DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 091 171 SE 017 483

TITLE Questions and Answers About Nuclear Power Plants.INSTITUTION. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.PUB DATE Oct 73NOTE 28p.AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of. Documents, Government Printing

Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number5500-0057, $0.50)

EDRS PRICE .MF -$0.75 HC -$1.85 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS *Energy; *Environmental Education; Resource

Materials; *TechnologyIDENTIFIERS *Nuclear Power

ABSTRACTThis pamphlet is designed to answer many of the

questions that have arisen about nuclear power plants and theenvironment. It is organized into a question and answer format, withthe questions taken from those most often asked by the public. Topicsinclude regulation of nuclear power sources, potential dangers topeople's health, whether nuclear power is the answer to our powerneeds, potential alternate power sources and the locations of presentnuclear power plants. (JP)

US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION &WELFARLNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONTT,S DOCUMENT .AS TTEEN REPRODucED ExAcrLy AS RECEIvED FROT,TT.TE PERSON ON ORGAN,/AT,oh ORIGIN...TING IT POINTS OT TiE OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPQESENT ossiCrAL (NATIONAL ,NSIrtUrE OfEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

uestionsn A swersboutUCLEAROWERLANTS

QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERSABOUT

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Cover: Large discharges of heated water canupset the ecological systems of a body ofwater. Such water often must be cooled be-fore it is returned to its source. At the Three-Mile Island Nuclear Station south of Harris-burg, Pennsylvania, water will be cooled intwo 372-foot natural draft cooling towersbefore it is returned to the SusquehannaRiver. The plant is owned by the Metropoli-tan Edison Company.

The reader is free to quote or reproduce any partof this publication without further permission.

Revised October 1973

elk

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYWASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

I n 1970, President Nixon told CongressI that the Nation's demand for electric-ity is fast outstripping its generatingcapacity and that "a sufficient supply ofclean energy is essential if we are tosustain healthy economic growth and im-prove the quality of our national life."

The effort to meet this growing demandby building more electric power plants,however, has created a conflict betweenthe need for dependable electricity with-out power shortages or brownouts, andconcern that such plants threaten healthby dumping contaminants into the air andwaste heat into bodies of water. Caughtin the middle are the electric utilities,which have an economic incentive and aresponsibility to provide electrical powerwithout causing unreasonable environ-mental consequences.

Utilities are turning to nuclear powerstations to fill energy needs. While theyavoid many of the environmental prob-lems of fossil fuels, nuclear plants bringtheir own potential hazards that must becontrolled.

This pamphlet is designed to answermany of the questions that have arisenabout nuclear power plants and the en-vironment.

1

Extreme cautionis exercised in

transport ofradioactive .material.

This cylinder ofenriched uranium

is carefully loadedinto a special

container beforeit is trucked to

another location.

What kinds of power plants are there?

Two major types of plants generate electricity:(1) fossil-fuel plants that burn gas, oil or coal,and (2) nuclear plants that use uranium as fuel.A third, the hydroelectric power station, useswater power to drive turbines to produce elec-tricity: sites for these are running low. Inplanning to build a power station, the choice isusually between a fossil-fuel and a nuclearplant.

Do these plants pose a threat to our health andthe quality of the environment?

Uncontrolled fossil-fuel plants. discharge largequantities of sulfur oxides, smoke and othercontaminants into the air. Inhaled over a longperiod, these contaminants may be a con-tributing factor to such respiratory diseases aslung cancer, emphysema and asthma. There isevidence also, that low-level radiation expo-sure over long periods may, in certain cases,cause leukemia and other cancers and possiblygenetic. damage. However, the risks from thedischarge of small amounts of radiation mate-

rials from nuclear power plants into the sur-rounding air and water are believed to beminimal. Both fossil-fuel and nuclear plantsalso discharge great quantities of waste heatand require large amounts of water to dissipatethe heat. in the cooling process, the heat re-turned to a body of water may cause a varietyof ecological changes on plants and wildlife,some beneficial and others harmful. When thelatter occurs, it is called thermal pollution.

Aren't there other methods that can be used toproduce electrical power?

Yes. But most are still in research and devel-opment stages and cannot be considered asalternative sources for large amounts of powerin the immediate future. The President's en-ergy message (April 18, 1973) indicated in-creased emphasis on developing new sourcesof energy. Some of the major alternativepower sources include:Coal Gasification and Liquefaction: Natural gasreserves are in rapid decline in this country,but there are still large reserves of coal. Tech-niques are being developed to convert coalinto gas and oil, which unlike much ofour coal, can be burned with little pollution.Stimulation of Natural Gas: Large quantitiesof natural gas exist in earth formations. Thegas currently cannot feasibly be extracted byordinary techniques. The AEC, under itsPlowshare Program, is developing methods forfracturing these earth formations with nuclearexplosives to release the gas. An example isthe 1973 Rio Blanco test in Colorado.Conversion of Oil Shale: Large quantities ofoil shale exist in our Western regions. Addi-tional work is needed to develop commerciallyfeasible and environmentally satisfactory tech-niques to mine this shale and extract the oil.Geothermal Power: It may be possible to useheat from the earth's interior to generate elec-tricity, especially in our Western States, Whilemore development is needed to make this con-

