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8/14/2019 Donna Charlton-PPT Leadership) Ch 6
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/donna-charlton-ppt-leadership-ch-6 1/33
Chapter 6 (Dr. Fenwick W. English)
Understanding the Landscape of
Educational Leadership
Donna Charlton
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
8/14/2019 Donna Charlton-PPT Leadership) Ch 6
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Purpose
“…to describe the conceptual landscape of
educational leadership, including the major epochs of foundational writings which inform
leadership studies in the past and present.”
8/14/2019 Donna Charlton-PPT Leadership) Ch 6
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Modernism
“Modernism…continues to dominate thought
in education and educational leadership inparticular.”
8/14/2019 Donna Charlton-PPT Leadership) Ch 6
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Central Tenets of Modernism
I. Epochs
Pseudo-scientific
Early scientific Behaviorism
Structuralism
Feminist & Critical Theory
Critical Race Theory
Queer Theory
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Modernism…
“still at play in the leadership discourse of
contemporary times”
is the dominate influence
largest number of scholars, writers,researchers remain engaged
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Modernism’s Key Beliefs
Rationality is the best approach to promote
insight and understanding
Science represents progress
Objective and neutral
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The Pseudo-scientific Epoch
Frederick W. Taylor (1856 – 1915)
1st premier management consultant
Was an engineer in the steel industry
Created and introduced “scientificmanagement” in 1911
“one best way”
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Modernism…
Understood that “planning” and “doing” are different
“The planner is needed to supply the doer withdirection and measurements, with the tools of
analysis and synthesis, with methodology and with
standards.”
-Peter Drucher, 1974
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Job De-skilling
“where work tasks are separated and broken
down into smaller and smaller pieces until theeducation levels required to engage in the
work are so lowered that labor costs can be
reduced.”
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Job De-skilling….
Job de-skilling requires:
Planners
Workers
Absolute managerial authority
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Question: What is the bottom line?
Answer: efficiency and profitability!
Question: Should education truly be run like
business?
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Scientific Management isn’t “scientific” at all!
Mainstream American business management
Total Quality Management
(Deming, 1980’s-1990s)
Strategic Planning
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Total Quality Management
TQM
Aimed at reducing variability
Enhances control
Attains greater precision
Language permeates administrative texts!
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The Early Scientific Epoch
Henry Fayol (1842 – 1925)
Called the “Father of Modern Management Theory”
Believed 5 primary functions of administration:
Planning Coordinating
Organizing Controlling
Commanding
(leadership)
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Early Scientific Epoch
Mary Parker Tollett (1868 – 1933)
Developed the “law of the situation”
A) compromise
B) domination
C) integration - the best!
Laid ground work for organization development
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Early Scientific Epoch
Chester Barnard (1886 – 1961)
Functions of the executive:
1. Purpose as a requisite for unifying organization
2. Establish effective communication A. understandable
B. consistent with subordinates’ understanding of organization’spurpose
C. consistent with individual’s own personal purposes
D. able to be carried out by the individual
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The Behaviorism Epoch
Anchored by the work of Herbert Simon;
offspring of B.F. Skinner
Observable and measurable actions under the
conscious control of an individual who is
responding to stimuli in a specific situation
In line with SM and TQM
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The Behaviorism Epoch
Simon – rational organizational behavior
Maximizes results at the lowest cost
Casts out the human dimension
Eliminates personality as a domain
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The Behaviorism Epoch
Douglas McGregor
Theory X and Theory Y
Based on an analysis of managers’ behaviors
in business
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The Structuralism Epoch
A study of whole units or structures represents
the key to understanding individual
phenomenon (behaviors)
The Social Psychology of Organizations Katz and Kahn (1966) – combined the views of
psychologists and sociologists
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The Structuralism Epoch
General Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Organizations In Action James Thompson
Structure in Fives Mintzberg
Reframing Organizations Bolman and Deal – Frame theory
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Feminist/Critical Theory Epoch
modern movement began with Betty
Friedman’s The Feminist Mystique
transformations include: androgyny and
gender polarization Kathy Ferguson’s The Feminist Case Against
Bureaucracy – huge impact in business,
public and educational administration
Jurgen Habermas – Moral Consciousness
and Communicative Action
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Feminist/Critical Theory Epoch
The fundamental impact of the Feminist/Critical
Theory Epoch was a change in perspective
that encouraged women to adopt different
personas within the workplace that contrastedwith traditional, societal roles. The literature
created during this epoch also coached
women on how to overcome subservience
and gain equality by manipulating thebureaucratic, political and social systems
within the workplace.
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Critical Race Theory Epoch
Is centered on the notion that racism is
endemic in American life and exists in
educational institutions in a myriad of forms
Not individual but institutional/structural Purpose is to end racial inequality
Recognizes the importance of historical
context and the personal accounts of individuals who have experienced situations
that counter dominant perceptions
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Critical Race Theory Epoch
Key Texts in CRT include:
Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge by
Richard Delgado, 1995
“Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education”
by Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate,Teachers College Record, 1995
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The Queer Theory Epoch
Challenges the social system’s construction of
sexual identities and seeks to expose them as
invalid descriptors
Advances 5 perspectives:1. Seeks to come to terms with sexual identity
2. Works to deconstruct sexual norms and practices
in institutional life
3. Is confrontational
4. Sees sexual identity as more than sexual
5. Views society as political and cultural
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The Post Modern Epoch
The prevailing thought is that postmodernity has
no coherent theme, except in what it chooses
to reject.
It posits that there are no realities outside of aperson’s culture and experience. Reality is
constructed, multidimensional and
multitheoretical.
Postmodernists deny the “reality” that anchorsmodernism
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The Post Modern Epoch
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) – presented the
anatomy of de-construction, a way to take apart
textual passages.
1
st
reading – interpretation of the text 2nd reading – look for contradictions, hidden
silences, binaries, and circularities in the text
The 2nd reading may offer a very different reading
of what most people think the text is about
Texts are about what is and is not said.
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The Post Modern Epoch
“De-construction makes it possible for
postmodernists to expose the flaws andassumptions in modernism as irrational. Yet
postmodernism does not offer any alternative
because to do so would be to center
something in its place.”
Fenwick English, 2007
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Kitsch Management
“Kitsch” is a slang term for “rubbish or trash”
Have high emotional appeal – usually sentimentality
Requires no knowledge, understanding, critique or
analysis
Satisfies immediate desire
Non-challenging
Does not question socio-political reality or vested
interests
Reinforces prejudices
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Kitsch Management
Avoids unpleasant conflicts
Promises a happy ending
Stephen Covey – The Seven Habits of Highly
Effective People
Jim Collins – Good to Great
Spencer Johnson – Who Moved My Cheese? John Maxwell – The 360 Degree Leader
Larry Julian – GOD Is My CEO
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Kitsch Management
“These texts oversimplify reality and promise a
rationality that does not exist in the real world.
Because they avoid dealing with managerial
subtleties and erase situational complexitiesand conflicts, they are at their base ideologies
being passed off as codified wisdom.”
- Fenwick English, 2007
Jim Collins – TQM, “managementspeak”,timeless principles, absolute certainty, equate
to Fantasyland
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Q&A