournament are played. Research on performance of hockey usually

focuses on players. Such studies attempt to understand those aspect

related to the optimization of player’s resources and to classify

competition demands. Game situations allow coaches to identify some

2

variables that can differentiate the best and worst teams and consequently

lead to improve results. A game of field hockey is won by outscoring the

opposition. The goalkeeper forms the last line of defence for a team and

their task is to intercept shots that are made from within a 14.6m radius

from the goal. Mohammad, (2012) the ball travel about 110 to 120 km/h

to the goalkeeper and goalkeeper have less than one second to react to a

shot from the edge of area and move to stop it.

The history of the game of hockey has its roots well laid in the

world’s early civilizations. One of the oldest known sports, the game is

believed to be in existence about 1200 years before the ancient games of

Olympia. Right from Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Persians to Ethiopians,

everyone played different variation of the game. While some played it

just for recreation, the others were of the opinion that hockey would make

them better warriors. Even though many ancient civilizations played

hockey in different variations, the modern game of hockey, the field

hockey was developed in the British Isles in the 19th century.

A popular English school game, hockey was introduced in India by

British Army regiments and the game soon found to be favor among the

native Indians. Spreading internationally, the popularity of the game was

especially in India. It was during this time that the London Hockey

Association was formed and the rules for playing hockey were

standardized. In 1924, the International Hockey Federation (FIH) was

formed and three years later, the international Federation of Women’s

Hockey followed.

India loomed large in world hockey and produced some of the

finest players the game has ever seen. However, the record created by

India is likely to stand strong through ages, as no other country has ever

managed to come close to it. Talking about some of the legendary and

outstanding players of Indian hockey players Dhyan Chand, K.D. Singh,

3

Dhanraj Pillay and some legendry goalkeeper like Sankar Lakshman.

Thanks to their exceptional gaming technique and enduring enthusiasm,

the position of India in the field of hockey achieved new heights.

Mitchell & Tavener, (2005) as in most team’s sports, each “line”

or group of players-forwards, midfielders, defender’s and goalkeepers-

has slightly different fitness requirements, players in each position must

train to perform the specific physical requirements to their position. The

physical requirements of the goalkeepers are different to those of any of

their team-mates, as so goalkeepers should train accordingly. Explosive

speed and agility both laterally and vertically are characteristics necessary

for goalkeepers to perform at the highest level.

According to Coach’s Goaltending Handbook, (2012)

goalkeepers had several roles in their teams. Goalkeepers protect the goal

and works as defensive coordinator. A goalkeeper needs to develop his

physical and technical skills, focus and concentration, and their

understanding of defensive tactics and strategy. Goalkeeper works on

their physical and technical skills all the time. Good teams win games

with only adequate goalkeeping but it is an area that does not receive as

much attention as the other positions on the team. There is no scientific

study to evaluate goalkeepers. A goalkeeper needs courage to face the

shots, stay to the goal, and not turn away. They need flexibility and

agility to make awkward movements and they need above-average reflex

and hand-eye coordination. Goalkeepers usually have great playmaking

ability near the net. The goalkeeper is arguably the most important

position on the hockey field. A good goalkeeper can win games.

Therefore it is paramount that goalkeepers get the attention and time they

deserve at training sessions. The goalkeeper is responsible for the

defensive circle and a strong goalkeeper will often take a leadership role

on defense.

4

Malcovic et al. (1994) hockey is probably the most popular game

worldwide but there is still limited scientific information available

concerning the physique and performance qualities of elite Indian hockey

players, specially of goalkeepers. Not many sports physiologist have been

attracted to examine the hockey player in details because of the lack of

adequate experimental models to study the games in the laboratory.

Nelson & Johnson, (1970) the game demanded high level of

motor ability. It includes several components such as speed, reaction

time, endurance, flexibility, and the important of all the coordinative

ability. If a player has a large amount of general athletic ability possesses

the basic physical components necessary to achieve excellence number of

activities, one will still be unable to perform well in a particular sport

until he develops the skill specific to that sport.

Sadri, (1993) coordinative abilities are qualities of an organism to

coordinate, separate, elements of action in our system to decide a

concrete action task. Coordinative abilities help in learning faster and also

to achieve the high level of performance.

The goalkeeping in the game of hockey demands agility, muscular

coordination, breath holding capacity, quick responses and a great deal of

presence of mind. The goalkeeping demands high level of motor fitness

and a great deal of presence of mind. General motor ability includes,

several items such as strength, power, agility, speed, reaction time and

flexibility. An abundance of these traits enables a person to perform well

in such basic activities as running, jumping and throwing. If a performer

has a large amount of general athletic ability, he is said to be a natural

athlete.

Harold & Rosemary, (1979) motor fitness variables have been

considered the important prerequisite for sportsman to secure the top

level performance in games. There is general agreement among

5

authorities that general and specific motor fitness play a decisive role in

one’s level of performance in wide range of motor activities. Motor

fitness is used to obtain achievement in motor skills. It denotes immediate

state of individual performance in wide range of motor skills. Motor

fitness is regarded as the preparation of performance with special regard

to big muscles activity. As a more general phase of physical fitness,

motor fitness is judged by the performance and common factors are

strength, endurance, power, agility, balance, flexibility and speed.

Reeves et al. (1999) team games are sports where body size, shape,

body composition and level of fitness, all play an important part in

providing distinct advantages for specific playing positions particularly at

the highest levels of performance where there is a high degree of player

specialization.

Manna et al. (2011) physique and body composition play

important role in field hockey. Since lots of movements and skills are

involved in playing field hockey therefore, a high level of physical

demand is required for match play. Body composition of hockey players

however, the morphological and physiological characteristics of Indian

field hockey players have not studied before on different competition

level. Regular monitoring of selected morphological, physiological

variables at various stages of growth and development may provide

valuable information to the coaches for selection of players of different

age groups. Moreover, this information at the selection level provides the

scientists and the coaches a basic level to observe the improvement of the

players during a training session.

England hockey workshop, (2013) goalkeepers need to have a

range of attributes, both physical and mental and are arguably the most

important player on the field. The best goalkeepers are fast, agile, have

good reactions and balance. They are good communicators; they must

6

fully understand the defensive and attacking responsibilities of the

outfield players within the playing system. They are able to cope with

physical and mental pressure and are able to remain focussed at critical

times. Goalkeepers should be thought of as: ‘the first line of attack and

the last line of defence’. In the modern game the goalkeeper is more than

just a shot-stopper. They have a ‘sweeping’ function, a shot saving

function, a communication and leadership role and often form the greatest

element of cohesion in the defence. Therefore a potential goalkeeper,

ideally do not always exist within ‘ideal’ parameters, will have

athleticism, agility, good communication skills and a strong, positive

mentality. This will allow them to perform the necessary skills and yet

realistically evaluate the events of a game.

Goalkeeper’s success is in part down to communication, interaction

with defenders, the ability to consciously and subconsciously recognise

situations and anticipate subsequent actions, if fitness problems divert the

goalkeepers attention away from these areas then their success rate is

likely to fall. Having established a base fitness level then further sessions

can be undertaken to aid the goalkeeper. These can include interval work,

weight programmes, structured sprint training, crucial core stability work

and flexibility. However all these areas are specific to the individual

concerned; what works for one may not work for another. The physical

elements that are of specific use to goalkeepers are the key dynamic

flexibility elements. Foot speed, balance and agility is crucial and very

important for goalkeepers.

In, W.C., (2009) anthropometry of players which included the

measurement of age, weight, height, specific segment lengths, skeletal

breadths, limb circumferences and skin fold thickness. Height might be a

factor to determine which position a player played. The tall players

tended to have advantages in certain positions such as goalkeepers. Reilly

7

(1996) stated that there were likely to be anthropometric predisposition

for positional roles. Bell & Rhodes’s, (1975) stated goalkeepers were the

tallest; on the other hand, the midfielders were the shortest. Tumilty,

(2000) also believed that goalkeeper is invariably the tallest player of the

team. Vescovi et al. (2006) keepers and defenders are oftentimes taller

and heavier compared to midfielders and forwards.

Reilly & Secher, (1990) pointed out that body composition played

an important role in fitness for player. Also, excess mass in form of fat

might be detrimental to player’s performance. Chin et al. (1994) low

percentage body fat would generate higher forces for kicking. Chinet,

(1992) the physique of players appeared to be smaller and lighter. They

had lower percentage body fat. Reilly, (1994) the player accumulated

body fat during off-season period. Therefore, it was important for the

players to maintain certain physical activities level and suitable diets

during off-season.

Reilly & Secher, (1990) addressed that body composition played

an important role in fitness for a player. Tumilty, (2000) also stated sport

that required significant muscle mass to produce power to accelerate, and

to contest possession, so players should loose fat carefully to ensure that

weight loose is mostly fat. The mean present body fat for aged 18-34

years old male adults were 13%. Different playing positions might have

different mean present body fat.

Franks et al. (2002), in which goalkeepers had the highest values

in both the mean present body fat and body weight among different

playing positions. Bangsbo, (1993) also recorded goalkeeper weighed

heaviest.

Players could reduce the injury rates, for example stretching.

Ekblom, (1986) & Chin et al. (1992) players in general were less

flexible than non-athletes with the exception of goalkeepers. Ekblom,

8

(2005) stretching after a training session could increase the flexibility on

the next day comparing with a situation that no stretching exercise was

carried out after the training. Therefore, flexibility was important to the

players and good flexibilities helped to reduce injuries.

Prado et al. (2006) in the last few years, there is more and more

interest by the biological sciences to improve the knowledge related to

the sports/games through studies in several areas. Due to the big

dimensions of the game field and the duration of a match, each athlete

performs a specific function within the team, as follows: midfielders,

goalkeepers, backs, and strikers. According to each position and tactical

pattern, the total distance ran by a player is different from the remaining,

as well as the type and intensity of the actions accomplished. The

assessment and determination of the anthropometric characteristics

(height, body mass and composition) is essential to a successful

achievement of a team.

Campos et al. (2009) sports performance is based in a complex

and intricate diversity of variables, which include physical (general and

specific conditions), psychological (personality and motivation) and body

(body morphology, anthropometry and body composition) factors.

Dey & Sinha, (1990) high sports performance is the result of a

multitude of factors such as physical fitness, skill, constitutional factors,

tactical efficiency etc. the performance of world class athlete is the result

of interaction of a number of factors which includes physical and

physiological demands also. Apart from physical and physiological

characteristics, top class athletes must possess a typical morphology to

excel at international level. So the anthropometric characteristics are also

important determinant for success in the top-level competition.

The constant rise in the standard of sport can be attributed to many

things, such as improved techniques and equipments. However, in some

9

sports the equipments is relatively unimportant and the techniques may

not have changed much. What, then account for improvement in such

sports? Quite probably the key factor is physical fitness. Not only does

physical fitness contribute to the end result in sports (to whatever extent),

but it is now also recognized as a very important part of the training.

Indeed, fitness is important at all levels of sports because while it is

essential for international competition, it is also beneficial for beginners,

improving both their effectiveness and enjoyment of the game.

Morehouse & Miller, (1976) anthropometrics measurements and

physiological parameters play a vital role in determining the type of sport

a person desires to participate. Therefore, identifying these parameters

and measurements gives an edge to the physical educator to select and

evaluate the athletes.

Zeiglar, (1982) the measurements of the body size include such

descriptive information of height, weight and surface area, while

measures of body proportions describe the relationship “between” height,

weight and “among” length, width and circumference of body segment. It

has been found that bio-mechanically aids the particular performance

required.

Assessment and prediction of body composition has gained wide

spread application in various exercises science discipline. There are

application to physiology of exercise, biomechanics, and exercise

biochemistry. Anatomy, motor integration and other allied medical field

that consider such topics as nutritional and dietary assessment, the man

machines interface as well as various environmental concerns. Whatever

are the applications, one major area of interest is the predictive accuracy

of body composition assessment particularly percentage of body fat and

lean body weight.

10

Katch & Katch, (1980) no doubt about it, excess body fat hinders

sport performance. Granted, outstanding sports men and women come in

all shapes and sizes, even within the same sport. But remember, it's not

player’s weight that matters but player’s body fat percentage. There are

some of the reasons why excess body fat is related to injury, non-

adherence to training and overall reduced athletic performance. A high

body fat percentage acts as ‘dead weight’ reducing speed and efficiency

of movement. A high body fat percentage is also detrimental to jumping,

agility and endurance activities. Even those athletes who want to gain

weight will harm their performance by increasing body fat too much.

Gandhi, (1982) a sport is no exception for modern youth to

develop physical capacities beyond anything earlier imagined. Sports

have become highly competitive and records are being broken with great

rapidity. Oranugo, (1995) however, physical characteristics of a person,

like body shape or proportion impose constraints upon his/her capacity

for sport performance. Cook & Strike, (2000) the physical characteristics

of athletes have long been associated with success or failure in sport

competition.

Vescovi et al. (2006) the evaluation of physical performance is

oftentimes used to identify talent, develops training regimens, and

quantifies training adaptations. Anthropometric (e.g., height, body mass,

circumferences) and bio motor characteristics (e.g., sprint speed, agility,

jumping) have been used to distinguish between participants of different

sports, as well as to characterize positions and discriminate between

levels of play within a particular sport. The ability to successfully identify

elite versus no elite players or starters versus nonstarters could influence

a team’s success. Therefore, effectively classifying players based on

physical characteristics and performance parameters requires a critical

analysis of the qualities deemed important for a particular sport and the

11

subsequent selection and implementation of appropriate tests to assess

those attributes.

Rienzi et al. (2000) in order to compete at elite level, players was

expected to possess morphological and physiological characteristics that

are applicable both for the sport and specifically to their playing position.

Although significant correlations were determined among players’ body

weight, muscle mass and work‐rate profile, the relationship between other

anthropometric characteristics and work‐rate profile was found to be

more complicated.

