Doodle Sheet – Meiosis and Mendelian Genetics Name _____________________________________________ A Is it possible that Lucy and Maria are biological twins? Explain you position. Prepare to share with class. B How is DNA from the parents distributed to offspring? Explain your answer. Prepare to share with class. C What is asexual reproduction? Video Notes: Binary Fission:

Vegetative:

Budding:

Fragmentation:

Parthenogenesis: 1. What takes place between Fig. A and Fig. B? 2. During what part of the cell cycle does Replication take place? 3. What can the students conclude about Fig. A vs Fig. C? 4. What is taking place between Fig. B and Fig. C?

D Steps 1 and 2: Using ½ the pipe cleaners, each student creates a ‘parent’ cell similar to Fig. A in Box C and indicate which parent is the male and which is female. Teacher initials ________

Step 3: Create viable offspring and determine if offspring is male or female. Teacher initials ________

Paper Model Create a paper model of Meiosis that shows …

• Replication • Division of Homologous Chromosomes • Separation of Sister Chromatids • Formation of gametes

Students work in pairs

1. Organize the 11 cards to show the order of Meiosis. 2. Tape the 11 cards together in the order that shows the steps of Meiosis. 3. Label the two cards that represent the process of Replication of Chromosomes… label it “Replication” 4. Label the card that represents gametes/sex cells and label it “Gametes/Sex Cells” 5. Label 8 of the 11 cards with the correct title… Prophase I or Prophase II

Metaphase I or Metaphase II Anaphase I or Anaphase II Telophase I or Telophase II

6. Put Name on paper model

23 = 8 22 = 4 223 = 8,388,608

8 x 8 = 64 4 x 4 = 16 8.4 mil x 8.4 mil = 7 x 1013 = 70 trillion

4

Pipe Cleaner Model Students work in pairs. Each pair of students will get ONE baggie of pipe cleaners. Sort the pipe cleaners into 2 piles… one pile of red & blue and one pile of white/black. One student will work with the red/blue pipe cleaners. The other student will work with white/black pipe cleaners. Goals for students… each goal must be verified by teacher.

Each student will start with ½ the pipe cleaners in their pile to create a ‘parent’ cell similar to the image at right with 6 different chromosomes.

1st Goal… Replication occurs first (see paper model)

2nd Goal… Homologous Chromosomes pair up and are involved in the first division of DNA (see paper model) 3rd Goal… Homologous pairs are determined by size (see karyotype on previous page) and the fact that ½ come from

one parent and ½ come from the other parent. Homologous pairs form tetrads. 4th Goal… Homologous pairs carry similar genes for similar traits. 5th Goal… Genetic diversity occurs a) …in the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes on the spindle fibers. (is the red pair on the right side of the blue pair or is it on the left side of the blue pair…

different gametes are formed each way) 6th Goal… Sister Chromatids split – this is the second division of DNA (see paper model)

7th Goal… every gamete is suitable for fertilization (see paper model) 8th Goal… Genetic diversity occurs b) …by random sperm cell joining with the random egg cell 9th Goal… Class Discussion Haploid vs Diploid. Have students label their paper model with haploid cells or diploid cells.

Answer: Original cell, Cell with replicated DNA, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Teleophase I are all diplioid. After the first division of homologous chromosomes (first cytokinesis), the cells are all haploid.

Questions involving math during this modeling process: 1. How many gametes come from one parent cell?

Homologous Chromosome Math Discussion… …because there are two ways each homologous pair could line up on spindle fiber… 2a. Determine how many different genetic gametes per parent are possible in the pipe cleaner model that possesses 3 homologous pairs? 2b. Determine how many different genetic gametes per parent are possible in the paper model that possesses 2 homologous pairs? 2c. Determine how many different genetic gametes per parent are possible in humans that have 23 homologous pairs?

3a. Determine how many different genetic offspring are possible in the pipe cleaner model? 3b. Determine how many different genetic offspring are possible in the paper model? 3b. Determine how many different genetic offspring are possible for 2 human parents?

E. Success Criteria – Teacher & Self-Assessment Learning Target: Think about the main steps of Meiosis… what happens first, second, third. (remember what happened in the paper model and pipe cleaner model) Success Criteria:

1st main step: 2nd main step:

3rd main step:

Rate your level of Understanding: 3 = Mastery/Expert 2 = Good Understanding 1 = Partial Understanding 0 = Very Little/No Understanding

F Summarize the main points of the Meiosis Model. Prepare to share with class.

Question: What is the end result of Meiosis and compare it to what you started with?

Question: What are the benefits of Meiosis? G Compare Somatic Cells vs Germ Cells

1. Somatic Cells (soma = body) are all the cells in your body. Give 4 examples of somatic cells and list the number of chromosomes in each of these cells.