3

cept feasible, some plants are now in operationthroughout the world, including a geothermalplant producing power in an area north. ofSan Francisco.Solar Energy: Energy from the sun could beused to heat and cool buildings, to produceand convert organic materials to fuels and togenerate electricity. The National ScienceFoundation will administer an increased effortto develop this energy source.Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power: This isa concept (established in the 1800's by MichaelFaraday) for direct conversion of thermal en-ergy to electricity at theoretical efficiencies of50 percent to 60 percent versus 40 percentfor fossil fuel cycles. As such, MHD is nota new source of energy, but is instead, a meansof stretching the energy available from remain-ing fossil fuels.MHD is based on the principle of generatingelectricity in a conductor cutting magneticlines of force (similar to a conventional ro-tating generator, except the MHD conductoris a fluid instead of a copper wire). One suchfluid is a high-temperature gas from burnedfossil fuel, which would be seeded with aneasily ionized material to increase the elec-

The largest uranium mine in the United Statesthis open pit operation in Grants, N. M. The hefuel for nuclear reactors, uranium ore is usuallymined over mill capacity and stockpiled until nee

trical conductivity of the gas. The hot gaswould be passed through magnetic lines offorce impressed across the gas flow duct. Elec-tricity induced in the gas would be extractedvia electrodes-inside the duct walls. The heatleft in the gas after passing through the MHDcycle could be used for generation of addi-tional electricity by conventional. methods orfor industrial heating. processes. While small -scale /AHD applications have been used inmilitary and space projects, much developmentis needed to make it practical for large powerplant-applications.Nuclear Fusion: This. is the thermonuclearfusion of the nuclei of light-weight atoms suchas deuterium and tritium with a resulting re-lease of energy. The AFC's program in this'area is being increased in the FY '74 budgetto accelerate development of thermonuclearfusion reactors. Once developed, this conceptwill allow utilization Of the almost inexhaust-ible supply of fuel (heavy water) found in theearth's bodies of water. On the other hand,development of the necessary technology, with-out an unforeseen breakthrough, appears tobe considerably into the future.Fast Breeder Reactor: Commercial demon-stration of this concept is planned by 1980 asthe next major alternative source of power inthe United States. The reactor design to bedemonstrated is the Liquid Metal Fast BreederReactor. It uses sodium as the reactor coolant,plutonium as the fuel, uranium 238 as the fer-tile Material which concurrently is convertedto more plutonium as the reactor is operated.Like the conventional light -water reactors inuse today, the fast breeder derives its energyfrom nuclear fission.

Does the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) regard nuclear power as the answer toall our blackout and brownout problems?EPA does not regard nuclear power or any

5

Uranium's greatest'advantage as a fuelis that it storesenormous energy inlittle space. This one-inch cube containsenough energy tosupply a six-roomhouse with electric-ity and heat for1,000. years.

other single method of producing electricity asthe solution to our present and future energyproblems. Rather, the Agency believes in a

balanced use of all fuel resources with fullconsideration of the environmental, as well asthe economic, social and other factors. Theenvironmental aspects of energy productionextend beyond the power plant itself, whetherit be hydroelectric, fossil-fueled or nuclear. Innuclear power, for example, complete evalua-tion of the environmental aspects ultimatelyrequires assessment of the potential hazardsand impact of uranium mining: fabrication ofnuclear fuel; operation of the power station;transportation of the radioactive fuel and waste;reprocessing of partially burned-up fuel andthe final disposal of radioactive waste.

Why can't we simply slow the consumptionrate of electricity?That is, of course, a possible approach, andit is receiving much attention from the Fed-eral government. The President has called onthe Nation to develop an energy conservationethic, beginning with a voluntary. 5 percentreduction in overall energy consumption. Butpresent forecasts relating to energy conseripp-.-tion indicate the demand for power has beensteadily rising. The anticipated increase in ourpopulation in the next few years should byitself expand the demand for energy, even ifper-capita consumption .holds steady.

6

What role does EPA play to determine ifnuclear power plants are unsafe and a threatto health and the environment?Under provisions of the National Environ-mental Policy Act, EPA examines all proposalsof the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) thatinvolve the siting, construction and operationof nuclear facilities, EPA reviews the requiredenvironmental impact statements to determineif adequate protection of human health and theenvironment from radiation and other factorshas been provided. EPA's review of each nu-clear power project is publicly available. Cur-rently more than 29 nuclear plants are in opera-tion in the United States. This number is ex-pected to reach more than 80 by 1976 and asmany as 200 to 300 by 1985. (For a completelist of reactorsin operation, in construction orplanned, see page 15.)

Does EPA have further program responsibilitiesrelated to reactor facilities?

Yes. When EPA was formed in 1970, theresponsibility for setting generally applicableenvironmental radiation standards for nuclearoperations licensed by the AEC was transferredto EPA from the Commission. In addition, thefunctions of the former Federal RadiationCouncil to provide guidance to Federal agen-cies on all radiation matters were transferredto EPA. Radiation standards, criteria andguidance developed by EPA will be based onscientific data developed by the staff of theOffice of Radiation Programs and such expertgroups as the National Academy of Science'sAdvisory Committee on the Biological Effectsof Ionizing Radiations which recently pub-lished a report entitled, "The Effects on Popu-lations of Exposure to Low Levels of IonizingRadiation."

EPA also maintains a capability to compileand evaluate environmental radiation surveil-lance and effluent monitoring data to assess theradiation dose to the population from the nu-

7

clear power industry. This data is receivedfrom the AEC, the operators of nuclear facili-ties, State agencies, arid from EPA's own en-vironmental radiation surveillance networks.

Can nuclear reactor radiation affect our health?

