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Stauffer, Paula, Ed.Youth in Low-Income Urban Environments: We HaveBetter Things To Do Than Drugs. Alcohol, Tobacco, andOcher Drugs Resource Guide.National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and DrugInformation (DHHS), Rockville, MD.; Substance Abuseand Mental Health Services Administration (DHHS/PHS),Rockville, MD. Center for Substance AbusePrevention.DHHS-ADM-92-1902Feb 9324p.

National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and DrugInformation, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345(Order no. MS 446).Reference Materials Directories/Catalogs (132)

MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage.Adolescents; *Alcohol Abuse; *Drug Abuse;Economically Disadvantaged; *Low Income Groups;*Prevention; Printed Materials; *Resource Centers;*Resource Materials; Substance Abuse; Urban Areas;Urban Youth

This guide provides resource information onorganizations and programs in the area of alcohol and drug abuseprevention aimed at low-income youth in urban settings. The guide isdivided into she following two resource sections: PreventionMaterials for Youth in Low-Income Urban Environments and Studies,Articles, and Reports on Youth in Low-Income Urban Environments. Eachlisting in the first section provides the program title for thematerial, the organization involved, year of implementation, materialformat, topic of concern, target audience and setting, thereadability level of the materials, where to get the material, and abrief description of the materials. Each listing in the secondsection provides the names and abstracts of government publicationsand journal articles and sources of these materials. The guideconch des with an alphabetical list of groups, organizations, andprograms on youth in low-income, urban environments. (CM)

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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made* from the original document.***********************************************************************

Alcohol,Resour

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

.Drug-Free the Year 2000

YOUTH IN LOW-1NCOMEURBAN ENVIRONMENTS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationPublic Health Service

2

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research ano improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)

khis document has been reproduced aseceived from the person rrr organization

originating it

0 Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality

Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocument do not necessarily representofficial OERI position or policy.

February 1993

PreventionMaterials 1

Studies, Articles, &Reports 7

Groups,Organizations, &Programs 17

From the Acting Directorof CSAP...

CSAP recognizes that youth inlow-income, urban environmentsface tremendous pressures everyday. Economic, social, environ-mental, and familial complicationsput these youngsters at high risk fordeveloping alcohol and other drug(AOD) problems. We at CSAP haveheard the requests for moreprevention information specificallydesigned for those working withyoung people in urban settings.This document, the product of asearch of the National Clearing-house for Alcohol and DrugInformation's data bases, describesarticles and reports from peerreviewed journals and books, andattractive prevention materials suchas posters, videos, stickers, andcomic books. We are now delightedto share it with you.

Vivian L Smith, M.S.W.

MS446

Produced by the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, PaulaStauffer, NCADI editor.This Alcohol and Other Drugs Resource Guide was compiled from a variety ofpublications and data bases and represents the most current information to date. Thisguide will be updated regularly, and your comments or suggestions are welcome. Tosuggest information or materials that might be included in updated editions, pleasewrite to the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345, or call 1-800-729-6686. The listing of materials orprograms in this resource guide does not constitute or imply endorsement by the Center forSubstance Abuse Prevention, the Public Health Service, or the Department of Health andHuman Services. The materials have been reviewed for accuracy, appropriateness, andconformance with public health principles.

f) Please feel free to be a "copy cat," and make all the copies you want.

You have our permission!

3

Prevention Materials forYouth in Low-IncomeUrban EnvironmentsAfrican American YouthCampaignOrganization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1992Format: Poster, Bumper Stickers, BrochuresTopic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: African American YouthSetting: School, Home, Church,

Recreational facilitiesReadability: EasyAvailability: Free; National Clearinghouse for

Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345;1-800-729-6686

The following traditional and non-tra-ditional components of the AfricanAmerican Youth Campaign are de-signed specifically for African Americanyouth who live in inner-city environ-ments and those individuals who influ-ence their lives: Community CampaignBrochure (order no. PHD601), a 3-foldinformation and promotion brochurethat discusses key prevention conceptsand messages and details how to plancampaign events; bumper stickers andmulti-use cards (order no. AV201), withprevention messages adapted from cam-paign materials; Quick List to BuildPride in Your Communities (order no.PHD602) in English and Spanish, an ad-aptation of CSAP's 10 Steps to HelpYour Child Say No; and We've Got Bet-ter Things to Do Than Drugs (order no.AV200), an upbeat, full-color 24 in. x 32

Youth In Low-Income Urban Environments

in. poster of African Americans kids do-ing a variety of fun and interesting ac-tivities.

The Discovery KitOrganization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1992Format. Program materialsTopic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: Children ages 10-15,

Children of AlcoholicsSetting: School, Home, Church,

Recreational facilitiesReadability: EasyInventory no.: DISKIT

Availability: Free; National Clearinghous forAlcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345;1-800-729-6686

This aoss-cultural program is de-signed for communities to build resil-iency in 10- to 15-year-old youth byhelping them connect to positive influ-ences in their lives. Items in the kit can-not be ordered separately. Componentsof the kit include:Growing Up Isn't Easy, a videotape forchildren from alcoholic families thatshows young people how to cope withproblems associated with alcoholism; aset of 24 loose-leaf Activity Worksheetsand the Activities Leader's Guide, use-ful for teaching small groups or classes;Life is Belonging, a full-color American

Page 1

Indian booklet which builds on the tra-dition of story-telling and includes anaccompanying audiocassette; the bilin-gual Marta's Choice, which offers read-ers different plot choices as they readabout an Hispanic American girl whohas an alcoholic parent; and Michael'sJourney, which depicts two AfricanAmerican boys who demonstrate con-trasting responses to growing up infamilies with alcoholism.

