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DOGS:ALOVESTORY

AGeneticstudiesshowthatdogsevolvedfromwolvesandremainassimilartothecreaturesfromwhichtheycameashumanswithdifferentphysicalcharacteristicsaretoeachother,whichistosaynotmuchdifferentatall.EveninthemostchangeablemitochondrialDNAmarkersDNAhandeddownonthemotherssidedogsandwolvesdifferbynotmuchmorethanonepercent,saysRobertWayne,ageneticistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.BWolflikespeciesgobackonetotwomillionyears,saysWayne,whosegeneticworksuggestsdogsofsomesortbeganbreakingawayabout100,000yearsago.Wolfandearlyhumanfossilshavebeenfoundclosetogetherfromasfarbackas400,000yearsago,butdogandhumanfossilsdatebackonlyabout14,000years,allofwhichputswolvesand/ordogsinthecompanyofmanorhisprogenitorsbeforethedevelopmentoffarmingandpermanenthumansettlements,atatimewhenbothspeciessurvivedonwhattheycouldscratchouthuntingorscavenging.CWhywouldthesecompetitorscooperate?Theanswerprobablyliesinthesimilarsocialstructureandsizeofwolfpacksandearlyhumanclans,thecompatibilityoftheirhuntingobjectivesandrange,andthewillingnessofhumanstoacceptintocampthemostsuppliantwolves,theyoungorlessthreateningones.DCertainwolvesorprotodogsmayhaveworkedtheirwayclosetothefireringaftersmellingsomethinggoodtoeat,thenintoearlyhumangatheringsbyprovinghelpfulorunthreatening.Aswanderingpacksoftwentyfiveorthirtywolvesandclansoflikenumberednomadichumansroamedthelandscapeintandem,huntingbiggame,theanimalshungaroundcampsitesscavengingleftovers,andthehumansmighthaveusedthewolvessuperiorscentingabilityandspeedtolocateandtrackprospectivekills.Atnight,wolveswiththeirkeensensescouldwarnhumansofdangerapproaching.ETimesmightnothavebeenashardbackthenasiscommonlythought.Inmanyinstancesfoodwouldhavebeenplentiful,predatorsfew,andtheboundariesbetweenhumansandwildlifeporous.Throughthoseporesslippedsmallerorlessthreateningwolves,whichfromlivinginpackswherealphabossesreignedwouldknowthetricksofsubservienceandcouldadapttohumansincharge.Puppiesinparticularwouldbehardtoresist,astheyaretoday.Thuswasaunionbornandaprocessofdomesticationbegun.FOverthemillennia,admissionofcertainwolvesandprotodogsintohumancampsandexclusionoflarger,morethreateningonesledtothedevelopmentofpeoplefriendlybreedsdistinguishablefromwolvesbysize,shape,coat,earsandmarkings.Dogsweregenerallysmallerthanwolves,theirsnoutsproportionallyreduced.Theywouldassistinthehunt,cleanupcampbyeatinggarbage,warnofdanger,keephumanswarm,andserveasfood.NativeAmericansamongothersatepuppies,andinsomesocietiesitremainsacceptedpractice.GBythefourthmillenniumBCEgyptianrockandpotterydrawingsshowdogsbeingputtoworkbymen.Then,asnow,therelationshipwasnotwithoutdrawbacks.Feraldogsroamedcitystreets,stealingfoodfrompeoplereturningfrommarket.Despitetheirpenchantformisbehaviour,andsometimebecauseofit,dogskeepturningupatalltheimportantjuncturesinhumanhistory.HInancientGreece,350yearsbeforeChrist,Aristotledescribedthreetypesofdomesticateddogs,includingspeedyLaconiansusedbytherichtochaseandkillrabbitsanddeer.Threehundredyearslater,Romanwarriorstrainedlargedogsforbattle.Thebrutescouldknockanarmedmanfromhishorseanddismemberhim.IInseventeenthcenturyEngland,dogsstillworked,pullingcarts,sleds,andploughs,herdinglivestock,orworkingasturnspits,poweringwheelsthatturnedbeefandvenisonoveropenfires.Butworkingdogswerenotmuchlovedandwereusuallyhangedordrownedwhentheygotold.UnnecessarydogsmeanwhilegainedstatusamongEnglishroyalty.KingJamesIwassaidtolovehisdogsmorethanhissubjects.CharlesIIwasfamousforplayingwithhisdogatCounciltable,andhisbrotherJameshaddogsatseain1682whenhisshipwascaughtinastorm.Assailorsdrowned,heallegedlycriedout,SavethedogsandColonelChurchill!JBythelatenineteenthcenturythepassionforbreedingledtothecreationofprivateregistriestoprotectprizedbloodlines.TheKennelClubwasformedinEnglandin1873,andelevenyearslatertheAmericanKennelClub(AKC)wasformedacrosstheAtlantic.TodaytheAKCregisters150breeds,theKennelClublists196,andtheEuropebasedFdrationCynologiqueInternationalerecognizesmanymore.Dogshowssproutedinthemid1800swhenunnecessary3ogsbeganvastlytooutnumberworkingones,astheydotothisday.Unless,thatis,youcountcompanionshipasajob.

Choosethecorrectanswer.