At high exposure levels such as those thatfollowed the World War II bombines of Hiro-shima and Nagasaki, Japan, radiation causesserious disease and even death. The long-termeffects, however, of low levels of radiation suchas the comparatively small emissions from anuclear power plant are considered too smallto detect. Although there is no absolute evi-dence that adverse health effects are caused bylow levels of radiation, EPA assumes that eventhe smallest amounts of radiation have thepotential of causing cancers or other healthdamage. Over a long term of radiation expo-sure, there is some probability that a limitednumber of people may suffer some healthdamage. EPA, therefore, believes that publicbenefit from a facility must be greater than anyrisk imposed on the people or the environment.As noted earlier, fossil-fuel plants also presentcertain risks to health and the environment.

Is it true that infant deaths tend to rise innuclear power plant areas?

One scientist's studies with that conclusionhave been widely publicized. However, EPAanalysis of the methods used in the study indi-cates that the data do not support the con-clusion.

How much radiation comes from nuclear powerplants?

The concentration of radioactive materials re-leased to the environment is very lowoftenso low that it is difficult to detect. Most radia-tion comes from natural sourcesin our foods,in rocks, in the earth, in the air and in thewateran average dose per person of 130

8

millirems*.a year. Lilt 1e can be done to removethis radiation; it has been around since theworld began. Other radiation is man-made; thegreatest amount comes. from X-ray equipmentused in medical and dental diagnosis andtherapy. For each persoh in the United States,this totals an annual average of about 100millirems.

Other sources of radiation exposure are: fall-out from past testing of nuclear weapons inthe earth's atmosphere, about five millirems perperson per year; radiation front jet flights,radioactive luminous watch dials and colortelevision add about two millirem per year.By contrast. emissions from nuclear powerplants and other atomic facilities average anannual exposure of only a fraction of a milli-rem per person. The average annual exposureto people living within a 50-mile radius ofnuclear stations is much less than a millirem.

Who regulates nuclear power plants?

The AEC regulates the amount of radiationpermitted to be discharged from a nuclearreactor. EPA has the atithority to set environ-mental radiation standards, to protect the en-vironment and the general public outside thepower plant gates. The AEC enforces, thestandards throhgh its power to. license reactorconstruction and operation.

How does the AEC make sure that utilities ..re

complying with regulations designed to protectthe ;Aivironment?

Monitoring for radioactivity in effluents and inthe environment is conducted by the reactoroperator and State agencies. Monitoring in-cludes the sampling and analysis of air, water,

*A millirem is one-thousandth of a rem. Rem standsfor Roentgen Equivalent Man which is a unit. measureof biological damage to man caused by a specificamount of radiation.

9

milk, soil, fish, and river silts to determine if apower station is adding any radioactivity to theecosystem. The AEC conducts an independentmeasurement program at each reactor facilityby use of AEC laboratory facilities and con-tracts with the State agencies.

Does EPA attempt to determine the impact ofnuclear facilities on the environment?

Yes. The Agency assigns personnel to studyindividual facilities in the field. Data on thespecific radionuclide content of both gaseousand liquid radioactve effluents and the result-ing environmental levels of radiation are help-ful in evaluating the environmental impact ofproposed nuclear facilities.

What is the safety record of commercial nuclearreactors?

Very good. There have been no radioactivereleases that have exceeded the population ex-posure guides recommended by EPA. The in-dustry has experienced various malfunction.; orcomponent failures that caused temporary shut-downs, but in no case has this resulted insignificant radiation exposure to the public.

Is it possible to have a serious accident in areactor?It is pos:;ib!e. The likelihood of this happening,however. is remote. A nuclear e.xi3losion couldnot happen to any reactor now operating.A serious, but highly unlikely accident wouldinvolve the sudden release of comparativelylarge quantities of radioactive .materials fromthe reactor vessel. Reactor vessels are en-closed in huge concrete and metal containerswhich, along with many automatic safety fea-tures, are designed to prevent leakage. Therehave been some serious reactor accidents, butthese have occurred at research or test reactors

.and not at operating, licensed, power - producingplants.

10

You say the nuclear power industry has anexcellent safety record. Isn't it true th:.t thesafety problem becomes more complicatedwhen larger reactors are built?

It could. The industry's record is based onexperience with operating reactors of gener-ating capacity in the range of 200 to 400 mega-watts. The new reactors coming on line willhave capacities of about a thousand mega-watts, and the industry has had little experi-ence with reactors of this size.

Does the heat discharged by reactors into abody of water kill fish and plant life or other-.wise upset the balance of nature?This is possible, but reactor operators arcrequired to meet thermal water dischargestandards set by the States. and approved byEPA. These limit the temperature range ofreturned water to minimize the impact of theheat on ecological systems. In cases where' theaddition of large amounts of heated waterwould upset the ecological balance, operatorsare required to cool the water before returningit to its source,

Do nuclear reactors generate radioactivewastes?

Yes, they do. The fission of nuclear fuel in areactor results in radioactive wastes categorizedas low, intermediate or high, according to theirdegree of radioactivity. A certain amount oflow-level waste is usually released into the,atmosphere and into some large water source.Technological developments, however, permitrecycling nearly all low-level wastes produced.Intermediate-level radioactive wastes are con-centrated and then drummed and shipped forburial at various sites around the country. Theserious prOblem of how the very hazardoushigh-level wastes will be stored, reduced involume, and finally disposed of, has not beenfully resolved.

11

How much high-level radioactive waste is instorage in the United States?More than 85 million oallons. Nearly all ofthis waste comes from the production of nu-clear weapons and related research. The wastesfrom these activities are stored mostly in steel-lined tanks at the AEC's Hanford plant inWashington. and at its Savannah River plantin South Carolina.

