DOCUMENT RESUME CE 040 995 Millwright …ED 254 719 TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS AGENCY PUB DATE NOTE PUB TYPE DOCUMENT RESUME CE 040 995 Millwright Apprenticeship. Related Training Modules

ED 254 719

TITLE

INSTITUTIONSPONS AGENCYPUB DATENOTE

PUB TYPE

DOCUMENT RESUME

CE 040 995

Millwright Apprenticeship. Related Training Modules.5.1-5.16 Drafting.Lane Community Coll., Eugene, Oreg.Oregon State Dept. of Education, Salem.[82)210p.; For related documents, see CE 040 992-041 007.Many of the modules are duplicated in CE 040 973.Guides Classroom Use Materials (For Learner)(051)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Apprenticeships; Behavioral Objective3; *Blueprints;

*Drafting; Job Skills; Job Training; LearningModules; Machine Tools; Measurement; MeasurementEquipment; *Orthographic Projection; PostsecondaryEducation; Power Technology; *Trade and IndustrialEducation; Welding

IDENTIFIERS *Millwrights

ABSTRACTThis packet, part of the instructional materials for

the Oregon apprenticeship program for millwright training, contains16 modules covering drafting. The modules provide information on thefollowing topics: types of drawing and views, sketching, blueprintreading/working drawings, working drawings for machines and welding,machine and welding symbols, basic blueprint reading and drafting,machine features for drafting, measure.ient, and visualization. Eachmodule consists of a goal, performance indicators, student studyguide, introduction, information sheets illustrated with linedrawings and photographs, a self-assessment test with answers, and apost-assessment test. (KC)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *

* from the original document. *

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APPRENTICESHIP

RELATEDTRAINING MODULES

.4j/ I 5- /6 breA-F7Pt/c.SAIIMORIMMINISSMMOMINMIIIMISSIOMMIMal6

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)

f' This document has been reproduced asreceived from ; arson or organizationoriginating it

Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction quality

Points of view or opinions slated in this dourmont do not neco;sanly reprint, It official NIEposition or policy

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

t.

TO THEtDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC."

STATEMENT OF ASSURANCE

IT IS THE POLICY OF THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

THAT NO PERSON BE SUBJECTED TO DISCRIMINATION ON THE

BASIS OF RACE, NATIONAL ORIGIN, SEX, AGE, HANDICAP OR

MARITAL STATUS IN ANY PROGRAM, SERVICE OR ACTIVITY FOR

WHICH THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION IS RESPONSIBLE,

THE DEPARTMENT WILL COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF STATE

AND FEDERAL LAW CONCERNING NON-DISCRIMINATION AND WILL

STRIVE BY ITS ACTIONS TO ENHANCE THE DIGNITY AND WORTH

OF ALL PERSONS,

STATEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT

THIS PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED AND PRODUCED UNDER A SUB-CONTRACT

FOP THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BY LANE COMMUNITV

COLLEGE, APPRENTICESHIP DIVISION, EUGENE, OREGON, A84,

LANE COMMUNITY COLLEGE IS AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION/EQUAL

OPPORTUNITY INSTITUTION.

3

Pagel

APPRENTICESHIP

MILLWRIGHTRELATED TRAINING MODULES

SAFETY

1.1 General Safety1.2 Hand Tbol Safety

1.3 Power Tool Safety1.4 Fire Safety1.5 Hygiene Safety1.6 Safety and Electricity1.7 Fire Types and Prevention1.8 Machine Safeguarding (includes OSHA Handbook)

ELECTRICIMALEq221

2.1 Basics of Energy2.2 Atomic Theory2.3 Electrical Conduction2.4 Basics of Direct Current2.5 Introduction to Circuits2.6 Reading Scales2.7 Using a V.O.M.2.8 OHM'S Law2.9 Power and Watt's Law2.10 Kirchoff's Current Law

2.11 Kirchoff's Voltage Law

2.12 Series Resistive Circuits2.13 Parallel Resistive Circuits2.14 Series - Parallel Resistive Circuits

2.15 Switches and Relays2.16 Basics of Alternating Currents

2.17 Magnetism

CCMPUTERS

3.1 Digital Language3.2 Digital Logic

3.3 Computer Overview3.4 Computer Software

TOOLS

4.1 Boring and Drilling Tools

4.2 Cutting Tools, Files and Abrasives

4.3 Holding and Fastening Tools4.4 Fastening Devices

4.5 Basic Science - Simple Mechanics

4.6 Fasteners

4

DRAFTING

5.1 Types of Drawing and Views

5.2 Sketching5.3 Blueprint Reading/Working Drawings

5.4 Working Drawings for Machines and Welding5.5 Machine and Welding Symbols5.6 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading

5.7 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading

5.8 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading5.9 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading

5.10 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading

5.11 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading5.12 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading

5.13 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic .Print Reading

5.14 Drafting, Machine Features5.15 Drafting, Measurement5.16 Drafting, Visualization

HUMAN RELATIONS

6.1 Communications Skills6.2 Feedback

6.3 Individual Strengths6.4 Interpersonal Conflicts

6.5 Group Problem Solving

6.6 Goal-setting and Decision-making6.7 Worksite Visits6.8 Resumes

6.9 Interviews

6.10 Expectation6.11 Wider Influences and Responsibilities

6.12 Personal Finance

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4.

7.5

7.6

7.77.8

7.9

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

BOILERS

BoilersBoilers

Boilers

BoilersBoilers

BoilersBoilersBoilersBoilers

- Fire TUbe TypesWatertube Types

- ConstructionFittings

Pperation- Cleaning-. Heat Recovery Systems- Instruments and Controls- Piping and Steam Traps

TURBINES

Steam TurbinesSt am TurbinesSteam TurbinesSteam TUrbinesGas TUrbines

- Types- Components- Auxiliaries- ration and Maintenance

Page II

fi

Page III

PUMPS

9.1 'Pumps - Types and Classification9.2 Pumps - Applications9.3 Pumps - Construction9.4 Pumps - Calculating Heat and Flow9.5 Pumps - Operation9.6 Pumps - Monitoring and Troubleshooting9.7 Pumps - Maintenance

COMEUSTICN

10.1 Combustion - Process10.2 Combustion - Types of Fuel10.3 Cambustion - Air and Fuel Gases10.4 Combustion - Heat Transfer10.5 Cambustion - Wood

'7GENERATORS.

11.1 Generators - Types and Construction11.2 Generators - Operation

12.1

12.2

12.3

FEEDWATER

Feedwater - Types and EquipmentFeedwater - Water TreatmentsFeedwater - Testing

AIR COMPRESSORS

13.1 Air Compressors - Types13.2 Air Compressors - Operation and Maintenance

STEAM

14.1 Steam - Formation and Evaporation14.2 Steam -4 Types

14.3 Steam - Transport14.4 Steam - Purification

MISCELLANEOUS

15.1 Installation - Foundations

15.2 Installation - Alignment15.3 Circuit Protection15.4 Transformers

15.5 Trade Terms

TRADE MATH

16.1 Linear - Measure16.2 Whole Numbers16.3 Additional and Subtraction of Common Friction and Mixed Numbers

16.4 Multiplication and Division of Common Fractions and Whole and

Mixed Numbers

Page IV

16.5 Compound Numbers16.6 Percent

16.7 Ratio and PropoLtion16.8 .Perimeters, Areas and Volumes16.9 Circumference and Wide Area of Circles16.10 Area of Plane, Figures and Volumes of Solid Figures

16.11 Metrics

17.1

17.2

17.3

17.4

17.5

17.617.7,

17;8

17.917.1017.1117.1217.13

HYDRAULICS

Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -Hydraulics -

METALLURGY

LeverTransmission of ForceSymbolsBasic SystemsPumpsPressure Relief ValveReservoirsDirectional Control ValveCylindersForces, Area, PressureConductors and ConnectorsTroubleshootingMaintenance

18.1 Included are TLS packets:W 3010W 3011-1W 3011-2MS 9001 (1-3-4-8-9-6-7-5-2-9)MS 9200, 9201

POWER DRIVES,

19.1 101. A-B-C-D-E102. C -D-E

103. B-C-D-E104. A-C-E-F-G-H I-J107. A108. A

WELDING

20.1 602. A- B- C- D- G -I -L-M

603. A-B,F-G-IW. 3011-1 refer to Mettallurgy 18.1

WE. MA-18

MILLWRIGHTSUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCE DIRECTORY

Note: All reference packets are numbered on theupper right-hand corner of the respective cover page.

SupplementaryPacket # Description

Concepts t Techniques of Machine Safeguarding, U S.D.L., O.S.H.A.

Correspondence Course, Lecture 1, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Types

of boilers I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Correspondence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Types

12.3 Correspondence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Boiler



Fitting I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

12.5 Correspondence Course, Lecture 10, Sec. 2, Steam Generation, Boiler

Operation, Maintenance, Inspection, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,.

Canada

of Boikers II, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Construction & Erection, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

.Fittings II, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

12.7 Correspondence Course, Lecture 3, Sec. 2, Steam Generation, Boiler

Details, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

13.1

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.7

Correspondence Course, Lecture 9, Sec. 2, Steam Generator, Power

Plant Pumps, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

13.3 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6, Sec. 3, Steam Generators, Pumps,

13.5 S.A.1.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Related Training Module

1.8 Machine Safeguarding

7.1 Boilers, Fire Tube Type

7.2 Boilers, Water Tube Type

7.3 Boilers, Construction

7.4 Boilers, Fittings

7.4 Boilers, Fittings

7.5 Boilers, Operation

7.7 Boilers Heat RecoverySystems

PUMPS-OTT-- Types & Classifications

9.2 Applications9.4 Calculating Heat & F.,ow

9.6 Monitoring & Troubleshooting9.7 Maintenance

9.3 Construction9.5 Operation

9

MillwrightSupplementary Reference Directory

Page 2


14.3 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6, Sec. 3, Steam Generators, Steam

12.8 Generator Controls, S:A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

14.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 11, Sec.-2, Steam Generators,

Piping II, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

15.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 1, Sec. 4, Prime Movers, & Auxil-

iaries, Steam Turbines, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

15.2 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4. Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Steam

Turbines I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta; Canada

15.3 Correspondence Cour'se, Lecture 2, Sec. 4, Prime Movers & Auxi1-1

i,ries, Steam Turbine Auxiliaries, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,

Canada

15.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6., Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Steam

Turbine Operation & Maintenance, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,