Be Smart! Don't Start! (Card forChildren)Organization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1992Format: CardSize: 8 1/2 in. x 3 5/8 in.Topic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: ChildrenSetting: School, Home, Church,

Recreational FacilitiesReadability: EasyInventory no.: PH308Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for


This is a useful card that young chil-dren can keep or share with friends.Through words and pictures, they canlearn how to make the most of a drug-free lifestyle (call a friend, be nice to my-self, get involved, dream...and more).

Buzzy's Rebound: Fat Albertand the Cosby KidsOrganization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1990Format: Comic BookLength: 18 PagesTopic: AOD Prevention

Target Audience: ChildrenSetting: School, Home, Recreational SettingsReadability: EasyInventory no.: PH232Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for


This comic book depicts the story ofBii77.y, a young basketball player andfriend of the Cosby Kids, who gets intotrouble with alcohol and is helped byhis coach and school counselor.

AIDS. Another Way Drugs CanKillOrganization: National Institute on Drug

AbuseYear: 1990Format: PostersSize: 17 in. x 22 in.

Context: Stands AloneTopic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: Youth, TeachersSetting: Schools, Community Organizations,

Recreational SettingsInventay no.: AVD58 AVD61Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for


Two posters (available in both Spanishand English) are designed for youthand one poster (in English) is intendedas a teacher's guide. The posters foryouth, "Vanessa" and "Fatal Accident,"show a girl and boy kissing in a car."Vanessa" has the caption: "Vanessawas in a fatal car accident last night.Only she doesn't know it yet. AIDS. An-other way drugs can kill." "Fatal Acci-dent" shows how drugs can cause bothcar crashes and HIV /AIDS transmis-sion. The back of the teacher's guide,

Page 2 For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20847-2345

"Vanessa" poster explains thedrugs/sex/AIDS connection and in-cludes a quiz on drugs and AIDS.

Color My CommunityDrug-Free/Colorea MiComunidad Libre De DrogasOrganization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear 1992Format: PosterSize: 9 in. x 19 1/2 in.

Topic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: Youth, Parents,

Community LeadersSetting: Schools, Community Organizations,

Recreational SettingsInventory no.: AVD57Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for


This black and white bilingual posterentices youngsters to color in the com-munity-building motif on the front. Theflip side highlights in English and Span-ish some of the free materials for kids,parents, and community leaders avail-able from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information.

Give Your Dreams a Chance toGrowOrganization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1989

Format: PosterSize: 32 in. x 44 in.

Topic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: YouthSetting: Schools, Community Organizations,

Recreational SettingsInventory no.: AV170


Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse forAlcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345;1-800-729-6686

Dawnn Lewis, co-star of the televisionshow "A Different World," is featuredon this poster. The message is "StaySmart! Don't Start! Using Alcohol orOther Drugs: Give Your Dreams aChance to Grow."

iDile Que No! iPiensalo! (SayNo! Stay Smart! Don't Start)Organization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1990Format: Posters and Kid's BookContext: Stands AloneTopic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: Children, YouthSetting: Schools, Community Organizations,

Recreational SettingsLanguage: English, SpanishInventory no.: PH286, AV182, AV184, AV186Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for


In English and Spanish, the 25-pagekid's book gives preteens and youngadolescents a variety of activities, tips,posters, games, and advice to help themrefuse alcohol and other drugs. Theposters each depict a well-known per-son Linda Ronstadt, Esai Morales,and Edward James Olmos. (19 in. x 241/2 in.)

How Getting High Can Get YouAIDSOrganization: National Institute on Drug

AbuseYear: 1991

Format: Leaflet

Page 3

Context: Stands AloneTopic: AIDS/Alcohol and Other Drug Use

PreventionTarget Audience: YouthSetting: Schools, Community Organizations,

Recreational SettingsInventory no.: PHD573Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for

Alcohol and Drug information, P.O. Box2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345;1-800-729-6686

This colorful fold-out leaflet, enli-vened with comic-book style drawings,takes a serious look at why getting highon drugs can make you do things youmay wish you never did; and whyAIDS is another way drugs can kill.

Live the Dream, Say No toAlcohol and Drug AbuseOrganization: Center for Substance Abuse

PreventionYear: 1989Format: PosterLength: 15 1/2 in. x 22 in.Context: Stands AloneTopic: Alcohol and Other Drug Use

PreventionTarget Audience: Junior High Youth and

Senior High YouthSetting: School, Home, Church, Community

Organizations, LibrariesInventory no.: AV165Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for

Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345,1-800-729-6686

This poster features Dr. Martin LutherKing, Jr. With its positive message, it isappropriate for all ages.

McGruff's Surprise PartyOrganization: National Crime Prevention

Council, Center for Substance AbusePrevention

Year: 1989Format: Comic BookLength: 14 PagesTopic: Alcohol and Other Drug Use

PreventionTarget Audience: Children ages 8-10Setting: Schools, HomesInventory no.: PH271Availability: Free; National Clearinghouse for


This comic book helps children under-stand the importance of refusing alco-hol and other drugs, as told byMcGruff, the crime dog. It also teacheschildren techniques for resisting peerpressure.

Turn It AroundOrganization: David M. Winfield Foundation

ProductionYear: 1989Format: VHS Videotape and CurriculumLength: 19 Minutes, 15 SessionsContext: Stands Alone and Part of a

Packet/ProgramTopic: Alcohol and Other Drug Use

PreventionMode of Delivery: Instructor-Led and Mass

MediaTarget Audience: African Americans, AOD

Prevention Professionals, and Educatorsof Grades 3-6

Setting: School and UrbanReadability: AverageAvailability: $95 for both videotape and

handbook. David M. Winfield FoundationProduction I, 2050 Center Avenue, FortLee, NJ 07024; (201)461-5535

This curriculum, which is deliveredthrough videotape and classroom activi-ties, teaches children the importance ofbuilding self-esteem, choosing positivealternatives, gaining trust, and settinggoals. Ethnic role models are used in

7


the videotape, which is accompanied byan activity book that contains approxi-mately 15 reprocitIcible lesson plans.