Won't expanded construction of nuclear powerreactors further complicate the disposal prob-lem?

Yes. H igh-level radioactive waste from expand-ing commercial nuclear power production is

expected to grow from a current 600.000 gal-lons to 4.5 million gallons by 1980; and toabout 60 million gallons by the year 2000.Currently the high -level waste from nuclearpower production is stored at the Nuclear FuelServices reprocessima plant near West Valley,N. Y.

Use of salt mines to store high-level 'radioactivewaste is currently bein,Q considered. This artist'sconcept Of such a repository shows the extensivework done to insure a safe storage area.

ALPHA BUIDING

,

kliH. AND NAM

4., WM M9.1;01.14111 1724

What is being done to protect the public fromhazards, of radioactive waste disposal?The AEC and many States require the licensednuclear materials user to dispose of radioactivewastes safely. So far, the record is excellent.No serious accidents have occurred in shipmentor storage. Shipping containers must meet.stringent Federal i'rformance regulations. TheAEC and the industry routinely inspect storagetanks for leakage, and, in addition, compre-hensive surveillance programs ensure that con-tamination does not enter the environment.'

Does the public have an opportunity to voicean opinion'=. a nuclear reactor proposed in agiven area?

By Federal law, liO,pne may build or operatean atomic power plant without first obtaininga construction permit and then an operatinglicense from the 'AEC. ?'involved in the licensingprocedure is a thorough analysis of the safetyof the proposed plant, not only by the AEC'sown regulatory staff, but also by expert ad-visors. Hearings are held for license applicationin the area -where the plant is proposed andthe public, along with State and local authori-ties can attend. Any member of the public withlegitimate issues to raise may participate in theproceeding. In addition, the EPA review of thefacility along with other agency evaluationsbecome public documents and are available inthe AEC's public document room.

Hasn't there been a controversy over the capa-bility Of emergency core cooling systems inreactors to prevent an accident?Yes. The AEC is conducting a lengthy investi-gation to determine whether the criteria forthe design of Emergency Core Cooling Sys-tems (ECCS) in reactors should be modified.

The problem: The ECCS is one of the re-actor's key engineered safeguards. Its purposeis to provide water to cool the nuclear fuel inthe unlikely event of a loss of normal cooling

13

What is being done to protect the public fromhazards of radioactive waste disposal?The AEC and many States require the licensednuclear materials user to dispose of radioactivewastes safely. So far, the record is excellent.No serious accidents have occurred in shipmentor storage. Shipping containers must meetstringent Federal performance regulations. TheAEC and the industry routinely inspect storagetanks for leakage, and, in addition, compre-hensive surveillance programs ensure that con-tamination does not enter the environment.

Does the public have an opportunity to voicean opinion on a nuclear reactor proposed. in agiven area?By Federal law, no one may build or operatean atomic power plant without first obtaininga construction permit and then an operatinglicense from the AEC. Involved in the licensingprocedure is a thorough analysis of the safetyof the proposed plant, not only by the AEC'sown regulatory staff, but also by expert ad-visors. Hearings are held for license applicationin the area where the plant is proposed andthe public, along with State and local authori-ties- can -attend. Any member of the public withlegitimate issues to raise may participate in theproceeding. In addition, the EPA review of thefacility along with rther agency evaluationsbecome public documents and are available inthe AEC's public dociiment room.

Hasn't there been a controversy over the capa-bility of emergency core cooling systems inreactors to prevent an accident?Yes. The AEC is conducting a lengthy investi-gation to determine whether the criteria forthe design of Emeigency Core Cooling Sys-tems (ECCS) in reactors should be modified.

The problem: The ECCS is one of the re-actor's key engineered safeguards. Its purposeis to provide water to cool the nuclear fuel inthe unlikely event of a loss of normal cooling

13

water in the reactor. Should this emergencywater system fail in such an event, the heat fromthe radioactive fuel would melt the reactor.Large quantities of highly radioactive materialswould then be released to the containmentstructure, and from there some could escapeinto the environment. The AEC investigationwas brought about after the small-scale testsand analyses suggested that in certain situationsECCS effectiveness might be inadequate forsome plant designs. The AEC has taken stepsdesigned to better assure that the ECCS willprovide adequate protection to the health andsafety of the public.

SAN ONOFRE NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION

Nuclear. Power PlantsOperating, Under Construction or Proposed

ALABAMA

BROWNS FERRY NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.Tennessee Valley Auth;rity. under construction (Unit

I scheduled for operation in. 1973: Unit 2 scheduledfor operation in 1974. Unit 3 scheduled for operationin 1974), all boiling water. Decatur. Morgan County.

JOSEPH M. FARLEY NUCLEAR PLANT,. Ala-bama Power Company, under construction (Unit I

scheduled. for operation in 1975: Unit 2 scheduled foroperation in 19771. both pressurized water. Dothan.Houston County.

ALABAMA POWER COM PANY, proposed (UnitI scheduled for operation in 1981: Unit 2 scheduledfor operation in )982), both boiling water. Selma.Dallas County.-

ARKANSAS

ARKANSAS NUCLEAR ONE, Arkansas Power &Light Company. (Unit 1 under construction andscheduled for operation in 1973: Unit 2 proposed foroperation in 1976). both pressurized water, Russell-ville, Pope County.

