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22/10/2012
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Prof Dominique GRANDJEAN
Unité de Médecine de l’Elevage et du Sport
Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (France)
Vétérinaire Colonel
Brigade de Sapeurs Pompiers de Paris
Dr Delphine CLERO
Unité de Médecine de l’Elevage et du Sport
Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (France)
Vétérinaire Capitaine
Brigade de Sapeurs Pompiers de Paris
CANINE OLFACTION
Detection Equipment
Mobile plateforme
-anatomy
-physiology
-environment
-genetics
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« Yes, but it does not smell like a bomb! »
Genetic selection
Respect of high motivation
Specific education
Dedicated equipments
Housing and handling
Biological and medical survey
Working dog
Performance
Physical training
Adapted nutrition
Optimizationof
performance
+
=
←←←← Physiological adaptations →→→→←←←← No Physiological specificities →→→→
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1/ UPDATES IN DOG’S OLFACTION PHYSIOLOGY
Actual knowledge
on dog’s olfaction
2/ HOW TO UNDERSTAND ODORS
3/ HOW TO OPTIMIZE OLFACTION IN THE DOG
Physiology of Olfaction in the Dog
« Sense individualising chemical species»
Aptitude of the dog’s olfactory system to individualise
active molecules called odors by generating a specific
Reaction of the animal.
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Anatomy of the nose in the Dog
Surface area of olfactory epithelium is 5 to 50x larger in dogs, as are number of
olfactory receptors
Humans Dogs
Kaldenbach, 1998
Surface of olfaction membrane
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TURBINATE BONES: MORE IN THE
DOG THAN IN HUMANS
(From Rosenbuch, 2009)
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Nares
Vestibule
Turbinates Nasopharynx
Olfactory region
Anatomy of the nose in the Dog
(From Rosenbuch, 2009)
Nose Functions
Anatomy of the nose in the Dog
(From Rosenbuch, 2009)
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2
1
3 4
Anatomy of the nose in the Dog
Histology
(From Rosenbuch, 2009)
1
2
3
Anatomy of the nose in the Dog
Histology
(From Rosenbuch, 2009)
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4
Olfactory epithelium
Bowman‘s glands
Nerve bundle
Anatomy of the nose in the Dog
Histology
(From Rosenbuch, 2009)
TURBINATE BONES: SURFACE AND
AIR SPEED
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IN AND OUT
AIRFLOW
DURING
SNIFFING
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NOTHING MUST IMPAIR
AIRFLOW
Experimental measurements of canine sniffing.Craven, 2009
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Pomeranian
German Shepherd
Labrador
Medium Mongrel
Experimental results from airflow measurements of c anine sniffing.Craven, 2009
Physiology of Olfaction in the Dog
Stimulus Odor
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Olfactive Stimulus
� Volatil substances
� Access to olfactive mucosa
� Notion of « odority » of a molecule
« A molecule is active on an olfactory system only if a correspondance exists
between the particular structure of this molecule and a receptor-captor system in the
mucosa. »
. Air volume
. Atmosphere Pressure
. Air Speed
. Nature of the molecule (hydro or liposoluble)
Olfactive Stimulus
Chemical Molecules…
NH2(CH2)5NH2
Al(OH)3Ca(OH)2
H2CO3
C18 H24 O3
C14H11NCl2O2
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Olfactive Stimulus
…That occupate a volume…
Olfactive Stimulus
…in 3 dimensions
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Chemical « Form »
Aim of training :
« Addict » the dog to a family of molecules that act as « forms »
in his mucosal receptors
Olfactive Stimulus
« Pedagogic Approach »
Dog’s sniffing behaviour makes him « vizualise » the odors
Olfactive Stimulus
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Dog’s sniffing behaviour makes him « vizualise » the odors
Olfactive Stimulus
Physiology of Olfaction in the Dog
Stimulus Odor
Receptor Cellular Site
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Nasal biopsies provide the opportunity to examine
the evolution of nasal mucosa
(Overall, 2007)
(Overall, 2007)
Olfactive nervesOlfactory Marker Protein
Details of olfactive mucosa
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(Overall, 2007)
Details of olfactive mucosa
Olfactive neurones
Birth Immature and growing
(Overall, 2007)
Details of mature olfactive mucosa
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Olfactive Bulb
Axones of olfactive nerves
Epithelium
Olfactive cellDendrites
Olfactory Receptors
� Bipolar Neurones
� The only ones in the CNS to regenerate during the whole life cycle
Olfactory Receptors
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Receptors for
odorant molecules
are grouped in the
cils
Olfactive Receptors
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RECEPTORS
MUCUS
RECEPTORS
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Coren, 2004
The amount of olfactive receptors
varies depending on the breed
�Amoore’s stereochemical theory :
7 primary odors
. Campher[spheric form 7 A]
. Musc [discoid form 10 A]
. Flower [wing form ]
. Menthol [corner form]
. Eter[electrophile molecules ]
. Cadaver [nucleophile molecules]
Contact between the molecule andThe receptor
Olfactive Receptors
CAMPHER MUSC FLOWER
MENTHOL ETER
CADAVER SPICY
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Olfactive Receptors
In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck
cloned the first olfactive receptors. For
this work, they obtained the Nobel price
in physiology and medicine in 2004.
Olfactive Receptors
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mouse : ∼ 1000 gènes
drosophilia : 57 gènes dog : ∼∼∼∼ 850 gènes
zebra fish: ∼∼∼∼ 100 gènes
Olfactive Receptors
Genomics:
how many
genes code for
olfaction
(ACHE et YOUNG, 2005) : genes coding for olfactive
receptors in differentspecies. In red amount of genes, in blue amount of
pseudo-genes.
GENOMICS OF OLFACTION
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CFA 2
1
5
16
10
CFA 4
5
10
1
CFA 7
1
18
CFA 12
6
CFA 13
4
8
CFA 19
4
2
CFA 22
13
CFA 23
3
CFA 24
20
CFA 26
12
2210
CFA 31
21
3
CFA 32
4
CFA 34
3
5
CFA 36
2
CFA 37
2
CFA Y
Y
CFA 8
14
+5 (12)
1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 5140
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CFA 3
4
5
15
+2 (3)
CFA 15
1
12
4
161
14
+2 (4)
+4 (16)
CFA 16
7
8
4
+7 (18)
CFA 20
3
19+18 (44)
+7 (21)
CFA 25
8
13
2
4
+3 (8)
CFA 30
15
+4 (16)
CFA 28
10
+1 (3)
CFA 27
12
1218
+1 (5)+3 (12)
CFA 33
3+2 (7)
CFA 35
6+3 (9)
CFA 38
1+6 (15)
CFA 5
1
11
16
172
+9 (32)
CFA 1
19
22
18
9
6
8
4+1 (3)
RH3
+6 (11)
CFA 6
7
16
1
(3)
(2)(1)
+4 (9)
CFA 9
17
9(3)
CFA 10
2
12
22
+1 (2)
(3)
CFA 11
5
9+1 (6)
+3 (9)
(3)
CFA 14
7
1 +16 (31)
CFA 17
2
1 (1)
CFA 29
8
(1)
CFA X
X
+2 (3)
(1)
RH1
(2)
RH2
(2)
CFA 18
11
7
+48 (123)
CFA 21
11
15
+41 (109)
Localization of canine OR genes
30 regions (clusters) on 24 chromosomes out of 38 c hromosomes (CFA)
(Gallibert, 2009)
Differences occur
between breeds