Yo Homegirl ... Do the RightStuffOrganization: Nurses In ActionFormat: PosterContext: Stands Alone and Part of a

Packet/ProgramTopic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: AOD Prevention

Professionals, Jr. High Youth, Sr. HighYouth, and African Americans

Setting: UrbanReadability: Low LiteracyAvailability: $3.50 per poster for quantities

under 100; $3 per poster for quantitiesover 1(i0. Nurses In Action, 1615Broadway, Suite 1001, Oakland, CA94612; (510)834-6817

This blue, pink, and black glossyposter with the caption, "Yo Homegirl,Do the Right Stuff," gives informationon prenatal care and a strong no-usemessage.

Yo Homeboy... Do the RightStuffOrganization: Nurses In ActionFormat: PosterContext: Stands Alone and Part of a

Packet/ProgramTopic: AOD PreventionTarget Audience: AOD Prevention

Professionals and African AmericansSetting: UrbanReadability: Low LiteracyAvailability: $3.50 per poster for quantities

under 100; $3 per poster for quantitiesover 100. Nurses in Action, 1615Broadway, Suite 1001, Oakland, CA94612, (510)834-6817

Youth In Low-Income Urban Envirollment

This yellow, black, and purple glossyposter with the caption, "Yo Homeboy,Do the Right Stuff," gives informationon prenatal care and a strong no-usemessage.

Youth Training and LeadershipProgramsOrganization: Innovations Consulting Inc.Year: 1988Format: VHS Videotape (30 Minutes) and

Spiral Notebook (40 PagJo;Context: Stands Alone and Part .of a

Packet/ProgramTopic: Intervention/TreatmentTarget Audience: AOD Treatment

Professionals and Low Income YouthSetting: UrbanReadability: AverageAvailability: Innovations Consulting, Inc 488

East 6400 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84107;(801)561-9002

This program for youth from low-in-come families provides training on lifeand leadership skills. Intended foryouth ages 14 to 23, the spiral notebookcontains ideas for a variety of interac-tive presentations, outdoor experiences,small group activities, and personal freetime for relaxation and introspection.The videotape describes and promotesthe Youth Leadership Program.

Parents Getting a HeadstartAgainst Drugs/Trainers GuideOrganization: National Head Start

AssociationYear: 1989Sponsor/Endorser: Center for Substance

Abuse PreventionFormat: CurriculumLength: 220 PagesContext: Stands Alone, Part of a

Packet/Program, and Has TrainingComponent

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Topic: Alcohol and Other Drug UsePrevention, Intervention, and Treatment

Mode of Delivery: Instructor-ledTarget Audience: AOD Prevention

Professionals, African Americans,Educators of Head Start Families

Setting: Urban SchoolsReadability: AverageAvailability: National Head Start Association,

1220 King Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA22314; (703)739-0875

This curriculum is intended for theparents of children enrolled in a HeadStart Program. It delivers informationon alcohol and other drugs, self-esteem,communication skills, health issues, val-ues, peer pressure, family managementand relations, and support networks.Also available are an activity book forparents and a children's booklet.

Combating Drugs in HousingOrganization: New York State Division of

Housing & RenewalYear: 1989Format: Brochure (6 Pages) and Manager's

Handbook (47 Pages)Topic: Alcohol and Other Drugs and

PreventionTarget Audience: Community Service

Groups, General Public, Health CareProviders, Policymakers andAdministrators

Settings: Community Organizations andUrban Environments

Readability: Fairly DifficultAvailability: Free; New York State Division of

Housing and Renewal, One FordhamPlace, Bronx, NY 10458; (212)519-5789

The brochure outlines initiativesadopted in New York State to combatdrugs in public housing. It providesphone numbers for education and pre-vention programs, and law enforcementassistance. The manager's handbook isintended for community service groups,

health care providers, policymakers,and administrators. It describes in moredetail New York State's initiatives inpublic housing.

You Might Be Surprised by OurConnection with Crime andDrugsOrganization: National Crime Prevention

CouncilYear: 1991Format: PosterTopic: Crime and AOD Prevention, Youth

and Community InvolvementTarget Audience: YouthAvailability: Distribution Center, National

Crime Prevention Council, 1700 K Street,NW, 2nd Floor, Washington, DC 20006;(202) 466-6272

This poster pictures five youth of di-verse ethnic backgrounds, with the cap-tion "You might be surprised by ourconnection with crime and drugs. Weclean up neighborhoods, counselfriends, settle disputes, teach youngkids, make videotapes, run hotlines, puton performances, and more to stopcrime and drugs in our communities."

0

Page i For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20847-2345

Studies, Articles, & Reportson Youth in Low IncomeUrban Environments

GovernmentPublications andJournal Articles

AIDS Prevention Directed atHispanic Youth and Families inLarge American CitiesIn AIDS and Intravenous Drug Abuse Among

Minorities, pp. 50-54. Washington DC: TheASPIRA Association, 1989.

(Available from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information, P. 0.Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.)

ASPIRA was founded in 1961 by agroup of concerned community leadersand professionals in New York Citywho met to discuss the alarming drop-out rate of Hispanic students and the so-cial and economic conditions of thePuerto Rican community. ASPIRA isdedicated to encouraging and promot-ing educational achievement and leader-ship development among Latinoyouths. ASPIRA focuses on the issuesassociated with educational approachesto stop the spread of AIDS among His-panics. Low educational attainment lev-els combined with poverty and lack ofaccess to adequate health care place His-panics in a vulnerable position to dealwith the AIDS issue. In large urban ar-eas around the country, ASPIRA hasfound high school dropout rates to be


as high as 50 to 80 percent. There is agreat need to provide training and edu-cation to organizations serving His-panic communities. ASPIRA Associa-tion's national office is developing aleadership forum that will bring to-gether board members, ASPIRA staff,and student leaders to deal with theAIDS issue. 7 Ref.

School-Based SmokingPrevention Program forAdolescent Girls in New YorkCity

Hynes, M.M.

