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36 Offices in 17 Countries DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA Corporate Law Part 1 – Selection and Establishment of Legal Entities (法人組織 の選択と設立手続き) Presented by: Noriyuki Shimoda Admitted in Japan and California Squire Sanders (US) LLP Phone: 415-393-9894 Email: [email protected] June 20, and September 19, 2012 Palo Alto Office Presentation for Japanese Business Persons:

DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA Corporate Law/media/files/insights/...36 Offices in 17 Countries DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA Corporate Law Part 1 – Selection and Establishment of Legal

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Page 1: DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA Corporate Law/media/files/insights/...36 Offices in 17 Countries DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA Corporate Law Part 1 – Selection and Establishment of Legal

36 Offices in 17 Countries

DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIACorporate Law

Part 1 – Selection and Establishment of Legal Entities (法人組織

の選択と設立手続き)

Presented by:Noriyuki ShimodaAdmitted in Japan and CaliforniaSquire Sanders (US) LLPPhone: 415-393-9894Email: [email protected]

June 20, and September 19, 2012Palo Alto Office

Presentation for Japanese Business Persons:

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©Squire, Sanders &Dempsey L.L.P.2

Introduction(はじめに)

•Part I: Selection and Establishment of Legal

Entities (法人組織の選択と設立手続き)

•Part II: Corporate housekeeping and Piercing

Corporate Veil (会社法順守と法人格否認の法理)

•Part III: Reorganization, M&A and Dissolution

(会社の再編、M&A、および解散)

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2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

3

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Sole Proprietorship (個人事業)

•Representative Office (Liaison Office) (駐在員事

務所)

•Branch (支店)

•Corporation (株式会社)

•Partnership (パートナーシップ、組合)

•Limited Liability Company (有限責任会社)

•Limited Liability Partnership (有限責任パートナー

シップ)

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4

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Sole Proprietorship (個人事業)

The simplest form of business organization.(もっとも単純な事

業形態)

Anyone who goes into business without co-owners and

without forming a legal entity is a sole proprietor.(法人の設立

をしないで単独でビジネスを開始すれば、それが個人事業)

Advantage

– Ease of formation-No corporate filing or fees(登録手続きの必要なし)

Disadvantage

– Unlimited liability (無限責任)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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5

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Representative Office (Liaison Office)(駐在員事

務所)

An office of a foreign corporation without qualification to do

business (支店登録なしの事務所)

Advantage

– Ease of formation-No corporate filing (登録手続きなし)

– No tax ? (税金なし?)

Disadvantage

– Not recognized in Corporation code (会社法に記載なし)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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6

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Branch (支店)

An office of a foreign corporation qualified to do business in

CA (支店登録手続きを経た事務所)

Advantage

– Recognized in Corporation Code in comparison with repoffice(駐在員事務所と比較して、会社法に明確な記載)

– Expenses may be deductible for the parent company’s taxpurpose in comparison with subsidiary(子会社と比較して、支店の経費は本社の経費として使える)

Disadvantage

– The parent company is subject to legal and tax liability inUS in comparison with subsidiary(子会社と比較して、親会社のアメリカにおける法務、税務の直接責任)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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7

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Corporation(株式会社)

• Types of Corporation (株式会社の種類)

C corporation

A regular stock corporation (通常の株式会社)

– Advantage

– Limited liability (有限責任)– Disadvantage

– Double taxation (2重の税金)

– Need to keep corporate formality (会社

の形式の維持の必要性)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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8

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Types of Corporation (株式会社の種類)S corporation

– A corporation with less than 75 individual shareholderswho must be CA residents and with election of “Scorporation” by board and shareholders’ resolution andfiling notice with IRS and FTB. (75人以下のカリフォルニア在住の個人株主によって設立され、S会社とすることについて株主の決議を経て、連邦と州の税務署に届け出た会社)

– Advantage

– Pass-through entity (一重の税金 - 通り抜け法人)

– Disadvantage

– Not available to large corporation with morethan 75 shareholders or a Japanesesubsidiary (日本会社の子会社には使えない。)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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9

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Types of Corporation (株式会社の種類)Close corporation

- General term of closely held corporation(一般的な閉鎖的同族会社のことを意味する場合);

- Statutory “close corporation” which is a corporation withless than 35 shareholders and with election of “closecorporation” in the Articles of Incorporation (会社法に規定のあるクローズコーポレーション);

- One of the advantages of the statutory “close corporation”is that the shareholders of the “close corporation” canhave agreements among themselves, which are differentfrom California corporation code (株主間の契約によって会社法と異なる運営が出来る);

- Shareholders can run the corporation as though it were ageneral partnership with limited liability (有限責任のままパートナーシップのような柔軟な運営が出来る); and

- In reality, this entity form is rarely used (実際上使われていない)2012 ©Squire

Sanders US L.L.P.

