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Does Particle Size Matter? Yes or No Mick Hurrey Ph.D.

Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

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Page 1: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Does Particle Size Matter?Yes or No

Mick Hurrey Ph.D.

Page 2: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Particle Effects on 

Performance

The Right Spec

Pharmaceutical Materials

Page 3: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Pharmaceutical Materials

Page 4: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Types of Pharmaceutical Materials

Polymorphs

Solvate

Co-Crystal

Salt

Amorphous

molecule

solvent molecule

solid at RT

deprotonated acid

protonated molecule

Reproduced with permission from Solvias AG

Page 5: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)
Page 6: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

StructureCrystallization Process

Form Control

Phase Mapping

Crystal Structure

Page 7: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Properties

Parameter Compound 1

Molecular Weight 817.97g/mol

Melting Point (°C) 188°C (H = 94J/g)

clogP 4.5 (neat form)

pKa 4.58, 9.23 (calculated)

FESSGF <00> Solubility 0.614mg/mL at 120min 

Bulk Density 0.25mg/mL

Particle Size / Morphology / Surface Area

75m (d50, dry LLS) / small square plates / 1m2/g

API scale up 1.2kg by crystallization

Hygroscopicity 0.4%w/w at 95%RH

Page 8: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

ProcessingMeta‐stable Form Analysis

Powder Properties

Unknown Identification

Page 9: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Solid Phase Characterization

X‐Ray Diffraction:Structure and Form

(HORIBA XGT-7200 X-ray Analytical Microscope)

Calorimetry:Thermodynamics

Light Scattering:Particle Size

(HORIBA LA‐960 Laser diffraction Analyzer

Vapor Sorption:Hygroscopicity

Page 10: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Characterization in Media

Dissolution:Kinetics

Turbidity:Process Space

Solution Calorimetry:Thermodynamics

Spectroscopy:Form Control

Page 11: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Process Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

Formulation

DMPK

Page 12: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

The Right Specification

Page 13: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

What is Particle Size?

Page 14: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

What is Particle Size?

MeasurementHabitProperties

Page 15: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Considerations

Know your Customer

Measurement Technique

Take a Picture

Understand the Application

Page 16: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Setting Specifications

Habit – what shape do you want?

50mSize – do you need to control size for API control, formulatability, dissolution?Distribution – do you need control of fines or larger particles?

Page 17: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Setting Specifications

PercentileMean

Distribution

Make sure you choose two aspects to set for your specifications (i.e. habit and mean 

size, mean size and distribution, etc.)

Page 18: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Particle Effects on Performance

Page 19: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

PARTICLE AGGLOMERATIONCASE STUDY #1

Page 20: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Understanding Dissolution Variability

IR DC Tablet Dissolution in 1%SLS (50rpm)

0 20 40 600

25

50

75

100

Time (Min)R

ecov

ery

(%)

Kinetic Solubility of API(0.75mg/ml) in 1%SLS (50rpm)

0 2 4 6 8

100

75

50

25

0

Time (Hr)

Rec

over

y (%

)

Page 21: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Root Cause Analysis

Page 22: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Primary Particle

“Hard” agglomerate

Kdis,p

kdis, s

kdis, h

kdeag, p/s

kdeag, h/s

Solution*“Soft” agglomerate Crystalline 

Form

kc

Conceptual Model for Co‐Crystal Dissolution

* Solution phase phenomena, as usual, but not specifically depicted here (proton equilibration of co‐former, association phenomena, partitioning into micelle phases, if appropriate)

kdeag – rate of deagglomeration h – hard agglomeratekdis – rate of dissolution s – soft agglomeratekc – rate of crystallization p – primary particle

kc

Crystalline Form

Page 23: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Conceptual Model Raises Key Questions

Observations• Variable dissolution• Variable agglomeration• Variable crystalline content (post 

dissolution)

Hypothesis • Variability due to difference in 

agglomeration

Experimental Plan • Develop solid‐state agglomeration 

method• Determine total mass balance of 

agglomerate dissolution

Page 24: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Pressure Titrations Used as a Predictive Measure of Hard Agglomerates

• The largest mode at 2.0bar is a measure of hard agglomerates

• The V% with pressure relates to the strength of agglomeration

• Changes in manufacturing process showed different behavior

— 2.0bar — 0.8bar — 0.1bar

Page 25: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

25

Mass Balance Experiment was Used to Understand Agglomeration Effect

• Kinetics determined using 8 dissolution vessels– One per time point– Solids analyzed for form– Liquid analyzed for solutes