Wakharkar, (2005) neuro-muscular co-ordination covers motor

ability and motor fitness. Motor ability is one’s proficiency in different

sports and also termed as athletic ability. Motor fitness help to increase

one’s ability to perform work details or to perfect skills. All basic

movement of the body such as running, jumping, pushing, pulling,

throwing, etc. are factors to decide motor fitness ability. Speed, agility

and accuracy are also necessary in deciding motor fitness ability. Speed is

the ability of an individual to make successive movement of the body in

shortest possible time. Sprint running is a good example of speed. Ability

of an individual to change position in speed is called agility. In various

games such as hockey and football agility is an essential component of

motor fitness. Balance is ability of an individual to control one’s body

with confidence and grace. Gymnastics, hockey, skating etc. are

examples where equilibrium of a body is needed. Accuracy is the ability

of an individual to control voluntary movements towards a particular

object. Goalkeeping, goal-kick and shooting are examples where

accuracy is to be developed.

Kansal et al. (1980) the database of physique and performance

qualities of the players of the renowned clubs throughout the country is

very important to make a National Team. It is a fact that in India there is

12

still limited information of elite players regarding physique, physiological

profiles and performance except a study on Indian University players.

Hence an attempt has been made to study the motor abilities,

anthropometric measurement and body composition of goalkeepers.

Very fewer studies have been conducted regarding the performance

of Goalkeeper. Above literature shows a relationship between sports

performance and motor fitness components, Anthropometric

measurements, body composition and physiological variables of

Goalkeepers, off-course it is new area of exploration, which will provide

scientific knowledge to the students/ players/beginners who want to make

their carrier in hockey, especially in goalkeeping. That is why researcher

has selected this research problem to work.

13

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

“Comparison of selected motor ability components, anthropometric

measurements and body composition of hockey goalkeepers at different

level of competition”

DELIMITATIONS

1. The study was delimited to the goalkeepers, who had participated

at inter-collegiate level, inter-university level and senior national

level recognized Indian hockey tournament.

2. Further in this study only those goalkeepers were selected who

belongs to Utter Pradesh and representing different universities,

colleges and state (U.P.) in their respective tournaments.

3. The study was further delimited to forty five male goalkeepers

(fifteen from each group).

4. The study was delimited to selected motor ability components,

anthropometric measurements and body composition variables.

LIMITATIONS

1. Certain factors like diet, rest, sleep etc. were beyond the control of

the investigator therefore they were considered as limitation of

study.

2. As the subject came from different socio economic groups, their

dietary habits, life style are different which were also considered as

limitation of study.

3. Factors like time, climatic-condition that influences the

performance was considered as the limitation of study.

4. Any special motivation techniques were not used during the

investigation, therefore the difference that might occur in

performance due to lack of motivation was considered as the

limitation of study.

14

HYPOTHESES

On the basis of literature reviewed, expert’s opinion, observation

and experience of research scholar and objectives of study, following

hypotheses were formed-:

I. There would be no significant difference among the hockey

goalkeepers of inter-collegiate, inter-university and senior

national levels of competitions on selected motor ability

component in their Flexibility.

II. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



component in their Orientation ability.

III. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



component in their Balance ability.

IV. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



component in their Reaction ability.

V. There would be no significant difference among the hockey


national levels of competitions on selected anthropometric

measurement in their Standing Height.

VI. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



measurement in their Upper Body Length.

15

VII. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



measurement in their Leg Length.

VIII. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



measurement in their Arm Length.

IX. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



measurement in their Calf Girth.

X. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



measurement in their Thigh Girth.

XI. There would be no significant difference among the hockey


national levels of competitions on selected body composition

in their Body weight.

XII. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



in their Fat Percentage.

XIII. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



in their Body Fat.

16

XIV. There would be no significant difference among the hockey



in their Lean Body Mass.

DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS

Motor Ability

Neuro-muscular co-ordination covers motor ability and motor

fitness. Motor ability is one’s proficiency in different sports and also

termed as athletic ability.

Flexibility

Flexibility is the ability of an individual to move the body and its

parts through a wider range of motion as possible without inducing strain

to the articulation and muscle attachment.

Co-ordinative ability

Co-ordinative abilities are understood as relatively stabilized and

generalized patterns of motor control and regulation processes. These

enable the sportsman to do a group of movements with better quality and

effect.

Orientation ability

It is the ability to determine and change the position and

movements of the body in time and space in relation to a definite field of

action (e.g., playing field, boxing ring, apparatus and or a moving object

(e.g., ball, opponent and partner). The perception of position and

movement and motor action to change the body position should be

understood as a unity for the ability for space-time oriented movement

regulation.

17

Balance ability

It is the ability to maintain balance during whole body movements

and to regain balance quickly after the balance disturbing movements.

Balance ability can be of two types-

A. Ability to maintain balance during stationary position or slow

movements (static balance). It depends primarily on kinesthetic,

tactile and to some extent on vestibular sense organs.

B. Ability to maintain or regain balance during large range

movements and during rapidly changing positions of the body.

It depends primarily on the functional capacity of the vestibular

sense organs.

Reaction Time

Reaction time is interval of time between the presentation of

stimulus and the initiation of the response.

Anthropometric Measurements

It is the measurement of body size and proportions. The

measurement includes body weight, height, circumference, skinfold

thickness and bony widths and lengths.

Standing Height

It is the maximum height of an individual when standing excels a

horizontal surface with his head and face in horizontal plane.

Upper Body Length

It is length of point vertex from the horizontal table top on which

the subject sits with his legs hanging down while the thighs rest

completely on the table top.

Leg Length

It is the length which is measured vertically from the bottom

outside edge of the foot in the centre of the instep to line draw

18

horizontally through the mid gluteus bulge at the point tendency to

vertical line contracting the buttocks.

Arm Length

It is the length, which is taken from the acromion process above the

shoulder joints to the tip of the middle finger.

Calf Girth

It is the maximal girth of the lower legs over the calf muscles.

Thigh Girth

It is the Girth of thigh at a midpoint of femur length.

Body Composition

Body composition was a component of physical fitness which

refers to the absolute and relative amounts of muscles, bone and fat

tissues composing body mass.

Skinfold Thickness

Skinfold thickness is the thickness of both skin and subcutaneous

adipose tissue at specific sites on the body.

Body Weight

Weight of the human body with minimum cloths is known as body

weight.

Fat Percentage

It is amount of fat in percentage distributed just below in the skin

layer.

Body Fat

The amount of body fat is directly related to amount of fat

distributed just below the skin layer.

Lean Body Mass

Lean body mass is fat free mass of the body.

19

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the present study were as follows:-

1. To know the differences among inter-collegiate, inter-university

and senior national level hockey goalkeepers in variable related to

motor components.

2. To know the differences among inter collegiate, inter-university

and senior national level hockey goalkeepers in variable related to

anthropometric measurements.

3. To know the differences among inter collegiate, university and

senior national level hockey goalkeepers in variable related to body

composition.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. The findings of the study may provide criteria for selecting

potential hockey goalkeepers who are likely to gain benefit from

coaching in order to achieve competitive success.

2. It may help physical education teachers and coaches to develop

sound training program besides devising remedial training

programme for hockey goalkeepers.

3. The study may help physical education teachers and coaches by

way of informing them about the specific anthropometric

measurements, variables which these hockey goalkeepers possess.


way of informing them about the specific motor ability

components, variables which these hockey goalkeepers possess.


way of informing them about the specific body composition,

variables which these hockey goalkeepers possess.

20

6. The study may provide a motivational force to the goalkeepers in

improving the game.

7. The study may play a significant role in shaping of coaching

programmes by the administrators of the state.

Chapter-II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter-ΙΙ

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature forms an important part in any

investigation and a thorough knowledge of past research helps an

investigator to carry out effective research and ascertain what is already

known and what is still unknown and untested. An investigator should

examine each and every reflective process of every researcher in his field

of investigation. Since effective research is based upon past knowledge,

this step helps to eliminate the duplication of what has been done and

provides useful hypotheses/questions and helpful suggestions for

significant investigation.

Dravin et al., (2013) studied to compare selected physical fitness

components, skill level and anthropometric measurements among

selected hockey players. For the study, total forty male hockey players

were selected from following places of Uttar Pradesh i.e. Lucknow,

Varanasi, Safari, and Shajahanpur. Ten players from each city were

selected through purposive sampling technique. The Anthropometric

measurements were taken on each subject using standard methodology

given by Weiner and Laurie (1969) which were Height (cm), Weight (kg)

and Body Mass Index. The selected physical fitness test items used for

the study were, pull ups and shuttle run and for skill level, SAI hockey

skill test was used. The only selected item from the hockey skill test was

shooting the target. ANOVA was used to find out the significant

difference in selected physical fitness, anthropometric and skill test

variables among the players. The results in relation to anthropometric

measurements i.e. height, weight and BMI were found almost similar in

all players of different selected places. Statistically, result was found

22

insignificant but Varanasi hockey players were found taller as compare to

other selected places. In selected physical fitness i.e. arm and shoulder

strength and speed were found significant. Post hoc test indicate

Shajahanpur players were better in arm and shoulder strength as

compared to Varanasi and Lucknow hockey players. In level of selected

hockey skill i.e. ball shooting ability, no significant difference was found

among all.

Abraham, (2012) compared some selected anthropometric

measurements and body composition of state level sprinters and long

distance runners. The subjects for the study were 40 male athletes of

Guru Govind Singh Sports College, Lucknow and they were state level

athletes. Their age ranged from 16 to 21 years. The selected

anthropometric measurements were standing height, sitting height, total

arm length, total leg length, upper arm girth, thigh girth, calf girth, chest

girth which were measured in centimeters and weight were measured in

kilogram. The skinfold thickness was measured at four sites viz: biceps,

triceps, sub-scapula and suprailiac to the nearest one tenth of a millimetre

using the conversion table suggested by Durin and Rehaman. In order to

ascertain significance difference between the two groups and‘t’ ratio was

employed, the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.

Brij, (2012) study to predict the performance ability of jumpers in

relation to selected anthropometric measurements. Thirty five male

athletes aged between 15-19 years were selected from Netaji Subhas

National Institute of Sports (NSNIS) Patiala, Punjab. To find out the

anthropometric measurement to the athletic performance correlations,

multiple correlations and regression analysis statistical technique were

employed. The result of the study showed significant difference except

weight, leg length, lower leg length, arm length, upper arm length, lower

arm length, hip width, shoulder width, chest width, thigh girth, chest

23

girth, upper arm girth and lower arm girth. The Anthropometric

measurements namely standing height, upper leg length and calf girth are

significantly related to jumping performance. The multiple linear

regression equations developed in the study for independent variables are

Anthropometric measurements which have shown significant relationship

to jumping performance are Weight, Upper arm girth and Lower arm

which can be effectively used for prediction of jumping performance.

Busko and Lipinska, (2012) studied to observe the changes in

body composition by using two measurement methods - anthropometric

analysis and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) - on a group female

volleyball players and to compare the results of both methods. Eleven

female volleyball players participated in this study during the 2010/2011

season. Measurements of body composition were performed with an

electronic body composition analyzer adjusted for Standard physical

activity levels and then using the anthropometric method as per

Piechaczek’s formula. Total lean body mass, total body fat content and

body water content were measured. Measurements were taken before

preseason training (Measurement 0), one week before the end of

preseason training (Measurement 1), after the first (Measurement 2) and

the second (Measurement 3) half of the competitive season and four

weeks after the seasons' playoffs during the offseason (Measurement 4).

Additionally, during Measurement 4, body composition measured by the

BIA method was adjusted for athletic physical activity levels. Body mass,

lean body mass and body water content did not change throughout the

analyzed period. Body fat mass, as determined by biastandard, increased

from 20.7 ± 5.3 kg (Measurement 0) to 22.2 ± 5.0 kg (Measurement 1)

but subsequently decreased to 21.2 ± 5.7 kg (Measurement 2) and

remained at this level until the end of the competitive season. In the case

of body fat as measured by the anthropometric method, a significant

24

increase in fat was observed from 18.4 ± 3.0 kg to 19.3 ± 3.4 kg and then

from 19.5 ± 3.5 kg to 19.8 ± 3.6 kg. Analysis of LBM and FAT values

found significant differences between the values obtained using the BIA

method at the Athletic physical activity level and the results registered at

the Standard level and those recorded by use of the anthropometric

method. The results obtained using the BIA method set at the Standard

mode of physical activity and those by the anthropometric method did not

significantly differ. Significant correlation between the values obtained

by the BIA method and anthropometric method was found.

Choudhary et al., (2012) investigated and compare the selected

anthropometric measurement and body composition of fast and spin

bowlers of cricket. For the purpose of this study forty cricketers (twenty

fast and twenty spin bowlers) were selected from different district of

Uttar Pradesh, affiliated from Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association (UPCA).

There age was ranged from 17-19 years. Data was collected by

administrating selected anthropometric measurement which was standing

height, body weight, hand length, leg length, chest girth, thigh girth, calf

girth, thigh length, lower leg length and body composition from biceps,

triceps, subscapularies and suprailiac creast. To find out the significance

difference t- test was employed. Results of this study reveal that there

was significant inference exist between the standing height, body weight,

arm length, lower leg length and body composition of fast bowlers and

spin bowlers. On the other hand insignificant difference existed between

leg length, chest girth, thigh girth, calf girth and thigh length.

Gangta and Singh, (2012) studied to determine the

anthropometric, physical and physiological, parameters as predictors of

performance in female volleyball players. The subjects for the study were

fifty (N=50) female intercollegiate volleyball players. Twenty six

anthropometric, physical, and physiological variables were chosen to

25

serve as independent variables. Performance in volleyball was selected as

the dependent variable. Performance score was obtained through a subject

rating in playing ability for each player by a panel of three experts, who

evaluated and rated each player on a scale of 5 broad areas of passing,

serving, setting, blocking, and attacking. In case of women volleyball

players’ height standing, height sitting, arm length, and leg length, speed,

grip strength, and power as measure by vertical jump to volleyball

playing ability showed significant positive correlation with volleyball

playing ability.