Canada s,

15.5 Correspondence Course, Lecture 8, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Gas

Turbines, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

16.2 auilcrs FirA with Wood & Bart. Residuec, D.D. Jnge,

u.S.U., 1975

16.2 ',rre4onqunce 1e,:ture 9, '..)pc. 2, !Aelk v,g1

r,ombustion, Calriary: Alberta, Canilda

16.3 orrespondence Course, Ler.ture ';ec. ?, Plant Servicw., Ft -1

Combustion, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

11.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 1?, 3, (2te3111 Genercition, Water

Treatment, S.A.I.T Calgary, Albixta, Cdnada

1/.2 correspondence Course, Lecture' 12, Sec. 2, StQoM Generiltion, Writer

Treatment, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

U

IN/Related Training. Module

14.3 Steam Transport

7.8 Boilers, Instruments &Controls

14.4 Steam Purifkation

8.1 Steam Turbines, Types

8.2 Steam Turbines, Components

8.3 Steam Turbines, Auxiliaries

8.4 Steam Turii145, Operation& Maintenance

8.5 Gas Turbines

10.2 Cnmh$15 tien Type of Fuel

F.

of Fuel

rIci Gases

12.1 Feedw4(1r, Typos &

Operdtion

12.2 Feedwater, 'Jater

Treatme is

I.1

MillwrightSupplementary Reference Directory

Page 3


Related Training Module

17.3 Correspondence Course, Lecture 7, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Boiler 12.3 Feedwater, Testing

Feedwater Treatment, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

18.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 5, Electricity, Direct 11.1 Generators, Types &

Current Machines, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Construction

18.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4, Sec. 5, Electricity, Alternating 11.1 Generators, Types &

18.2 Current Generators, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Construction

18.2 Generators, Operation

19.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 5, Sec. 4, Prime Movers & Auxil-

iaries, Air Compressor I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

13.1 Air Compressors, Types

19.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6, Sec. 4, Prime,Movers 13.1 Air Compressors, Types

lades, Air Compressors II, S.A.I.T., Calgary,'Alberta, Canada 13.2 Air Compressors, Operation& Maintenance

20.1 Basic Electronics, Power Transformers, EL-BE-51 15.4 Transforrers

21.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6, Sec. 5, :lectricity, Switchgear 15.3 Circuit Protection

& Circuit, Protective Equipment, S.A.I.T., Jlgary, Alberta,

Canada

22.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 10, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Power 15.1 Installation Foundations

Plant Erection & Installation, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING TRAINING MODUHS

The following pages list modules and their corresponding numbers for this

particular apprenticeship trade. As related training classroom hours

vary for different reasons throughout the state, we recommend that

the individual apprenticeship committees divide the total packets to

fit their individual class schedules.

There are over 130 modules available. Apprentices can complete the

whole set by the end of their indentured apprenticeships. Some

apprentices may already have knowledge and skills that are covered

in particular modules. In those cases, perhaps credit could be

granted for those subjects, allowing apprentcies to advance to the

remaining modules.

We suggest the the apprenticeship instructors assign the modules in

numerical order to make this learning tool most effective.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

ON CASSETTE TAPES

Tape 1: Fire Tube Boilers - Water Tube Boilersand Boiler Manholes and Safety Precautions

Tape 2: Boiler Fittings, Valves, Injectors,Pumps and Steam Traps

Tape 3: Combustion, Boiler Care and Heat Transferand Feed Water Types

Tape 4: Boiler Safety and Steam Turbines

NOTE: The above cassettereference materialindicated, and not

tapes are intended as add!tionalfor the respective modules, asdesignated as a required assignment.

Modules 18.1, 19.1, and 20.1 have been omitted because they contain

dated materials.

MDIVIDUAUZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

5.1

TYPES OF DRAWINGS AND VIEWS

Goal:

Upon completion of this module, the

student will have a working knowledge

of orthographic, pictorial and iso-

metric drawings and types of lines,

and will be able to identify them and

understand how they are applied in

reading blueprints.

..I1.iw10,

© Copyright 1979, Oregon Department of Education

Performance Indicators:

The student will complete a Self

Assessment exam and a Post Assessment

exam covering the topics, and will also

complete an assignment consisting of

six orthographic and isometric drawings.

INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Study Guide=1110

For successful completion of this module, complete the tasks in the order listed

below. Check each one off as you complete it.

Read the Goal and Performance Indicators on the cover of this module.

This will explain what you can be expected to learn from the module and

how you will demonstrate it.

2. Read the Introduction section and study the Information section. In

these sections you will acquire the knowledge necessary to pass the

Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the required assignments on the Assignment pages. Turn them in

to your instructor for review.

4. Complete the Self Assessment exam. This will show how well you can expect

to do on the Post Assessment exam. Compare your answers with those on

the Self Assessment Answer Sheet found immediately following the exam.

If you scored poorly, re-study the Information section or ask your

instructor for help.

5. Complete the Post Assessment exam. Turn the answers in to your instructor.

It is recommended you score 90% or better before continuing with the

next module.


Introduction

One of the problems in all drawing is how to depict a three-dimensionsal object on

a two-dimensional sheet of paper. Any attempt at showing all three dimensions on

a single drawing will result in foreshortened lines that will not represent true

dimensions of the object. To show an object's true shape, the draftsperson must

make two or more related drawings, each of which depicts the object in two of its

principal dimensions only--width and depth, width and height, or height and depth.

Almost without exception, working drawings are made this way.

Sometimes, however, it is desirable to portray the object more nearly as an observer

would normally see it--that is, to show all three principal dimensions at once.

Several methods are employed for making drawings of this picture-like type, and all

are useful for illustrating the overall shape and general features of technical

objects. However, all of these pictorial drawing methods have a common disadvesitage

that makes them generally unsuitable for the production of working drawings: the

true measurements of the object.


InformationORTOHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

The drawing method almost universally employed in the maMng of architectural and

engineering working drawings is called orthographic projection; the drawings

produced in this way are called orthographic or "true" drawings, as opposed to the,

picture-like drawings made by pictorial drawing methods. Unlike most pictorial

drawings, orthographic drawings are drawn to scale, and true measurements can be

taken from them.

An orthographic view shows one face or side of an object to the extent that it

would be seen by an observer looking squarely at that side or face. No pictorial

techniques are employed for an orthographic drawing, the object being shown in its

actual form, not is apparent form. This makes it possible for the draftsperson to

indicate, in a series of related orthographic views, the true size, shape, and

location of every part of the object and to present dimensions in a clear and

precise way.c

-VISUALIZING THE OBJECT FROM ORTHOGRAPHIC WORKING DRAWINGS

The orthographic-projection drawing method (also called "three-view" or "multiview"

drawing) can best be understood from a study of the three most common orthographic

views--top, front, and side views--as they are employed in mechanical drawings to

represent a simple object, as for example in Fig. F-13.

Each of the three orthographic viewsin Fig. F-13 reveals the shape of the object as

perceived from a particular viewing direction. Collectively, the three views provide

a complete illustration of the object. The top view shows it in width and depth.

The front view, which is obtained by rotating the object 90° on its vertical axis

away from the front view, shows it in height and depth. If additional orthographic

views are required to complete the description of an object, they will be developed

by further 90° rotations, and thus will will bear right-angle relationships to the

DEPTH

HEIGHT

top, front, and side views. Front, side, and rear views are called elevations.

Hidden features are indicated on orthographic drawings by means of dotted lines,

as in the front and side views in Fig. t-14.

In an orthographic drawing, only those object lines that are perpendicular to the

observer's direction of view--that is, parallel with the picture plane--are shown

in their true scale length. The oblique line A-B is drawn in true proportion in

the top view in Fig. F-15. In.the front view, hmever, the line A-B is drawn

shorter than its true scale length and therefore is not shown in true proportion.

TOP VIEW

WIDTH -1--

Fi1ONT

VIEW

0 0TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

SIDE

I VIEW

Fig. F-14

SIDE \ANEW

Fig. F 13

Orthographic (multiview) projections

TOP VIEW

F RUNT VIEW

Fig. F-15

Hidden lines in orthographic views Oblique lines in orthographic projection

21

From this discussion, it will be seen that the shape of an object cannot be

visualized from a single orthographic view; all the related views must be studied

together. The importance of this rule will become apparent as more complex working

drawings are encountered.

TYPES OF LINES IN WORKING DRAWINGS

4 Several types of lines, each having a specific meaning,, are employed in the making

of working drawings; some lines are thicker*than others, some are solid, and some

are broken. Some of the more common types of lines with an example of their appli-

cation, are shown in Fig. F-16. Such a listing of conventional drafting lines is

called an "alphabet of' lines."

41-9"

KITCHEN

L/

91-3" 2' -6° -i- 21-6"A

"cv LIVING ROOM(NJ

7' 6" 31- 0"- 0111

s

51-3,1

P1

s"-

11!

BOUM I( LINEVISIBLE 013.1ECT LINE

INVISIBLE (HIDDEN) 011,1 CT LINE

SECTION LINE

CENTE 11 LINE

LONG BREAK LINE

EXTENSION LINE

DI M NSION LINE.

Fig. F-16. Lines used in working drawings.

22

PIr'ORIAL DRAWINGS

Because a pictorial drawing shows more than one face of the object, it can give more

information about the shape of the object than would be possible with any single

orthographic view. For this reason, persons without technical training find pictorial

drawings the easier type to understand. The main disadvantage of pictorial drawings

lies in their distortion of true object lines and angles; this makes them unsatis-

factory for describing comple6e and detailed forms. However, they are useful in

cases where the measurements of the image need not correspond exactly with those of

the actual object. For example, the architect uses a pictorial drawing to show his

or her client how the house will look when completed.

The two principal types of pictorial drawings are perspective and axonometric

drawings. A third type, the oblique drawing, is partly axonometric and partly

orthographic. Because of the distorted appearance of objects drawn by the oblique

method, it is not widely used for pictorial representation and will not be discussed

further here.

PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS

The type of pictorial .sawing that represents an object most clearly as it is seen

by the human eye is tho verspective drawing. The optical line relationships in a

perspective drawing are like those in a photograph; that is, all lines that are

parallel on the actual object tend to converge at some distant point on the drawing.

Perspective drawings are seldom used as working drawings; they are used mainly in

sales and promotion work and as architectural "presentation" drawings.

AXONOMETRIC DRAWINGS

The term "axonometric" refers to the class of pictorial drawings in which all the

measurements necessary for making the drawing are made on the three principal axes

of the object or on lines parallel with those axes. A rectangular solid drawing in

this way consists of three sets of lines, each set being parallel to one of the

principal axes, and.reveals three of its faces. An infinite number of axonometric

.positions is possible, the choice of position depending upon how the object is to

be viewed. (See Fig. F-l7.) The isometric position, second from the right in the

illustration, is the one most often employed. An axonometric drawing in the isometric

position is called an isometric drawing.