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10

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Partnership (パートナーシップ))

General Partnership

Limited Partnership

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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11

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•General Partnership (ジェネラルパートナーシップ)A legal entity formed by two or more general partners based

on the parties’ agreement.(二人以上のジェネラルパートナーによって組織されるパートナーシップ)

Advantage– No corporate filing of documents or fees.(登録手続き不要)

– Agreement needs not be in writing (though written agreementshould be always entered to avoid any uncertainty.)(パートナー契約も書面は不要)

– Pass-through entity.(一重の税金)

– Flexible management with no corporate formality (法的形式なしに柔軟に運営可能)

Disadvantage– No limited liability.(無限責任)

– Partners are directly subject to tax liability.(パートナーのレベルでの税務義務)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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12

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Limited Partnership (リミテッドパートナーシップ)

A partnership formed with one or more general partners and

one or more limited partners with filing of Certificate of Limited

Partnership.(1人以上のジェネラルパートナーと1人以上の有限責

任パートナーによって組織され、登録されることによって設立され

るパートナーシップ)

Advantage

– Pass-through entity.(一重の税金)

– Limited liability is available to limited partners.(有限責任パートナーについては有限責任)

Disadvantage

– General partners are subject to unlimited liability.(ジェネラルパートナーにとっては無限責任)

– General partners and limited partners are directly subject to taxliability. (パートナーレベルでの直接の税務申告義務)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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13

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Limited Liability Company (有限責任会社)と会社との比較)A company formed with one or more members and with filing

of Certificate of Organization.(1人以上のメンバーによって組織され、登録されることによって設立される法人)LLC is an entity which can enjoy the advantages of both a

corporation for limited liability and a general partnership forone level tax obligation(会社の有限責任とパートナーシップの一重の税金の双方のメリットを持つ。)Advantage

– Limited liability (有限責任)– Pass-through entity (一重の税金)– More flexible management than corporation( 通常の会社より柔軟な運営)

Disadvantage– Members are directly subject to tax liability (though LLC may make an

election to be treated as a corporation to avoid member’s direct tax liability.)(メンバーは直接税務申告義務)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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14

Selection of Legal Entity Forms(法人組織の選択)

•Limited Liability Partnership (有限責任パートナー

シップ)

Special partnership form with limited liability for

professionals (attorneys and CPAs)(弁護士や会計士の

ための有限責任パートナーシップ)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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15

Representative Office (Liaison Office) vs. Branch(駐在員事務所と支店)

•Corporation Code 2105 (a)(会社法2105条a)“A foreign corporation shall not transact intrastate business without

having first obtained from the Secretary of State a certificate ofqualification. “(州内ビジネスに従事する外国法人は、支店登録が必要)

What is “transact intrastate business?”(州内ビジネスに従事するとは?)– No definition in Corporation Code(会社法には定義がない)– Any act of a corporation may be found to be “doing business”(どんな活動も

ビジネスと解釈される可能性)

•Tax Consideration(税金上の違い)Qualification is not necessarily relevant.(支店登録は税金問題とは必ずしも関係があるわけではない。)

Federal Tax(連邦税)– Permanent Establishment (PE)の有無で判断

CA State Tax (州税)– Doing business in CA(カリフォルニアでビジネスをしているかどうかで判断)– What is “business?”(ビジネスをするとは何か?)

•Safer to obtain a certificate of qualification.(支店のほうが安全)Possible penalty - $20 per day(一日20ドルの罰金の可能性)2012 ©Squire

Sanders US L.L.P.

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16

Branch vs. Subsidiary(支店と子会社)

• Advantage of Subsidiary and Disadvantage of Branch (子会社のメ

リットと支店のデメリット)

Limited Liability protects parent.(有限責任が親会社を守る)

Parent is not subject to tax obligations in US. (親会社はアメリカの税金

申告義務が無い)

• Advantage of Branch and Disadvantage of Subsidiary (支店のメ

リットと子会社のデメリット)

Expenses of Branch may be deductible for parent’s tax purpose.(支店

の経費は親会社の経費)

• Reorganization between Branch and Subsidiary(支店と子会社間

の再編)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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17

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Why Choose Delaware as the State of Incorporation(なぜデラウエ

ア会社を選ぶか)?

