Dominance in Architecture Group Report

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Palaces Of Power 1

D o m i n a n c e i n A r c h i t e c t u r e Page 1

0.0FOREWORDPalaces of Power define the idea of how power can be showcased in architecture itself. This shows and

explains the how the idea of massive structures such as columns show the idea of being something very grand

or similar to that how we know that the buildings define the person living within them.

This report shows Queen Victoria and King Louis XIV how they exercise their rule by working majorly on their

place of reign how they establish a governing body and showcase their rule by exaggerating on the

architecture.

The aim of this is to better understand the concept of how these Palaces are able to dictate and define the

person living within their walls. For example, King Louis XIV s Palace of Versailles where it shows how his idea

of him being the absolute monarch and ruler of his land by creating a massive Palace to show his ideals of rule

by exaggerating his home, by showing off his wealth and riches to his people.


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D o m i n a n c e i n A r c h i t e c t u r e Page2

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Foreword 1

Table of Content 2

List of Figures 3

1.0 Introduction

1.1 English architecture 4

1.2 French architecture 5

1.3 Palaces of Power 6

2.0 English Monarchy 7

2.1 Queen Victoria 7

2.2 Constitutional Monarchy 8

3.0 Buckingham Palace 9

3.1 Victoria Memorial, London 10

3.2 Buckingham Palace Balcony 13

3.3 Interior of Buckingham Palace 14

3.3.1 Queens Breakfast Room 14

3.3.2 The Ballroom 15

3.3.3 Piano Nobile of the Palace 16

4.0 French Monarchy 17

4.1 King Louis XIV 17

4.2 Absolute Monarchy 18

5.0 Palace of Versailles 195.1 Layout of the Palace of Versailles 20

5.2 Hall of Mirrors 21

5.3 Garden of Versailles 23

6.0 Conclusion 25

7.0 Reference List 26

8.0 Image references 27

9.0 Bibliography 29


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Queen Victoria

Figure 2 : Map Displaying Victorias Dominions

Figure 3 : The palace c. 1837

Figure 4 : Queen Victoria memorial statue

Figure 5 : Statue of Queen Victoria

Figure 6 : Aerial View of the Location of Buckingham and the memorial

Figure 7 : Crowds Gather Around the Memorial

Figure 8 : Buckingham Palace Balcony Minutes after the official announcement of Germanys unconditional

surrender

Figure 9 : The Queen's Breakfast Room

Figure 10 : The Ballroom during a State Banquet

Figure 11 : Piano Nobile of Buckingham Palace.

Figure 12 : King Louis XIV (Sun King)

Figure 13 : Palace of Versailles

Figure 14 : Layout of the Palace of Versailles

Figure 15 : Louis XIV Hall of Mirror, Palace of Versailles

Figure 16 : Reception of the Doge of Genoa

Figure 16 : Painting Depicting the Garden of Versailles and its glory

Figure 17 : Painting of the Fountain of Apollo Facing the Sun Kings room

Figure 18 : The statue of Apollo seen as if it were rising from the water


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1.0INTRODUCTION

1.1 English Architecture

English architecture did not, of course, follow a rigid timeline, with clear divisions between periods and styles

of building. What follows is an attempt to organize themes and philosophies of building styles in a rough

chronological order, realizing that many periods overlapped each other and many styles may well have been in

use in the same region or even in the same building at the same time.

List of Styles that make up English architecture:-

y Medieval Art and Architecture

y Glossary of Medieval Church Architecture

y Romanesque

y The Gothic Style

y The Medieval Parish Church

y Eleanor Crosses

y The Castle

y Medieval Manor Houses

y Tudor Architecture

y Elizabethan

y Country Houses

y The Baroque Period

y Follies

y Georgian Classical Style

y The Palladian Movement

y Regency Architecture

y Gothic Revival

y Victorian Art and Architecture


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1.2 French Architecture

The history of French architecture runs in parallel with its neighboring countries in Europe, with France being

home to both some of the earliest pioneers in many architectural styles, and also containing some of the finestarchitectural creations of the continent.

List of Styles that make up French architecture:-

y Roman

y Pre-Romanesque

y Romanesque

y Medieval

y Renaissance

y Baroque

y Rococo

y Neoclassicism


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1.3 Palaces of Power

In the terms the idea of Palaces of Power showcase the idea and identity of those who rule and excess their

power of the maximum extent to detain their rule and also give off a sense of glory towards the nations they

control or govern over.

In layman term easier said that it is the idea of exaggerating ones wealth, power and status in the architecture

of their homes and place of governing. Hence, create the idea of ones greatness and rule over the lands

But, once the idea of palaces of power was also the symbol of military strength, high walls of fortification,

strategic placement and also location

This was only popularly known during the Medieval Period where kingdoms were ruled over different rulers

and where there was a large dispute in the struggle for power.