23

Fig. F-17. Axonometric drawings in several 'itions

THE THEORY OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING

The Theory of isometric drawing is that the object is viewed from the exact

positionin which three of its sides are seen equally foreshortened. In making an

isometric drawing, the draftsperson first lays out the three isometric axes--one

vertical and other two tipped up 30° from a horizontal base line, as shown in Fig.

F-18. The height, width, and depth of the object are measured off on.these axis

lines. Since all lines on or parallel with the isometric axes"are foreshortended

equally, they will be in true proportion; however, they will never appear as true

scale lengths, as dc the lines in orthographic drawings. The relationship of an

isometric view and three orthographic views of an object is shown in Fig. F-19.

ANGLES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

Angles cannot be directly transferred from orthographic drawings to isometric

drawings; this is so because angles do not appear in their true shape in isometric

drawings. To transfer angles in making an isometric drawing from orthographic

views, the draftsperson first transfers the intersection points of the lines that

form the angles., then draws the angles from the transferred points._ (See Fig. F-20.)

CURVES N ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

Like angles, curves-suffer distortion in being transferred from orthographic drawings

to isometric drawings. To transfer a curie, the draftsperson first plots points on

the isometric drawing from similar locations along the curve on the orthographic

drawing, Ott connects the points with a curved line. (See Figs. F-21 and F-22.)

To simplify'transferring the points, he or she may lay out a grid of rectangular

coordinates on the multiview drawing and a corresponding isometric grid on the

sheet fo the isometric drawing.

24

HORIZONTAL BASELINE

Fig. F-18. Layout of isometric axes

x

onT -TOP VIEWA

16

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

4.

I

~wow

r.

oraiiocitApHic FRoNT VIW orrritoGUAPHIC SIDI VIEW

Fig. F-19

Isometric drawing and orthographic views of an object

rig. F-20

Orthographic projection and isometric

drawing of an object with an angled4

surface

Fig. F-21


drawing of an object with a curved

surface

Fig..F-22


drawing of an object with a center

hole

26


Assignment

In each of the two rectangular grids on this page, sketch the top, front, and rightside views of the object shown in the small isometric drawing. In each of the fourisometric grids on the following page, make isometric sketches of the object shownin the small multiview drawing.

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SelfAssessment

After you have studied the material in the module, complete the exercises by

writing in the word that belongs in each space.

The drawing method used for making most working drawings is called

Orthographic drawings are drawn to

can be taken from them.

3. An orthographic view shows only one

and measurements

or of an object.

4. In architectural drawings, a view from above is called a(n) view.

5. A listing of conventional drafting lines used in the making of a working

drawing is a(n) of

6. The type of drawing that represents an object most nearly as it would be seen

in a photograph is a(n) drawing.

7. A pictorial drawing shows more than one of an object.

8. The type of pictorial drawing in which all of the principal axes are equally

foreshortended is the axonometric drawing.

9. In an isometric drawing, two of the three principal axes are tipped up

degrees from the horizontal; the third axis is

29

SELF ASSESSMENT ANSWER SHEET

1. "orthographic projection

2. scale, true

3. face, side

4. top

5. alphabet, lines

6. pictorial

7. view

8. axonometric

9. 300, 900

30


Postssessment

Listed below each numbered item are four possible answers or completing phrases.

Decide which of the four is correct, or most nearly correct; then write the

corresponding letter in the blank space to the left of that item.

The drawing method almost universally employed for making working drawingsis called:

a. orthographic projection c. perspective drawing

b. isometric projection d. scaling

2. One disadvantage of pictorial drawings is that in general they:

a. are too large for use on the jobb. are suitable only for exterior viewsc. do not accurately represent object lines and angles

d. give a poor overall view of an object

3. An isometric drawing is one kind of:

a. orthographic drawing c. axonometric drawing

b. perspective drawing d. multiview drawing

4. An orthographic view shows how many sides or faces of an object?

a. one c. threeb. two d. four

5. MIM111 The true shape of an object cannot be visualized from a single:

a. orthographic view c. pictorial viewb. perspective view d. axonometric view

6. The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. pictorial c. multiviewb. orthographic d. isometric

IMINAMINI01

31


a. perspective c. axonometricb. isometric d. orthographic

8, The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. pictorial c. axonometricb. perspective d. orthographic

r

The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. multiview c. obliqueb. orthographic d. isometric


a. pictorial c. isometricb. multiview d. orthographic


5.2

SKETCHING

Goal:

The student will learn the elements

of and reasons for sketching as an

essential aid to understanding

blueprints.


The student will successfully complete

a Self Assessment and a Post Assessment

exam and will make assigned free-handed

sketches.

© Copyright 1979, Oregon Department of Education

34


Study Guide



Read the Goal and Performance Indicators on the cover of this module.




these sections you, will acquire the knowledge necessary to pass the

Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam. This will show how well you can expect

to do on the Post Assessment exam. Compare youranswers with those on

the Self Assessment Answer Sheet found immediately following the exam.

If you scored poorly, re-study the Information section or ask your

instructor for help.

4. Complete the Post Assessment exam. Turn the answers in to your instructor.


next module.

35


Introducti n

For the skilled worker, the importance of being able to make quick, clear and

accurate sketches cannot be overemphasized. Most mechanical and architectural

ideas are expressed better by means of a sketch than by a verbal description. In

general, once a technical problem has been put down as a picture, it is more

clearly defined and its complications become more obvious. In some instances,

sketches may take the place of regular working drawings; for example, a shop sketch

made by the foreman or a journeyman may be the only drawing for a small job tfiat

is to be done in the shop.

Minia

In learning to sketch, the apprentice will not only acquire a needed job skill; he

or she will also develop the ability to observe things more critically. Making an

accurate sketch of an object requires that all its details and parts relationships

be carefully studied and clearly understood.


InformationUSES OF SKETCHES

The degree of perfection and the amount of detail required in a givensketch depend

upon itsintended use. Sketches made to organize ideas, or to develop or formulate

various solutions to a given problem, may be rough or incomplete. An architect's

quickly drawn preliminary floor plan, showing his or her ideas for room arrangement,

is a good example of such a rough sketch. On the other hand, sketches intended for

communicating important information in a precise way should be very carefully done.

An example of this' would be aAdetail sketch developed from an existing drawing,

possibly to show necessary changes in construction or to give detailed.information

about size, materials, and installation.

MATERIALS FOR SKETCHING

The materials required for making sketches are fewL-usually only a pencil, some

paper, and an eraser. The pencil should have a rather soft lead--a No. 2 in the

ordinary Plcil series or an MB or F in the drafting pencil series,, End views of

various drafting pencils, ranging from the very hard 9G to the very soft 7B, are

illustrated in Fig. F-8. The harder drafting pencils are used where high accuracy

is required; medium pencils are used fosr general sicetching and lettering; and the

softer pencils are used for making large freehand drawings. (Coordinate paper, which

has crossed line$'or grids, is helpful to the beginner; the grids may be ed as

guides for drawing lines and keeping proportions. The grids.of such per are

either rectangular or isometric. (See Fig. F-9.)

r/7V. .; HARD / / /MFDR'M 7))0 0 CO911 811 711 611 5H 411

mil'

311 211 11 F 913 ii /f

29 3E3 4B 513' 6B 7E3

.

11ECTINGE1I.,AftisomE rurc

Fig. F-8. Hard, medium & soft drafting pencils Fig. F-9.rids* of coordinate paper

SIZE AND PROPORTIONS OF SKETCHES

In general, sketches are not made to any scale, Out they should be as nearly in pro-

portion as possible. Before a sketch can be started, the overall dimensions of the

object to be drawn must be known; the size of the sketch can then be planned in

accordance with the area available for it on the paper. When the desired size for

the sketch has been determined, the proportions can be worked out from the dimensions

of the object. In working out proportions, it is helpf 1 to ask oneself questions

like these: How many times greater is the height than he width (or vice-versa)

of the object? If the object has openings, are their h ight and width greater

then the,spaces between them?

SKETCHING PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES

The term "sketch" is often misunderstood to mean a vague, crude dr ng; however;.

if even a rough sketch is to be of any value, it must be done with asonable care

an accuracy. Speed in.sketching is desirable, but the beginner should concentrate

at first on developing accuracy. He or she should hold the pencil i the normal

w iting pos tion, using wrist motion for sketching the shorter lines d forearm

m tion for the longer ones. All lines should be drawn with a free movement, without

h sitation, and fairly fast.

KETCHING LINE

groUp of exer ises designed to develop skill in the sketching of,lines is given

n the next page. }In doing these exercises, the apprentice should connect the dots

in each set as shown, making each line Itith one firm, quick stroke and keeping his

or her eye on the dot toward which the pencil is moving--not on the pencil point.

Short, "hairy" strokes must be avoided; the pencil should be kept in contact with

the paper for the entire length of the stroke. If the resulting line logics wavy,

it was probably drawn too slowly; if the line misses the dots, it was probably

drawn too fast. It is good practice to go through the motion of the stroke-once or

twice with the pencil. raised slightly.off the paper before actually drawing the line;

when the stroke seems to be going where it should, the pencil point can be lowered

onto the paper and the final stroke made.

38

HORIZONTAL

rm.°

EXERCISES IN SKETCHING LINES

DIAGONAL

CURVED

33

BASIC FORMS IN SKETCHING

When you have become proficient in the freehand drawing of lines, you will be ready

to try sketching the basic geometric forms--squares, rectangles, triangles, and

circles--that singly or in various combinations represent the shapes of most objects.

Two simple wayi to sketch rectangles or squares when the lines are parallel to the

paper edge arefshown in Fig. F-10. In the method illustrated at the left, point'S

are laid out the required distance in from the paper edges, then connected with

freehand pencil strokes. A strip of paper or cardboard can be marked and used as

a gage for laying out the points. The method illustrated at the right can be

employed if a sketching pad is being used; the pencil is held as shown, the finger-

tips being used to guide the hand along the edge of the pad.

Fig. F-10. Two methods of sketching lines parallel to the paper edge

The sketching of squares, rectangles, triangles, and circles is made easier by

laying them out on crosses (intersecting lines) that 'have been marked to provide

reference points for the drawing. (See Fig. F-11.)

Circles and arcs, especially the larger ones, may also be drawn with fair accuracy

by placing the tip of the little finger on the paper where the/center of the circle

will come, holding the pencil steady and with moderate pressure on the paper, then

rotating the paper carefully. (See Fig. F-12.)

40

Circle

Rectangle Triangle

Fig. F-11. Laying out figures from center lines

Fig. F-12. Another method of drawing a circle

41


SelfAssessment

Read each statement and decide whether it is true or false. Write T if the state-

ment is true; write F is the statement is false.