Khetmalis, (2012) studied to compare the selected coordinative

abilities and motor abilities of female athletes of international schools. In

this study ninety female subjects age ranged from 15 to 17 years were

selected from three international schools (Symbiosis International School,

Victorious Kids and Mercedes Benz) of Pune, Maharashtra, India. Thirty

subjects were selected from each of the schools. International Schools

female athletes of Pune, Coordinative abilities and motor abilities test-

retest co-relation selected for the study and the test used for the study. To

compare the selected coordinative abilities and motor abilities of female

athletes of international schools, the mean, standard deviation and

ANOVA was applied at 0.05 level of significance, Significant difference

was found in case of orientation ability, differentiation ability, explosive

strength and 12 min. run/walk. No significant difference was found in

case of rhythmic ability, reaction ability, speed and agility. It was

concluded that the nature of abilities at all the selected international

schools are more or less similar in nature. Mercedes Benz female players

possess better 12 min .run/walk and explosive strength than the other

school athletes.

26

Koley et al., (2012) evaluated the anthropometric, physical

strength, body composition and performance test variables of inter-

district level male cricketers and the associations of these variables

among themselves. To serve this purpose, twenty variables, viz. ten

anthropometric characteristics, four physical strength variables, three

body composition components and three performance tests were

performed on purposively selected 271 inter-district level male cricketers

with mean age 21.54 years, ± 3.67, collected from six districts of Punjab,

viz. Amritsar (n=53), Bathinda (n=44), Chandigarh (n=42), Jalandhar

(n=37), Ludhiana (n=47) and Patiala (n=48). In results, one way analysis

of variance showed significant between-group differences in weight,

BMI, reaction time, curl-up, push-up, triceps, subscapular, abdomen and

mid-thigh skinfolds, body density and percent body fat among the

cricketers of six districts of Punjab. Majority of anthropometric

characteristics and physical strength variables had significantly positive

correlation with body composition and performance test variables,

showing close association with each other.

Holwaya and Searab, (2011) studied to analyse the

kinanthropometry of world champion junior male field hockey players.

They stated three purposes for the study first was to establish the

anthropometric characteristics of elite junior Argentine male field hockey

players; and second was to look for differences in physique, years of

playing and birth-date effect between the final players selected to make

up the team and those who were not selected out of the original pre-

selected sample, and last one was to establish whether there are any

differences in proportional limb lengths between elite junior hockey

players and a local reference sample. For this they had taken 35 elite

Argentine junior field hockey players pre-selected to form the base of the

national junior team for the 2005 Junior World Cup (Age 19.0±1.0 years;

27

weight70.7±5.4 kg; height 176.4±6.4 cm). Full anthropometric battery

including lengths, heights, breadths, girths, and skinfolds, plus number of

years playing and date of birth were taken to obtain the data. They

reported in their results that no significant differences were found in

skeletal structural dimensions when compared to a reference sample, nor

between finally selected and non-selected players in anthropometric

dimensions, playing history and relative-age effect. They concluded that

male field hockey is a sport with normal bone-structural requirements,

and with a lack of birth-date effect in Argentina.

Lythe and Kilding, (2011) studied to determine the physical

demands of elite men’s field hockey using modern time-motion analysis

techniques. Eighteen elite male players (age: 24.4±4.5 yrs.) participated

in 5 matches, during which physical outputs of players were quantified

using GPS units and heart rate monitors. The mean total distance covered

by each individual player was 6 798±2 009 m. Mean total distance

covered per position for 70 min (position) was 8 160±428 m. Distance

covered per position decreased by 4.8% between the 1st

and 2nd

halves.

Fullbacks covered significantly less total distance than all other positions.

High-intensity running (>19 km.h−1

) comprised 6.1% (479±108 m) of the

total distance covered and involved 34±12 sprints per player, with an

average duration of 3.3 s. Average HR was higher in the 1st half (86.7%

HRmax) than the 2nd

half, (84.4% HRmax), though this was not significant.

The results suggest that modern day elite field hockey is a physically

demanding team sport. Quantification of the demands and outputs of

players at this level provides a useful framework on which to develop

conditioning practices. The difference in physical outputs observed for

some positions suggests position-specific.

28

Manna et al., (2011) observed the morphological, physiological

and biochemical variables at various stages of growth and development

provide valuable information for selection of players of different age

groups. One hundred and twenty (N= 120) field hockey players

volunteered in this study. The players were divided equally (n=30) into 4

groups: (i) under 16 years (U16), (ii) under 19 years (U19), (iii) under 23

years (U23) and (iv) senior (SR). Selected morphological, physiological

and biochemical variables were measured in the Laboratory. Results

showed significantly higher body mass, height and LBM in the U23 and

senior players when compared to U16 and U19 players. However,

significantly lower present body fat was noted in U16 and U19 players as

compared to U23 and senior players [Body fat (%): (U16- 18.7 ± 2.0,

U19-15.5 ± 1.4, U23-13.9 ± 1.2, and SR-12.0 ± 0.5]. It was observed that

in U19 players possess significantly higher VO2max than the other age

group players [VO2max (ml kg-1 min-1): U16- 54.6 ± 2.8, U19-57.0

±3.9, U23-56.0 ± 3.7, and SR-54.1 ± 4.0]. Further, significantly higher

anaerobic power, strength, haemoglobin (H.B), serum urea and uric acid

was noted in the U23 and senior players when compared to U16 and U19

players. The values of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high

density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein

cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher in the upper age group

(U23 and senior) players when compared to junior (U16 and U19)

players. He concluded that the unique profile of age-related changes

should be taken into consideration while selecting the players in teams.

Dey et al., (2010) studied the various anthropometric parameters,

motor ability and physiological profiles of the different Indian national

club footballers and also to compare the above parameters with their

international counterparts. The present study was carried out on one

hundred fifty (150) male Indian footballers of six different national clubs

29

of India including three from Kolkata (East Bengal, Mohan Bagan &

Mohammedan Sporting) and other three from Goanese clubs (Salgaokar,

Vasco & Dempo). The players were also sub-divided according to their

specific field positions. Physical and physiological profiles including

height, weight, percentage body fat (%BF), flexibility, agility, explosive

power, and VO2 max were measured by standard procedures. It was

noted that the mean values of age, height, weight and %BF were

significantly different among footballers of different national clubs.

Among the motor ability and physiological qualities only flexibility,

agility and VO2 max were significantly different among the footballers of

different national clubs. It was also observed that the mean values of

height, weight, vertical jump and VO2 max of Indian national club

players were found to be inferior to those of European, American and

Australian footballers. However, the %body fat of Indian footballers

according to their specific field positions was found to be comparable

with their international counterparts. The defender, midfielder and striker

of the present study were inferior in endurance (VO2 max) as compared

to their international counterparts. Genetic factors may be the cause of

smaller body size of the subject of the present study as compare to their

international counterparts. They concluded that the differences among the

footballers of present study with their international counterparts and

specific playing position was probably the cause of hereditary factors and

differences in activity in the game.

Milanese et al., (2010) evaluated the motor abilities and

anthropometric parameters in children aged 6-12 years and their

interrelationships. One hundred fifty-two children underwent standard

anthropometry (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and sum of

five skinfolds) and motor fitness tests (standing long jump and 30m

dash). Data were stratified by age (6-7, 8-9, 10-12 years) and sex (M/F),

30

and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the

correlation between BMI and the other anthropometric measurements in

each class as well as the correlation between anthropometric parameters

and fitness tests. The effect of age, sex, and individual anthropometric

measurement on velocity or jump length was evaluated by ANOVA. BMI

positively correlated with waist circumference and subcutaneous fat, and

negatively correlated with body density. Motor fitness was not

significantly affected by BMI, while sum of five skinfolds negatively

associated with velocity in males aged 6-7 years and with jump length in

females aged 8-12 years. Motor fitness significantly correlated with age,

and performance was higher in males. Moreover, motor fitness tests

positively correlated with each other, especially in females. In the 6-12

years period motor performance improves with age and improvement is

partially sex-related; this correlation is higher in boys, possibly because

of their lesser amount of fat. Subcutaneous fat is a better predictor of

physical fitness than BMI or waist circumference. Results also suggest

that explosive strength and velocity are related the 6-12 years age span,

possibly because both are power events, which involve horizontal

movement of the centre of mass.

Orhan et al., (2010) investigated on the characteristics of the

somato-typical profiles of high performance adult male Turkcell super

league football players. The somato-typical values of 24GB and 24 GBO

players are elaborated for this study. They aimed to identify football

players’ physical profile and somato typical values in correlation with the

positions they play. Anthropometric standardization reference manual

(ASRM) and international biological program (IBP) references were

pursued for anthropometrical measurements. Triceps, subscapular, supra-

spinal measurements and the thickness of calf and skin, humerus bi-

condylar, femur bi-condylar, biceps girth, weight, and height

31

measurements were used in somato-typical calculations. The somato-

typical calculations and analysis was completed using Somatotype 1.1

programme, and statistic programme for social sciences (SPSS) is used

for statistical evaluation and ANOVA analysis. Consequently, no

significant differences were found among the team players.

Calo et al., (2009) studied the anthropometric features and the

body composition of Italian hockey players. The purpose of this research

was to verify if morphological features could influence the performance

of different positional groups. Each player was measured for her total and

sitting height, weight, 9 skinfolds thickness and bioelectrical impedance

analysis. Different equations were used to calculate the Fat% from

skinfolds thickness. Average height is not a crucial advantage for this

sport. On the contrary the proportion trunk-limb seems to play an

important role for the performance of the midfield players. Percentage of

body fat of the hockey players was lower than the Fat% of the non-

athletes women of the same age. Significant differences were found

between Fat% determined by skinfolds thickness and Fat% obtained by

bioelectrical impedance analysis. Conclusions: The results of this study

indicate that there were significant differences in anthropometric features

and in body composition between positional groups, stressing the

importance of a specific training program.

Campos et al., (2009) assessed the anthropometric profile and

motor performance of young badminton athletes. The sample included 20

athletes (10 male athletes, mean age 17.24±1.18 years and 10 female

athletes, mean age 15.21±2.06 years) playing in the Brazilian junior

badminton team. The following variables were assessed: body weight;

height; skinfold thicknesses; abdominal strength/resistance; medicine ball

throw; 20-meter speed; vertical jumps: vertical squat jump,

countermovement vertical jump; and aerobic power. Descriptive statistics

32

(means and standard Deviations) and student’s t-test were used for data

analysis. The results found in this study regarding male and female

athletes were, respectively: body weight (68.0±7.8 and 61.74±6.85 kg),

height (172.4±0.5 and 163.8±0.3 cm), sum of seven skinfolds

(83.21±22.02 and 131.58±29.36 mm), abdominal strength/resistance

(33±3.3 and 28±5.8 n), medicine ball throw (7.54±1.01 and 6.98±0.78

m), 20-meter speed (3.12±0.08 and 3.5±0.14 seconds), vertical squat

jump (36.7±6.0 and 27.2±2.1 cm), countermovement vertical jump

(39.3±5.7 and 28.1±2.4 cm) and VO2max (49.68±2.48 and 42.92±2.94

ml/kg/min-1). The results of this study describe anthropometric and

motor test characteristics of young athletes playing in the Brazilian junior

badminton team. They can also help coaches in identifying and choosing

new badminton athletes.

Erkut et al., (2009) investigated whether there were relationship

between strength (muscle strength and muscle lean mass) and balance

(static and dynamic) in soccer players. They selected 17 soccer players

(mean: age = 15, height = 168.5, weight = 65.5, BMI = 20.8, training

years = 4.6) as the subjects for the study. Legs strength was measured

with leg dynamometer; body composition was measured x-scan body

composition analyser. Balance (static and dynamic) was measured Prokin

5.0 Techno body. Static stabilometry tests were done as Opened Eyes

(EO) and Closed Eyes (EC) with 30 second duration. Dynamic

Stabilometry Tests: a) Slalom test (forward-backward) to one axis a time.

The subject’s scope is to hit objectives and follow the blue ideal line

within 60 sec duration (a-hold with two hand and b-without hold) with 5

hard degrees. b) Unilateral dynamic-stance tests (left and right leg) was

done with the controlled load monoaxial test (antero-posterior) for right

and left foot with 10 repetitions on an axis controlling player’s load (5

hard). Correlation was done between strength (muscle strength and

33

muscle lean mass) and balance (static and dynamic) in soccer players.

There were significant relationship Static Romberg Test EC/EO

Perimeter Ratio and Left leg, right leg, trunk lean mass. No significant

correlations were found between dynamic tests and body composition.

There were high negative correlation between lean mass present and fat

present of soccer players. Thus these players have enough fit condition

for their branches. Besides, there were high correlations among leg

strength and legs (left and right), trunk lean mass. Left and right leg lean

mass, left and right leg perimeter error scores for anterior-posterior

dynamic balance were compared with paired samples T-test. Left lean

mass was better than right lean mass; similarly, left leg dynamic balance

was greater than right leg dynamic balance.

In, W.C., (2009) evaluated the physiological profile of the Hong

Kong first division football players and to compare the physiological

characteristics of the local and foreign players. Eighteen players who

aged 18-35 from the South China Athletic Association Football Team

were invited to participate in the study. The following means and

standard deviations were obtained: height 178.56±8.07cm; weight

73.62±9.88kg; %body fat by skinfold 8.42±2.53%; left and right hand

grip strength 42.58±6.58kg, 43.65±7.21kg respectively; left and right

hamstring flexibility 33.42±6.72cm, 33.58±5.81cm respectively; FVC

4.89±0.68L, FEV1 4.15±0.56L; MVV 166.71±29.32L; VO2max

52.31±5.75ml/kg/min; AT 82.93±5.76%. There were significant mean

differences in weight, height, % body fat measured by BIA, shoulder

width, chest and waist circumferences, and handgrip strength, FVC,

FEV1 and MVV between the local and foreign players. When compare

the physiological characteristics of local players with the foreign players,

this study indicated that foreign players were taller and heavier than the

local players. The foreign players had a higher percentage body fat

34

measure by BIA than the local players. Besides, the value of the shoulder

width, chest and waist circumferences of the foreign players were higher

than that of the local players. Moreover, the handgrip strength and

pulmonary functions of the foreign players were better than the local

players. The physical characteristics of the foreign players allowed them

to have comparative advantages on the field over the local players.