CALIFORNIA

DIABLO CANYON NUCLEAR POWER PLANT,Pacific G1'ts & Electric Company, under construction(Unit 1 scheduled for operation in 1974; Unit 2-scheduled for operation in 1975), both pressurizedwater, Diablo Canyon, San Luis Obispo County.Plant is about -1,2 miles west-southwest of San LuisObispo.

HUMBOLDT- BAY POWER PLANT, Pacific Gas& Electric Company, Unit 3 operating since 1963.boiling water. Eureka. Humboldt County. Plant isabout 5 miles south of Eureka.

PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY, pro-.posed (Unit. I and Unit 2.), both boiling water.

RANCHO SECO NUCLEAR GENERATINGSTATION, Sacramento Municipal Utility District,under construction (scheduled for operation in 1974),pressurized water, Clay Station, Sacramento County.Plant is about 25 miles southeast of Sacramento.

SAN ONOFRE NUCLEAR GENERATING STA-TION, :Southern California Edison and San DiegoGas & Electric Company, (Unit 1 operating since

15

1967: Units 2 and 3 schedule indefinite). All pres-surized water. San Clemente.

COLORADO

FORT ST. VRAIN NUCLEAR GENERATINGSTATION, Public Service Company of Colorado.under .construction and scheduled for operation. in1973. high temperature gas cooled. Platteville, WeldCounty. Plant is about 35 miles north of Denver.

CONNECTICUT

HADDAM NECK PLANT, Connecticut YankeeAtomic Power Company, in operation since 1968,pressurized water, Haddam Neck. Middlesex County.Plant is about 20 miles south-southeast of Hartford.

NI11.1.51DNE NUCLEAR POWER STATION.Millstone Point Company. (Unit I, boiling water. inoperation since 1971. Unit 2. pressurized water. un-der construction and scheduled ro operation in 1974),Waterford. New London County. Plant is about 55miles southeast of Hartford.

DELAWARE

DELMARVA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY.proposed (Unit 1 scheduled for operation in 1979:Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1981). both hightemperature gas cooled.

FLORIDA

CRYSTAL RIVER PLANT, Florida Power Corpo-ration, Unit 3 under construction and scheduled foroperation in 1974. pressurized water. Red Level.Plant is about 70 miles north of Tampa.

ST. LUCIE PLANT. Florida Power & Light Com-pany. (Unit 1, under construction and scheduled foroperation 1975: Unit. 2 scheduled for operation in1978), both pressurized water, Fort Pierce. St. LucieCounty. Plant is about 50 miles north-northwest ofWest Palm Beach.

TURKEY POINT STATION. Florida Power &Light Company, under construction (Unit 3 in opera-tion in 1972; Unit 4 scheduled for operation in 1973,both pressurized water, Turkey Point is on the shoreof Biscayne Bay, Dade Coun%..

GEORGIA

ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT,Georgia Power Company, (Unit I scheduled for op-eration in 1980: Unit' 2 scheduled for operation in1981). both pressurized water, Waynesboro. BurkeCounty. Plant is about 30 miles south of Augusta.

'16

EDWIN I. HATCH NUCLEAR PLANT. GeorgiaPower Company, (Unit 1 under construction andschedul&I for operation in 1974:. Unit 2 planned foroperation in 197K), both boiling water, Baxley, Ap-piing County. Plant is about 75 miles west of Savan-nah.

ILLINOIS

BYRON STATION. Commonwealth Edison Com-pany. proposed (Unit I scheduled for operation in1979: Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1980), bothpressurized water, Byron. Ol!le County. Plant isabout 12 miles southwest of Rockford.

BRAIDWOOD STATION, Commonwealth EdisonCompany, proposed (Unit 1 scheduled for operationin 1979; Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1980), bothpressurized water, Braidwood, Will County. Plant isabout 40 miles southwest of Chicago.

DRESDEN NUCLEAR POWER STATION. Com-monwealth Edison Company, (Unit 1 in operationsince 1960: Unit 2 iii operation since 1970: Unit 3in operation in 19711, all boiling water. Morris.Grundy County, Plant is about 35 miles southwestof Chicago.

LASALLE COUNTY NUCLEAR STATION,Commonwealth Edison Company, proposed (Unit Ischeduled for operation in 1977: Unit 2 scheduledfor operation in 1978), both boiling water, .Seneca;LaSalle County. Plant is about 60 miles southwest ofChicago.

QUAD CITIES STATION. Commonwealth EdisonCompany and .Iowa- Illinois Gas Electric Company.(Unit I in operation in 1972: Unit 2 in operation in1972), both boiling water. Cordova, Rock IslandCounty. Plant is about 20 miles northeast. of Daven-.port, Iowa.

ZION STATION. Commonwealth Edison Com-PanY, Unit I and. Unit 2 scheduled, both pressurizedwater, Zion. Lake County. Plant is about 40 milesnorth of Chicago.

INDIANABAILLY GENERATING STATION. Northern

Indiana Public Service Company. proposed for op-cration in 1977; boiling water, Odne Acres.' PorterCounty. Plant is about 10 miles cast of Gary.

IOWA

DUANE ARNOLD ENERGY CENTER. IdwaElectric Light 4.C.: Power Company. Central IowaPower Cooperative and Corn Belt Power Coopera-tive, 'under construction (Unit I scheduled for oper-ation in 1974), boiling water, Palo, Linn County.Plant is about 10 miles northwest of Cedar Rapids.

17

LOUISIANA

RIVER BEND STATION. Gulf States UtilitiesCompany. proposed, scheduled for operation in 1979,boiling water. St. Francisville. Feliciana Parish. Plantis about 25 miles north of Baton Rouge.