Public Health Reports 104(1):83-87, 1989.(Available from Ms. Margaret M. Hynes,

Columbia University, School of PublicHealth, Division of SociomedicalSciences, 600 West 168th Street, NewYork, NY 10032.)

Teenage girls comprise the largest.per-centage of new cigarette smokers in theUnited States today. Factors contribut-ing to smoking initiation include peerpressure, family and social influences,cigarette availability, and cigarette ad-vertising. Because three-quarters ofsmokers become dependent on ciga-rettes by age 20, smoking preventionprograms aimed at the adolescent popu-lation have great potential. The pro-posed program outlined is directed atgirls 12 to 18 years of age in New York

1 0 Page 7

City. Among the objectives are increas-ing students' knowledge of the short-and long-term health effects of smokingand awareness of the social factors thatlead to smoking. Participants would betaught social skills and behaviors thatcould help them to resist initiatingsmoking, by such acti-. sties as assertive-ness training through role playing. En-durance sports activities would be em-phasized while learning of the effects ofsmoking on physical conditioning. Thecosts of such a program are estimated,and classroom activities are outlined.25 Ref.

Cultural Competence forEvaluators: A Guide for Alcoholand Other Drug AbusePrevention PractitionersWorking with Ethnic/RacialCommunitiesMonograph, Center for Substance Abuse

Prevention, Rockville, MD(Available from the National Clearinghouse

for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O.Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.)

This 310-page guide is designed to ad-vance the scientific study and evalu-ation of community alcohol and otherdrug abuse prevention approaches in amulticultural context. It addresses cul-tural risk factors and factors that con-tribute to cultural resiliency and will en-hance the knowledge and skills of AODprevention program evaluators work-ing with ethnic/racial communities.

Substance Use AmongEighth-Grade Students WhoTake Care of Themselves AfterSchool

Richardson, J. L.; Dwyer, K.; McGuigan,K.; Hansen, W. B.; Dent, C.; Johnson, C.A.; Sussman, S. Y.; Brannon, B.; andFlay, B.

Pediatrics V(3):556-566,1989.(Available from Jean L. Richardson,

University of Southern California Schoolof Medicine, 1420 San Pablo Street,PMB-A301, Los Angeles, CA 90033.)

This investigation focused on sub-stance use among children who regu-larly care for themselves after school(latchkey children). The data, collectedfrom 4,932 eighth-grade students, indi-cated that self-care is an important riskfactor for alcohol, tobacco, and mari-juana use. Data collected from 2,185 par-ents validated these findings. Eighth-grade students, who took care ofthemselves for 11 or more hours a week,were at twice the risk of substance useas those who did not take care of them-selves at all. This relationship held at alllevels of sociodemographic status, extra-curricular activities, sources of social in-fluence, and stress. Of the 186 stratifiedtests of the relationship, 90 percent weresignificant; even those not found to besignificant were in the direction ex-pected. Path analyses suggest that risk-taking, having friends who smoke, andbeing offered cigarettes may partiallyexplain the relationship between self-care and substance use. Those eighth-grade students who select friends whosmoke and place themselves in situ-ations in which they are offered ciga-rettes may be manifesting a desire todisplay their sense of maturity and inde-pendence. The fact that the increase insubstance use occurred among almostall strata tested and the fact that media-

11Page 8 For further information, write to NCADI, PA.). Box 2345

Rockville, MD 20847-2345

tion was not complete suggest thatmore than one mechanism may accountfor the associated increase in substanceuse. It is also possible that more time inself-care results in more unnoticed soli-tary trials of substances, as well as trialsmotivated by peer offers or peer pres-sure to use substances. 26 Ref.

Impact of Culture onPrevention Programming forHigh Risk Youth in Inner-Cities

Shaw, S. W.

OSAP High Risk Youth Update 2(4):2-3, 1989.(Available from Sharon W. Shaw, Nashville

Center for Black Family Life, P.O. Box60205, Nashville, TN 37206.)

Prevention programs for inner-cityyouth must adopt a holistic approach.Successful learning can positively influ-ence this population of children of colorand poor youth living in the inner citywhose circumstance places them at ahigh risk for substance abuse. Researchshows 'hat individual learning type isinfluen,ed by ethnic group member-ship. If a prevention program for Afri-can American inner-city youth is to beeffective, it must reflect the preferredlearning style of the youth participat-ing. Young people also need strong"root systems." Knowledge of one's cul-tural heritage builds self-esteem andself-concept. In culturally specific pro-grams for African American youth,group-esteem and group-concept alsomust be taught. The strength of the Afri-can American family should, therefore,be emphasized. Strengths to be mod-eled include strong work orientation, re-ligious orientation, and kinship ties.Most important, such prevention pro-grams, especially those aimed at chil-dren of color, must help inner-cityyouth cope with racism, discrimination,


and oppression. This preparation isphysical and mental. A holistic ap-proach to prevention programming canempower inner-city youth to overcomesuch problems.

Alcohol and Drug Use Among"Street" Adolescents

McKirnan, D.J. and Johnson, T.

Addictive Behaviors 11(2):201-205, 1986.(Available from David J. McKirnan,

University of Illinois, Department ofPsychology, P. 0. Box 4348, Chicago, IL60680.)

Studies of adolescent alcohol use typi-cally sample intact high school popula-tions. This study assessed "street" ado-lescents alienated from the mainstreameducational system. Despite recent opti-mism regarding declining adolescentAOD use, these respondents showedconsiderable alcohol consumption,drinking to get drunk, and other AODproblems. The major correlates of AODabuse were "personal" drinking mo-tives, expectancies of alcohol effects andpeer behavior. Thus, adolescents whowould not appear in typical studiesshowed much stronger alcohol involve-ment than the general population, withindividual differences best accountedfor by attitude variables relevant to a"stress-vulnerability" approach to AODabuse. 8 Ref.