1. Sketching an object may compel a person to change his or her opinion of

it in some way.

2. A sketch developed from an existing drawing to show a change in construction

should be very carefully done.

3. To make a good-quality line for a sketch, one should use short, overlapping

pencil strokes.

4. Sketches are usually made to some given scale.

Lines are employed in sketching to represent the surfaces, edges, and

contours of objects.

6. Most right-handed persons find that the most natural direction for drawing

horizontal lines is from left to right.

A ruler is an essential instrument in freehand sketching.

8. If the lines of a sketch are wavy, they were probably drawn too fast.

42


1.

2. T

3. F

4. T

5. T

6. T

7. F

8. F

43


PostAssessment




1. Learning to sketch develops a technical student's ability to

a. use drafting instrumentsb. understand verbal instructionsc. observe things critically'd. use the tools of his or her trade

2. Which of the following combinations of materials would be best for thebeginner in sketching?

a. coordinate paperb. charcoal and woodc. unlined paper and any soft pencil having ar eraserd. typing paper, typewriter eraser, and HB drafting pencil

3. In drawing a line freehand, one should use:

a. a series of short, overlapping strokesb. a straightedge if the line is over 4" longc. wrist motion onlyd. a single pencil stroke

4. The first step in learning to sketch is to practice drawing:

a. linesb. rectanglesc. planes and contoursd. three-dimensional forms

5., Coordinate tracing paper has:

a. no linesb. vertical lines onlyc. horizontal lines onlyd. crossed lines or grids

6. Sketches are usually made:

a. to scale and in proportionb. to scale but not in proportionc. neither to scale nor in proportiond. in proportion but not to scale

7. The first step in making a sketch is to:

a. draw the lines representing the top and bottom of the objectb. draw the lines representing the sides of the objectc. determine the overall dimensions of the objectd: determine all the dimensions of the object

8. The degree of perfection and the amount of detail required in a sketchdepends upon the:

a. number of copies to be madeb. importance of the information given in the sketchc. time available for sketchingd. cost of the item being sketched

9. Which one of the following is essential equipment for sketching?

a. drafting instrumentsb. coordinate paperc. blueprint machined. soft eraser

10. If a freehand-drawn line looks wavy, it probably was drawn:

a. with too soft a pencilb. .one the wrong paperc. too rapidlyd. too slowly

45

NNV1DUALEIND LIAINNO SYSTEMS

5.3

BLUEPRINT READING

WORKING DRAWINGS

Goal:

The student will become familiar with

the types of information, general

and detailed, which may be found on

working drawings.

Performance

The student will

working drawings

Assessment and a

Indicators:

refer to a set of

to complete a Self

Post Assessment exam.

0 Copyright 1979, Oregon Department of Education

46


Study 'Guide



1. Read the Goal and Performance Indicators on the cover of this module.




these sections you will acquire the knowledge necessary-to pass the Self

and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam. This will show you how well you can

expect to do on the Post Assessment exam. Compare your answers with

those on the Self Assessment Answer Sheet found immediately following

the exam. If you scored poorly, re-study the Information section or

ask your instructor for help.

=.1111111 Complete the Post Assessment exam. Turn the answers in to your instructor.


next module.

0...a.1.10.11.010.110Mbillamk.....MOdibi01.11106

47


Introduction

Anyone entering any of today's trades or technical fields must have a thorough

knowledge of the graphic language of blueprints. Learning this special language,

like learning any other, demands careful and patient study of its theory and

composition, its symbols, and its conventions. With practice, the apprentice will

be able to read the new language without difficulty and employ it, through

sketching, to express his or her technical ideas to others. As you acquire skill

in blueprint reading, you will be able to visualize from its drawings how a techni-

cal object will look when completed and how its parts will fit together. The

apprentice will also be able to determine from a study of the drawings what machines,

equipment, and work processes will be needed to construct, erect, or install the

object.

Working drawings--architectural or engineering drawings reproduced as blueprints- -

can be considered to be tools of every technical occupation. A skilled worker in

any of the building trades, for example, must know how to get information from a

set of working drawings quickly and accurately. To do this, the worker must be

able to visualize the object from the line drawings on the blueprints. The worker

must also understand the meanings of symbols and conventions, which are the "short-

hand" means used by the-draftsperson to indicate materials, quantities, sizes,

locations, and details of construction. When necessary, the worker must be able to

get from written specifications information regarding the quality of materials,

finish, and workmanship agreed upon by the contractor and the client.

48


Information

Many present-day buildings are very complex, and the complete set of working

drawings for such a building usually includes separate sheets of drawings, for the

several crafts--structural,plumbing, heating and ventilating, electrical, and so

forth--in addition to the usual architectural drawings. Although each worker will

be primarily concerned with the working drawings for his or her own trade, he or

she may also need to refer to other drawings in the complete set from time to time.

A set of working drawings, reduced in size, is included at the end of this module

to illustrate the discussion that follows. The apprentice should study all the

drawings carefully to get a clear idea of the kinds of information each provides

about the construction project (a one-room elementary school). Reading working

drawings like these is part of the day-to-day work of every skilled craftsworker

in the building industry.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (SHEET 1)

The first drawingto be considered in a set of blueprints for a construction project

is usually the site development plan or plot plan, which may also incorporate an

area map and a site grading plan. Plot plans include the following essential

information that must be known before any building can be erected: compass

directions, property lines, contours (slopes), location of the building or buildings

on the site, and locations of roads, trees, existing structures, and utilities.

Approaches to the buildings and finished grade contours are also shown.

FOUNDATION PLAN (SHEET 2)

The foundation plan for a building shows the overall dimensions of the foundation

walls and includes cross sections that show the width, depth, and the height of the

footings at various locations. It also indicates the placement and sizes of steel

reinforcing rods and anchor bolts and the location and dimensions (including thick-

ness) of all concrete floor slabs and steps.

49

FLOOR PLAN (SHEET 3)

A floor plan shows the layout of a single floor of a building. It is in effect the

view from above that would be revealed if the building were sliced through horizon-

tally at a height that would best show interior features. The floor plan ,shows the

arrangement, size, and shape of the rooms; the thickness of walls and partitions;

the location of windows, doors, and other wall openings; and the size, shape, and

location of plumbing fixtures and other mechanical fixtures.

Symbols are employed to represent mechanical features and details where this results

in the simplification or clarification of the floor plan; The apprentice should

give careful attention to the various uses made of symbols not only on the floor

plan but on all the other working drawings of this set as well. If the meaning

of a symbol, a term, or an abbreviation on the drawing is not t, he or she

should ask the instructor to explain it.

EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS (SHEET 3)

An exterior elevation is a view of one side or the front or back of a structure,

showing its shape, the size and location of openings, and other features as roof

details and exterior finishes.

INTERIOR AND SECTIONAL ELEVATIONS (SHEETS 5 AND 6)

Interior elevations show the placement and relationship of interior parts of the

building. Sectional elevations are detailed interior elevations that represent

the building, or some part of it, as if it were sliced through vertically. Many

interior and sectional drawings may be needed to provide all the essential infor-

mation about such items as wall construction, joinery, and interior openings in a

complex structure.

DETAIL DRAWINGS (SHEETS 4 AND 7)

When a construction detail is shown with insufficient clarity, or completeness in a

floor plan, elevation, or other small-scale drawing, the detail is presented else-

where drawn to a larger scale. The detail drawing is keyed to the smaller-scale

drawing by means by an identifying number or letter.

SHOP DRAWINGS

Shop drawings are an exception to the general rule that the architect or engineer

50

oct

shall provide all the working dra ngs needed for bringing the nstruction project

to completion. (No examples o hop drawings are included in this module.) A shop

drawing is a blueprint that may be supplied by a manufacturer of special equipment--

commercial cabinets and fixtures, for example--to show how the equipment is

constructed and how it should be installed. Shop drawings must have-the approval

of the architect or engineer.

NOTES AND SCHEDULES (SHEETS 3 and 4)

The working drawings that make up a complete set are interrelated,'and they must

be read together, if they are to be used effectivelyInformation given on one

drawing'often clarifies information given on another, and a separate set of written

specifications backs up the drawings. Also, most working drawings contain brief

notes referring to other drawings or to information in the specifications that

cannot well be shown by a symbol. In addition, mart working drawings'also include

schedules--charts or tables containing data on doily's, windows, special equipment,

and the like.

SPECIFICATIONS AND THE CONTRACT

The written specificatio7 that accompany a set of working drawings present all the

information' about the construction project that cannot be shown conveniently on

the drawings. They give a detaU.e4 account of the quality of workmanship and

materials that apply in every phase of thevproject, spell out the responsibilities

of the contractor, the subcontractors, and the owners.

Drawings and specifications should agree in all details, but if they are found to

be in conflict in any way, the specifications are to be followed.

9

51

WORKING DRAWINGS

52

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SelfAssessment

After you have read the Information material, answer the questions below, referring

to the working drawings at the back of the module as directed. Write each answer

in the space provided at the right of the question..4

LOOK AT THE AREA MAP ON SHEET 1, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2.

1. In what county is the school to be located?

2. What scale is used for the area map?

LOOK AT THE SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN ON SHEET 1, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 3-4.

3. What are the dimensions of the asphalt play area?

4. The main entrance to the school faces in what direction?

LOOK AT THE FOUNDATION PLAN ON SHEET 2, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 5-9.

5. Anchor bolts of what size are to be used to fasten the sill to

the pad?

6. What is the scale of the Foundation plan?

Bolts of what size are to be used to anchor the foot scrapers?

8. How thick is the floor slab?

9. What is the height from the slab to the top of the plate?

LOOK AT THE FLOOR PLAN AND ELEVATIONS ON SHEET 3, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 10-12.

10. What material is to be used for the exterior siding?

11. How many exterior doors are there?

12. Approximately how many square feet of floor area does the

teacher's office have?

LOOK AT THE DOOR AND WINDOW DETAILS ON WET 4, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 13-14. REFER

AGAIN TO PREVIOUS SHEETS AS NECESSARY.

13. What'miterial is specified for the outside doors?

14. What type of door is specified for the kitchen?

LOOK AT THE INTERIOR ELEVATIONS ON SHEET 5, AND ANSWER QUESTION 15.

15. What material is to be used to finish the walls in the coatroom?

LOOK AT THE STRUCTURAL FUMING AND ROOF FRAMING SECTIONS (SHEETS 6 AND 7), AND

ANSWER QUESTIONS 16-17.

16. Nails of what size are to be used on the roof sheathing?

17. How deep is the classroom sink cabinet from front to back?

LOOK AT THE HEATING AND VENTILATING, PLUMBING, AND ELECTRICAL PLANS (SHEETS 8, 9

AND 10),'AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 18-20.