Examples:-

Fortresses

Keeps

Castles

Garrisons

Later, it evolved into more on the exaggeration of wealth and status. This involved utilizing more on the idea of

decorativeness such as using gold, building massive structures, and also using expensive and rare materials.


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2.0 SH HY2.1 Queen Vi i

(B Ale V c ! ; 24 May 1819 22 January 1901" was the

monarch of the Unite Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June

1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876 she used the additional title

of Empress of India.

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the

fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in

1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born

mother PrincessVictoria ofSaxe-# oburg-Saalfeld.She inherited the throne at

the age of 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving

legitimate issue. The United Kingdom was already an

established constitutional monarchy, in which the Sovereign held relatively

few direct political powers. Privately, she attempted to influence

government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with

strict standards of personal morality.

She married her first cousin, Prince Albert ofSaxe-#

oburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their 9children and 26 of their

42 grandchildren married into royal and noble families across thecontinent, tying them together and earning

her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep

mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanismtemporarily gained

strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered.Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were

times of publiccelebration.

Her reign of63years and 7 months, which is longer than that of any other British monarch and the longest of

any female monarch in history, is known as theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political,

scientific, and militarychange within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish

Empire. She was the last British monarch of theHouse of Hanover; her son and successorKing Edward

VII belonged to theHouse ofSaxe- # oburg and Gotha.

Figure1. Queen Victoria


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2.1 Constitutional Monarchy

The United Kingdom was already an establishedConstitutional Monarchy,

is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head ofstate within the parameters of

a constitution, whether it be a written, unmodified or blended constitution. This form of

government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as thesole

source of political power in thestate and is not legally bound by anyconstitution.

Most constitutional monarchies employ aparliamentary system in which the monarch may

havestrictlyceremonial duties or may have reserve powers, depending on theconstitution.

Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also aprime minister who is the head

of government and exerciseseffective political power.

Side note- Thissystem is also applied in Malaysia

Privately, she attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments.

Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified withstrict standards of personal morality.

Figure2. Map Displaying Victorias Dominions


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3.0BUCKINGHAM PALACE

Figure 3.The palace c. 1837, depicting theMarble Arch, which served as the ceremonial entrance to the

Palace precincts. It was moved to make way for theeast wing, built in 1847, which enclosed the quadrangle.

Buckingham House, c.1710, was designed by William Winde for the1st Duke ofBuckingham and Normandy.

This facade evolved into today'sGrand Entrance on the west inner side of the quadrangle, with the Green

Drawing Room above.

Buckingham Palace is the London home and primary residence of theBritish monarch. Located in the City of

Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for theBritish

people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.


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3.1 Victoria Memorial London

Standing 25 meter (82 feet) high and made of2,300 tons of gleamingwhite marble, theVictoria Memorial pays

homage to Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837 until her death in 1901.

The memorial was designed by Sir Aston Webb, an English architect also responsible for the main facade

ofBuckingham Palace. The largestatues weresculpted bySir ThomasBrock. The memorial wascompleted in

1911, one decade after Queen Victoria's death.

Figure4. Queen Victoria memorial statue

The whole sculpture has a nautical theme, much like the rest of the mall. This can be seen in

themermaids, mermen and a hippogriff, all of which are suggestive of theUnited Kingdom's naval

power.


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It has a large statue of Queen Victoria facing north-eastwards towards The

Mall.

The other sides of the monument feature dark patented bronze statues of

the Angel of Justice, the Angel of Truth and Charity facing Buckingham

Palace.

On the pinnacle, isVictory with two seated figures

Figure 5. Statue of

Queen Victoria

Figure6. Aerial View of the Location ofBuckingham and

the memorial


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Figure7. Crowds Gather Around the Memorial


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3.2 Buckingham Palace Balcony

Figure 8. Buckingham Palace Balcony Minutes after the official announcement of Germanys unconditional

surrender.

Crowds often gather around Buckingham Palace for occasions of national celebration.

TheHeight of the balcony also symbolizes the ideal of Dominance in terms ofHeight


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3.3 Interior of Buckingham Palace

3.3.1 Queens Breakfast Room

Figure9. The Queen'sBreakfast Room

The painting depicts the idea of a regal manner of the queen. Where the room is detailed with fine dcor suchas the red upholstery and gold details which show the wealth of the royal family.Also, high ceiling that create

a sense of a large atmosphere.