WATERFORD GENERATING STATION, Loui-siana Power & Light Company. proposed (Unit 3,scheduled for operation in 19761. pressurized water,Taft. St. Charles Parish. Plant is about 20 miles westof New Orleans.

MAINE

MAINE YANKEE ATOMIC POWER PLANT,Maine Yankee Atomic Power Corporation, in opera-tion in 1972. pressurized water. Wiscasset. LincolnCounty. Plant is about 45 miles northeast of Port-land.

MARYLAND

CALVERI' CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT,Baltimore Gas & Electric Company, under construc-tion (Unit I scheduled for operation in 1974; Unit2 scheduled for operation in 1975), both pressurizedwater, Lusby, Calvert County. Plant is about 45miles southeast of Washington. D.C.

DOUGLAS POINT PROJECT, Potomac ElectricPower Company. proposed (Unit I scheduled foroperation itt 1980; Unit 2 scheduled for operation in1981), bout boiling water. Douglas Point.

MASSACHUSETTS

PILGRIM STATION, Boston Edison Company,under construction (Unit 1, boiling water, in opera- .

tion in )972; Unit 2, pressurized water, scheduled foroperation in 1978), Plymouth, Plymouth County. Plantis about 35 miles southeast of Boston.

YANKEE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, Yan-kee Atomic Electric Company, in operation since1961, pressurized water. Row,. Franklin County.Plant is about 30 miles north Pittsfield.

NlICHIGAN.

BIG ROCK POINT PLANT, Con-sumers Power Company of Michigan, in operationsince 1965. boiling water. Big Ruck Point. CharlevoixCounty. Plant is about 45 miles north-northeast ofTraverse Cit.

GREENWOOD ENERGY CENTER. Detroit Edi-son Company. proposed. (Unit 2 scheduled for opera-tion in 1980: Unit 3 scheduled for operation in 1981),

-both pressurized water, St. Clair County.

18

MIDLAND NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, Con-sumers Power Company of Michigan, proposed (UnitI scheduled for operation in 1979: Unit 2 scheduledfor operation in 1980). Both preSsurized water, Mid-land, Midland County. Plum is about 50 miles north-west of Flint.

PALISADES NUCLEAR POWER STATION.Consumers Power Company of Michigan, Unit 1 inoperation in 1971, pressurized, water. South Haven,Van Buren County. Plant is about ?? miles west ofBattle Creek.

DONALD C. COOK PLANT. Indiana &-.MichiganEleCtrie Company, under construction (Unit I sched-uled for operation in 1974: Unit 2 schedule indefi-nite). both pressurized water, Bridgman. BerrienCounty. Plant is about 25 miles northwest of SouthBend, Ind.

ENRICO EFRNII ATOMIC POWER PLANT.Detroit Edison Company. (Unit 2. under construc-tion, boiling water, scheduled for operation in 1977:Unit 3 scheduled for operation in 1979). LagoonaBeach, Monroe County. Plant is about 30 milessouthwest of Detroit.

QUAN1CASSEE NUCLEAR STATION, Con-sumers Power Company, proposed (Unit I scheduledfor operation in 1981: Unit 2 scheduled for operationin 1982). Foth pressurized water. Bay City, BayCounty.

!MINNESOTA

MONTICELLO NUCLEAR GENERATINGPLANT, Northern States Power Company,in opera-tion in 1971, boiling water, Monticello, WrightCounty. Plant is about 30 miles northwest of Minne-apolis.

PRAIRIE ISLAND NUCLEAR GENERATINGPLANT, Northern States Power Company, underconstruction (Unit I scheduled for operation in 1973:Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1974), both pres-surized water. Red Wing, Goodhue County. Plant isabout 45 miles southeast of Twin Cities.

MISSISSIPPI

. GRAND GULF NUCLEAR STATION. Missis-sippi Power & Light Company. proposed. scheduledfor operation in 1979. boiling water. Port Gibson.Claiborne County. Plant is about fit) miles south-west of Jackson.

NEBRASKA

COOPER NUCLEAR STATION. Nebraska Public.Power District. under construction. scheduled for

19

operation in H73, boiling water. Brownville, Nema-ha County. Plant is about 61) miles cast-southeast ofLincoln.

FORT CALHOUN STATION, Omaha PublicPower District, under construction 'Unit 1 scheduledfor operation in 1973), pressurized water, Fort Cal-houn. Washineton County. Plant is about 10 milesnorth of Omaha.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

SEABROOK NUCLEAR STATION. Public Serv-ice Company of New Hampshire, proposed (Unit 1 isscheduled for operation in 1979; Unit 2 scheduled foroperation in 19811. both pressurized water, Seabrook,Rockingham County. Plant is about 15 miles southof Portsmouth.

NEW JERSEY

ATLANTIC OFFSHORE. Public Servicki Electric& Gas Company, Jersey Central Power & LightCompany and Atlantic City Electric Company, pro-posed (Unit I scheduled for operation in 1980; Unit2 scheduled for operation in 1981), both pressurizedwater. Little Egg Inlet. Plant is about IS milesnortheast of Atlantic City.

FORKED RIVER GENERATING STATION,Jersey Central Power & Light Company, tinder con-struction (Unit 1 scheduled for operation in 1978),pressurized water, Forked River, Ocean County.Plant is about 50 miles south of Newark.

OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR POWER PLANT,Jersey Central Power .& Light Company, (Unit 1. inoperation since 1969); boiling water, Toms River,Ocean County. Plant is about 50 miles south ofNewark.