• FBRM used to measure cord length continuously for 8hr

FT‐Raman/XRPD

RP RP

Page 26: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Hard Agglomerates

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 4800

100

200

300

400

0

50

100

Coxsolid

APIsolid

APIsolution

Co-Formersolution

Time (min)

Mas

s (m

g)

Recovery (%

)

No Hard Agglomerates

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 4800

100

200

300

400

0

50

100

Time (min)

Mas

s (m

g)

Recovery (%

)

Agglomerates

0 20 40 600

20

40

60

80

100

Time (Min)

AP

I Rec

over

y (%

)

No Hard Agglomerates (●)

Hard Agglomerates (▲)

IR DC Tablets

Page 27: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Conclusions

• API process changed to be an anti‐solvent addition

• API drying process slowed to ensure agglomeration did not occur

• No PS specification was necessary

Page 28: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

SOLVENT MEDIATED PARTICLE ENGINEERING

CASE STUDY #2

Page 29: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

What’s Wrong with Needles?

“I’ve got high yield, low impurities, and can easily scale up filtering”

- Anonymous Process Chemist

“The particle size might be what I asked for, but it won’t flow”

- Anonymous Formulator

Page 30: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

The Problem with Needles

Long acicular particles don’t flow even though they filtered

(h k l)

Slip‐plane analysis predicted that milling wouldn’t work

Page 31: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

The Solution was in the Crystal

Face‐Indexing gave us a clue

(100)Fast growing face had a free OH group on the surface

Space Fill Representation

(100)

Page 32: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

The Solution was the Solution

Experimented with crystallization solvents (i.e. protic vs aprotic)

By inhibiting growth on the fast face the particles shape changed

Particles flowed well and was moved forward

A

B

C

Page 33: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Process Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

Formulation

DMPK

Page 34: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

AcknowledgementsMaterials Discovery• Pat Connelly• Steve Johnston• Majed Fawaz• Sneha Arekar• Brian Luisi• Adam O’Neil• Mariusz Krawiec• Ales Medek• Praveen Mudunuri• Brian Quinn• Bin Song• Hong‐Ren Wang

Analytical Development• Yola Pesha• Meghan Johnston• Andrew Lange• Jamie Ellis• Drew Kuzmission• Nicole Lahousse• Meng‐Chieh Lin• Justin Pritchard• Rajesh Penumatcha• John Pietryka• Sandi Porte‐Walcott• Alex Scangas• Joe Snodgrass

Research• Nigel Ewing• Eric Block• Frank Holland• Dave Deininger• Jim Empfield• Greg May• David Messersmith• Nathan Waal• Peter Connolly• Marc Jacobs• Ernst terHaar• Rene Rijnbrand• Mark Namchuk• Youssef Bennani• Mark Murko

Collaborators• Rolf Hilfiker, Markus von Raumer (Solvias)• Chris Frampton, Alan Chorlton, Craig Grant (Pharmorphix)• Simon Bates, Steve Byrn (SSCI)• Don DePietro (TA Instruments)• Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT)• Paul Dawson (Malvern)• Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates)• Orn Almarsson (Alkermes)• Elizabeth Vadas (InSciTech)• Robb Westby (JEOL)• Roger Davey (Univ of Manchester)• Sally Price (Univ College London)• George Zografi (Univ of Wisc‐Madison)

Chemical Development• Dan Belmont• Steffi Roeper• Ben Littler• Todd Blythe• Tim Curran• Cris Harrison• Billie Kline• Adam Looker• David Miller• Bobbianna Neubert‐Langille• Bill Nugent• Brian Phenix• Jerry Tanoury• Mike Waldo• David Wilcox

Formulation Development• Eleni Dokou• Getz Knezic• Rahela Gasparac• Irina Kadiyala• Tapan Sanghvi• Steve Wahn• Nick Cardoso• Jeff Katstra

Page 35: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)

Tools to Tackle Particle Characterization 

Page 36: Does Particle Size Matter - Horiba · 2018. 10. 17. · • Allan Myerson, James Evans (MIT) • Paul Dawson (Malvern) • Ken Baker (Ken Baker Associates) • Orn Almarsson(Alkermes)