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3.3.1 The Ballroom

Figure10. TheBallroom during a StateBanquet

The Ballroom is the largest room at Buckingham Palace. It was added by Queen Victoria and is used for

ceremonies such as investitures and state banquets. This picture dates from 1856. The polychrome colour

scheme has been replaced by mainly white decoration withgold details and red upholstery.

State banquets also take place in theBallroom; these formal dinners take place on the first evening of a state

visit by a visiting Head ofState.On these occasions, 150 or more guests in formal "white tie and decorations",

including tiaras for women, may dine off gold plate. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham

Palace takes place every November, when the Queen entertains members of the foreign diplomatic corps

resident in London. On this occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the Royal Family proceeds through

them beginning through the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large,

double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, causing a

deliberate optical illusion ofspace and light.


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3.3.3 Piano Nobile of the Palace

Figure 11. Piano Nobile ofBuckingham Palace.

A: State Dining Room;

B: Blue Drawing Room;

C: Music Room;

D: White Drawing Room;

E: Royal Closet;

F: Throne Room;

G: Green Drawing Room;

H: Cross Gallery;

J: Ball Room;

K: East Gallery;

L: Yellow Drawing Room;

M: Centre/Balcony Room;

N: Chinese Luncheon Room;

O: Principal Corridor;

P: Private Apartments;

Q: Service Areas;

W: The Grand staircase.On the ground floor:

R: Ambassador's Entrance;

T: Grand Entrance. The areas defined by

shaded walls represent lower minor wings.

Piano Nobile

Is the principal floor of a large house, usually built in one of thestyles ofclassical renaissance architecture. This floor contains

the principal reception and bedrooms of the house.


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4.0FRENCHMONARCHY4.1 King Louis XIV

Louis XIV (5September 1638 1September 1715), known as

theSun King, was King of France and of Navarre.His reign,

from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and

lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days.

As such, it is one of the longest documented reigns of any

European monarch.

Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the

death of his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.An

adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which

advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of

monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of

creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He

sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in

parts ofFrance and, bycompelling the nobleelite to inhabit

his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the

aristocracy, many members of which had participated in

theFronde rebellion during Louis' minority.By these means heconsolidated a system of absolute monarchical

rule in France that endured until theFrench Revolution.

France was the leading European power and fought three major warstheFranco-Dutch War, the War of the

League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Successionand two minor conflictsthe War of

Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Louis encouraged and benefited from the work of prominent

political, military and cultural figures such asMazarin, Colbert, Turenne and Vauban, as well

as Molire, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Le Brun, Rigaud, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles and Claude Perrault,

and Le Ntre.

Upon his deathjust days before hisseventy-seventh birthday, Louis wassucceeded by his five-year-old great-

grandson Louis XV. All his intermediate heirshisson Louis, le Grand Dauphin; the Dauphin'seldest son Louis,

duc deBourgogne; and Bourgogne'seldest sonLouis, duc deBretagnepredeceased him.

Figure12. King Louis XIV (Sun King)


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4.2 Absolute Monarchy

Consolidated absolut $ % onarch&

in France at the Height of his power

absolut ' ( onarch)

Is a monarchical form of government in which the monarch exercises

ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government, his power not being

limited by a constitution or by the law. An absolute monarch thus wields

unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its subject peoples. In an absolute

monarchy, the transmission of power is twofold 0 hereditary and marital. Absolute monarchy

differs from limited monarchy, in which the monarchs authority is legally bound or restricted

by a constitution.

In laymans terms the absolute monarch exercises total power over the land and its subject

peoples.

monarch exercisesulti 1 at 2 go3

2rning authorit

4

as head of state and head of government

His power not being limited by a constitution or by the law

Wields unrestrictedpoliticalpo 5 er over the sovereign state and its subject peoples

"I am the State"

- Louis XIV


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5.0PALACE OFVERSAILLES

Figure13. Palace ofVersailles

Thesite began as Louis XIIIs hunting lodge before hisson Louis XIV transformed and expanded it, moving the

court and government ofFrance to Versailles in 1682. Each of the threeFrench kings who lived there until the

French Revolution added improvements to make it more beautiful.

The Hall of Mirrors, the Kings Grand Apartments, the Museum of the History of France. The Chteau de

Versailles, theseat of power until 1789, hascontinued to unfurl itssplendour over thecourse ofcenturies. At

first it wasjust a humble hunting lodge built by Louis XIII.But Louis XIVchose thesite to build the palace we

know today, the symbol of royal absolutism and embodiment of classical French art.

In the 1670s Louis XIV built the Grand Apartments of the King and Queen, whos most emblematic

achievement is theHall of Mirrors designed by Mansart, where the king put on his most ostentatious display of

royal power in order to impressvisitors. The Chapel and Opera were built in the next century under Louis XV.