However, overall speaking, both the local and foreign players need to

improve their cardio respiratory function as they did not reach the range

of average VO2max for top-level soccer players.

Loland et al., (2009) compared the anthropometric, body

composition, and physiological characteristics of Iranian national team

and premier-league players. A number of 16 Futsal players of Iran

National Team (INT) (25.93± 3.88 age) and a number of 16 players

present in Iranian premier-league (IPL) (26.12 ± 4.01 age) of Futsal were

tested in this study. As anthropometric characteristics, thigh

circumference and length, calf circumference and length, and sitting

height and as body composition characteristics, height, weight, body fat

percentage, lean body mass, and BMI were measured. Physiological

profiles were composed of aerobic and anaerobic power, speed (10 &

20m run), agility, and flexibility. For lean body mass, BMI, agility, and

10m speed, there was significant difference between INT and IPL groups.

In summary, these results showed that some of body composition and

physiological characteristics were higher in INT players than ILP players.

Sporis et al., (2009) studied fitness profiling in soccer. The

purpose of this study was to evaluate whether players in different

positional roles have a different physical and physiologic profile. For the

purpose of this study, physiologic measurements were taken of 270

soccer players during the precompetitive period of 2005/06 and the

precompetitive period of 2006/07. According to the positional roles,

35

players were categorized as defenders (n= 80), midfielders (n= 80),

attackers (n= 80), and goalkeepers (n= 30). Analysis of variance

(ANOVA) was use to determinate differences between team positions.

Goalkeepers were the tallest and the heaviest players in the team. They

were also the slowest players in the team when sprinting ability over 10

and 20 meters was required. Attackers were the quickest players in the

team when looking at sprint values over 5, 10, and 20 meters. There were

statistically significant differences between attacker and defenders when

measuring vertical jump height by squat jump. Goalkeepers were able to

perform better on explosive power tests (squat jump and

countermovement jump) than players in the field. Midfielders had

statistically significant superior values of relative oxygen consumption,

maximal heart rate, maximal running speed, and blood lactate than

defenders and attackers. Defenders had more body fat than attackers and

midfielders (p< 0.05). They suggested that the coaches are able to use this

information to determine which type of profile is needed for a specific

position. It is obvious that players in different positions have different

physical and physiologic profiles. Experienced coaches can use this

information in the process of designing a training program to maximize

the fitness development of soccer players with one purpose only, to

achieve success in soccer.

Yan, (2009) studied on the physical fitness profile on male soccer

players who are originated from Western Europe and North America.

Similar studies on female Hong Kong Soccer players are definitely

lacking or even none. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the

physical fitness profiles of the elite female soccer players in Hong Kong.

Eighteen players from the Hong Kong woman soccer team and Kwai

Tsing Kappa Ladies, aged 16-32 were invited to participate in the study.

36

The following means and standard deviation were obtained : height 159.1

± 6.6 cm; Weight 52.0± 6.6 kg; shoulder width 29.6± 2.2 cm;

circumference of chest 80.5± 3.6 cm; waist 66.8± 3.8 cm; hip 90.8± 5.92

cm; thigh 50.5±4.6 cm; calf 35.4± 1.8 cm; percent body fat 18.7±4.6 %;

leg strength 130.2±27.5 kg; Hip Flexibility: Hip flexion 91.9±10.9

degrees; Hip extension 39.5±10.6 degree; leg power (vertical jump)

45.03± 4.5 cm; FVC 3.28± 0.7L; FEV 2.82±0.29L; VO2 max 43.26±

4.42 ml/kg/min. The data were comparing to different female soccer or

other sports player from other countries, the Hong Kong elite female

soccer players in a normal level of other sports. Athletes, in percent body

fat, lower body muscular power and hip flexibility. However, they did a

little poor on the cardio respiration fitness. It was suggested to have more

cardio training programs and also training include physical, technical and

tactical to improve their overall performance.

Zapartidis et al., (2009) in their study they compared physical

fitness and selected anthropometric characteristics between selected (SP)

and non-selected (NSP) for the Greek preliminary national team male

(n=88) and female (n=73) young handball players. Results revealed that

compared to SP players, male SP players presented higher values in ball

velocity standing long jump, 30-m sprint and estimated VO2max, while

female SP players presented higher values only in ball velocity and

standing long jump. Male SP players were taller and had larger arm span.

The results about different playing position showed that, significant

differences (in favour of SP) were found between SP and NSP male hand

spread, arm span and ball velocity. Female SP revealed higher values in

stature and arm span. For wings, significant differences were found in

ball velocity, 30-m sprint and estimated VO2max between SP and NSP

male players (in favour of SP) and in estimated VO2max between SP and

NSP female players. For pivots, significant differences were found only

37

in ball velocity between SP and NSP females (in favour of SP). They

concluded that significant differences were found between SP and NSP

male and female goalkeepers. They suggested that physical and

anthropometric characteristics should be included in any testing

procedure of junior handball players.

Prado et al., (2006) evaluate the anthropometric profile, total

energy value of the diet and macronutrient intake of professional soccer

players, as well as verifying the differences among tactical positions:

goalkeepers (n = 12), centre backs (n = 20), median fields (n = 41),

running backs (n = 21) and strikers (n = 24) in the studied variables. The

sample was composed by 118 professional players (23 years ± 5 years) of

the elite of the Sao Paulo state. All the evaluations were accomplished

during the competitive period. Body composition was determined through

skinfolds measurement and the dietary data obtained through usual food

intake. The goalkeepers and centre backs were shown taller, heavier and

with larger amount of lean mass than the other athletes, even so without

significant differences among body fat percentage. The dietary habits of

these athletes indicate a lower carbohydrate ingestion hyper protein and

tendency to hyper lipid diet. They concluded that there were nutritional

inadequacies and anthropometric differences among the players and their

tactical positions. The results of the present study suggest that nutritional

interventions are accomplished in the soccer elite, seeking to maximize

the athletic performance.

McIntyre and Hall, (2005) examined the physiological profile,

and its relation to playing position, of elite college Gaelic footballers. The

subjects were 28 elite Gaelic footballers (12 backs, 12 forwards, and four

midfielders; mean (SD) age 21 (1.67) years), who won a major inter-

university tournament (Sigerson Cup) three times in succession. They

found that, there was general similarity among the members of the team,

38

probably the result of a typical, common training programme. The team

means for stature (1.81 (0.05) m), body mass index (81.6 (6.5)) and

percentage body fat (14.5 (3.1) %), power output by Wingate test

(absolute power 912 (152) W or 10.72 (1.6) W/kg) and sit and reach test

(22.3 (5.5) cm) displayed no significant differences when analyzed

according to playing position. However, midfielders did have

significantly larger body mass than backs and greater maximal oxygen

consumption and greater vertical jumping ability than backs and forwards

(vertical jump power output, vertical jump, Midfielders also had greater

absolute handgrip strength. They concluded differences, exhibited by

midfielders despite identical training suggests that they stem from

physiological adaptation to competition rather than training.

Keogh et al., (2003) developed an effective testing battery for

female field hockey by using anthropometric, physiological, and skill-

related tests to distinguish between regional representative (Rep, n = 35)

and local club level (Club, n = 39) female field hockey players. Rep

players were significantly leaner and recorded faster times for the 10m

and 40-m sprints as well as the Illinois Agility Run (with and without

dribbling a hockey ball). Rep players also had greater aerobic and lower

body muscular power and were more accurate in the shooting accuracy

test. No significant differences between groups were evident for height,

body mass, speed decrement in 6 x 40-m repeated sprints, handgrip

strength, or pushing speed. These results indicate that, sprinting speed,

agility, dribbling control, aerobic and muscular power, and shooting

accuracy can distinguish between female field hockey players of varying

standards. They suggested that talent identification programmes for

female field hockey should include assessments of these physical

parameters.

39

Wassmer and Mookerjee, (2002) studied to determine the fitness

variables with the highest capability for predicting hockey playing

potential at the elite level as determined by entry draft selection order.

They also examined the differences associated with the predictive

abilities of the test components among playing positions. The secondary

purpose of their study was to update the physiological profile of

contemporary hockey players including positional differences. Fitness

test results conducted by their laboratory at the National Hockey League

Entry Draft combine were compared with draft selection order on a total

of 853 players. Regression models revealed peak anaerobic power output

to be important for higher drafts round selection in all positions; however,

the degree of importance of this measurement varied with playing

position. The body index, which was a composite score of height, lean

mass and muscular development, was similarly important in all models,

with differing influence by position. Removal of the goalies’ data

increased predictive capacity, suggesting that talent identification using

physical fitness testing of this sort may be more appropriate for skating

players. Standing long jump was identified as a significant predictor

variable for forwards and defence and could be a useful surrogate for

assessing overall hockey potential. Significant differences exist between

the physiological profiles of current players based on playing position.

There were also positional differences in the relative importance of

anthropometric and fitness measures of off-ice hockey tests in relation to

draft order. They suggested that physical fitness measures and

anthropometric data are valuable in helping predict hockey playing

potential. Emphasis on anthropometry should be used when comparing

elite-level forwards, whereas peak anaerobic power and fatigue rate are

more useful for differentiating between defences.

40

Balwada, (2000) undertook a study to find the relationship of

ponderal index, agility, explosive leg strength and coordinative abilities

to blocking in volleyball. He selected 20 male volleyball players, who

possessed the ability to play at intercollegiate level and interuniversity

level. For ponderal index: height and weight was measured, for agility: 40

yards shuttle run was conducted, for explosive leg strength: vertical

jumps was used and for finding coordinative abilities: for orientation

ability- numbered medicine ball run test: for reaction ability, ball reaction

exercises test and for balance ability, long nose test was conducted. The

blocking abilities of subjects were found through 5 points rating scale. He

used ‘ZERO’ order correlation to compare blocking and each selected

variable. He concluded that only explosive leg strength of the subject was

reliable for predicating blocking ability of male volleyball players. He did

not find any correlation between blocking volleyball and other selected

variables.

Keough and Weber, (2000) carried out a study to assess the

performance of senior female field hockey players (both regional

representatives and amateurs) on a number of physical fitness,

anthropometric and hockey – related skill tests. Physiological test

included 10 m and 40 m sprint, 6 x 40 m repeated sprint test (5),

multistage aerobic test, standing long jump, agility test, body mass, height

and sum of four skin folds. Skill levels were assessed using pushing

power, as well as dribbling and accuracy tests. Results showed that

differences in a number of measurements occurred between the two

groups, no differences were found on performance measurements

between subjects in the follicular or luteal stage of the menstrual cycle.

This study demonstrated that both physical characteristics and technical

skill were important components of performance in senior female hockey

players.

41

Vyas, (1997) compared the coordinative abilities of pure batsman

and pure bowlers of cricket. He selected 15 bowlers and 15 batsmen a

total of 30 subjects who represented the college team in inter-university

tournaments. Their age ranged from 19 to23 years, he tested them on five

coordinative ability tests as suggested by Hertz (1985). Namely

orientation ability, differentiation ability, balance ability, rhythm ability,

reaction ability. He reported that there was no significant difference

between batsman and bowlers in selected coordinative abilities.

Reilly and Borrie, (1992) established a data base of physical

norms for elite male field hockey players. Direct measurements were

made on eight parameters and a further three derived variables were

calculated. With a stature of 176.3 cm and mass of 75.2 kg the hockey

players were identified as ecto-mesomorphic. The lean build of the

subjects was evident with a fairly low percentage body fat (11.1%) and a

relatively high RPI of 41.77. Functional arm length did not appear to have

any correlation with hockey playing ability. However, grip strength, in

both right (54.0 kg) and left (53.1 kg) measures was above that of norms

for male adults and there was no significant difference between left and

right grip strength. The players appeared to have good leg strength (stand

long jump mean 2.3 m) with very little variability amongst the players.

On the other hand flexibility (sit and reach mean 9.7) was poor and

results indicated a wide range of variability in the sample group tested.

Scott, (1991) developed a descriptive profile and examine the

relationships between grip strength, power and sport specific test

performance in 37 elite, female collegiate field hockey players (n=8

backs, n=13 forwards, n=4 goalkeepers, n=8 midfield players, n=4

wings). The tests included circumference and limb lengths, %body fat,

Margaria-Kalamen stair test, 50-yard dash test, Queen’s College step test,

grip strength, Illinois agility test, field hockey specific skills tests, and a

42

coordination test. Mean (+/-SD) height, weight, percent body fat, and

predicted oxygen consumption were 164.26 (+/-5.17) cm, 63.06 (+/-8.60)

kg, 17.29 (+/-3.79) % and 42.87 (+/-9.08) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1),

respectively. Although the goalkeepers were significantly heavier and

had a higher %body fat, there were no significant differences between

any of the player positions in height, limb length, 50-yard dash time,

predicted VO(2max), grip strength, agility, or in the field hockey specific

tests. There were no significant correlations between right and left grip

strength and sport-specific test scores but significant relationships were

found between power and pushing accuracy, as well as between the 50

yard dash and coordination test, pushing power and pushing accuracy. In

profiling a sample of elite collegiate field hockey players in the Unites

States, the results of this study indicate that there were similarities

amongst the defensive and offensive players with international level field

hockey players, and those measures of power and sport specific tests were

significantly correlated.

Mokha and Sidhu, (1988) carried out a study on Indian athletes of

different levels of competitions. They recorded six skin fold

measurements (biceps, triceps, forearm, sub-scapular, supra-iliac, calf ) of

the 157 track and field athletes (42 throwers, 35 jumpers, 80 runners) the

range of ability of athletes ranged from state (highest level) through inter-

university to district (lowest level). Eighty one Subjects acted as controls.

Total body fat was calculated by the formula of Durin and Womersley

(1974). It was found that the thrower possessed significantly more fat of

all the six measurement parameters than the jumpers and runners. The

runners did not differ much from each other. With the increases levels of

completion a trend of increasing in fat was observed in throwers and a

decrease in jumpers and runners.