18. In what 'oom is a thermostat to be located?

19. What means of ventilation is provided in the lavatories?

20. In how many places are hot water taps to be located?


Self AssessmentAnswers

1. trinity

2. 1" = 30'

3. 75' x 65'

4. south

5. 3/4"

6. 1/4" =

7. 1/2" x 8"

8. 4"

9. 6"

10. 1" x 8" redwood

11. two

12. 175 sq. ft.

13. weldwood

14. solid core birch surface

15. horizontal redwood siding

16. 8d

17. 24"

18. general classroom

19. 12" x 24" louvred opening

20. three


PostAssessment




Which one of the following kinds of information could a worker expect tofind in a set of working drawings for a building?

a. grades of Limber to be usedb. quality of paint requiredc. separate sheets of details for the different craftsd. the time limit for completion of the project

2. Which one of the following kinds of information would normally appear inthe specifications for a building?

a. locations of utilities at the siteb. quality of plumbing fixtures requiredc. dimensions of footingsd. grade contours

On which one of the following kinds of working drawings could a carpenterexpect to find information about roof structure?

a. plot plan c. foundation planb._ exterior elevations d. floor plan

4. The arrangement of rooms is shown on a:

a. site development plan c. detail drawingb. floor plan d. shop drawing

5. The symbol on an electrical plan indicates a:

a. timer c. duplex receptableb. thermostat d. junction box

6. A chart appearing on a working drawing giving the names, sizes, andmanufacturers of special equipment is called a:

7. .IL

a. scheduleb. specification

c. detail

d. cross section

Before placing electrical outlets in a new building, the electrician willconsult the:

a. architectb. general contractor

c. building superintendentd. electrical plan

76

8. A characteristic of a plan view (floor plan or foul 'ltion plan) is thatit:

a. shows more detail than any other type of working drawingb. shows the interior construction of partitionsc. reveals the structure as it would be viewed from aboved. includes all necessary specifications for the project

9. An exterior elevation is a view of one side or face of a building froma viewpoint:

a. slightly above and to the right of the side shownb. slightly below and to the left of the side shownc. directly in front of the side shownd. that reveals the maximum number of building details

10. Contour lines are normally found on the:

a. plot plan c. floor planb. foundation plan d. elevations

77

""

ov

1104V1DUALIZ0 MINIMS SYSTIMS

5.4

WORKING DRAWINGS FOR MACHINING AND WELDING

A

Upon completion of this module, the

student will be acquainted with the

lines, fundamental dimensions and

materials symbols necessary to

understand simplie blueprints used in

the trades.

ti


The student will demonstrate an

understanding of the subject by:

1) comOeting a short self Assessment

exam, which tests comprehension of

the subject

2) completing a Post Assessment exam

which requires the student to look

at a simple working drawing and a

figure and answer 12 problems..

Copyright 1979, Oregon Department of Education

ffl


t:5tudy- GuideIn order to successfully complete this module, ao the following tasks if, the order

in which they are presented. Check them o f as you complete them.

Familiarize yourself with the Goal and Performancejndlcators presented

on the cover of this module: This will inform you of what you are

expected to gain from the study of this module( as well as how you will

be expected to demonstrate your competence.

2. Study the Introduction and Information sections. These will provide you

,with the knowledge necessary to complete the Self and Post Assessment

exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam, referring to the Information section

or asking your instructor when neceksary. Compare your enviers with5

thos, found on the Self Assessment Auer Sheet immediately following

the exam. This will demonstrate how *1 you can expect to do on the


;%t4

Take the Post Assessment exam and turn your answers in to your instructor

for grading. It is recommended that you score 90 percent or better before

going on to another module.

'7 :1


Introduction

From the past modules in the subject, you have seen the importance of prints in

general, and what they may contain, of views of an object, and how they may be

rendered on paper, and of the types of drawings and how they are dimensioned.

This module takes a closer look at the fine points of working drawings for the

machining and welding trades.

SO


Information.

A working drawing must give the worker exact information as to the size and shape of

an object, as well'as any other information necessary to finish the product. All

of these concepts are done in lines, dimensions, and notes or symbols. Module 3 of

this section, "Types of Drawings and Views," introduced some of the types of lines

used in print making.

The following examples refer to the machine and welding trades:

Object line, used to show visible edgesor contour of an object.

Hidden line, used to show the hiddenfeatures of an object.

Center line, used to show axes ofsymmetrical parts, and aid indimensioning.

Extension line, used to indicate thetermination of a dimension.

=1 m

Dimension line, used to indicate theextent and direction of dimensions. 44

Cutting plane or viewing plane line,used to indicate the location where animaginary cut is made through an objectand the viewing position of the pieceremoved. The arrowhead points in thedirection in which the section should beviewed.

Short break line, used to indicate a shortbreak on a partial section of an object \e'"'"in order to conserve space on a drawing.

Lone 'reak line, used to show long breaks.

81

Phantom line, used to show adjacent parts,alternate positions, and lines of motion.

Section lines, used to show cut surfacesof an object.

////i///////////1/

Leader, used to point to a surface forthe purpose of dimensioning or adding anote.

Fig. G-1 on the following page demonstrates the types of lines used in a typical

working drawing.

As you'll recall, dimensions were another of the necessary components of a working

drawing. Dimensions indicate the size of an object or any part of an object, and

are written three ways: 1) as a fraction % 4 1/2", 1 7/16", etc., 2) as a decimal -

.5", .9917", etc. 3) as an angle - 45°, 36°, etc. The anguThr measurement may be

broken down further into minutes (1) an0 seconds (") for more exact measure. A%

Minute is 1/16 of a degree and a second is 1/60 of a minute. Therefore, an angle

greater than 45 degrees but less than 46 degrees could be expressed 45°30'30". This

would represent a measurement of about 1/100 of a degree larger than 45 1/2 degrees.

Fig. G-1 on the following page demonstrates dimensions used in a typical working

drawing.

ao

Dimensions ',wally allow for a very slight acceptable error. It is demonstrated by

a plus ( +) sign on top of a minus (-) sign, like this ± .001", which means the print

allows for an error of dimension up to 1/1000 of an inch too large or too small, but

no greater or less.

82

1

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Fig. G-1

83

The third part of a working drawing is comprised of symbols and notes. Fig. G-2

shows some of the more commonly used symbols. It is not the intent of this

module to list all of the metal trades symbols but they are used to denote the

roughness or smoithness of the ground piece, the thread measurements if the piece

is to be connected by bolts, or screws, and the type of material to be used.

The more commonly used materials in machine and welding trades include the following:

CAST IRON(ALSO FOR GENERAL USE FOR ALL MATERIALS)

COPPE', BRONZE, BRASS

MAGI IVIUM, AtAl Jr) AMMItJtIM

AI LOY,

Fig, G-2

STEEL

ZINC, LEAD, BABBITTAND ALLOYS

RUBBER, PLASTIC ANDELECTRICAL INSULATION

s.


SelfAssessment

I

Complete the following statements by filling in the correct word or words.

1. Working drawings must show the shpae and of an object by using

object and lines.

2. A tolerance of 1/100 of an inch too large or too small would be shown on a

working drawing as

3. The dimension which uses minutes and seconds is

4. The material symbol would represent the use of which metal?

5. The lines on working drawings which have arrowh' ads are lines.

85


1. size, dimension

2. + .001

3. angular

4. cast iron

5. dimension

86


PostAssessment

Referring to Fig. G-1 in the Information section of this module in which the different

types of lines are lables by circles numbers, describe what is represented by the

following numbers:

-1. extension line

2. steel

3. short breat( line

4. dimension line

5. hidden line

6. center line

7. object line

8. center line

9. long break line

10. Using the following small diagram,

decide what material is being called for:

a.

b.

c.

a. b.

87

Goal:


5.5

MACHINE AND WELDING SYMBOLS

Upon completing this module the student

will be familiar with the common

working drawing symbols used to denote

metal finish work and welds, and how

',hey are presented on a we king drawing.

© Copyright 1979, Orogon Department of Education

a


The student will demonstrate knowledge

in the subject by successfully completing

a Self Assessment and a Post Assessment

exam.

ss


Study Guide

In order to successfully complete this module, do the following tasks in the order

in which they are presented. Check them off as'you complete them.

1. Familiarize yousself with the Goal and Performance Indicators presented

on the cover of this module. This will inform you of what you are

expected to gain from the study of this module, as well as how you will

be expected to demonstrate your competence.

2. Study the Information section. This will provide you with the knowledge

necessary to complete the. Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam,,. referring to the Information section

or asking your instructor when necessary. Compare your answers with

those found on .the Self Assessment Answer Sheet immediately following

the exam. This will demonstrate how well you can expect to do on the


4. Take the Post Assessment exam and torn your answers in to your instructor

for grading. It is recommended that you score 90,percent or betterbefore

going on to another module.

ore

89


InformationN'S

The fifth module of thiszection, "Working Drawings for Ma ining and Welding,"

explained that three elements are found in working drawin lines, dilMensions

and symbol=sornotes. That module discussed lines and dimensions as they apply to

the machine and metal trades; this module di.scuss the symbols and notes.A0

MACHINE SYMBOLS

--Machined-materials most often must be ground to a desired degree of smoothness 'or

roughness in order to meet the speciliaations called for by the draftsperson.

Surface finish symbol's are as follows:

VorV = smooth finish, with the following .letters placed in the V

= rough machining

= smooth machining

= ground surface .ft

When the surface is to be more exactly controlled than simply a rough tx smooth

designation, the check mark (v) with a number placed in it is used. The number

refers to the microinches (or millionitns of &n inch) of roughness height. An

e,ampl e: 0°' , means that the machined surface can have flaws of only

55/1,000,000 in height or depth.

In addition to surfaces, holes for keys, bolts and screws must also be specified

in many machined parts. Several typical hole drawings and dimensions are shown

below in figure H-1.

ar

O.I.101410.10.0 1111114 ..11101111111=4111

) DIA82° CSK .395 DIA4 HOLES

.375

.380 WA

WELDING SYMBOLS

There are two important factors which welding symbols provide. First, the symbols

point out the type of weld to be made; secondly, they point out on what side or

sides of a joint that particular type of weld is to be made. Figure H-2 illm.,trates

the (ommon types of weld joints.

1

RUT T

/7/ I /

CORNERTEE LAP

Certain types of welds may be used on each of these basic joints. The common types

of welds include seam, groove, flange, fillet, spot and others. Each of these types

has its own specific symbol. The spot weld symbol is a circle: 0 ; the ,eam weld

symbol is a circle with horizontal lines through it;419.F. ; the fillet weld symbol

is a right triangle: ; and so on. It is not the intention here to present all

of them; seek complete information from this module's Supplementary Reference

section.