-NEWBOLD ISLAND NUCLEAR GENERATINGSTATION, Public Service Electric & Gas Company.proposed (Unit I scheduled for Operation in 1979;Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1980). both boil-ing water. Bordentown. Burling,ton County. Plantis about 5 miles south of Trenton.

SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION.Public Service Electric & Gas. Philadelphia ElectricCompany. Atlantic City ElectricCompany and Del-marva Power Light Company. under construction(Unit I scheduled for. operation in 1975; Unit 2scheduled for operation in 1975). both pressurizedwater, Salem. Salem County. Plant is about 20 milessouth of Wilmington, Del.

NEW YORK

INDIAN .POINT STATION. Consolidated Edison

20

Company, (Unit 1 in operation since 1962; Unit 2under construction and scheduled for operation in1973; Unit 3 under construction and scheduled foroperation in 1974). all pressurized water, IndianPoint, Westchester County. Plant is about 25 milesnorth of New York City.

JAMES A. FITZPATRICK NUCLEAR PLANT,Power Authority of State of New York, under con-struction, scheduled for operation in 1973, boilingwater, Scriba, Oswego County.

NINE MILE POINT NUCLEAR STATION, Ni-agara Mohawk Power Corporation, (Unit 1 in oper-ation since 1969; Unit 2 planned for operation in1978), both boiling water, Scriba, Oswego County.

ROBERT EMMETT GINNA NUCLEAR POWERPLANT, Rochester Electric & Gas Company, (Unit1 in operation since 1970), pressurized water, On-tario, Wayne County. Plant is about 15 miles eastof Rochester.

SHOREHAM NUCLEAR POWER STATION,Long Island Lighting Company, scheduled for oper-ation in 1977, boiling water, Brookhaven, SuffolkCounty. Plant is about 50 miles east-northeast ofNew York City.

NORTH CAROLINA

BRUNSWICK STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT, Car-olina Power & Light Company, under construction(Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1974; Unit 1

scheduled for operation in 1975), both boiling water,Southport, Brunswick County. Plant is about 20miles south of Wilmington.

SHEARON HARRIS STATION. Carolina Power& Light Company, proposed (Unit I scheduled foroperation in 1977: Unit 2 scheduled for operation in1978; Unit 3 scheduled for operation in 1979: Unit4 scheduled for operation in 1980). all pressurizedwater, Bonsai, Wake County. Plant is about 20 milessouthwest of Raleigh.

WILLIAM B. MCGUIRE NUCLEAR STATION,Duke Power Company, proposed (Unit 1 scheduledfor operation in 1976, Unit 2 scheduled for operationin 1977), both pressurized water, Cowans Ford Dam,

Mecklenburg County. Plant is about 17 miles north-northwest of Charlotte.

OHIO

DAVIS -BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION,Toledo Edison-Cleveland Electric Illuminating, Com-pany, scheduled for operation in 1975, pressurizedwater. Oak Harbor. Ottawa County. Plant is about 20miles southeast of Toledo.

21

PERRY NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, ClevelandElectric Illuminating Company. proposed (Unit 1

scheduled for operation in 1979; Unit 2 scheduled foroperation in 1980), both boiling water. Perry, LakeCounty, Plant is about 20 miles northeast of Cleve-

. land.

WILLIAM H. ZIMMER NUCLEAR POWERSTATION, Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company,under construction. (Unit 1 scheduled for operation in19771, boiling water, Moscow, Clermont County. Plantis about 25 miles southeast of Cincinnati.

OREGON

TROJAN STATION, Portland General ElectricCompany, Eugene Water and Electric Board, andPacific Power & Light Company, under construc-tion, scheduled for operation in 1975, pressurizedwater, Rainier, Columbia County. Plant is about40 miles north-northwest of Portland.

PENNSYLVANIA

BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION, DuquesneLight Company, Ohio Edison Company, PennsylvaniaPower Company, under construction (Unit 1 sched-uled for operation in 1974; Unit 2 scheduled foroperation in 1978), pressurized water, Midland,Beaver County. Plant is about 20 miles northwestof Pittsburgh.

SHIPPINGPORT ATOMIC POWER STATION,Duquesne Light Company and AEC, (Unit I .in oper-ation since 1957), pressurized water, Shippingport,Beaver County. Plant is about 20 miles northwest ofPittsburgh.

THREE -MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR STATION,Metropolitan Edison Company, under construction(Unit 1 scheduled for operation in /974; Unit 2,Jersey Central Power & Light Company, scheduledfor operation in 1976). both pressurized water, Mid-dletown, Dauphin County. Plant is about 10 milessoutheast of Harrisburg.

LIMERICK GENERATING STATION, Philadel-phia Electric Company, proposed (Unit 1 scheduledfor operation in 1978; Unit 2 scheduled for operationin 1979), both boiling water, Pottstown, MontgomeryCounty. Plant is about 20 miles southeast of Phila-delphia.

PEACH BOTTOM ATOMIC POWER STATION,, Philadelphia Electric Company, Public Service Elec-tric and Gas Company, Atlantic City Electric Com-pany and Delmarva Power & Light Company, (Unit1, gas cooled, graphite moderated, in operation since1967; Unit 2, boiling water, under construction andscheduled for operation in 1973; Unit 3, boiling

22.

water, under construction and scheduled for oper-ation in 1974), Peach Bottom, York County. Plantis about 40 miles northeast of Baltimore.

PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY, pro-posed (Unit 1 scheduled for operation in 1981; Unit2 scheduled for operation in 1983), both high tem-perature gas-cooled.

SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION,Pennsylvania Power & Light, propu!..(1 (Unit 1 sched-uled for operation in 1979; Unit 2 scheduled foroperation in 1981), both boiling 'water, Beach Haven,Lucerne County. Plant is about 30 miles southwestof Scranton.

SOUTH CAROLINA

CATAWBA NUCLEAR STATION, Duke PowerCompany, proposed (Unit 1 scheduled for operationin 1979; Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1980),both pressurized water, Lake Wylie, York County.

H, B. ROBINSON S.E. PLANT, Carolina Power& Light Company, (Unit 2 in operation in 1971),pressurized water, Hartsville, Darlington County.Plant is about 65 miles southeast of Charlotte.

OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION. Duke PowerCompany, under construction (Unit 1 scheduled foroperation in 1973; Unit 2 and Unit 3 indefinite), allpressurized water, Seneca, Oconee County. Plant isabout 25 miles west of Greenville.

PEACH BOTTOM ATOMIC POWER STATION

23

VIRGIL C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATION,South Carolina Electric & Gas Company, (Unit 1

scheduled for operation in 1977), pressurized water,Parr, Fairfield County. Plant is about 26 miles north-west of Columbia.

TENNESSEE

LMFBR DEMONSTRATION PLANT, proposed,scheduled for operation in 1980, sodium-cooled fastbreeder. Oak Ridge, Anderson County.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, proposed(Units I and 3 scheduled for operation in 1980; Units2 and 4 scheduled for operation in 1981), all boilingwater.

SEQUOYAH NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, Ten-nessee Valley Authority, under construction (Unit 1

scheduled for operation in 1975; Unit 2 scheduledfor operation in 1975), both pressurized water, Daisy;Hamilton County. Plant is about 10 miles northeastof Chattanooga.

WATTS BAR NUCLEAR PLANT, Tennessee Val-ley Authority, proposed (Unit I scheduled for oper-ation in 1977; Unit 2 scheduled for operation in1978), both pressurized water, Spring City, RheaCounty. Plant is about 50 miles northeast of Chat-tanouea.

TE.< AS

CONIANCHE PEAK STEAM ELECTRIC STA-TION, Texas Power & Light Company & TESC andDP & LC, proposed (Unit I scheduled for operationin 1980: Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1982),Glen Rose.

VERMONT

VERMONT YANKEE GENERATING STATION,Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation, inoperation in 1972, boiling water, Vernon, WindhamCounty. Plant is about 15 miles southwest of KeenerN. H.

VIRGINIA

NORTH ANNA POWER STATION, VirginiaElectric and Power Company, under construction(Unit I scheduled for operation in 1974; Unit 2scheduled for operation in 1975; Unit 3 scheduled foroperation in 1977; Unit 4 scheduled for operation in1978), all pressurized water, Mineral, Louisa County.Plant is about 50 miles northwest of Richmond.

SURRY POWER STATION, Virginia Electric &Power Company, under construction (Unit 1 startedup in 1972: Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1973),

24

both pressurized water, Gravel Neck Surry County.Plant is about 45 miles southeast of Richmond.

VEPCO/B & W, Virginia Electric & Power Corn-pany, proposed (Unit I scheduled for operation in1980; Unit 2 scheduled for operation in 1981), bothpressurized water.

WASHINGTON

WPPSS NUCLEAR PROJECT, Washington Pub-lic Power Supply System, proposed (Unit 1, pres-surized water, scheduled in 1980; Unit 2, boilingwater, scheduled for 1977), Richland.'

N REACTOR/WPPSS, AEC and Washington Pub-lic Power Supply System. In operation since 1966,graphite, Richland.

WISCONSIN

GENOA NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION,Dairy land Power Cooperative and AEC, in oper-ation since 1971, boiling water, Genoa, VernonCounty. Plant is about 20 miles south of La Crosse.

KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, Wis-consin Group, under construction (Unit 1 scheduledfor operation in 1973), pressurized water, Carlton,Kewaunee County. Plant is about 5 miles east-south-east of Green Bay.

POINT BEACH NUCLEAR PLANT, WisconsinElectric Power Company and Wisconsin-MichiganPower Company, (Unit 1 in operation since 1970:Unit 2 in operation in 1972), both pressurized water,Two Creeks, Manitowoc County. Plant is about 25miles southeast of Green Bay.

Information taken from"Nuclear Reactors, Built,Being Built, or Planned,"published by the AEC,Dec. 31, 1972,updated March 1973.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.Government Printing Office. Washington. D. C. 20402price 15 cents; $11.25 per 100, Stock Number 5500-0057.

OF

FIC

E O

F P

UB

LIC

AF

FA

IRS

U.S

. EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

AL

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N A

GE

NC

YW

AS

HIN

GT

ON

, D.C

. 204

60

PO

ST

AG

E A

ND

FE

ES

PA

IDE

NV

IRO

NM

EN

TA

L P

RO

TE

CT

ION

AG

EN

CY

EP

A-3

35T

HIR

D C

LAS

S B

ULK

RA

TE

z4 ER

IC I

NFO

AN

AL

s'SI

'S C

NT

P FO

RE

NC

E 'M

AT

H, E

EN

V E

DU

CA

TIO

NO

HIO

ST

AT

E40

0 L

INC

OL

N T

OW

ER

CO

LU

MB

US

OH

432

10"6

A