43

Dixit, (1982) investigated the interrelationship of reaction time,

speed of movement and agility, and there comparison among players

from selected sports. She studied on 48 male college students as her

subject i.e. 12 subjects for each selected sports (football, volleyball, kho-

kho and kabaddi) from Laxmibai National College of Physical Education,

Gwalior. She found that agility and speed of movement were significantly

related with either the speed of movement of agility at 0.05 level of

confidence.

Lamba, (1980) compared the selected physical fitness components

such as agility, speed, strength and physiological variables such as blood

pressure, pulse rate, breath–holding capacity and cardio-vascular

endurance of offensive and defensive hockey players at college level.

Subjects were 60 male students of four college of Gwalior who

participated in 1978-79, intercollegiate tournament. Data was obtained by

administering the test and was statistically analysed by using t-ratio. It

was concluded that the offensive players were faster and having less

resting pulse rate thus have more cardio-vascular endurance than

defensive players. It was also concluded that defensive hockey players

were faster in agility, blood pressure and breath-holding capacity than

offensive players.

Sodhi, (1980) carried out a study on the top-ranking Indian

basketball players and found that with the increasing standard of the

participants; the average height stature was greater. The top class teams in

the world had greater average height than the low ranked teams. A

significant correlation was seen between the stature and performance in

the competition. He concluded that the greater the stature of basketball

player, the better would be his performance.

Uppal and Datta, (1980) studied the motor fitness components as

predictors of hockey performance. The purpose of this study was to

44

identify those motor fitness components which could predict the

performance of the game. Seventy four male hockey players from

different universities of India served as the subject for the study. The

motor fitness components included speed, strength, power, agility,

dynamic balance, flexibility and kinesthetic perception. Strait field

hockey rating scale served and criteria measured evaluate the playing

ability. The study included the motor fitness components mainly speed,

grip strength (both right and left), agility, and balance, kinesthetic

perception, contributed to hockey playing ability whereas power and

flexibility were not significant contributors to hockey performance.

Levine, (1974) after an intensive study of anthropometrics

measures of Olympic athletes concluded that top-level performance in a

particular event demands particular type of body size and shape, other

aspects being similar. They established high relationship between

structure of an athlete and the specific task of event in which he excelled.

Luce, (1974) did a comparative study of body size, body structure

and physical performance between Mexican American and Anglo-

American adolescent boys at ages eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen,

fifteen, sixteen and seventeen. They selected 440 subjects among that

there were 125 Mexican American and 315 Anglo American male

students. He classified subjects into 14 experimental groups according to

race and chronological age. Each racial group consisted of 7 age levels.

The Mexican American and Anglo American subject were compared on

body size, body structure and physical performance. Body size was

ascertained by standing height and body weight measurements. Body

structure was interpreted as upper arm girth, chest girth, abdominal girth,

and thigh girth and calf girth measurements. The data was analyzed by

analysis of variance design. It was found that the Anglo-Americans

45

subjects had significantly higher mean standing heights at the eleven,

fourteen, fifteen, sixteen and seventeen year old age levels.

Malhotra et al., (1973) conducted a study on 24 top–ranking

Indian hockey players, the mean age; height and weight were found to be

23.8 years, 172.5 cm and 62.9 kg respectively. They studied these

parameters in relation to the field position of the players in the game.

Backs were found to be tallest followed in a descending order by the

halfbacks, forwards and goal-keepers. However in respect of weight, the

forwards were lightest and the backs heaviest. The forwards had the

minimum percentage of body fat, which increased gradually towards the

halves, backs and goal-keepers.

Terrell, (1968) in his study, comparing American Negro and

Caucasian females came to the conclusion that the Negro females have

significantly longer legs, longer arms and hands, longer feet, wider

shoulder girdle and narrow pelvic girdle than Caucasians and therefore

they proved better in 50 yards dash and softball throw for distance.

Selder, (1965) conducted a study on anthropometrics,

cardiovascular and motor performance characteristics of university ice

hockey players. In these study characteristics of physique, motor and

cardiovascular fitness were reported for the university hockey players

some of whom represented Canada in 1964 winter Olympics. He found

that most of the players were dominant mesomorphs with low adipose

measurements. It was also found that the majority of the subjects were

above average in dips and dynamometrical strength but average or below

in other tests of motor fitness.

Lotter, (1960) investigated to determine the interrelationship

among reaction time and speed of movement in different limbs. Two

movements basic to sport skills, a modified baseball throw and a football

kick was studied of 105 college athletes of various activities. There was

46

only a moderately high correlation between the reaction ability of right

and left leg and between right and left arms. Legs vs. arms correlations

were significant but low. A similar pattern of correlation was

considerably lower and movement specificity was high. The reliability of

individual differences was high in all measures.

Cozen, (1930) conducted a study on stature in relation of physical

performance and indicated in his findings that height and weight

apparently influencing sector to some extent in the matter of physical

performance although correlation obtained were not significant.

Chapter-III

METHODOLOGY

Chapter-ΙΙΙ

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the Procedure adopted for the selection of subjects,

selection of variables, selection of tests, reliability of instruments,

orientation to subjects, collection of data, administration of test and

statistical technique used for the analysis of data have been presented and

described.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

Forty five male hockey goalkeepers aged between 18- 24 years

were selected for the purpose of the study. Out of forty five subjects,

fifteen subjects each were selected from inter-collegiate level; inter-

university level and national level competition. All the selected subjects

belong to U.P. state only.

SELECTION OF VARIABLES

On the basis of literature reviewed and consultation with the

experts following motor ability components, anthropometric

measurements and body composition were selected for the study.

Motor ability components were flexibility, orientation ability,

balance ability and reaction ability. Anthropometric measurement

components were, standing height, upper body length, leg length, arm

length, calf girth, and thigh girth and Body composition components were

body weight, fat percentage, body fat, and lean body mass.

SELECTION OF TESTS

The present study was undertaken, to compare male hockey

goalkeepers of U.P. state only at the different level of competition aged

18-24 years. As per available literature, the following standardized test

48

items were used to collect data on the selected variables and presented

below-

MOTOR ABILITY COMPONENTS

Variables Tests and Tools

1. Flexibility Sit and reach test

2. Co- ordinative ability

a. Orientation ability Numbered medicine ball run test

b. Balance ability Long nose test

c. Reaction ability Ball reaction exercise test

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT


Standing Height Studio meter

Upper Body Length Anthropometer rod

Leg Length Steel tape

Arm Length Steel tape

Calf Girth Steel tape

Thigh Girth Steel tape

BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS


Body weight Weighing machine

Fat Percent Skinfold caliper

Body Fat %body fat X100/bodyweight

Lean Body Mass Body weight-body

49

INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY

All the stopwatches utilized to measure time in orientation ability

and balance ability was purchased from standard companies and got

calibrated before the testing programme began. A steel tape of standard

quality with an ISI trademark was used to measure the leg length, arm

length, calf girth, and thigh girth. A studio meter of standard quality with

an ISI trademark was used to measure the standing height. An

anthropometer rod of standard quality with an ISI trademark was used to

measure the upper body length. A skinfold caliper of standard quality

with an ISI trademark was used to measure the four specific sites and a

Weighing machine of standard quality with an ISI trademark was used to

measure the body weight.

TESTER’S RELIABILITY

The tester‟s reliability was established through test-retest method

and by calculating intra class correlation co-efficient.

ORIENTATION TO SUBJECTS

Before the collection of data, through administering the tests, all

the subjects were assembled and explained the purpose and procedure of

the tests items and given sufficient time for warm-up before testing.

Adequate demonstrations with regard sit and reach test, numbered

medicine ball run test, long nose test and ball reaction exercise test were

also given.

COLLECTION OF DATA

The necessary data was collected by administering various tests for

the chosen variables. For administering the tests sit and reach test,

numbered medicine ball run test, long nose test and ball reaction exercise

test stations were set up in the field. The administration of tests were

divided in three parts, in first part motor ability components were

50

measured, in second part anthropometric measurements were measured

and in third part body composition measurements were measured on

field.

ADMINISTRATION OF TESTS

MOTOR ABILITY COMPONENTS

Flexibility

Equipments - A testing box or a flexomeasure and a yardstick.

Method:-To measure the trunk hip flexibility, „Sit and Reach Test‟ was

administered on the subjects. The subjects were asked to remove shoes

and place his feet against the testing box while sitting on the floor with

straight knees. The subject was asked to place one hand on top of the

other so that the middle fingers of both hands were together at the same

length. The tester keeps his hand on the knees of the subject to keep them

straight not allowing any bending of the knees. The subject was instructed

to lean forward and to place his hands over the measuring scale lying on

the top of the box with its 10 inch mark coinciding with the front edge of

the testing box. Then, the subject was asked to slide his hands along the

measuring scale as for as possible without bouncing and to hold the

farthest position for at least one second.

Scoring: - Each subject was given three trails and highest score (in

inches) was recorded and 10 inches was subtracted from the recorded

reading to obtain the flexibility.

CO- ORDINATIVE ABILITY

For the Purpose of study co-ordinative test battery (developed by

Hirtz, 1985) was used, but as the demand of study and suggestion of

experts, only Balance, Orientation, and Reaction time test were selected

as items among the whole test battery.

Orientation ability (Numbered medicine ball run test)

51

Equipment- Five medicine balls, weighing 3 kg, one medicine ball

weighing 4 kg, stop watch, clapper, pencil, papers and pad

Method:-All the medicine balls weighing 3 kg were arranged on an even

ground in a semi-circle as shown in figure- no. 1 with a distance of 1.5M

between the balls. The medicine ball weighing 4 kg was kept 3m away

from those medicine balls. Behind all the medicine balls of 3kg weight,

metallic number plates, of 1 sq. foot size was kept from 1 to 5m. Before

the start of the test the subjects was asked to stand behind the sixth

medicine ball facing towards the opposite direction. On the signal, the

subject turned and ran towards the number called by the tester and

touched the medicine ball and ran back to touch the sixth medicine ball.

Immediately another number was called. Similarly, a total of three times

the number was called by the tester and the subjects performed

accordingly. Before the actual test was administered, one practice trial

was given to all subjects.

Scoring: - Time (in sec.) taken to complete the course was recorded. Two

trials were given to each subject and the better one was recorded as score.

Figur-no. 1 (Numbered medicine ball run test)

52

Balance ability (Long nose test)

Equipment- Balance beam, one medicine ball weighing 2 kg, five

medicine balls weighing 1 kg., stop watch, pencil, paper and pad

Method: - A balancing beam of standard size was kept on the floor one

and half meter away from the starting line as shown in Figure- no. 2. The

subjects were asked to stand behind the starting line with one kg medicine

ball on his strong hand fully stretched inward and the other hand holding

the opposite earlobe. On clapping, the subject had to move over balancing

beam towards the 2 kg medicine ball which was kept at the other end of

the beam and push down the medicine ball with any of foot without

losing the balance. Each subject was given only one chance.

Scoring: - Time (in sec.) taken to complete the course was taken as the

score. At the same time the subject who failed to complete the task was

not given further trial and no score was awarded to him.

Figure -no. 2 (Long nose test)

MEDICINE BALL 2 KG

BALANCING BEAM

STARTING &

FINISHING LINE

53

Ball reaction exercise test

Equipment-Two wooden planks each of 4M length, volleyball, a

supporting stand, Pencil, paper and pad

Method:-Two wooden planks of four meters each was kept inclined by a

supporting stand having a height of one meter and twenty centimeters so

that it could enable volleyball to roll freely from a height of 1.20m. The

lower ends of the wooden plank were kept at a distance of 1.5 m away

from the starting line, measured in centimeters on one side as shown in

figure- no. 3. Volleyball was held by the tester at the top of the plank.

The subjects were asked to stand behind the starting line facing opposite

to the plank. On clapping the subject took a turn and ran towards the

planks in order to stop the ball with hands which was dropped on the

signal of clap by tester. Each subject was given one practice trial before

actual commencement of the test.

Scoring: - Distance (in cm.) measured from the top of the plank to a

point where the subject stopped the ball. Only two trials were given and

the best one was recorded as the score.

Figure- no. 3 (Ball reaction exercise test)

54

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

Standing Height

Equipment: - Stadiometer

Method: - The subject was asked to stand erect, bare footed on a plane

horizontal surface against a wall with his heel, back of the shoulder and

head touching the wall. He was asked to stretch the body upwards as

much as possible without his heels leaving the ground. The head and face

were checked for its being in frontal horizontal plane. To get it easily, the

subject was asked to see towards an object in front of him approximately

at a height of his eyes, and then the investigator adjust the tracheon and

infraorbitale points in a horizontal line. The stadiometer was kept in front

of the subject and the cross bar of the stadiometer was adjusted so that its

lower edge touches the highest point of the subject‟s head (i.e. point

vertex).

Scoring: - Measurement of standing height was recorded (in cm.).

Upper Body Length

Equipment: - Anthropometer rod

Method:- The upper body length was taken with subject sitting on a table

top with his lower legs hanging and thighs resting on the table. The

crossbar of anthropometer was brought down to touch the point vertex on

the head and the measurement was noted in centimeter. The

anthropometer rod was usually kept just touching at the back of subject.

Steel tape was used for measuring upper body length.

Scoring: - Measurement of upper body length was recorded (in cm.).

Leg Length

Equipment: - Flexible steel tape.

Method: - Leg length was measured vertically from the bottom outside

edge of the foot in the center of the instep to a line draws horizontally

through the mid gluteus bulge at the point tendency to a vertical line

55

contracting the buttocks. The tape was placed at the center of the instep

and will be measured up-to the iliac.

Scoring: - Measurement of Leg length was recorded (in cm.).

Arm Length

Equipment: - Flexible steel tape.

Method: - The arm length was measured with a flexible steel tape. The

arm length was taken from the acromion process above the shoulder joint

to the tip of middle fingers.

Scoring: - Measurement of Arm length was recorded (in cm.).

Calf Girth

Equipment: -Steel tape.

Method:- The steel tape was wrapped horizontally around the marked

lower leg of the subject at the maximal bulge of the calf muscle with

slight up and down movements of the steel tape keeping it in a horizontal

direction the maximal girth measurement gives the value of calf girth.

Scoring: - Measurement of Calf Girth was recorded (in cm.).

Thigh Girth

Equipment: -Steel tape and skin marking pencil.