Modern and flexible corporate laws which is in favor of the

management and major shareholders(経営者、大株主に有利な現代的

で柔軟な会社法)

Highly respected Court of Chancery and Accumulated Case laws on

corporate matters – high predictability (会社法に関する判例の豊富さに

よって、会社法の争いについての予測可能性が高い)

Customer service oriented staff of the Delaware Division of

Corporations and speedy handling of filing(親切で迅速なサービス)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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18

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

•Modern and flexible corporate laws which are favorable tomanagement and major shareholders(経営者側と大株主に有利な現代的で柔軟な会社法)Not require cumulative voting for election of directors (累積投票は原則不要)

– Cf. California law gives shareholders the right to cumulate votes(カリフォルニアでは原則必要)

Broader indemnification for agents such as directors andofficers (取締役、役員の責任補償の範囲が広い)

Anti-takeover statute (敵対的買収対抗規定)– Prohibits a corporation from engaging in a merger or a business

combination with an interested stockholder for 3 years followingthe date that a person becomes an interested stockholder(原則、株主になってから3年間は、その株主との合併を行ってはならない。)

– Only applies to corporations of which voting stock is publiclytraded (上場会社だけに適用)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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19

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Modern and flexible corporate laws which are favorable to

management and major shareholders(経営者側と大株主に有利な

現代的で柔軟な会社法)

Larger Scope of Director Liability(取締役の免責の範囲が広い)

Larger scope of Company’s Indemnification(会社からの免責補償の範

囲が広い)

Accumulated Voting for Director Election(取締役選任についての累積投

票権の制限)

Limited Dissenter’s Right (反対株主権の制限)

Limit persons who may call a special meeting of shareholders (臨時株

主総会の招集権者の制限)

– Board of directors (取締役会)

– Person(s) authorized by the certificate of incorporation or bylaws (定款で招集権を与えられているもの)

– Cf. California allows the holders of 10% or more of the outstanding sharesentitled to vote to call a special meeting of shareholders (カリフォルニアでは、10%以上の株式の保有者は招集できる。)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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20

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Modern and flexible corporate laws which are favorable to

management and major shareholders(経営者側と大株主に有利な

現代的で柔軟な会社法)

Flexible requirements for dividend requirement(緩やかな配当要件)

No jury litigation for corporate law dispute(会社法解釈問題の裁判には

陪審裁判はない。)

Easy to adopt anti-takeover mechanism such as poison pill(ポイズンピ

ルのような乗っ取り防止策を立てやすい)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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21

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Abundant Case Laws Favorable to Management・Major

Shareholders and High Predictability(豊富な、経営者側と大株主に

有利な判例と高い予測可能性)

In re The Walt Disney Company Derivative Litigation (June 8, 2006)

– Provide “guidance to the corporate community” regarding the duty to act ingood faith - what is “not in good faith?”

– Fiduciary conduct motivated by anactual intent to do harm (会社に害を与える実際の意図)

– Intentional dereliction of duty,conscious disregard for one’sresponsibilities (故意の注意義務の放棄、責任無視)

– Cf. Gross negligence may not be enough(重過失があってもOK)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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22

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Customer friendly State Government (利用者に優しい州政府)

Prompt filing service (迅速な登録サービス)

– 1-hour expedited service available (1時間サービス)

– Cf. California – 4-hour service is the fastest, but the document must be pre-cleared (カリフォルニアでは、事前にレビューしてもらうことを前提に4時間サービスが最速)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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23

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Drawbacks (不利な点)

Generally higher franchise tax (支払税額の増加)

– Depends on the number of shares authorized, the par value of theauthorized stock and the total assets of the corporation (DEでの法人税は、授権資本数と額面額による計算で決定される。)

Must apply for foreign corporation qualification in California (支店登録

が必要)

Pseudo California Corporation (準カリフォルニア州会社制度)

– If a non-California corporation falls within a special category, it becomessubject to a number of significant provisions of California corporation law(一定の要件を満たすと、他州の会社もCA州の会社法の適用を受ける。)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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24

Delaware Corporation vs. California Corporation(デラウエア会社とカリフォルニア会社)

• Which state is better for your corporation (日本の会社にとってどち

らを選ぶべきか)?

• Maybe

CA for Japanese company plans to form a U.S. subsidiary in Silicon

Valley(日系会社の子会社の場合はCA会社)

DE for Japanese entrepreneur plans to start a business in Silicon

Valley dreaming to be the next Google (上場目指して設立するスタート

アップの場合にはDE会社)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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Basic Structure of Corporation(基本的な会社の構成)

•Shareholders constitute shareholders’ meeting (株主が株主

総会を構成)

•Shareholders elect directors (株主総会で取締役を選任)

•Directors constitute Board of Directors(取締役が取締役会を

構成)

•Board of Directors elect Officers (取締役会で役員を選任)

and manage and decide general business affairs of the

corporation (会社の一般的ビジネス事項を判断、決定)

•Officers handle day-to-day operation. (役員が日常的な会社

運営を担当)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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Officers(役員)

•Officers:

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

Chairman of the Board

President

Chief Operating Officer (COO)

Vice President

Chief Financial Officer (CFO)/Treasurer

Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

Secretary

Others

•What officers are requisite under CA corporation code?