Delinquency and SubstanceUse Among Inner-City Students

Fagan, J.; Weis, J. G.; and Cheng, Y. T.

Journal of Drug Issues 20(3):351-402, 1990.(Available from Journal of Drug Issues,

Florida State University School ofCriminology, P. 0. Box 4021, Tallahassee,FL 32315-4021.)

Page 9

Recent studies continue to find an as-sociation between delinquency andAOD use, though the strength and sym-metry of the relationship vary accord-ing to sampling and measurementstrategies. The behaviors often occurjointly, but there is little consensus onwhether they are explained by uniquefactors or are the result of common cor-relates and social processes. Generaladolescent samples yield too few seri-ous juvenile offenders for valid assess-ment of the drug-crime relationship.Moreover, these youths often are con-centrated in urban social areas, possiblyconfounding influences from urbanismand urban socialization. This study ex-amines the c'. ,..ibutions of AOD useand delinquency among inner-cityyouths and theoretical explanations ofthe separate and joint behaviors, control-ling through sampling for social area in-fluences. Survey data on 665 inner-city,high school students in four cities re-vealed that self -repo: is of delinquencyand AOD use emong inner-city stu-dents were con Lparable with generaladolescent populations, though druguse was more prevalent than alcohol forthis sample. Serious AOD use was moreprevalent and frequent among seriousdelinquents, but AOD use was frequentregardless of the severity of delinquentinvolvement. The type of drug wasmore strongly associated with delin-quency than the frequency of AOD use.An integration of social control andlearning theories has weak explanatorypower for the frequency of either behav-ior, but can differentiate serious delin-quent involvement. The results suggestthat drug use and delinquency are spu-riously related, and possibly occuramong parallel but independent socialnetworks. 96 Ref.

In Search of Horatio Alger:Culture and Ideology in theCrack Economy

Bourgois, P.

Contemporary Drug Problems 16(4)!1989.(Available from Philippe Bourgois, San

Francisco State University, Department ofAnthropology, 1600 Holloway, SanFrancisco, CA 94132.)

Theorists in the field of educationhave developed a literature on socialand cultural reproduction that focuseson the ideological domination of thepoor and the working class in theschool setting. Virtually all of thesestreet participants have had deeplynegative personal experiences in theminimum wage labor market due toabusive, exploitative, and often racistbosses or supervisors. They view the il-legal underground economy as not onlyoffering superior wages but as a digni-fied workplace. The underground econ-omy, consequently, is the ultimate equalopportunity employer for inner cityyouth. It is important to understandthat the underground economy and theviolence emerging from it are not pro-pelled by an irrational cultural logic dis-tinct from that of mainstream U.S.A. Onthe contrary, street participants are fran-tically pursing the American dream.They are attracted into the under-ground economy because they believein Horatio Alger's version of the Ameri-can dream. They are the ultimate rug-ged individualists braving an unpre-dictable frontier where fame, fortune,and destruction are just around the cor-ner. 30 Ref.

i 3


Ecology of Alcohol and OtherDrug Use: Helping BlackHigh-Risk Youth. OSAPPrevention Monograph No. 7

Oyemade, U. J. (Ed.), andBrandon-Monye, D. (Ed.)

Monograph, Center for Substance AbusePrevention, Rockville, MD.

(Available from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information, P. 0.Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.)

This report presents proceedings froma human ecology forum held atHoward University in 1987. The coufer-ence provided a forum for sharing infor-mation from a broad spectrum of disci-plines with the goal of formulating adefinitive model for primary preventionfocusing on African American high-riskyouth. Several chapters in this mono-graph are devoted to identifying thespecial attributes and innovative ap-proaches that are suitable and relevantfor multicultural and other vulnerableyouths. It also covers coalition buildingand strategy development at the com-munity level. Topics include: the inci-dence of AOD use; the interaction ofhealth and nutrition; international di-mensions of drug trafficking; the phar-maceutical industry; and preventionmodels for African American youth athigh risk including family, religion, edu-cation, media, industry, government,and health care and civic organizations.

Youth and Alcohol: ControllingAlcohol Advertising thatAppeals to YouthReport, U.S. Department of Health and

Iluman Services, Office of InspectorGeneral, Washington, DC, 1991.

(Available from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O.Box 2345; Rockville, MD 20847-2345.)


This inspection examined the Federal,State, alcohol industry, and national tele-vision networks' advertising and mar-keting regulations and standards, themonitoring of these regulations andstandards, and the application of theregulations and standards to five cur-rent alcohol advertisements. In a na-tional survey of junior and senior highschool students, the Office of InspectorGeneral found that students notice alco-hol advertisements and especially thosethat spotlight attractive people, makedrinking look like fun, and feature at-tractive or exotic settings. Other re-searchers have found that alcohol adver-tisements can affect youth attitudesabout alcohol. In this study, the OIG in-terviewed Federal agencies, State Alco-holic Beverage Control (ABC) agencies,alcohol trade associations and an indus-try-supported organization, an advertis-ing industry organization, and the threelargest national television networks.The OIG asked about their regulationsor standards for alcohol advertising andthe enforcement of the regulations andstanda:ds. The study found that Fed-eral jurisdiction is fragmented amongseveral agencies; Federal regulations donot specifically prohibit alcohol adver-tisements that appeal to youth; and theBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Fire-arms' enforcement authority is limited.Investigators found that States have dif-ficulty adopting legislation to control al-cohol advertising, and that State regula-tions are limited in their application.The OIG discovered that a..cohol indus-try standards d3 not effectively restrictadvertisements that appeal to youthand that alcohol industry standards areunenforceable. Television network en-forcement is based on negotiation withadvertisers. Based on a review of thefindings, the OIG developed a list of is-

Page 11

sues for consideration that could helpeliminate alcohol advertisements thatappeal to youth. 23 Ref.