Method: - The subject wearing only underwear was asked to stand at

ease with equal weight on both the feet. The middle of the thigh was

marked by horizontal line dividing the distance between the trochanterion

and the lateral and lower most point on the lateral condyle of femur, in

equal two parts. The steel tape was wrapped around the thigh at the level

of the horizontal line and the girth was measured by keeping the steel

tape in a horizontal direction and touching gently thigh surface all around.

Scoring: - Measurement of Thigh Girth was recorded (in cm.).

56

BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS

Body weight

Equipment: -Weighing machine.

Method: - The measurement was taken in a classroom, the subject was

asked to take off his shoes and clothes except brief and under garments.

The subject stands erect on the platform and balance with equal weight on

both feet.

Scoring: - Weight was recorded (in kg.).

Fat Percentage

Equipment: - Skin-Fold caliper.

Method: - In order to determine the fat percentage, the skin fold

measurement was recorded in millimeter with the help of the skin-fold

caliper, at four different sites and to obtain the percentage of body fat the

total value of skin-fold at four sites was referred to the converting chart

prepared by “Durnin and Rehman”. The skin-fold measurement was

taken, following the procedure given below:-

Skin-fold caliper was employed for measuring the fat component

of specific sites. The skin at a specific site was held between the thumb

and index finger and pulled out to form a fold so as to include two

thicknesses of skin and subcutaneous fat in between them. The caliper

was applied about one centimeter from a spot pinched with thumb and

finger and to a depth equal to fold approximately. The measurement was

recorded in millimeters. Three reading were taken and the average of

three readings was recorded as the thickness of skin-fold at that site. This

measurement was taken of the following four sites.

1. Front of the upper arm (Biceps).

2. Back of the upper arm (Triceps).

3. Inferior angle of scapula (sub-scapular).

57

4. Supra Iliac.

All the measurements were taken on the dominant side of the subject.

Front of the upper arm (Biceps)

Method: - The subject was asked to stand in an anatomical position

with the arms freely hanging. The skin-fold was lifted over the biceps

muscle at a point half-way between the fore-arm and the tip of the elbow.

Scoring: -Measurement was recorded (in m.m.).

Back of the upper arm (Triceps)

Method: - The subject was asked to stand in an anatomical position with

the arms freely hanging. He was asked to flex the arm at the elbow to 90

degrees. A point on the triceps mid way between acromial process of the

shoulder and olecranon process of the ulna located and skin-fold

measurement were taken.

Scoring: - Measurement was recorded (in m.m.).

Inferior angle of scapula (sub-scapular)

Method: - The subject was asked to stand in an anatomical position. A

site parallel to the inferior angle to scapula was chosen. The folds in this

position make a diagonal line, upper end towards the medial side and

lower end towards the lateral side.


Supra Iliac

Method: - The subject was asked to stand in an anatomical position, a

site on the abdomen (on the side of the trunk) above the iliac crest at the

58

level of the umbilicus were selected. The thickness of the skin-fold was

measured as per description given above.


Body Fat

Method: - It was calculated by the formula, Percent of body fat

multiplied by hundred and divided by body weight.

Scoring: - Body fat was recorded (in Kg.).

Lean Body Mass

Method: - It was calculated by Subtracting body fat with body weight.

Scoring: -The Lean body mass was recorded (in Kg.).

STATISTICAL PROCEDURE

To compare the selected motor ability components, anthropometric

measurements and body composition of hockey goalkeepers, in the first

phase of statistical analysis, descriptive analysis was used and employed

the next phase one way ANOVA (analysis of variance) technique was

used to compare the means of different levels of participations followed

by LSD (least significant difference) wherever applicable. All statistical

function SPSS v.16 software was used. The level of significant to

determine the significant difference was set at 0.05 levels.

Chapter-IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

OF THE DATA

Chapter IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DATA

The data collected on selected motor ability, anthropometric

measurements and body compositions of Hockey goalkeepers at different

levels of competition have been analysed and presented in this chapter.

FINDINGS

In the subsequent tables and figures investigator tried to present the

results of the study undertaken, and discussed the results with the support

of the findings of the other contemporary researchers.

60

TABLE- 1

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Flexibility”

At different levels of

Competition

Levels N Mean SD

Senior National 15 4.73 1.18

Inter-university 15 4.73 0.88

Inter-collegiate 15 3.83 1.11

Where N= Total numbers of Hockey Goalkeeper.

It is evident from table-1 that observed mean and standard

deviation (SD) of the variable “Flexibility” of senior national hockey

goalkeepers were 4.73 and 1.18 respectively; mean and standard

deviation (SD) of inter-university hockey goalkeepers were 4.73 and 0.88

respectively; and mean, standard deviation (SD) of inter-collegiate

Hockey Goalkeepers were 3.83 and 1.11 respectively.

61

FIGURE- 1

Showing mean’s difference among different

Levels of Competition of the variable

“Flexibility”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Flexibility” of senior

national hockey goalkeepers, inter- university hockey goalkeepers and of

inter-collegiate hockey goalkeepers.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Senior National Inter-university Inter-collegiate

4.73 4.73

3.83

Flexibility

62

TABLE- 2

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Orientation ability”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD




Where N= Total numbers of Hockey Goalkeeper


deviation (SD) of the variable “Orientation ability” of senior national

hockey goalkeepers were 9.22 and 0.61 respectively; mean and standard

deviation (SD) of inter-university hockey goalkeepers were 9.68 and 0.44

respectively; and mean, standard deviation (SD) of inter-collegiate

hockey goalkeepers were 11.23 and 1.05 respectively.

63

FIGURE- 2



“Orientation ability”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Orientation ability” of

senior national hockey goalkeepers, inter- university hockey goalkeepers

and of inter-collegiate hockey goalkeepers.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


9.229.68

11.23

Orientation Ability

64

TABLE- 3

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Balance ability”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Balance ability” of senior national hockey


deviation (SD) of inter- university hockey goalkeepers were 10.47and

0.52 respectively; and mean, standard deviation (SD) of inter-collegiate

hockey goalkeepers were 11.51and 1.82 respectively.

65

FIGURE- 3



“Balance ability”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Balance ability” of



0

2

4

6

8

10

12


8.74

10.47

11.51

Balance Ability

66

TABLE- 4

Descriptive statistics of the variable of “Reaction time ability”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Reaction time ability” of senior national

hockey goalkeepers were 147.33 and 8.42 respectively; mean and

standard deviation (SD) of inter- university hockey goalkeepers were

163.47 and 5.75 respectively; and mean, standard deviation (SD) of inter-

collegiate hockey goalkeepers were 172.27 and 23.25 respectively.

67

FIGURE- 4



“Reaction time ability”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Reaction time ability”

of senior national hockey goalkeepers, inter- university hockey

goalkeepers and of inter-collegiate hockey goalkeepers.

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180


147.33

163.47

172.27

Reaction Ability

68

TABLE- 5

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Standing height”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Standing height” of senior national

hockey goalkeepers were 172.73 and 6.19 respectively; mean and

standard deviation (SD) of inter-university hockey goalkeepers

were173.53 and 7.46 respectively; and mean, standard deviation (SD) of

inter-collegiate hockey goalkeepers were 169.93 and 3.79 respectively.

69

FIGURE- 5



“Standing height”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Standing height” of



130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175


172.73173.53

169.93

Standing Height

70

TABLE- 6

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Upper body length”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Upper body length” of senior national

hockey goalkeepers were 77.66 and 4.55 respectively; mean and standard

deviation (SD) of inter-university hockey goalkeepers were 76.93 and



71

FIGURE- 6



“Upper body length”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Upper body length”

of senior national hockey goalkeepers, inter- university hockey

goalkeepers and of inter-collegiate hockey goalkeepers.

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80


77.66 76.93 75.53

Upper body Length

72

TABLE- 7

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Leg length”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Leg length” of senior national hockey





73

FIGURE- 7



“Leg length”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Leg length” of senior



50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100


95.0796.6 94.27

Leg Length

74

TABLE- 8

Descriptive statistics of the variable of “Arm length”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Arm length” of senior national hockey





75

FIGURE- 8



“Arm length”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Arm length” of senior



68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77


75.53

76.6

71.47

Arm Length

76

TABLE- 9

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Calf girth”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Calf girth” of senior national hockey

goalkeepers were 35.27 and1.75 respectively; mean and standard




77

FIGURE- 9



“Calf girth”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Calf girth” of senior



20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36


35.27

33.27

31.07

Calf Girth

78

TABLE- 10

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Thigh girth”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Thigh girth” of senior national hockey





79

FIGURE- 10



“Thigh girth”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Thigh girth” of senior



20

25

30

35

40

45

50


47.67

45.53

43

Thigh Girth

80

TABLE- 11

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Body weight”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Body weight” of senior national hockey





81

FIGURE- 11



“Body weight”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Body weight” of



25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65


64 64.07

57.8

Body Weight

82

TABLE- 12

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Fat percentage”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Fat percentage” of senior national hockey





83

FIGURE- 12



“Fat percentage”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Fat percentage” of



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


12.23

14.97

16.7

Fat Percentage

84

TABLE- 13

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Body fat”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Body fat” of senior national hockey





85

FIGURE- 13



“Body fat”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Body fat” of senior



0

5

10

15

20

25

30


19.29

23.18

29.03

Body Fat

86

TABLE- 14

Descriptive statistics of the variable “Lean body mass”


Competition

Levels N Mean SD






deviation (SD) of the variable “Lean body mass” of senior national

hockey goalkeepers were 44.71 and 8.37 respectively ; mean and standard

deviation (SD) of inter-university Hockey Goalkeepers were 40.58 and

9.46 respectively; mean and standard deviation (SD) of inter-collegiate


87

FIGURE- 14



“Lean Body Mass”

Differences between mean’s of the variable “Lean Body Mass” of



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


44.71

40.58

28.77

Lean Body Mass

88

TABLE- 15

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the variable

“Flexibility” among different levels of

Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F

Between Groups 8.10 2 4.05

3.57* Within Groups 47.70 42 1.14

Total 55.80 44

*Significant at 0.05 level of significance Tabulated F= 3.20

An examination of above cited Table 15 it is evidenced that

calculated F value (3.57) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20) at

0.05 level of significance with 42 degree of freedom, hence there is

significant difference existed among senior national, inter-university and

inter-collegiate levels of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of

flexibility.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s flexibility, representing

different levels of Competition, least significant difference (L.S.D.) a post

hoc test was applied and its result is presented in the following Table 16.

89

TABLE- 16

Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) of the variable

“Flexibility” among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

4.73 4.73 0.00

0.79 4.73 3.83 0.90*

4.73 3.83 0.90*

*Significant at 0.05 level

The comparison of all three levels of competition was done using

L.S.D. and its result is presented in the above cited Table 16, it showed

that significant differences were found between senior national and inter-

collegiate; inter-university and inter-collegiate level field hockey

goalkeepers, whereas no significant difference was documented between

senior national and inter-university level field hockey goalkeepers in the

variable of flexibility.

90

TABLE- 17


“Orientation ability” among different

Levels of Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


29.88* Within Groups 23.45 42 0.56

Total 56.83 44


An examination of Table 17 reading showed that calculated F

value (29.88) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20) at 0.05 level

of significance with 42 degree of freedom, there is significant difference

existed among senior national, inter-university and inter-collegiate levels

of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of orientation ability.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s orientation ability,

representing different levels of competition, least significant difference

(L.S.D.) a post hoc test was applied and its result is presented in the

following Table 18.

91

TABLE- 18

Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) of the variable “Orientation”

among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

9.22 9.68 0.46

0.55 9.22 11.23 2.01*

9.68 11.23 1.55*



L.S.D. And its result is presented in the above cited Table 18; it showed





variable of orientation ability.

92

TABLE 19


“Balance ability” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


23.08* Within Groups 53.13 42 1.27

Total 111.53 44


An examination of above cited Table 19 it is evidenced that

calculated F value (23.08) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20)

at 0.05 level of significance with 42 degree of freedom, hence there is


inter-collegiate levels of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of

balance ability.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s balance ability



following Table 20.

93

TABLE-20


“Balance ability” among different


Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

8.74 10.47 1.73*

0.83 8.74 11.51 2.77*

10.47 11.51 1.04*





university; senior national and inter-collegiate; inter-university and inter-

collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers on the variable of balance

ability.

94

TABLE- 21


“Reaction time ability” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


11.19* Within Groups 9036.00 42 215.14

Total 13832.98 44


An examination of above cited Table 21, revealed that calculated F



existed among senior national, inter-university and inter-collegiate level

of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of reaction time ability.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s ability representing

different levels of competition, least significant difference (L.S.D.) a post

hoc test was applied and its result is presented in the following table 22.

95

TABLE 22


“Reaction time ability” among different


Senior

National

Inter-

university Inter-collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

147.33 163.47 16.14*

10.81 147.33 172.27 24.94*

163.47 172.27 8.8





university; senior national and inter-collegiate level field hockey


inter-university and inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers in the

variable of reaction time ability.

96

TABLE- 23


“Standing height” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


1.48 Within Groups 1517.60 42 36.13

Total 1624.80 44

Tabulated F= 3.20

As documented in the above cited Table 23 that calculated F value

(1.48) was found less than tabulated F value (3.20) at 0.05 level of

significance with 42 degree of freedom, hence there is no significant

difference existed among senior national, inter-university and inter-

collegiate level of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of standing

height.

97

TABLE- 24


“Upper body length” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of

freedo

m

(Df)

Mean

Square F


0.683 Within Groups 1084.0 42 25.81

Total 1119.24 44

Tabulated F= 3.20

As vivid from the above cited Table 24 that calculated F value

(0.683) was found less than tabulated F value (3.20) at 0.05 level of

significance with 42 degree of freedom, there is no significant difference


of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of upper body length.

98

TABLE- 25


“Leg length” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


1.14 Within Groups 775.47 42 18.46

Total 817.64 44

Tabulated F= 3.20

An examination of above Table 25 it is evidenced that calculated F

value (1.14) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20) at 0.05 level of

significance with 42 degree of freedom, there is no significant difference


of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of leg length.