Thechteau lost itsstanding as the official seat of power in 1789 but acquired a new role in the19th century

as the Museum of theHistory ofFrance, which was founded at the behest of Louis-Philippe, who ascended to

the throne in 1830. That is when many of thechteaus rooms were taken over to house the new collections,

which were added to until theearly20th century, tracing milestones in French history.


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0

5.1 Layout of the Palace of Versailles

Figure14. Layout of the Palace ofVersailles

The palace itself is massive to induce thesense where the king stands in great power of the people

Thescale is to dictate the rule of the king is absolute and to showcase his realm in where he resides

so his personal splendours


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1

5.2 Hall of Mirrors

Figure15. Louis XIVHall of Mirror, Palace ofVersailles

Is thecentral gallery of the Palace ofVersailles and is renowned as being one of the most famous rooms in the

world.

As the principal and most remarkable feature of KingLouis XIV of Frances third building campaign of

the Palace ofVersailles , construction of theHall of Mirrors began in 1678. To provide for theHall of Mirrors as

well as thesalon de la guerre and thesalon de la paix, which connect the grand appartement du roiwith the

grand appartement de la reine, architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart appropriated three rooms from each

apartment as well as the terrace that separated the two apartments. The principal feature of this famous hall

is the seventeen mirror-clad arches that reflect the seventeen arcaded windows that overlook the gardens.

Each arch contains twenty-one mirrors with a total complement of357 used in the decoration of thegalerie

des glaces. The arches themselves are fixed between marble pilasters whose capitals depict the symbols of

France. These gilded bronzecapitals include the fleur-de-lys and the Galliccockerel or rooster.


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Figure16. Reception of the Doge of Genoa, 15 May 1685 by Claude-GuyHall. In this painting weseesome of

Louis XIV'ssilver furniture, including hissilver throne

The present decorative schema represents the last of three that were presented to Louis XIV. The original

decorative plan was to have depicted theexploits ofApollo, being consistent with the imagery associated with

theSun-King, Louis XIV


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3

5.3 Garden of Versailles

Figure17. Painting Depicting the Garden ofVersailles and its glory

Occupy part of what was once the Domaine royal deVersailles, the royal demesne of thechateau ofVersailles.

Situated to the west of the palace, the gardenscover some800 hectares of land, much of which is landscaped

in theclassic Garden style perfected here by Andre Le Notre.Beyond thesurrounding belt of woodland, the

gardens are bordered by the urban areas ofVersailles to the east and Le Chesnay to the north-east, by the

National Arboretum de Chevreloup to the north, theVersailles plain to the west, and by theSatoryForest to

thesouth.


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4

Figure18. Painting of theFountain of Apollo Facing thesun kings room

Fountains were built to demonstrate the King Louiss power of nature

Figure19. Thestatue of Apollo seen as if it were rising from the water

Known as theSun king focuses himself and positions thestatue of the Greek Sun God Apollo to show

his ascending to the King


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5

6.0CONCLUSION

Finally, after discovering and analyzing the works of the characteristics of the people who

resided in these majestic structures, we can say that they have manage to showcase their reignof dominance via the architecture in which they occupy in terms of showing their wealth,

social standing in terms of their power and the ideal of absolute ruling they have towards

their respected nations or kingdoms. We also went through examples whereby they made

excellent use of exaggeration in terms of size, material play, decor and the outer exterior such

as gardens and also the ornamentation do depict themselves either by sheer power of ruling or

the acceptance as a part of remembrance. but, as we have witnessed through how the Sun

King Depicts himself by using and placing his room parallel to the statue of Apollo the Greek

god of the sun rising from the waters of the fountain. So to conclude, we can indeed say that

in architecture we can see how this sense of power of dominance can be show by utilizing

certain elements that embodies a certain meaning.


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6

7.0REFERENCES

JOURNAL BOOKS

Ashley, Maurice P. Lou 6 s XIV And Th 7 8 9 7 a @ n 7 ss AB

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8.0IMAGE REFERENCES

Figure 19 : Queen Victoria

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Figure 20 : Map Displaying Victorias Dominions

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Figure 28 : The Ballroom during a State Banquet

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Figure 30 : King Louis XIV (Sun King)

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Figure 32 : Layout of the Palace of Versailles

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Figure 35 : Painting of the Fountain of Apollo Facing the Sun Kings room

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9.0BIBLIOGRAPHYBaecque, Antoine De. "From Royal Dignity to Republican Austerity: the Ritual for the Reception of Louis XVI in

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Documents

Dominance in Architecture Group Report