Youth and Alcohol: NationalSurvey. Drinking Habits,Access, Attitudes, andKnowledgeReport, Department of Health and Human

Services, Office of the Inspector General,Washington, DC, 1991.

(Available from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O.Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.)

This inspection surveyed junior andsenior high school (7th through 12thgrade) students to determine how theyobtain, view, and consume alcohol. Thesur ey found that 51 percent of junior?nd senior high school students havehad at least one drink within the pastyear and 8 million students drinkweekly. Junior and senior high schoolstudents drink 35 percent of all winecoolers sold in the United States and 1.1billion cans of beer each year. Morethan 5 million students have binged, 3million within the last month; 454,000binge at least once a week. More than 3million students drink alone, more than4 million drink when they are upset,and nearly 3 million drink because theyare bored. The survey found that stu-dents lack essential knowledge about al-cohol and its effects and that 9 millionstudents get their information about al-cohol frorr, unreliable sources. The re-port makes Three recommendations: (1)The Surgeon General should consultwith public and private agencies to de-velop, improve, and promote educa-tional programs that would increase stu-dent awareness of alcoholic beveragesand their effects; (2) the Surgeon Gen-eral should collaborate with the appro-

Page 12

priate public and private agencies to re-duce the appeal of alcoholic beverageadvertising to youth; (3) the SurgeonGeneral should emphasize the need forlaw enforcement and State alcoholicbeverage control agencies to preventyouth from illegally purchasing alcohol.12 Ref.

Youth and A lcoho!: NationalSurvey. Do They Know WhatThey're Drinking?Report, Department of Health and Human


(Available from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O.Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.)

This inspection surveyed junior andsenior high school (7th through 12thgrade) students to determine theirknowledge about alcohol and non-alco-holic beverages. The Surgeon Generalis particularly concerned about the simi-larities in the packaging of alcoholicand non-alcoholic beverages and youngpeoples' inability to distinguish be-tween them. Wine coolers (1.5 to 6.0percent alcohol by volume), mixeddrink coolers (4.0 percent alcohol), andmalt beverage coolers (4.0 to 4.8 per-cent) offer consumers alcoholic bever-ages in a wide range of fruity flavors, vi-brant colors, and attractive packaging.The Office of Inspector General (OIG)conducted structured interviews with arandom national sample of 956 juniorand senior high school students. Thesurvey found that two out of three stu-dents cannot distinguish alcoholic bev-erages from non-alcoholic beverages,and that in most States, beer and othermalt beverage labels do not disclose al-cohol content. The survey also foundthat the alcohol content of beverages isa mystery to students. The report

1For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345

Rockville. MD 20847-2345

makes two recommendations: (1) TheSurgeon General should work with bev-erage industry, State, and Federal offi-cials to improve the labeling and pack-aging of alcoholic and non-alcoholicbeverages; and (2) the Surgeon Generalshould consult with public and privateagencies to develop, improve, and pro-mote educational programs that wouldincrease student awareness of alcoholicbeverages and their effects. 3 kef.

Youth and Alcohol: Laws andEnforcement. Is the21-Year-Old Drinking Age aMyth?Report, Department of Health and Human


This regulation examined current Statelaws and regulations governing youthaccess to alcohol and how these lawsare enforced. At the Federal level, theNational Minimum Drinking Age Act of1984 required all States to raise theirminimum purchase and public posses-sion age to 21. States that did not com-ply faced a reduction in highway fundsunder the Federal Highway Aid Act.The Department of Transportation hasdetermined that all States are in compli-ance with this Act. During June andJuly 1991, the Office of the InspectorGeneral (OIG) conducted interviewswith State alcoholic beverage control(ABC) and/or State enforcement agencyofficials from all 50 States and the Dis-trict of Columbia. Concurrently, theDIG reviewed all State alcohol controllaws and regulations pertaining toyouth. Findings of the investigationare: (1) State laws contain loopholes thatpermit underage drinking (2) State andlocal agencies have difficulty enforcingyouth alcohol laws; (3) Nominal penal-


ties against vendors and minors limitenforcement's effectiveness; (4) Stateshave difficulty preventing false identifi-cation Ilse; (5) Some States have dev el-oped creative methods to enforce alco-hol laws and penalize offenders; (6)Enforcement is inhibited by public atti-tude and deficiencies in education. 8Ref.

Other Publications

Search for Structure: A Reporton American Youth Today

lanni, F. A. j.

New York, NY: The Free Press, A Division ofMacmillan, Inc., 1989.

(Available from The Free Press, A Division ofMacmillan, Inc., 86;., Third Avenue, NewYork, NY 10022.)

The author presents a report on the in-fluences shaping American teenagers'behaviors, identities, and aspirations.Francis Ianni observed and conductedinterviews with thousands of adoles-cents in urban, suburban, and rural com-munities. He presents close-ups of twocommunities, for which he uses thepseudonyms "Southside" and "Shef-field." The author says that in communi-ties beset by conflict, poverty, and de-spair, young people often becomediscouraged, confused, or cynical. lanniargues that, to reclaim America's youth,adults must become actively concernedand involved in young lives. He offersways that adults can offer support andguidance to young people, includingmentoring programs, career intern-ships, cooperative linkages between

Page 13

schools and employers and communityprograms for juvenile offenders. 276Ref.

Crack: It's Destroying FragileLow-Income Families

Koppelman, J., and Jones, J. M.

Journal of the American Public WelfareAssociation 47(4):13-15, 1989.

(Available from American Public WelfareAssociation, 810 First Street, NE, Suite 500,Washington, DC 20032.)

The addictive nature of crack cocainethe most addictive drug currently

known to mankind is discussed.Crack use is found increasingly amongthe urban poor. Crack trafficking isdominated by children and teenagers.Crack has taken a higher toll amongwomen than most drug epidemics,which has triggered two major healthproblems: (1) an increase in syphilis(since female crack addicts often tracesex for crack); and (2) a rise in the num-ber of babies who are born addicted todrugs. The memory of the intense crackhigh makes addiction nearly unbreak-able. Only 20 percent or less of crack ad-dicts remain drug-free 6 months in mostdrug treatment programs.

