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OviductOvary
Vagina
Cervix
Vulva
Uterine Horn
Uterine Body
FossaClitoridis
Clitoris
UrethralOpening
ConstrictorVestibuli
Reproductive Tract Anatomy of the Bitch
Oviduct
Uterine Horn
Uterine BodyMesometrium
Cervix
Vagina
Vulva
Ovary
Reproductive Tract Anatomy of the Bitch
OvaryOpening of Ovarian Bursa
MesovariumOvarian Bursa
Uterine Horn
OvaryCompletely enclosed with a fat covered peritoneal lining that is called the ovarian bursa.
Vagina, Vestibule and Vulva
Vestibule
Vagina
UrethralOpening
Clitoris
Vulva
FossaClitoridis
ConstrictorVestibuli
Reproductive Tract Anatomy of the Male
Rectum
Bladder
Vas Deferens
ProstateUrethralisMuscle
Glans PenisBulbus Glandis
Penis
ScrotumTestis
Epididymis Os Penis
Reproductive Tract Anatomy of the Male
BladderProstate
Vas Deferens
UrethralisMuscle
BulbocavernosusMuscle
Penis
Scrotum
Bulbus Glandis
CruraGlans Penis
Scrotum, Testis and Epididymis
Scrotum
Testis
CaputEpididymis
CorpusEpididymis
Spermatic Cord
Pampiniform Plexus
Tunica Vaginalis Parietal
StratumSubdarticum
ExternalCremaster Muscle
Testis, Epididymis & Spermatic Cord
Vas Deferens
Pampiniform Plexus
Testis
CaputEpididymis
CorpusEpididymis
CaudaEpididymis
Bulbus Glandis
Bulbus GlandisPenis Glans Penis
• Vascular shunting allows swelling of penis for erection.
• Glans penis swells (Bulbus glandis) for locking penis in the vagina of female.
I. Ejaculation
a) Occurs within 80 seconds (sperm rich fraction).
II. Semen Characteristics
a) Three fractions
1) Clear fluid (Urethral Gland): 0.1 - 3.0 ml
2) Milky fluid (Sperm Rich): 0.5 - 4.0 ml
3) Clear fluid (Prostate Gland): 1 - 30 ml
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Male
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
I. Physiologya) Puberty
1) 6 to 7 months (range 4 to 22)2) Breed dependent® Smaller breeds earlier than larger
b) Oestrous cycle1) Type: mono-estrus® Indication of seasonal: Feb to May® Cycle randomly throughout year
2) Length between cycles
2) Length between cycles
® Mean: 7 months (range 4–13)
3) Stages
® Proestrus: 9 days (range 2–27)
• Physical turgid swelling of vulva and appearance of a bloody discharge
• Vaginal cytology will change with very early non-cornified epithelial cells increasing towards end ofproestrus.
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
• Behavior - bitch is restless and secretes pheromones but is aggressively negative towards male becoming more passive towards start of estrus
® Oestrus: 9 days (range 3–21)
• Bitch accepts male
• Vulva swelling will soften and discharge will be slightly pink to straw-colored.
• Vaginal cytology will have a high concentration of cornified epithelial cells with little debris.
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
• Discharge is straw colored rather than blood stained
® Metoestrus: 90 days
• Non-acceptance of males
• Loss of vulva swelling and no discharge. Vaginal cytology is nocornified cells and high numbers of White Blood Cells.
® Anoestrus: 75 days
• Period of ovarian inactivity and no vaginal discharge
• Breed dependent
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
® Pseudo-pregnancy:
• Extension of metestrus period in which progesterone concentrations remain elevated.