99

TABLE- 26


“Arm length” among different levels of

Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


3.93* Within Groups 1177.06 42 28.03

Total 1397.20 44


As seen from the above cited Table 26 that calculated F value

(3.93) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20) at the 0.05 level of

significance with 42 degree of freedom, there is significant difference


of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of arm length.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s arm length,


(L.S.D) a post hoc test was applied and its result is presented in the

following Table 27.

100

TABLE- 27


“Arm length” among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

75.53 76.60 1.07

3.91 75.53 71.47 4.06*

76.60 71.47 5.13*







senior national and inter-university level goalkeepers in the variable of

arm length.

101

TABLE- 28


“Calf girth” among different levels of

Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


19.47* Within Groups 142.80 42 3.40

Total 275.20 44


An examination of above cited Table 28 it is vivid that calculated F




of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of calf girth.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s calf girth representing



102

TABLE- 29


“Calf girth” among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

35.27 33.27 2.00*

1.36 35.27 31.07 4.20*

33.27 31.07 2.20*





university; senior national and inter-collegiate; and inter-university and

inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of calf

girth.

103

TABLE- 30


“Thigh girth” among different levels of

Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


9.63* Within Groups 357.07 42 8.50

Total 520.80 44


As documented in the above cited Table 30 that calculated F value

(9.63) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20) at 0.05 level of

significance with 42 degree of freedom and there is significant difference


of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of thigh girth.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s thigh girth representing



104

TABLE- 31


“Thigh girth” among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university Inter-collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

47.67 45.53 2.14

2.15 47.67 43.00 4.67*

45.53 43.00 2.53*








variable of thigh girth.

105

TABLE- 32


“Body weight” among different levels of

Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


5.19* Within Groups 1571.33 42 37.4

Total 1959.91 44


As examination of the above Table 32 showed that calculated F

value (5.19) was found more than tabulated F value (3.20) at the 0.05

level of significance with 42 degree of freedom, there is significant

difference existed among senior national, inter-university and inter-

collegiate levels of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of body

weight.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s body weight



following Table 33.

106

TABLE- 33


“Body weight” among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

64.00 64.07 0.07

4.51 64.00 57.80 6.27*

64.07 57.80 6.20*




that significant difference were found between senior national and inter-




variable of body weight.

107

TABLE- 34


“Fat percentage” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


16.42* Within Groups 194.57 42 4.6

Total 346.70 44


An examination of above cited Table 34 it was found that


at 0.05 level of significance with 42 degree of freedom, there is


inter-collegiate levels of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of fat

percentage.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s fat percentage



following Table 35.

108

TABLE- 35


“Fat percentage” among different


Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

12.23 14.97 2.74*

1.59 12.23 16.70 4.47*

14.97 16.70 1.73*






inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of fat

percentage.

109

TABLE- 36


“Body fat” among different levels of

Competition

Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


21.44* Within Groups 705.75 42 16.80

Total 1426.20 44


As can be seen from the above cited Table 36 it is evidenced that




inter-collegiate levels of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of body

fat.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s body fat, representing



110

TABLE- 37


“Body fat” among different levels of

Competition

Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

19.29 23.18 3.89*

3.02 19.29 29.03 9.74*

23.18 29.03 5.85*






inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of fat

percentage.

111

TABLE- 38


“Lean body mass” among different


Sum of

Squares

Degree

Of freedom

(Df)

Mean

Square F


13.74* Within Groups 3137.48 42 74.70

Total 5189.76 44


An examination of above cited Table 38 was revealed that




inter-collegiate levels of field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of lean

body mass.

To know the exact position of goalkeeper’s body mass,



following Table 39.

112

TABLE- 39


“Lean body mass” among different


Senior

National

Inter-

university

Inter-

collegiate

Mean

Difference

Critical

Difference

44.71 40.58 4.13

6.38 44.71 28.77 15.94*

40.58 28.77 11.81*








variable of lean body mass.

113

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The purpose of the study was to compare selected motor ability

components, anthropometric measurements and body composition of

hockey goalkeepers at different levels of competitions.

As the results of the study related to variables of motor ability

components showed that significant differences existed among senior

national, inter-university and inter-collegiate level of field hockey

goalkeepers in the variable of flexibility, orientation ability, balance

ability and reaction time ability. Uppal and Dutta (1980) also reported

same type of results in their study; they worked on motor fitness and

found significant difference among the subjects. They said that motor

variables like flexibility having a higher degree of associations with the

level of performance, and this is also revealed by the findings of our

study that higher-level hockey goalkeepers possesses higher degree of

flexibility when they were compared with their lower levels of

competition. This finding is also supported by Khetmalis, (2012).

As far as variables of anthropometric measurements were

concerned it was found that except standing height, upper body length

and leg length there were significant difference in the variables of arm

length, calf girth and thigh girth among all three levels of competition.

Levine, (1974) also stated in his study that top-level performers in a

particular event demands particular type of body size and shape, it is also

proved by our study that higher level of goalkeepers having a particular

type of anthropometrical make-up.

When the variable of body composition was taken into account

significant difference were documented in the body weight, fat

percentage, body fat and lean body mass among the all three levels of

field hockey goalkeepers. The findings of our study are in-line with the

114

findings of Luce (1974), who found a difference in the body composition

between top-level and low-level players.

The comparison through L.S.D. among all three levels of

competition showed that differences were found between senior national

and inter-collegiate; inter-university and inter-collegiate level field

hockey goalkeepers in their flexibility, where as no significant difference

was documented between senior national and inter-university level field

hockey goalkeepers in the variable of flexibility, this finding have been

supported by Khetmalis, (2012). It indicates that both senior national and

inter-university level field hockey goalkeepers have the similarities in the

variable of flexibility; it may be because in the both levels almost similar

type of training is given to the goalkeepers, Vyas, (1997) and uppal &

dutta (1980) also found the same result.

The comparison using L.S.D. for the variable of orientation ability

showed that differences were found between senior national and inter-




variable of orientation ability, this finding have been supported by

Khetmalis, (2012). As we stated earlier both senior national and inter-

university level field hockey goalkeepers were given same type of

training in the coaching centres may be one of the reason for results.

Vyas, (1997) also found same result.

For the variable of balance ability it was found from the L.S.D.

comparisons that significant differences were existed among all groups

under investigation, which showed that all three level of field hockey

goalkeepers differ among each other in their balance ability, this finding

have been also supported by Erkut et al., ( 2009) and Espenschde &

Dable, (1953).

115

As far as the results of the L.S.D. comparison among all three

levels for the variable of reaction ability showed that differences were

found between senior national and inter-university; senior national and

inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers, whereas no significant

difference was documented between inter-university and inter-collegiate

level field hockey goalkeepers, this finding have also been supported by

Erkut et al., (2009) and Keogh and Dalton (2003) also reported that

significant difference was documented with the varying standards of

competitions.

Anthropometric measurement is one of the variable which is

largely depends on age of the subjects, in this study the selected subjects

belong to the same age group and it is also documented from the results

that senior national level as well as inter-collegiate level field hockey

goalkeepers having the same arm length, this finding have also been

supported by Luce, (1974).

There were found differences between senior national and inter-


goalkeepers in their arm length, whereas no significant difference was

documented between senior national and inter-university level field

hockey goalkeepers in the arm length of the subjects, this finding have

also been supported by Khetmalis, (2012) and Loland et al., (2009);

Luce, (1974).

The comparison done by L.S.D. for the variable of calf girth

showed that among all three level of competition significant differences

were found between senior national and inter-university; senior national

and inter-collegiate; and inter-university and inter-collegiate level field

hockey goalkeepers in the variable of calf girth, this finding have also

been supported by Abraham (2012).

116

The comparison done by L.S.D. for the variable of thigh girth

showed that among all three levels of competition significant differences

were existed between senior national and inter-collegiate; inter-university

and inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers, whereas no

significant difference was documented between senior national and inter-

university level field hockey goalkeepers, this finding have also been

supported by Abraham, (2012) and Loland, et al., (2009).

As far as the variables of body weight were concerned results

indicated that among all three levels of field hockey goalkeepers, there

were significant differences between senior national and inter-collegiate;

inter-university and inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers,

whereas no significant difference was documented between senior

national and inter-university level field hockey goalkeepers in the

variable of body weight, this finding have also been supported by

Abraham, (2012); Loland, et al. (2009).

The comparison done by L.S.D. for the variable of fat percentage

showed that among all three levels of competition, significant differences

were found between senior national and inter-university; senior national

and inter-collegiate; and inter-university and inter-collegiate level field

hockey goalkeepers in the variable of fat percentage. Loland, et al.,

(2009) and Calo, et al., (2009), reported in their findings that fat

percentage of those players was low who were involved in the vigorous

type of activity. In our study the national level field hockey goalkeepers

were having a vigorous type of training and the players of inter-collegiate

level does not having regular training experience that may be one of the

reasons for this sort of findings, this finding have also been supported by

Abraham, (2012).

The results of L.S.D. comparison showed that significant

differences were found between senior national and inter-university;

117

senior national and inter-collegiate; and inter-university and inter-

collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers in the variable of body fat, this

finding have also been supported by Abraham, (2012).

The results about the variable of lean body mass showed that, when

we computed L.S.D. significant differences were found between senior

national and inter-collegiate; inter-university and inter-collegiate level

field hockey goalkeepers, whereas no significant difference was

documented between senior national and inter-university level field

hockey goalkeepers, this finding have also been supported by Abraham,

(2012) and Choudhary, et al., (2012).

DISCUSSION OF HYPOTHESES

I. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant

difference among the hockey goalkeepers of inter-collegiate,

inter-university and senior national levels of competitions on

selected motor ability component in their Flexibility is

rejected because in our study we found a significant


inter-university and senior national level goalkeepers on

selected motor ability component in their Flexibility.

II. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected motor ability component in their Orientation ability

is rejected because in our study we found a significant



selected motor ability component in their Orientation ability.

118

III. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected motor ability component in their Balance ability is




selected motor ability component in their Balance ability.

IV. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected motor ability component in their Reaction ability is




selected motor ability component in their Reaction ability.

V. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected anthropometric measurement in their Standing

Height is accepted because in our study we also found no

significant differences among the hockey goalkeepers of

inter-collegiate, inter-university and senior national level

goalkeepers on selected anthropometric measurement in

their Standing Height.

VI. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected anthropometric measurement in their Upper Body

119

Length is accepted because in our study we also found no

significant difference among the hockey goalkeepers of

inter-collegiate, inter-university and senior national level

goalkeepers on selected anthropometric measurement in

their Upper Body Length.

VII. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no

significant difference among the hockey goalkeepers of

inter-collegiate, inter-university and senior national levels of

competitions on selected anthropometric measurement in

their Leg Length is accepted because in our study we also

found no significant difference among the hockey


national level goalkeepers on selected anthropometric

measurement in their Leg Length.

VIII. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected anthropometric measurement in their Arm Length is




selected anthropometric measurement in their Arm Length.

IX. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected anthropometric measurement in their Calf Girth is



120


selected anthropometric measurement in their Calf Girth.

X. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected anthropometric measurement in their Thigh Girth is




selected anthropometric measurement in their Thigh Girth.

XI. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected body composition in their Body weight is rejected

because in our study we found a significant difference

among the hockey goalkeepers of inter-collegiate, inter-

university and senior national level goalkeepers on selected

body composition in their Body weight.

XII. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected body composition in their Fat Percentage is rejected




body composition in their Fat Percentage.

XIII. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



121

selected body composition in their Body Fat is rejected




body composition in their Body Fat.

XIV. Earlier it was hypothesized that there would be no significant



selected body composition in their Lean Body Mass is




selected body composition in their Lean Body Mass.

On the whole, it was attributed from the results of the study, that

the field hockey goalkeepers Uttar Pradesh state either; they were

national or inter-university field hockey goalkeepers having almost

similar type of motor fitness, anthropometry and body composition.

Chapter-V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter-V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

The history of the game of hockey has its roots well laid in the

world’s early civilization. The one of oldest known sports, Hockey is

believed to be in existence about 1200 years before the Ancient Games of

Olympics. Right from Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Persians to Ethiopians,

everyone played a variation of the game. While some played it just for

recreation, the others were of the opinion that hockey would make them

better warriors. Even though many ancient civilizations played hockey in

different variations, the modern game of hockey, the ‘field hockey’,

developed in the British Isles in the 19th century.

A popular English school game, hockey was introduced in India by

British Army regiments and the game soon found to be favor among the

native Indians. Spreading internationally, the popularity of the game was

especially effervescent in India. It was during that time when the London

Hockey Association was formed and the rules for playing hockey were

standardized. In 1924, the International Hockey Federation (FIH) was

formed.

Dey, et al., (1994) hockey is probably the most popular game

worldwide but there is still limited scientific information available

concerning the physique and performance qualities of elite Indian hockey

players. Not many sports physiologist have been attracted to examine the

hockey player in details because of the lack of adequate experimental

models to study the games in the laboratory. The game comprises

activities like sprint and jumps in attack, defense goalkeeping. It also

requires aerobic capacity as the game lasts one hour and ten minute,

123

sometimes even longer than the official time. These short and long lasting

activities are performed over the entire game, so, both aerobic and

anaerobic capacities are very important to exhibit better performance.

Dey, et al., (2010) and Bale, (1986) team games are sports where

body size, shape, body composition and level of fitness, all play an

important part in providing distinct advantages for specific playing

positions particularly at the highest levels of performance where there is a

high degree of player specialization.

Reilly, et al., (1990) Specific positional roles within each code

may demand unique physiological attributes. These are reflected in the

physical and physiological fitness of the players

Kansal, et al., (1980) the database of physique and performance

qualities of the players of the renowned teams throughout the country is

very important to make a national team. It is a fact that in India there is

still limited information of elite players regarding physique, physiological

profiles and performance. Hence an attempt was made to study the motor

abilities, anthropometric measurement and body composition of the field

hockey goalkeepers.