Young Children in Poverty:Annotated Bibliography ofBooks and Reports

Hallingby, L.

New York, NY: National Center for Childrenin Poverty, 1989.

(Available from National Center forChildren in Poverty, Columbia University,154 Haven Avenue, 3rd Floor, New York,NY 10032.)

This annotated bibliography describesmaterials related to young children inpoverty and their families and to socialwelfare policies and prevention pro-grams. All the publications were inprint as of the publication date andwere available for purchase from a publisher or distributor. Most listings werepublished within the last 5 years (beforepublication date). All publications arenational rather than local in scope. Nojournal articles are included. Price andordering information is provided foreach citation. The bibliography is organ-ized under the following headings: pov-erty, children in poverty, minorities, sin-gle mothers, the uninsured, socialpolicies, welfare reform, early child-hood care and education, family sup-port, maternal and child health, PublicLaw 99-457, and hunger and food distri-bution. 122 Ref.

American Indian Children:Alcohol and Drug Experiencein the Urban Family

Walker, R. L.

Association of American Indian PhysiciansNewsletter, Dec 1989. pp. 6-7.

A study of American Indian alcohol-ism focuses on understanding the inci-dence of alcohol problems and the de-gree of success (or lack thereof)obtained by detoxification facilities andhalfway houses. The researchers are try-ing to standardize the assessment proc-ess and procedures for American Indi-ans. Preliminary results suggest thatdepression seems to be linked to alcoholproblems, anxiety is interrelated with al-cohol and drug problems and there is alink between violent behavior anddrinking.

Page 14 For further Information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20847-2345

Black Children in AmericaEdelman, M.W.

In The State of Black America, J. Dewart,Ed., pp. 63-76, New York, NY: NationalUrban League, Inc., 1989.

(AvallabIe from the National Urban League,Inc., Tne Equal Opportunity Building, 500East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10021.)

Current American policies conspire toabandon millions of African Americanchildren and their families. Many Afri-can American children suffer from poorhealth care and nutrition, inadequateeducation and training, and poverty.America needs a comprehensive, long-term investment in policies and pro-grams that help all poor children andtheir families. Policy recommendationsare provided to break the cycle of pov-erty, poor education, ill health, and un-employment.

Booze Merchants: TheInebriating of America

Jacobson, M.; Atkins, R.; and Hacker, G.

Washington, DC: Center for Science in thePublic Interest, 1983.

(Available from Center for Science in thePublic Interest, 1875 ConnecticutAvenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC20039-5728.)

This book examines the advertisingpractices of the alcoholic beverage in-dustry. The rising toll of alcohol prob-lems has been paralleled in the last twodecades by greatly increased alcohol ad-vertising and by increased consumptionof alcohol, Between 1970 and 1978, percapita consumption of total alcohol in-creased by 15 percent. Between 1970and 1981, advertising expenditures byalcohol companies jumped 203 percent.More sophisticated marketing programsalso have been introduced. Industry

spokesmen assert that their marketingis simply brand competition within anestablished market. The book is dividedinto two sections: increasing consump-tion and expanding the market, withchapters on targeting the heavy drinker,the young person, and women; and ex-amining advertising content. 116 Ref.

Drug Abuse in the Inner City:Impact on Hard-Drug Usersand the Community

Johnson, B. D.; Williams, T.; Dei, K. A.;and Sanabria, H.

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press,1990.

(Available from University of Chicago Press,Chicago, 'L 60637.)

Illicit drug use in the inner city ex-panded rapidly in the 1960s and hascontinued unabated into the 1990s.While the number of heroin users has re-mained relatively stable, the use andsale of cocaine have grown tremen-dously since the mid-1970s. The popu-larity of freebase cocaine, or crack, ex-ploded in 1986 and 1987; crack nowdominates the illicit drug markets inmany inner cities. The structure of drug-dealing organizations is complex andcontains many roles with approximateequivalents in the legal economy. Co-caine and crack selling by inner-cityyouths has had major effects on low-in-come communities by offering substan-tial economic opportunities that under-mine the willingness of such youths towork at low-wage jobs. Violence inhard-drug use and selling also in-creased in the 1980s. Despite increasedarrests of drug sellers, communitysafety in the inner city has substantiallydeclined in recent years. The effects ofdrug abuse in the inner city have signifi-cantly contributed to a decline in the

Youth In Low-Income Urban Environments Page 15

economic well-being of most users andsellers, an environment of poor healthand risk of death at an early age, and aweakening of family relationships.

Reaching the Hip-HopGeneration: ExecutiveSummaryReport, MEE Productions, Inc., Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, for the Robert WoodJohnson Foundation, 1992.

This report of a market research studyindicates that an effective strategy forreaching African American inner cityyouth does not yet exist. The use of Afri-can American celebrities, mainstreammessages, and most mediums, particu-larly print, fail to make an impact onthese youth. Through focus group test-ing of 262 inner city teenagers and inter-views with experts, the study revealsthat the music-centered, male-domi-nated generation is alienated from bothits own African American traditionsand the mainstream. This subculture en-courages taking risks and tolerates self-destructive behavior; peer acceptance isextremely critical. Prevention specialistsneed to offer authentic messages thatmeet the challenges of being easily andquickly disseminated, acceptable topeer groups, and entertaining. Giventhe dynamic, rapid change in this cul-ture, the message must stay valid longenough to win street acceptance. POSFi-ble mediums for messages includebroadcast television, movies, rap music,and rap videos.

Citizen's Action Handbook onAlcohol and Tobacco BillboardAdvertising

McMahon, E.T., and-Taylor, P.A.

Report, Center for Sciehce in the PublicInterest, Washington, DC, January 1990.