• Female will have nest building behavior and enlarged mammary glands
Behavioral Changes During Estrus in the Bitch
-8 -4 0 +4 +8 +12
Proestrus Estrus
Aggressivetowards Male Passive Provides sexual posturing
to male for copulation
Bloody dischargefrom vulva Copulation
Vulva Swollen and Enlarged
Indicates Day of Peak in LH
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
c) Ovulation1) Associated with LH peak ® Ovulation: 48 hours post LH peak® Oocyte maturation
• 4-5 days post LH peak• 2-3 days after post ovulation
® Peak fertility• 0-5 days
2) Detection of ovulation® Vaginal cytology
• Only accurate for detecting oestrus
Cell Type Para basal Small Large Anuclear Red NeutrophilsIntermediate Intermediate Keratinised Blood
Proestrus Early +++ +++ +/- - + +Late + ++ ++ ++ +++ -
Estrus Early - - +++ ++++ ++ -Late - - +++ +++ - +
Metestrus Early - + - +/- - +++Anestrus ++ + - - +/- +
Vaginal Cytology in the Bitch
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
2) Detection of ovulation (cont)® Progesterone concentrations
• Progesterone concentrations rise prior to ovulation
• Follicles start to luteinizebefore ovulation
• Progesterone concentrations can be measured to determine day of ovulation and breeding, but concentrations are highly variable
• Baseline Progesterone = 1 ng/ml
• Day Preceding Ovulation = 3-4 ng/ml
• Day of Ovulation = 4-8 ng/ml
-10 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 8 12 14
Hormonal Patterns During Estrous Cycle of BitchA
rbitr
ary
Pla
sma
Con
cent
ratio
ns
Days from LH Peak
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
Ovulation
Fertile Period
Completionof Meiosis I
Fertilization
Arb
itrar
y P
lasm
a C
once
ntra
tions
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Days of Pregnancy
MatingParturition
ProgesteroneProlactin
Corticosteroids
Total Estrogens
Hormone Concentrations During Pregnancy and Parturition
d) Mating – only when Bitch is in standing heat1) Dog achieves intromisssion by vigorous
thrusting of hind quarters2) Bulbus glandis swells (6x4 cm) in vagina3) Male dismounts, but remains connected
and facing away from Bitch, penis bent at a 180° angle
4) Vulva sphincter muscles contract around penis forming “ copulatory tie”® Ejaculation of seminal fluid (2-30 mL)® 20 minute average (range 5–60)® Not essential for conception
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
e) Pregnancy
1) Duration: 63 days (range 58 – 68)
2) Diagnosis
® Abdominal Palpation: day 21-28
® Radiography: day 45
® Ultrasonography: day 24-28
f) Parturition
1) Signal for initiation
® Maturation of fetal pituitary-adrenal axis via cortisol secretion
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
2) Impending signs of parturition
® Behavior: nest building, restlessness and seeking quiet, out of sight areas
® Vulva becomes swollen, edematous and may have some vaginal discharge
® Relaxation of pelvic and abdominal muscles
® Presence of milk in mammary gland is not an accurate sign
® Decrease in body temperature from 38 to 37oC just before parturition.
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
3) Stages of parturition
® First: mean 4 hours, last up to 36
• Period in which the cervix dilates
• Bitch will be uneasy, refuse food, pant, vomiting and frequently looking at flank.
® Second:length variable
• Visible straining of bitch in the sitting position
• Placental membrane will break and fluid discharged from vulva
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
® Second: cont
• Amnion covering the pup will be visible as it passes through the cervix, vagina and out the vulva
• Membrane will rupture spontaneously or by licking of dam
• Start of labor (active contractions) first fetus cannot be expected to survive more than 6 hours in the uterus
• Fetuses delivered within 2 hours of each other
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
® Second: cont
• Usually interval between puppies is about 30 minutes
® Third:
• Foetal membranes expelled 5-15 minutes
4) Dystocia- difficult birth
® Symptoms
• Abnormal fetal presentation, position or posture
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
4) Dystocia- difficult birth® Symptoms (cont)
• Strong and persistent labor for 20 minutes without delivery of fetus
• Weak and infrequent contractions for 2 to 3 hours
• > 4 hours from delivery of last fetus (if not last one)
® Causes• Most common is uterine inertia
(weak contractions), size of fetus and birth canal
Canine Physiology and Reproduction: Bitch
Preparation for Parturition in the bitch
Bitch should be placed in a whelping box at least one week prior to parturition. Whelping box should be raised above the floor and large enough for the bitch to move freely. Bottom of box should be covered with newspapers for easy cleaning. It is necessary to have rail along the inside of the box to prevent puppies from being laid on.
Whelping BoxClean bedding and light source for heat
Picture courtesy Dr. Joseph McCann, RockErin Kennels
Side Rail protect pups from being laid on by bitch
Picture courtesy Dr. Joseph McCann, RockErin Kennels