Chairman of the Board or President

Chief Financial Officer, and

Secretary2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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Types of Stock (株式の種類)

•Stock Par Value and Stock without Par Value (額面株式と無額面株式)No par value concept under CA Corporation Code(カリフォルニア会社法では額面株式制度は存在しない。)

•Common Stock (普通株式)

•Preferred Stock (優先株式)Series A Preferred Stock

Series B Preferred Stock

Series C Preferred Stock

•Convertible Securities (転換証券)Convertible Promissory Note (転換約束手形)

Stock Option (ストックオプション)

Warrant (ワラント)

Preferred Stock (優先株)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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28

Establishment of California Corporation(CA会社設立の手続きと必要書類)

• Availability check of Corporate name (名前の利用可能性の調査)

• Articles of Incorporation (定款)

Name(会社名)

Purpose(会社の目的)

Number of Authorized Shares (授権株式数)

Designation of Agent for Service of Process (訴訟書類送達受領代理人

の指名)

Limitation of Directors Liability (取締役の責任の制限)

Availability of Indemnification to Directors and Officers (取締役と役員

の責任補償).

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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29

Establishment of California Corporation(CA会社設立手続きと必要書類)

• First Organizational Board of Directors Meeting or Unanimous

Written Consent (設立のための第一回取締役会)

Several resolutions such as

– Adoption of Bylaws (会社規則、付属定款の採用)

– Election of Officers (役員の選出)

– Selection of CPA (会計士の選定)

– Fiscal Year (会計年度)

– Principal Office Address (本店住所)

– Corporate Seal and Share Certificate Form (会社印と株券の様式)

– Issuance of Initial Stock (当初株式の発行)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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30

Establishment of California Corporation(CA会社設立手続きと必要書類)

• Federal Tax ID Number/Employer ID Number(連邦雇用者税金番

号) — SS-4

• State Tax ID Number/State Employer Number (州の雇用者税金番

号) — DE-1

• BE-605 (外国資本による米国会社の所有権取得報告書)

• Issuance of Initial Stock(株式発行)Subscription Agreement/Stock Purchase Agreement(株式引き受け契約)

25102(f) filing with CA Commissioner of Corporation

(Form D)

Payment by Investor (in cash or in kind)

Issuance of Stock Certificate

(Buy-Sell Agreement)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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31

Establishment of California Corporation(CA会社設立手続きと必要書類)

•Fictitious Business Name Registration with County if a dba

Name is Used (通称名の登録)

•City Business License/Tax (ビジネスライセンス)

•Seller’s Permit (販売許可)

2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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32

Qualification to Do Business in California(支店登録手続きと必要書類)

•Designation and Statement by Foreign Corporation(支店登

録申請書)

•Certificate of Good Standing or Translation of “Toukibo

Touhon” (会社存在証明書またはそれに代わる登記簿謄本の

英訳)

• Federal Tax ID Number/Employer ID Number(連邦雇用者税金番

号) — SS-4

• State Tax ID Number/State Employer Number (州の雇用者税金番

号) — DE-1

• Fictitious Business Name Registration with County if a dba Name

is Used (通称名の登録)

• City Business License/Tax (ビジネスライセンス)

• Seller’s Permit (販売許可)2012 ©SquireSanders US L.L.P.

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33

Worldwide Locations

• Cincinnati

• Cleveland

• Columbus

• Houston

• Los Angeles

• Miami

• New York

• Northern Virginia

• Palo Alto

• Phoenix

• San Francisco

• Tampa

• Washington DC

• West Palm Beach

• Bogotá+

• Buenos Aires+

• Caracas+

• La Paz+

• Lima+

• Panamá+

• Rio de Janeiro

• Santiago+

• Santo Domingo

• Beirut+

• Berlin

• Birmingham

• Bratislava

• Brussels

• Bucharest+

• Budapest

• Frankfurt

• Kyiv

• Leeds

• London

• Madrid

• Manchester

• Moscow

• Paris

• Prague

• Riyadh+

• Warsaw

• Beijing

• Hong Kong

• Perth

• Shanghai

• Tokyo

North America Latin America Europe & Middle East Asia Pacific

+ Independent Network Firm