(Available from Center for Science in thePublic Interest, 1875 ConnecticutAvenue, NW, Suite 300, 20009-5728,Washington, DC 20036.)

This handbook documents the prob-lem of outdoor tobacco and alcOhol ad-vertising targeted at inner-city resi-dents, and it gives an action plan formobilizing concerned citizens to dosomething about the problem. Billboardcontrol is described: what can be done,banning new billboards, allowing ex-changes, rewriting zoning regulations,and restricting the message of billboardads. Readers are advised to get thefacts, conduct a billboard survey, writeup the results, find a few good allies,and petition city or county government.

.L


Groups, Organizations &Pro rams on Youth inLow Income, UrbanEnvironmentsAddiction Research Foundation

33 Russell StreetToronto, Ontario, CanadaM55 2S1(416)595-6056

Advocacy hstitute1730 Rhode Island Avenue, NWSuite 600Washington, DC 20036(202) 659-8475

Al-Anon/Alateen Family GroupHeadquarters, Inc.P.O. Box 862Midtown StationNew York, NY 10018-0862(212)302-7240(800)344-2666 (US)(800)443-4525 (Canada)

American Youth Work Center (AYWC)1751 N Street, NWSuite 302Washington, DC 20036(202)785-0764

Boys Clubs of America771 First AvenueNew York, NY 10017(212)351-5906

Camp Fire, Inc.4601 Madison AvenueKansas City, MO 64112(316)756-1950


CDC's National AIDS ClearinghouseP.O. Box 6003Rockville, MD 20849-60031-800-458-5231

Center for Science in the PublicInterest (CS1'I)1875 Connecticut Avenue, NWSuite 300Washington, DC 20009-5728(202)332-9110

Drug Information & StrategyClearinghouseP.O. Box 6424Rockville, MD 20850(800)245-2691

Girls Clubs of America Inc.30 East 33rd Street7th FloorNew York, NY 10016(212)689-3700

"Just Say No" International1777 North California BoulevardSuite 210Walnut Creek, CA 94596(415)939-6666

March of Dimes1275 Mamaroneck AvenueWhite Plains, NY 10605(914)428-7100

Page 17

Marin Institute for the Prevention ofAlcohol and Other Drug Problems24 Belvedere StreetSan Rafael, CA 94901(415)456-5692

National Asian Pacific AmericanFamilies Against Substance Abuse,Inc.420 East Third StreetSuite 909Los Angeles, CA 90013(213)617-8277

National Association of State Alcoholand Drug Abuse Directors(NASADAD)444 North Capitol Street NWWashington, DC 20001(202)783-6868

National Association of Teen Institutes87909 Manchester RoadSt. Louis, MO 63144(314)962-3456

National Association for NativeAmerican Children of Alcoholics(NANACOA)611 12th Avenue SouthSuite 200Seattle, WA 98144(206)324-9360

National Black Child DevelopmentInstitute (NBCDI)463 Rhode Island Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20005(202)387-1281

National Coalition of Hispanic Healthand Human Services Organization(COSSMHO)1501 16th Street, NWWashington, DC 20005(202)387-5000

National Collaboration for Youth1319 F Street, NWSuite 601Washington, DC 20004(202)347-2080

National Council on Alcoholism andDrug Dependency, Inc. (NCADD)12 West 21st, 7th FloorNew York, NY 10017(212)206-6770

National Head Start Association201 N. Union StreetSuite 320Alexandria, VA 22314(703)739-0875

National Drug Information Center ofFamilies in Action2296 Henderson Mill RoadSuite 204Atlanta, GA 30345(404)934-6364

National Federation of Parents forDrug-Free YouthYouth Programs14325 Oakwood, NEAlbuquerque, NM 87123

(505)294-2929

National Institute on Drug Abuse(800)662-HELP (English help-line)(800)662 .AYUDA (Spanish)

The National Network of Runawayand Youth Services, Inc.1400 Eye Street, NWSuite 330Washington, DC 20004(202)783-7949

National Urban League, Inc.500 East 62nd StreetNew York, NY 10021(212)310-9000

CSAP's National Resource Center forPrevention of Perinatal Abuse ofAlcohol and Other Drugs9300 Lee HighwayFairfax, VA 22031(703)21S-5600 or 1-800-354-8824


National Clearinghouse for Alcoholand Drug InformationP.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20847-2345(800)729-6686

Scott Newman Center6255 Sunset BoulevardSuite 1906Los Angeles, CA 90028(213)4.69-2029, (800)783-6396

WIC, Supplemental Food ProgramDivisionFood and Nutrition ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture3101 Park Center Drive, Room 540Alexandria, VA 22302(703)756-3730

YMCA of the USA101 North Wacker DriveChicago, IL 60606(312)977-0031

'U.S. Government Printing Office: 1993 342.356/83637

Youth In Low-Income Urban Environments Page 19

NCADIPublications Order Form

IIIIMIIMP #r

NCADINational Clearinghouse for

Alcohol and Drug Information1-800-729-6686 or 301-468-2600

TDD 1-800-4£7-4889

AOD Resource Guides Available from the NationalClearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information

MS442 AIDS

MS419 American Indians/Native Alaskans

MS408 Asian and Pacific Islander Americans

MS448 Child Abuse

MS417 Children of Alcoholics

MS418 College Youth

MS445 Curriculum

MS421 Elementary Youth

MS439 Employee Assistance Programs

MS447 Foundations

MS444 Hispanic Americans

MS434 Impaired Driving

MS443 Older Americans

MS420 Pregnant/Postpartum Women and Their InfantsMS409 Preschool Children

MS416 Rural Communities

MS423 Secondary School Students

MS433 Women

MS446 Youth in Low Income Urban Environments

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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 381 592 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION … · ED 381 592. AUTHOR TITLE. INSTITUTION. REPORT NO PUB DATE NOTE ... car crashes and HIV /AIDS transmis- ... Esai Morales,