1.Whichparagraphexplainshowdogsbecamedifferentinappearancefromwolves?

A. ParagraphEB. ParagraphGC. ParagraphHD. ParagraphAE. ParagraphCF. ParagraphJG. ParagraphIH. ParagraphBI. ParagraphFG. ParagraphD

Explain:ParagraphFdescribestheprocessofbecomingdifferentinappearance:'admissionofcertainwolves...andexclusionoflarger,morethreateningonesledtothedevelopmentofpeoplefriendlybreedsdistinguishablefromwolvesbysize,shape,coat,ears,andmarkings.'

2.Whichparagraphdescribestheclassificationofdogsintomanydifferenttypes?

A. ParagraphDB. ParagraphHC. ParagraphC

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D. ParagraphGE. ParagraphEF. ParagraphAG. ParagraphFH. ParagraphBI. ParagraphIG. ParagraphJ

Explain:Thefinalparagraphmentions'prizedbloodlines'andorganizations:one'registers150breeds',one'lists196'andanother'recognizesmanymore'.

3.Whichparagraphstatesthebasicsimilaritybetweenwolvesanddogs?

A. ParagraphDB. ParagraphIC. ParagraphAD. ParagraphEE. ParagraphFF. ParagraphJG. ParagraphBH. ParagraphGI. ParagraphCG. towolvesK. ParagraphH

Explain:ParagraphAmakesthepointseveraltimes:'dogsremainassimilarashumans...aretoeachother...notmuchdifferentatall''dogsandwolvesdifferbynotmuchmorethanonepercent'.

4.Whichparagraphgivesexamplesofgreaterhumanconcernforanimalsthanforpeople?

A. ParagraphFB. ParagraphDC. ParagraphGD. ParagraphJE. ParagraphIF. ParagraphEG. ParagraphCH. ParagraphAI. ParagraphBG. ParagraphH

Explain:Thisparagraphreferstoaking'saidtolovehisdogsmorethanhissubjects'andtoarelativeofanotherkingwhoshouted'savethedogs'when'sailorsdrowned'.

1.WhichFOURofthefollowingstatementsaremadeinthetext?

A. Therewasverylittleforearlyhumanstoeat.B. Neitherthewolvesnorthehumanslivedinoneplaceforlong.C. Inatypicalcampthereweremanymorewolvesthanhumans.D. Wolvesgotfoodfromearlyhumans.E. Somewolveslearnedtoobeyhumanleaders.F. Wolvesstartedlivingwithhumanswhenagriculturebegan.G. Earlyhumansespeciallylikedveryyoungwolves.H. Humanschosethemostdangerouswolvestohelpthemhunt.

Explain:(i)Neitherthewolvesnorthehumanslivedinoneplaceforlong:ParagraphBmentionsbeforethedevelopmentof...permanenthumansettlements',whileparagraphDmention'wanderingpacks...and...nomadichumans'.(ii)Somewolveslearnedtoobeyhumanleaders:ParagraphCrefersto'themostsuppliantwolves',whileparagraphFmentions'wolvesthatwouldknowthetricksofsubservienceandcouldadapttohumansincharge.'(iii)Wolvesgotfoodfromearlyhumans:ParagraphFtalksof'animals...scavengingleftovers'(i.e.eatinganythingthehumansdidn'twant).(iv)Earlyhumansespeciallylikedveryyoungwolves:ParagraphFstatesthat'Puppiesinparticularwouldbehardtoresist.'

Fromtheinformationinthetext,indicatewhouseddogsinthewayslistedbelow.

1.inwar

A. theNativeAmericans

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B. theGreeksC. theRomansD. theEgyptiansE. theEnglishF. theFrench

Explain:ThesecondsentenceofparagraphHtalksabout'Romanwarriors'who'trainedlargedogsforbattle'.Thenextsentencedescribeshow'thebrutes'couldattack'anarmedman'.

2.asasourceofenergy

A. theNativeAmericansB. theEnglishC. theEgyptiansD. theRomansE. theGreeksF. theFrench

Explain:ParagraphIreferstodogsin'seventeenthcenturyEngland'usedasasourceofenergy:'pullingcarts...',workingasturnspits'and'poweringwheels

3.asfood

A. theEgyptiansB. theGreeksC. theRomansD. theEnglishE. theNativeAmericansF. theFrench

Explain:ThelastsentenceinparagraphGsays'NativeAmericansamongothersatepuppies'.Neitherthe'others'alludedtohere,northe'societies'inthenextclause,arementionedbyname.

4.tohuntotheranimals

A. theFrenchB. theRomansC. theEnglishD. theNativeAmericansE. theGreeksF. theEgyptians

Explain:AlthoughhuntingisreferredtoinB,C,DandG,paragraphHrefersspecificallytoancientGreece,wherepeopleused'speedyLaconians...tochaseandkillrabbitsanddeer.'

5.toworkwithfarmanimals

A. theNativeAmericansB. theEnglishC. theRomansD. theEgyptiansE. theFrenchF. theGreeks

Explain:ThisistheseconduseofchoicetheEnglish.ParagraphIrefersto'herdinglivestock'inEngland,e.g.workingassheepdogs.

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No. Date RightScore TotalScore1 3/18/20159:19:33AM 0 10

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