The second main facto44-tg-welding symbols, you will recall, is the symbol used to

point out the location of the weld, or on whichmtde of the joint the weld is to

91

be made.

The main part of a welding symbol is the reference line with an arrow at one end.

Example:

The location of the weld is pointed out by the arrow like this:

If the weld is to be made on only the side the arrow is pointing\tol the appropriate

weld symbol (in this instance, we'll assume it to be a fillet weld) will be placed

below the reference line, like this:

I Iv I,If the weld is to be made 6n the side opposite of where the arrow is pointing, the

appropriate symbol will be placed above the reference line, like this:

\JI

If the weld, is to be made on both sides, then the appropriate symbol will be placeda 0

both above and below the reference line, like this:

If it doesn't really matter on which side of the joint the weld is to be made, the

symbol would be placed in the middle of the reference line, like this:

Obviously, there are many more symbols and numbers used on and along the reference

line to point out spacing of welds, size of welds or weld combinations, etc.

Consult the Supplementary Reference section for more complete information.

92

INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS.111{

SelfAssessmentDecide if the following statements are ,t,eue (T) or False (F) and place the appro-

priate letter in-the space to the left of the statement./

1. Machined materials never have finished surfaces.

4. The term microinch refers to millionths of an inch.

3. The symbol N8/ indicates a rough finish is desired.

4. Bolt hole dimensions are seldom given, relying usually on the letters B,F, or D.

t5. ---,. There are about 1,500,000 common_ weld_

6. A lap joint refers to the fact that one piece overlaps another. .

7. The symbol for a spot weld is a circle.

8. _ Welding symbols are different from all other symbols in that weldingsymbols have arrows on both ends of the reference line.

9. The positioning of the welding symbol with respect to the reference 'lineindicates where the weld is to be located.

10. butt joint means that one piece will be welded at a 90 degree angle toanother piece.

33


1. F

2. T

3, F

4. F

5. F

6. T

7. T

8. F

9. T

10. F


PostAssessment

44,

1, What does this weld symbol indicate?

2. Sketch the coj'rect symbol for a seam weld.

3. The symbol N/ means that the surface must be machine smooth to a

tolerance of 55

4. The main part of a welding symbol consists of a and

an arrow.

5. The letters R, S and G mean as follows:

R =

11/

41..**11

4

LEA : YAM715

5.6

BLUEPRINT READING

Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and

interpret blueprints.

1. Identify basic symbols and representa-tions used in blueprints.

2. Relate two dimensional drawings tothree dimensional objects'.

3. Utilize measurements and scales to


4. Identify the purpose and configurationof commonly used machine features.

5. Interpret notes on blueprints fordimensions and tolerances.

96

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

(

of'4.41.

E Wc.

You have heard the saying that "a picture is worth a thousand words."This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer, or architectto describe in words the shape, size and relationship of a complexobject. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language usedby engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicatethe information necessary to build, assemble and service the productsof industry.

It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that youare learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are partof the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that thefirst step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning ofeach kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types or lines.Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers toline thickness or Wth. When combined in a drawing, lines providepart of the information needed to understand the print.

7

(


InformationThe 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

An object 'ii e is a thick continuous line that indicates allthe edges an ible surfaces of an object. An object linecan also be cal d a visible line.

(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes,to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen.They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

98

3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and ore usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

4. CENTER LINE

SECTION LINES

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs,and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist oflong-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

9)

5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent anddirection of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usuAllyend with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits ofdimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on adrawing.requiring a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for

sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginarycut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

NMI 111111Emilmg

(THICK)

101

CUTTfNG PLANE LINE

9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

There are three kinds of break lines.used in drawings. They

are used to remove or "break out" part of a drawing for :larity,

and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through-out their length and may be too long to place on the drawinc.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most oftenused to show movement or travel of an object or part inalternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent

objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

102

11. BORDER LINES

Border lines an medium thick, continuous lines used to showthe boundary of the drawing or to separate different objectsdrawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title

block from the rest of the drawing.

BORDER LINES

TITLE:

arowl

ABC COMPANY

Muddywater, Ore.

DR. BY:

SCALE:

(MEDIUM THICK)

o


SElfAssEssmEnt

Directions: Name the types of lines shown beldW. Check your own answers.

Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. short break

4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break;

7. Long break.

104

nat

it

LINE LANGUAGE REVIEW

Directions: Draw the kinds of lines needed to complete the figurer below.

SHORT BREAK LINE

450 SECTION LINES

DIMENSION LINEAND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

9

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICALBREAK LINE

CUTTING PLANE'LINE

EXTENSIONLINES

LEARIIIK iU

5.7

BLUEPRINT READING


A

gr.

A

Goal:

The apprentice will be able to read andinterpret blueprints.


1. Identify basic symbols and representa-tions used in blueprints'

2. Relate two dimensional; drawings to

three dimensional objects:




5. Interpret notes on blueprints for

dimensions and tolerances.

106


Introduction

Med I c6M I limmainF

.. . _ _ E7 a 17 : i="_ .

'=_.-= . _ _ _.:_,.= . _-___14

= MIME 1 MENEM 1NELAII

ia... lilEill. lagir


It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer, or architectto describe in words the shape, size and relationship of a complexobject. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language usedby engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicatethe information necessary 0 build; assemble and service the productsof industry.

It is important to remember, as you, study blueprint reading, that youare learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are partof the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that thefirst step in leaning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning ofeach kind of 1;fie. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines.Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers toline thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines providepart of the information needed to understand the print.

411-111.0.11w..i.I.M=1...

107



OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates allthe edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line

can also be called a visible line. \\.

(THICK)

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes,

to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen.

They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

,,OBJECT LINES

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

108

3. SECTION LINE

111 Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and are usually drawn at 43 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE


(THIN)

CENTER LINE -----,

1O9

5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent anddirection of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usuallyend with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE


esrmllo

(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES

111f Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a(7

drawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

LEADER LINE .

(THIN)

8 CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference forsectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginarycut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

NMI

(THICK)

111

CUTTING PLANE LINE


There are three kinds of break lines used in drawings. They

are used to remove or "break out part of a drawing for clarity,

and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through-

out their length and may be too long to place on the drawing.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)


10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often

used to show movement or travel of an object or part in

alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent


(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

11. BORDER LINES

Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to showthe boundary of the drawing or to separate different objects

drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title


BORDER 'LINES

TITLE:

ABC COMPANY SCALE:

Muddywater, Ore. DATE:

DR. BY: CHKD DRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

113


SElfAssEssment

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your own answers.

Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. Short break


7. Long break.

$


Directions: Draw the kinds of lines needed to complete the figures below.

SHORT BREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES


CENTER LINES

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES


CUTTING PLANELINE

EXTENSIONLINES

5.8

BLUEPRINT READING


Goal:




1. identify basic symbols and representa-tions used in blueprints.

2. Relate two dimensional drawings.tothree dimensional objects:



4. Identify the purpose and configuration

of commonly used machine features.



116


ntroduction

w nose Hamm& Werffl I i Apr--

1w

You have heard the saying that "a picture.is worth a thousand words."This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.


It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that youare learning to communicate with the graphic langUage. Lines are partof the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that thefirst step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning ofeach kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines.Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers toline thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines providepart of the information needed to understand the print.

aMMIMItl=Mki.MIMOMMIIII

117


(

A

nformationThe 11 lines used on prints are:

rd.

1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates allthe edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object linecan also be called a visible line.

(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

HIDDEN LINE

\A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes,to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen.

They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

3, SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would look

if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better picture

of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very

thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the

cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections

will be explained later.

4. CENTER LINE

SECTION LINES

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs,

and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of

long-short-long dashs.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

119

5. DIMENSION LINE

flimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent anddirection of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usuallyend with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE


(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on :.:

drawing requiring .a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. THRU


LEADER LINE

(THIN)a

A cutting place line (very heavy)fhelps to show a reference f6r


INMMENINXM NMI NNW

(THICK)

NNW Mei

121

CUTTING PLANE LINE

O 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)


are used to remove or "break out" part of a drawing for clarity,



SHORT. BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

10. PHANTOM LINES

CYLINDRICAL.BREAK (THICK)

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines rust often




(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

122

11. BORDER LINES

Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines ,used to showthe boundary of the drawing or to separate different objectsdrawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the titleblock from the rest of the drawing.

TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE:

=1


DR. BY:/ CHKD DRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

'4

123


SelfAssEssmEnt

".


V

EllAnswers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. Short break


7. Long break.



SHORT BREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES


CENTER LINES

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES


CUTTING PLANELINE

EXTENSIONLINES

IMINIMMIO/

Ainwommolla

4

IrOCIUCuOndi. 1.2A-TIFIC YelM11.1

5.9

BLUEPRINT READING


Goal:




1. Identify basic symbols and representa-tions used in blueprintS.

2. Relate two dimensional drawings tothree dimensional objects'.





126


Introduction



It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that youare learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are par.tof the language.


127


Information k.JThe 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

Ap object line is a thick continuous line that indicates allthe edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object linecan also be called a visible line.

(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

2. HIDDEN LINE


(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

128

3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

4. CENTER LINE

SECTION LINES

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs,and symmetrical objects. They are very tlY , and consist oflong-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE 7

129

5. DIMENSION LINE


(THIN)

6.. EXTENSION LINE


(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a


.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)



sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary

cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

01110(THICK) ,

131

CUTTING PLANE LINE




and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through-out their length and may be too long to place on the drawing.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)


10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most oftenused to show movement or travel of an object or part in



(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

132

S11. BORDER LINES

Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to showthe boundary of the drawing or to separate different objectsdrawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title


TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY , SCALE:

Muddywater, Ore.

DR. BY:7 CHKD

DATE: 011DRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

)

*


SelfAssEssmEnt


44'

NAnswers: 2. Leader line; 3. Short break

Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break;1.

4.

7.

Cutting plane line;Object line; 5.

Long br'eak.

134


-

Directions: Draw the kinds of lines needed to complete the figures beloy.

SHORT BREAK LINE

/1

45° SECTION LINES


CENTER LINES.

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES


CUTTING PLANELINE

.35

EXTENSIONLINES

irtgluonddl uEmninc stflwal

5.10

BLUEPRINT READING


4i

Goal:





2. Relate two dimensional drawings to

three dimensional objects:








ntroduction

-= 7

P-2317

ma.



It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that youare learning to communicate with tht. graphic language. Lines are pantof the language.


........