It was hypothesized that there would not be a significant

differences among inter-collegiate, inter-university and senior national

level hockey goalkeepers on selected motor ability components

(Flexibility, Orientation ability, Balance ability and Reaction ability),

anthropometric measurements (Standing Height, Upper Body Length,

Leg Length, Arm Length, Calf Girth and Thigh Girth) and body

composition (Body weight, Fat Percentage, Body Fat and Lean Body

Mass).

To work on the above hypotheses 45 male hockey goalkeepers

aged between 18- 24 years were selected. Out of 45 subjects, 15 each

124

were selected from inter-collegiate, inter-university, and national field

hockey goalkeepers of Uttar Pradesh state only.

The variables of the study were, motor ability components,

anthropometric measurements and body composition. To obtain data on

the motor ability component’s variable flexibility, sit and reach test was

used, for coordinative ability a test developed by Hirtz, (1985) was used,

and for anthropometric measurement’s variable of standing height

studiometer was used, for upper body length anthropometer rod, for leg

length, arm length, calf girth and thigh girth a steel tape was used. As far

as the body composition measurement’s variables were concerned, for

body weight weighing machine was used, for fat percentage skinfold

caliper was used. To compare the selected motor ability components,

anthropometric measurements and body composition of hockey

goalkeepers one way ANOVA was used followed by L.S.D. (least

significant difference) wherever applicable. All statistical function was

performed by the use of SPSS v.16 software.

The result shows that there were significant differences existed

among senior national, inter-university and inter-collegiate level of field

hockey goalkeepers in the variable of flexibility, orientation ability,

balance ability, reaction time ability the variables of motor ability

components.

As far as variables of anthropometric measurements were

concerned it was found that except standing height and upper body length

there were significant difference found in the variables of leg length, arm

length, calf girth and thigh girth among selected study groups.

The results of the body composition there were significant

difference documented in the body weight, fat percentage, body fat and

lean body mass among all three groups of field hockey goalkeepers.

125

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of obtained results of following conclusions may be

drawn-

1. Significant difference existed in flexibility among senior national,

inter-university and inter-collegiate level of field hockey

goalkeepers.

2. The comparison L.S.D. showed that significant differences were

found in flexibility between senior national and inter-collegiate;


where as no significant difference was documented between senior

national and inter-university level field hockey goalkeepers.

3. Significant differences existed in orientation ability among senior


goalkeepers.


found in orientation ability between senior national and inter-


goalkeepers, whereas no significant difference was documented

between senior national and inter-university level field hockey

goalkeepers.

5. Significant differences existed in balance ability among senior


goalkeepers.


found in balance ability between senior national and inter-

university; senior national and inter-collegiate; inter-university and

inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers.

126

7. Significant differences existed in reaction time ability among

senior national, inter-university and inter-collegiate level of field

hockey goalkeepers.


found in reaction time ability between senior national and inter-

university; senior national and inter-collegiate level field hockey

goalkeepers, but no significant difference was documented

between inter-university and inter-collegiate level field hockey

goalkeepers.

9. No significant difference existed in standing height among senior


goalkeepers.

10. No significant difference existed in upper body length among

senior national, inter-university and inter-collegiate level of field

hockey goalkeepers.

11. No significant difference existed in leg length among senior


goalkeepers.

12. Significant difference existed in arm length among senior national,


goalkeepers.


found in arm length between senior national and inter-collegiate;




14. Significant difference existed in calf girth among senior national,

inter-university and inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers.

127


found in calf girth between senior national and inter-university;

senior national and inter-collegiate and inter-university and inter-

collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers.

16. Significant difference existed in thigh girth among senior national,

inter-university and inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers.


found in thigh girth between senior national and inter-collegiate;




18. Significant difference existed in body weight among senior


goalkeepers.

19. The comparison L.S.D. shows that significant differences were

found in body weight between senior national and inter-collegiate;




20. Significant difference existed in fat percentage among senior

national, inter-university and senior state/inter-collegiate level of

field hockey goalkeepers.


found in fat percentage between senior national and inter-

university; senior national and inter-collegiate and inter-university

and inter-collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers.

22. Significant differences existed in body fat among senior national,


goalkeepers.

128


found in body fat between senior national and inter-university;

senior national and inter-collegiate and inter-university and inter-

collegiate level field hockey goalkeepers.

24. Significant differences existed in lean body mass among senior


goalkeepers.


found in lean body mass between senior national and inter-


goalkeepers, whereas no significant difference was documented

between senior national and inter-university level field hockey

goalkeepers.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The present study was confined to compare the motor abilities,

anthropometric measurement and body composition of different level of

field hockey goalkeepers. The researches and explorations are not the end

in itself, but its open way for future investigations. Similarly, the present

work is not the end in this area. In fact, all the variables can never be

studied in a single research. The results of the present investigation led to

certain possibilities for further researches.

i. It is suggested that for further studies in this area one may compare

male and female hockey goalkeepers with the same variables.

ii. For future research, a similar study may be conducted with

association of biomechanical and significant variables.

iii. A comparative study with the same variable may be conducted on

international and other levels of competitions.

129

iv. A similar study may be conducted with the same parameters on

different level female goalkeepers.

v. Same study may be duplicated on the zonal teams, to know the

potential of different zones in India.

vi. In order to draw more authentic predictions, the biomechanical and

psychological parameters of the hockey goalkeepers may be studied

along with these parameters in future research.

On the basis of the above mentioned recommendations it may be

submitted that as a single researcher one may not be able to take-up such

research studies independently, because such type of researches required

specific equipments and other lab facilities, hence premier institutions

such as Sports Authority of India (SAI), International Hockey Federation

(IHF), Hockey India (HI), University Grants Commission (UGC), Sports

Academies etc. must take initiative to undertake long term research

projects on such topics to determine the predictors of sports performance

instead of merely stressing on any one of few constructs of performance.

Hence, a holistic and interdisciplinary approach by the institutions

conducting higher research may be adopted and it will be fruitful for our

budding field hockey goalkeepers and others hockey players also.

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APPENDICES

141

Appendix I

Raw data of the Senior National Level Field Hockey Goalkeepers

S.NO.

Flexibility

(Inches)

Orientation

(sec.)

Balance

(sec.)

Reaction

(cm)

Standing

height

(cm)

Upper

body

length

(cm)

Leg

length

(cm)

Arm

length

(cm)

Calf

girth

(cm)

Thigh

girth

(cm)

Body

weight

(kg)

Fat

%

Body

fat

(kg)

Lean

body

mass

(kg)

1 5 9.03 8.72 149 170 80 90 77 33 44 54 13.50 25.00 29.00

2 4.5 9.53 8.16 157 170 79 91 76 34 46 62 9.00 14.52 47.48

3 5 9.91 8.47 145 188 85 103 89 33 54 75 11.50 15.33 59.67

4 6.5 9.97 8.84 152 180 80 100 81 38 48 65 13.50 20.77 44.23

5 3 9.59 8.28 150 170 80 90 77 33 45 62 11.50 18.55 43.45

6 4 8.94 8.53 153 166 65 101 72 34 50 56 11.50 20.54 35.46

7 7 9.28 8.97 158 172 80 92 71 37 48 70 11.50 16.43 53.57

8 5.5 8.81 9.97 143 170 79 91 70 36 46 62 13.50 21.77 40.23

9 4.5 8.66 8.24 139 172 80 92 72 35 47 65 13.50 20.77 44.23

10 5 9.91 8.74 127 166 75 91 73 36 52 62 9.00 14.52 47.48

142

Raw data of the Senior National Level Field Hockey Goalkeepers (Continued)

S.NO.

Flexibility

(Inches)

Orientation

(sec.)

Balance

(sec.)

Reaction

(cm)

Standing

height

(cm)

Upper

body

length

(cm)

Leg

length

(cm)

Arm

length

(cm)

Calf

girth

(cm)

Thigh

girth

(cm)

Body

weight

(kg)

Fat

%

Body

fat

(kg)

Lean

body

mass

(kg)

11 4.5 9.78 8.63 148 170 76 94 69 34 50 62 15.50 25.00 37.00

12 6 9.4 8.62 140 168 73 95 68 35 44 66 13.50 20.45 45.55

13 4 9.25 8.74 158 180 80 100 87 36 46 74 11.50 15.54 58.46

14 3 8.15 9.21 141 170 75 95 71 37 48 60 13.50 22.50 37.50

15 3.5 8.03 9.05 150 179 78 101 80 38 47 65 11.50 17.69 47.31

143

Appendix II

Raw data of the Inter-university Level Field Hockey Goalkeepers

S.NO.

Flexibility

(Inches)

Orientation

(sec.)

Balance

(sec.)

Reaction

(cm)

Standing

height

(cm)

Upper

body

length

(cm)

Leg

length

(cm)

Arm

length

(cm)

Calf

girth

(cm)

Thigh

girth

(cm)

Body

weight

(kg)

Fat

%

Body

fat

(kg)

Lean

body

mass

(kg)

1 6 9.5 10.14 158 168 70 98 72 35 51 55 11.50 20.91 34.09

2 5.5 9.03 9.97 164 180 80 100 80 35 42 72 13.50 18.75 53.25

3 4 9.53 9.84 162 170 78 92 77 34 44 58 16.00 27.59 30.41

4 4.5 9.91 10.27 166 175 80 95 78 32 51 68 18.50 27.21 40.79

5 3.5 9.97 10.18 169 163 68 95 71 32 42 64 16.00 25.00 39.00

6 3 9.5 10.62 153 180 80 100 87 33 44 80 15.50 19.38 60.63

7 5.5 9.59 10.93 169 168 70 98 73 32 46 64 16.00 25.00 39.00

8 6 9.97 10.97 159 168 75 93 74 34 43 60 16.00 26.67 33.33

9 4.5 9.28 9.97 157 167 74 93 71 34 45 62 16.00 25.81 36.19

10 5 9.25 10.18 173 165 75 90 73 36 42 55 13.50 24.55 30.45

11 4.5 9.78 11.63 158 188 88 100 87 32 46 70 15.00 16.24 49.24

144

Raw data of the Inter-university Level Field Hockey Goalkeepers (Continued)

S.NO.

Flexibility

(Inches)

Orientation

(sec.)

Balance

(sec.)

Reaction

(cm)

Standing

height

(cm)

Upper

body

length

(cm)

Leg

length

(cm)

Arm

length

(cm)

Calf

girth

(cm)

Thigh

girth

(cm)

Body

weight

(kg)

Fat

%

Body

fat

(kg)

Lean

body

mass

(kg)

12 5 10.44 11.05 165 185 82 103 82 31 42 70 13.50 19.29 50.71

13 5.5 9.4 10.24 170 178 80 98 78 33 46 55 11.50 20.91 34.09

14 4.5 10.62 10.16 161 175 79 96 74 34 48 58 16.00 27.59 30.41

15 4 9.46 10.94 168 173 75 98 72 32 51 70 16.00 22.86 47.14

145

Appendix III

Raw data of the Inter-collegiate Level Field Hockey Goalkeepers

S.NO.

Flexibility

(Inches)

Orientation

(sec.)

Balance

(sec.)

Reaction

(cm)

Standing

height

(cm)

Upper

body

length

(cm)

Leg

length

(cm)

Arm

length

(cm)

Calf

girth

(cm)

Thigh

girth

(cm)

Body

weight

(kg)

Fat

%

Body

fat

(kg)

Lean

body

mass

(kg)

1 1.5 10.62 10.62 170 171 81 90 78 33 44 62 13.50 21.77 40.23

2 5 10.79 10.93 174 163 68 95 71 34 46 59 11.50 19.49 39.51

3 4 10.28 9.97 153 167 74 93 71 32 44 52 20.00 38.46 13.54

4 5 10.82 13.72 154 167 73 94 72 31 40 60 20.00 33.33 26.67

5 4 10.28 9.09 218 172 82 90 74 28 41 55 18.50 33.64 21.36

6 3 10.78 12.67 200 172 81 91 74 29 38 58 18.50 31.90 26.10

7 5.5 10.68 16.68 169 169 66 103 72 30 45 59 20.00 33.90 25.10

8 4.5 10.47 11.69 152 171 70 99 70 31 44 70 18.50 26.43 43.57

9 3.5 11.43 10.97 169 172 70 102 74 33 42 54 15.50 28.70 25.30

10 5 12.75 10.14 224 170 80 90 71 32 41 52 13.50 25.96 26.04

11 3.5 10.9 10.18 162 180 80 100 77 31 43 55 15.50 28.18 26.82

146

Raw data of the Inter-collegiate Level Field Hockey Goalkeepers (Continued)

S.NO.

Flexibility

(Inches)

Orientation

(sec.)

Balance

(sec.)

Reaction

(cm)

Standing

height

(cm)

Upper

body

length

(cm)

Leg

length

(cm)

Arm

length

(cm)

Calf

girth

(cm)

Thigh

girth

(cm)

Body

weight

(kg)

Fat

%

Body

fat

(kg)

Lean

body

mass

(kg)

12 3.5 12.66 11.63 166 171 81 90 70 28 42 62 15.50 25.00 37.00

13 4 12.47 11.61 158 170 79 91 69 27 47 54 16.00 29.63 24.37

14 2 10.14 11.65 150 167 73 94 65 33 42 54 15.50 28.70 25.30

15 3.5 13.39 11.04 165 167 75 92 64 34 46 61 18.50 30.33 30.67

147

Appendix IV

Assessment of Body Composition

Percentage of fat corresponding to the total value of skinfolds of four

sites (Biceps, Triceps, Sub-Scapular and Suprailiac).

(Rounding off in the percentage of fat accounts for the difference

between adjoining values not being uniform).

Fat (Percentage of Body Weight)

S.NO. Total Skinfold Thickness of Four site

(in m.m.)

Percent Body Fat of

Men

1 15 5.5

2 20 9.0

3 25 11.5

4 30 13.5

5 35 15.5

6 40 16.0

7 45 18.5

8 50 20.0

9 55 21.0

10 65 23.0

11 70 24.0

12 75 25.0

13 80 26.0

14 85 28.5

15 90 27.5

16 95 28.0

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Doctor of Philosophy - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/54156/2... · is a piece of research work done by Shri Abhishek Kumar Singh who has worked under the guidance