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Domestic Hot Water System - Design ProcedureA domestic hot water
system design procedure
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The design of a hot water system may follow the procedure
below:
1. Determine the demand of hot water - quantity and
temperature2. Selecting the type, capacity and heating surface of
the calorifier - or heat exchanger3. Selecting the boiler4. Design
pipe scheme and size pipes
The Demand of Hot Water - quantity and temperatureHot water is
normally supplied to the fittings and consumers at 50 - 60 oC. For
canteens and professional kitchen a temperature of 65 oC are
requiredto satisfy most hygienic standards. Hot water should not be
stored at temperatures below 60 oC (140 oF) to avoid the risk of
legionella.
Where a lower temperatures are necessary for safety reasons - as
in kindergartens, centers for disabled etc. - the hot water
temperature should notexceed 40 - 50 oC.
Note! The hot water can be stored at higher temperatures and
reduced to supply temperature by mixing with cold water in blender
valves. Storing hotwater at a higher temperature increases the
systems overall capacity and reduces the need of storage
volume.
The quantity of hot water is determined by number of occupants
and their consumption habits.
The type, capacity and heating surface of calorifier - or heat
exchangerA hot water accumulator will reduce the required maximum
heat supply. The heat supply capacity to a system with an
accumulator can be calculatedas:
H = 4.19 V (q2- q1) / t (1)
where
H = heat supply capacity (kW)
V = accumulator volume stored (liter)
q1 = temperature of the cold feed water (oC)
q2 = temperature of the hot water (oC)
t = available time for the accumulated volume to be heated
(sec)
(1) can be modified to express heated accumulated volume if heat
supply capacity and available time for heating is known:
V = Ha ta / 4.19 (q2 - q1) (1b)
where
Ha = heat supply available (kW)
ta = heating time available (sec)
With an instantaneous heater with no accumulating calorifier the
heat supply can be calculated as:
H = 4.19 v (q2 - q1) (2)
where
v = required volume flow (liter/s)
The heating surface of a heat exchanger can be calculated
as:
A = 1000 H / k qm (3)
where
A = heating surface (m2)
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H = rate heating (kW)
k = overall heat transmission coefficient (W/m2K)
qm = logarithmic mean temperature difference (K)
Heat transmission coefficient depends material and construction
of the calorifier.
The boilerBoiler with the correct rating must be selected from
manufacturer catalogs where
Boiler rating = Heating capacity of calorifier + safety margin
(normally 10 - 20%)
Design pipe scheme and size pipesThe maximum volume flow through
connection pipes to fittings and other equipment is determined by
the maximum demand of each consumer orfitting.
The maximum volume flow through main pipes is determined by the
maximum demand of the fittings and statistic demand based on the
number andtypes of fittings and equipment supplied.
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Related Topics
Water Systems - Hot and cold water systems - design properties,
capacities, sizing and more
Related Documents
Design of Domestic Water Supply Systems - An introduction to
general design of Domestic Water-supply Systems with pressurized
andgravity tanksLegionella - Legionella pneumophila - bacterium
that thrives in water supply and air conditioning systems - causing
Legionnairs diseaseHot Water Consumption of Fixtures - Design hot
water consumption of fixtures - basins, showers, sinks and bathsHot
and Cold Water Pipes Sizing - Recommended dimensions of hot and
cold water pipesHot Water Consumption per Occupant - Consumption of
hot water per person or occupantCold Water Storage per Occupant -
Cold water storage for occupants in common types of buildings as
factories, hospitals, houses andmoreHot Water Flow Rates to
Fixtures - Hot water consumption of some common equipment as
basins, sinks, baths and showersHot-Water Storage Tank Dimensions
with Capacities - Dimensions and capacities of hot-water storage
tanksMaximum Flow Velocities in Water Systems - Water velocities in
pipes and tubes should not exceed certain limitsWater Usage and
Activity - Average water usage per activity
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