137


Information

..wars.owsex

The 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE


(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

2. HLDDEN LINE


(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

3. SECTION LINE

OSection lines are used on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE


(THIN)

CENTER LINE

1 39

5. DIMENSION LINE


(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of.dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on adrawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. i'HRU

1111111111111111r

LEADER LINE

1611117(THIN)


A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference forsectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginarycut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

11111111111111

(THICK)

141

CUTTING PLANE LINE

411






SHORT RREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)


10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often




(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

11. BORDER LINES



TITLE:




(MEDIUM THICK)

143

9.


SelfAssessmEnt


,4)t...._

650 DIA L.



7. Long break.

144



3

111

SHORT BREAK LINE

450 SECTION LINES

. DIMENSION LINEAND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES


L CUTTING PLANELINE

EXTENSIONLINES

145

C2101111MIr

111k71U.A.4X1A1 La-1W )115. 1a

5.11

BLUEPRINT READING


Goal:




1. Identify basic symbols and representa-

tions used in blueprints.

2. Relate two dimensional drawings tothree dimensional objects.





146


Introduction

Mi I 11--

z.7.... 7z..-. :

=2.-

1

You have heard the saiiihg that "a picture is worth a. thousand words."This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

r-\

It would, be nearly . impossible for an engineer, designer, or architectto describe in words the shape, size and relationship of a complexobject. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language usedby engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicatethe information necessary to build, assemble and service the productsof industry.

It is important-tbremember, as you study blueprint reading, that youare learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are partof the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that thefirst step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning ofeach kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines.Each kind of line has a definite form ansi "weight." Weight refers toline thickness or width. When combined 1m a drawing, lines providepart of the information needed to understand the print.

147



1. OBJECT LINE


(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

2. HIDDEN LINE


(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

148

3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used'on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

SECTION LINES

V.)

4. CENTER LINE


(THIN)

CENTER LINE

149

5. DIMENSION LINE


(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE


150

(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a


.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)



sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginarycut is made to expose the internal, shape of an object.

eirINNIMMINI NEM WPM

(TH'i

151

CUTTING PLANE LINE


There are three kinds of break lines used in drawin ? s. They

are used to remove or "break out" part of a drawin for clarity,


SHORT BREAK (THICK)

10: PHANTOM LINES

ti

LONG BREAK (THIN)




(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

152

11. BORDER LINES

111 Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to showthe boundary of the drawing or to separate different objectsdrawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the titleblock from the rest of the drawing.

BORDER LINES

TITLE:

ABC COMPANY SCALE:


DR. BY:/ CHKD

1111

DRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

153

01,


SelfAssEssmEnt




7. Long break.

154


Directi'ns: Draw the kinds of lines needed to complete the figures below.

SHORT BREAK LINE

3

450 SECTION LINES


CENTER LINES

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES


CUTTING PLANELINE

155

t

EIN74U.A.1011AL. Lavine le)mal

5.12

BLUEPRINT READING


Goal:




1. Identify basic symbols and representa-tions used in blueprintS.

2. Relate two dimensional drawings tothree dimensional objects:






ViimmkomiNNOMMEMINIMMIMIII1611001111101.

156


Introduction

1 w NEEL T

_ E EiEN IP




Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that thefirst step in learning to "read" a drawing is to lean; the meaning ofeach kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines.Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers toline thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines providepart of the information needed to understand the print.

c



1. OBJECT LINE


(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes,'to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen.They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

O HIDDEN LINES

158

3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give-a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

4. CENTER LINE

SECTION LINES


(THIN)

)(CENTER LINE

111

159

5. DIMENSION LINE


(THIN)

6. . EXTENSION LINE


160

4.

(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES


LEADER LINE

1 (THIN)


A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference forsectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginarycut is made to expose the internal shape of an object. J

=MIMEO MI==11111

(THICK)

161

CUTTING PLANE LINE

3





SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

10. PHANTOM LINES

CYLINDRICAL. BREAK (THICK)


objects or fLatures.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

162

H

11. BORDER LINES

Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to showthe boundary of the drawing or to separate different objectsdrawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the titleblock from the rest of the drawing.

BORDERLINES'

TITLE:

ABC COMPANY SCALE:



71111(MEDIUIV iCK)

163


SElfAssEssment

Na,


.



7. Long break.

164

A



SHORT BREAK LINE

450 SECTION LINES

DIMENSION: LINEAND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

LONG BREAK LINE

HIDDEN LINES


CUTTING PLANELINE

EXTENSIONLINES

165

4

aruclus...onau. Lwrine

5.13

BLUEPRINT READING


Goal:





2. Relate two dimensional drawings tothree dimensional objects.



4. Identify the purpose and configurationof conuonly used machine features.


166


Introduction

log mill i VEREigv.

MESE I


It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer, or architectto describe in wordt the shape, size and relationship of a complexobject. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language usedby engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicatethy: information necessary to build, assemble and service the productsof industry.



167

a


(


1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates allthe edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object linecan a'so be called a visible line.

(THICK)

OBJECT LINES

2, HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line isa medium weight line, made of short dashes,to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen.They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

168

3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would lookif it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better pictureof shape or internal construction. Section lines are verythin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show thecut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sectionswill be explained later.

4. CENTER LINE

SECTION LINES


(THIN)

CENTER LINE

169

5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin 1;ries used to show the extent anddirection of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usuallyend with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE


170

(THIN)

7. LEADER LINES


.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)




W1011111101111161 111111111111

(THICK)

17.1

CUTTING PLANE LINE


There are thrqe kinds of break lines used in drawings. They



SHORT BREAK (THICK) °

LONG BREAK (THIN)


10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most oftenused to show movement or travel of an object or part inalternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacentobjects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

11. BORDER LINES



TITLE:




(MEDIUM THICK)

173


SElfAssEssment

0


Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3, Short break


7. Long break.

174



SHORT BREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES


CENTER LINES

LONG BREA LINE

I

HIDDEN LINES


CUTTING PLANELINE

175

EXTENSION,'-4- LINES

fro

.111I im limmia

4 0

NUCIUCZOrIAL, MINIM

5.14DRAFTING

MACHINED FEATURES

BevelBossChamferCounterboreCountersinkDovetailFilletKerfKeyway

KeyseatKnurlLugNeckPad,RoundSplineSpot FaceT-Slot

Goal:The student will be able to identifythe purpose and configuration ofseveral commonly used machinefeatures.

176

Performance Indicators:Given a prepared worksheet, thestudent will identify variousmachined surfaces by name.


Introduction

MACHINED FEATURES

INTRODUCTION:

The machined features in this package are common terms related to basicindustry processes. These terms are often found on prints; therefore,it is Wortant to understand their use and purpose. This module will

explain a little about each of these machined features.

4%,

a

177


Information1. BEVEL

A surface cut at an angle.

2. BOSS

A circular pad on forgings or castings which projects out fromth( body of the part. The surface of the boss is machinedsmooth for a bolt head to sit on and it has a hole drilled throughto accommodate the bolt shank.

11.1111.1110101111100111111e

178

3. CHAMFER

The process of cutting away a sharp external 4orner or edge.

4. COUNTER BORE

To enlarge a drilled hole to a given diameter and depths Usually

done for recessing a bolt head.

5. COUNTER SINK

To machine a conical depression in a (frilled hole for recessing'

flathead screws or bolts.

179

6. DOVETAIL

A slot of any depth and width which has angled sides. Used to

allow another part to slide without separating from the dove-

tailed part.

FILLET

A small radius filling formed between the inside angle of two surfaces.

8. KERF

The narrow slot formed by removing material while sawing or other

machining.

9. KEYWAY

111 A narrow groove or slot cut in the shaft hole of a sleeve, hub,

or gear to accommodate a key.

10. KEYSEAT

A narrow groove or slot cut in a shaft to accommodate a key.

KEY

KEYSEAT

11. KNURL

To uniformly roughen, with a diamond or straight pattern, acylindrical or flat surface.

IF.Y.:..:.!.!.:.:e..:.:!!.::,::.!.!:.:.:::..:::.:.::::.::::.:!.!:::.:.:.:

411

12. LUG

A piece projecting out from the body of a part, usuallyrectangular in cross-section with a hole or slot in it,

used for mounting or securing.

13. NECK

A narrow machined groove on the cylindrical part of an object,used to hold a retaining ring.

odar/....4.4.\awm.roarrrormormws./....riass...."."a.

v-GROOVE SQUARE ROUND

41114. SPOT FACE

A round surface on a casting or forging for a bolt head.Usually less than 1/16 of an inch deep.

15. T-SLOT

A slot of any dimensions cut to resemble a "T." Used much like

a dovetail for locking pieces into position.4

16. PAD

A slightly raised surface projecting out from the body of a partfor bearing or surface wear. The pad surface can be any size orshape. (Remember, bosses are round and have a hole through them.)

17. ROUND

A small radius, rounded, outside corner formed between two surfaces,to eliminate rough, sharp corners and reduce material usage.

t,OS%

a

184

18. SPLINE

A gear-like serrated surface on a shaft, which takes the placeof a key in special power transmission problems.

0. 6.


SelfAssessment

Directions: Write your answers in pencil in spaces provided.Check your test with the answers on the next page.

8

9

0

166

1111

Answers to self test:

1. Chamfer 7. Knurl

2. Kerf 8. Counter sink

3. Round 9. Neck

4. Lug 10. Fillet

5. Pad 11. Counter Bore

6. Dovetail, 12. Spline

187

ok

IMEMIIIMMEr

11WINC4L1MOCIA1 L2A-IninC.)"5M71.1

5.15

DRAFTING

MEASUREMENT

Scale MeasurementFull SizeHalf SizeQuarter Size

Goal:

=4,

The student will be able to usemeasurements and scales in workingwith blue prints for industry.


Given prepared worksheets, thestudent will locate variousfractional dimensions or typicaldrafting scales.

188


introduction

INTRODUCTION:

The ability to make accurate measurements is a basic skill needed ,by

everyone who reads and uses blueprints. Since some students have hadlittle need to measure accurately, these exercises will provide thepractice they need. Othei.s who.have had more experience may find these

exercises a worthwhile review.

Remember, if you need a dimension from a print that is unclear or not

given, DON'T MEASURE THE PRINT: Since prints shrink, stretch, and

may not be drawn to scale, you can easily come up with some very in-

accurate dimensions.

189


Information

SCALE MEASUREMENT

A drawing of an object may be the same size as the object (full-size), or it may be larger or smaller than the object. Ln mostcases, if it is not drawn full-size, the drawing is made smallerthan the object. This is done primarily for the convenience ofthe users Of the drawings. After all, who wants to carry arounda. full-size drawing of a locomotive? Obviously, with an objectas small at aloristwatch, it would necessary to draw at a largerscale.

A machine'part, for example,-may be half size (1/2" = 1"); abuilding may be drawn 1/48th size (1/.1" = 11-0"), =, map may bedrawn 1/1200th size (1 1/2 = 1001-01; and a gear in that wrist-watch maybe drawn ten times the size (10" = 1").

There are numerous scales for different needs. Since eachoccupational group has its own frequently used scales, somepractice br basic review will help you to work with the scalesused in your technology.

190

t'! 40P

2. FULL-SIZE

Full-size is simply letting one inch (or unit) on a ruler, steelrule, or draftsperson's scale equal one inch (or unit) op theactual object. Rules of this kind are usually divided into six-teen units per inch or 32 units per inch.

Here is a "big inch." Each space equals 1/32 of an inch,.

WM! ONE INCH32

On the scale above, locate the following fractions.

1. 5/8 6. 7/8

2. 3/16 7. 11/16

3. 7/32 8. 5/16

4: 15/16 9. 31/32

5. 25/32: 10. 19/32

191

3. HALF SIZE

Thr. principle of half size measurements on a drawing is simplyletting one unit, such as 1/2 inch on the scale, represent a

larger unit such as 1 inch on the drawing. If the drawing isproperly labeled, the words "half size" or 1/2" = 1" will appearin the title block.

Using the half size scale isn't difficult, but it does take somepractice. To measure a distance of 2 3/16 in half size you lookfirst for the whole unit 2 then go backwards to the zero and countoff the additional 3/16. You measure this way for each dimensionthat has a fraction. Whole numbers (numbers without fractions)are measured in the usual way.

2

HALF SIZE

0 2 3 4

With the scale above, practice locating the following half sizedimensions.

1. 4 3/16 4. 13/16

2. 2 1/2 5. 3 .3/8

3. 5 3/4 6. 4 13/32

5

4. QUARTER SIZE

Quarter size is used and read in a similar way to half size,except that each unit, such as a quarter of an inch, representsa larger unit, such as one inch. If the drawing is properlylabeled the words "quarter size" or "quarter scale" or 1/4" =1" will appear in the title block.

The example below shows a dimension of 3 3/8 inches.

3 2..8 H12 10 8 6 4 2 0 4

Using the scale above, practice locating the following dimensions.

1. 2 5/8 5. 5 3/8

2. 3 7/8 6. 10 3/4

3. 6 1/4 7. 4 5/8

4. 8 1/8 8. 11 1/4

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS11SElfASSESSMEnt

2.

4*

3.-z 19

%.) 32

5.

2*

Directions: Place the dimensions given above each scale to show thatlength. Check your answers. If you have 5 or more right,go on to the next section. If not, repeat this module.The first problem is done for you as an example.

0 FULL 1 2

1

2

HALF

I"32

5

1--2

HALF0 2 3

12 10 8 6 4 21

12 10 8 6 4 2

4 5

ICI

4

0QUARTER

0QUARTER

4

2.

3.

4.


IA( 4,a

3'932

2 3

---411101

2

0 1

.111=y1111.11,

12 10

12 10

8

CIA

111111111111111.11001

3 4 5

6 4 2

2 16H

-TT IFTT084

195

PI


Study Guide

For Fu.*ther Information:

Drafting and Graphics, Giachino and Beukema, 2nd Edition, pp. 4-7.

Technical Drawing, Giesecke, et al, 6th Edition, pp. 30-35.

Drafting for Industry, Brown, 1974, pp. 31-33.

ILS Drafting: Measuring :nstruments, article 7.00

196

4,

15,74:110(1411. YAM11.5

5.16

DRAFTING

VISUALIZATION

PerspectiveOblique DrawingIsometric DrawingOne-View DrawingTwo-View Drawing

Orthographic ProjectionHidden SurfacesCurved SurfacesInclined Surfaces

Goal:

The student will learn to be able torelate two-dimensional representationsof three-dimensional objects.

Performance Indicators:On a prepared worksheet, the studentwill fill in lines needed .to completea third view.

197

INSTRUCTIGNAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

VISIBILITY

INTRODUCTION:

The ability to "see" technical drawings; that is, to "think inthree dimensions" is the most important part of this course. Sincemost engineering and architectural prints utilize some form oforthographic projection (multi-view drawing), that type of drawingwill be emphasized.

Before going into a study of orthographic projection, you should beable to recognize several other types of drawings. They are: (1)

perspective drawing, (2) oblique drawing, and (3) isometric drawingAs a group, they are called pictorial drawings. They are found onprints and they are easy to visualize, so let's look at theirdifferences.

198


Information1. PERSPECTIVE

Perspective is the most realistic form of drawing. Artists

use one-point perspective, two-point (shown here), and three-

point to create visual depth. Perspectives are used by

architects and for industrial pictorials of plant layouts,machinery, and other subjects where realism is required.Objects drawn in perspective grow smaller as they recede intothe horizon. VANISHING POINT

HORIZON LINE

VANISHING POINT

OBLIQUE DRAWING TWOPOINT PERSPECTIVE

Oblique drawings are made with one plane (front) of the object

parallel to the drawing surface. The side, or other visiblepart of the object is generally drawn at 30 45 degrees.

Note that only the side is on an angle.

OBLIQUE DRAWING

3. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric drawings have less distortion than oblique drawings,and-are used more frequently by industry for that reason. An

isometric drawing has both visible surfaces drawn at 30 degrees.

300

199

30°

4. ONE-VIEW DRAWING

A single view of an object is sometimes all that is needed fora complete visual expluiation. When dimensions, material, andother inforwation is included, and object requiring only a singleview is usually easy to. understand.

Most one-view drawings are of flat objects, made from materialssuch as sheet metal and gasket stock. Spherical objects, such asa cannonball, would require only one view and,a note indicatingthe material and diameter of the sphere.

The object shown below could be made of any appropriate materialthat might be'specified. In appearance, it is much like thegasket used in part of the cooling system of many cars.

1" DIA2 HOLES

C.

3

6

2(10

14-R

"GASKET

ONE-VIEW DRAWING

5 TWO-VIEW DRAWING

Two-view, drawings are sometimes, found on prints since twoviews may be all that is needed U.; show the shape of anobject. Objects which are cylindrical, such as the lengthof pipe, are usually shown on a print with two views. Insuch a case, two views are sufficient to explain the shape.Notice in the two -view drawing below that the length ofpipe is shown in one view and the diameter is called out inthe other. The hidden or dashed lines indicate the insidesurface of the pipe which cannot be seen.

MAT W. 1

201

..vm.m..=xema

TWO-VIEW DRAWING

6. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Orthog6pRic projection is a name given to drawings whi6 usuallyhave three views. Often, tlib three vizA lelected are the top,front and right side.. It's possible, when necessary, to selectother views such as the left side or the bottom. Generally,though, the top, front and right side views arCtraditionallyseen V.-the personsreading prints.

!

Since most prints make use of the orthographic projectionsystem, and because the top, front and right side views aremost often used, it's important that you know their order orarrangement on the-print. To help you understand this system,think of a chalk board eraser, a short length of 2 x 4 lumber,or a .common brick. It looks like this:

FRONT

When seen on a print, using orthographic projection, it wouldTook like this:.

TOPVIEW

FRONTVIEW

202

ORTHOGRAPHIC LAYOUT

RIGHTSIDEVIEW

This system of orthographic projection may oe-difficult tounderstand or visualize at first, but you will grasp it withsome practice. Here's a basic example of how it works, usinga simple object.

Orthographic projection does not show depth, so the objectshown above will appear flat. With practice, however, you

.00 will learn to scan the three views and "read" depth into them.Remember that the location of the top, front and right sideviews does not change.' The projection lines between theorthographic views below show the height, width and depthrelationships that exist betty each of the views.

cTOPI, VIEW

FRONT VIEW

RiGNT

SIOE

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

203

PROJECTIONLINES

In case you didn't understand the three-view on the last page,let's take another look at the same thing. This time numberswill be used for identification of the surfaces.

Using orthographic projection, the object with surfaces numbered

appears like this:

2 3

4

5

Notice that the front view (1) is the key to the drawing becauseit most clearly shows the shape of the object. The other twoviews,,don't tell you much about the shape of the object by them-selves. By looking at surface 1, however, you can see that 2 istaller than 3. Therefore, in "reading" the surfaces, 2 shouldappear to be closer to you than 3. Now look at 4 and 5. Whichsurface is projected closest to you?

204

(g aaelans)

You may be wondering at this point why something like ortho-graphic projection is used on prints when isometric oroblique drawings are so much easier to visualize. The answeris that isometric and oblique pictorials are used for relativelyuncomplicated drawings. When an object is complex, neither.pictorial can equal the orthographic system for a clear presen-tation of dimensions, notes, and configuration details.

7. HIDDEN SURFACES

Another advantage of orthographic projection is'that it allowsthe person reading the print to have the ability to see the inside,or surfaces of am object which normally could not be seen.. Withcomplicated objects in pictorial, this transparent viewing canbecome very useful in completely describing the object.

In the drawing below, the hidden line in the right side viewrepresents the entire surface of the flat area between the twohigher sides.

TO P

HIDDENSURFACE

205

41=1

In this example, the t den lines result from a square holethrough the middle of the object.

TOP

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

The hidden lines in this example are there because a part ofone corner of the front surface has been cut away or recessed.

FRONT

TOP

FRONT

206

RIGHTSIDE

8. CURVED SURFACES

Curved surfaces are perhaps tricky to "see" until you rememberthat the curve is shown only in one view. You must put thecurve "In the other views yourself, through visualization.

Owe

Here's another example of curved surfaces.

207

9. INCLINED SURFACES

Inclined surfaces are those which are at an angle, or slanted.In other words, they are surfaces which are neither horizontalnor vertical. In viewing orthographic drawings you need to bealert to angles and inclined surfaces, for they are oftenfmnd on prints you will be reading later.

Notice the hidden line in the right side view created when theinclined surface joins the vertical end surface of this object.

Here is an object with twc inclined surfaces.

/218


SElfASSESSMEnt

Directions: With a pencil, draw the lines needed to complete the view.One view in each problem is incomplete. Grade your test.If you have 9 or more right go on to the next section.If less than 9, erase your answers and repeat this module.

1----

1 7

0r 1

1 - ____.

o II > 2

p.

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209

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210

Documents

DOCUMENT RESUME CE 040 995 Millwright …ED 254 719 TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS AGENCY PUB DATE NOTE PUB TYPE DOCUMENT RESUME CE 040 995 Millwright Apprenticeship. Related Training Modules