2. Why are there different somatic body cells?

3. Where are the germ cells located?

4. What process do somatic cells undergo to show growth of an organism?

5. What is the main difference between the timing of when female germ cells and male germ cells undergo Meiosis?

6. How many chromosomes are in human germ cells? …Human gametes? … Zygote?

H What are these Chromosomes doing? How does this benefit the species? I Label the diagram with the following phrases…. Germ Cell Gametes/Sex Cells Diploid cells Haploid cells Replication Crossing Over Separation of Homologous Chromosomes Separation of sister chromatids S-Phase

J Success Criteria – Teacher & Self-Assessment Learning Target: Using our model that shows how gametes are formed, explain how fraternal twins can look so different from each other OR so similar to each other. Make sure to use proper terminology. Success Criteria: Find 4 main points:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Rate your level of Understanding: 3 = Mastery/Expert 2 = Good Understanding 1 = Partial Understanding 0 = Very Little/No Understanding

Create a Pedigree… Start in the middle of Box K a) John and Jane got married and had 2 kids… an older boy and a younger girl. b) John is the youngest of 4 children… John’s two brothers were the 1st and 3rd born. John’s sister is the second oldest sibling. c) John’s oldest brother got married and had a baby boy. d) Jane is the oldest of three girls. e) Jane’s youngest sister got married and had two baby girls

Write small and neat and start in middle of Box K… K

John’s mother has dimples. What is her genotype? Jane’s father has dimples. What is his genotype?

Justify your answer Justify your answer L Copy information in Box L M Determine the genotype for the individuals on the following pedigrees. Assume the trait is Dimples. (A) (B) (C)

• Justify your answer for the daughter for Pedigree (B).

• Justify your answer for the oldest male in Pedigree (C).

• Justify your answer for the youngest female in Pedigree (C).

Determine the Genotype of individuals in this pedigree. Male with trait Female with trait Male without trait Female without trait

Autosomal Dominant Trait

N Determine the genotype of the individuals of these pedigrees. (A) (B) (C) Question: What problems are you experiencing as you attempt to determine the genotypes in these 3 pedigrees? O Copy information in Box O Dominant Traits Recessive Traits with trait without trail with trait without trait male male female female What is a carrier?

Success Criteria – Teacher & Self-Assessment Learning Target: Determine the genotype of individuals in this pedigree. Create a key for this pedigree. Identify some carriers in this pedigree. Success Criteria: Male with trait Male without trait Female with trait Female without trait

Autosomal Recessive Trait

Rate your level of Understanding: 3 = Mastery/Expert 2 = Good Understanding 1 = Partial Understanding 0 = Very Little/No Understanding

Success Criteria – Teacher & Self-Assessment Learning Target: Determine the genotype of individuals in this pedigree. Create a key for this pedigree. Identify some carriers in this pedigree. Success Criteria: Male with trait Male without trait Female with trait Female without trait

Autosomal Recessive Trait

Rate your level of Understanding: 3 = Mastery/Expert 2 = Good Understanding 1 = Partial Understanding 0 = Very Little/No Understanding

P Make your own Pedigree, Make and Label a key, Label genotypes on the Pedigree.

(1) Create and Label a key for an Autosomal Recessive Trait.

(2) Create a pedigree from the following information…

Allen and Abby have two kids named Ben and Berry. Colin and Christy have two kids named Debbie and Dan. Earl and Emma have two kids named Faith and Frank. Berry and Debbie have two kids named Gail and Greta. Dan and Faith have one kid named Hanna. Frank moves away and meets Irene and they have two kids named John and Julie. Christy, Earl, Ben, Debbie, Irene, and Julie all possess this autosomal recessive trait.

(3) Label each individual with the proper Genotype.

Variation Activity using Mr. Tinker and Mrs. Belle Box Q Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Monohybrid Cross Father → Mother → Genotypic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios

Sex-linked Recessive Traits XB Y Male without trait XB XB Female without trait XB Xb Female carrier Xb Y Male with trait Xb Xb Female with trait XB Y Xb Y XB XB Xb Xb

XB XB

XB Y

XB Xb

Xb Y

XB Xb

XB Y

Xb Xb

Xb Y

R Assume the five Situations below all deal with Colorblindness (a sex-linked recessive characteristic)

Situation A Situation B Situation C Situation D Situation E

XB Y Xb Y XB Y Xb Y XB Y

XB XB XB XB Xb

XB XB Xb Xb Xb

1) Which Situations above have a Parent that is a carrier for colorblindness? ______________________

2) Which Situations above can produce boys that could possibly be colorblind? ___________________

3) Which Situations above produce boys that can only be colorblind? _________________________

4) Which Situations above can produce girls that could possibly be colorblind? ___________________

5) Which Situations above produce girls that can only be colorblind? _________________________

6) Which is the genotype of the mom & dad that can produce 2 boys, one that is colorblind & one with normal vision?

Mother ______________________ Father _____________________________ Assuming a sex-linked recessive trait, determine the genotype for each individual in this pedigree.

Assuming a sex-linked recessive trait, determine the genotype for each individual in this pedigree.

Genetics Worksheet - Success Criteria – Teacher & Self-Assessment

Name________________________________ Use the following alleles for Questions 1 thru 9.

E = normal eyes e = pink eyes

1. Which genotype represent an individual that is homozygous dominant? ___________ 2. Which genotype represent an individual that is heterozygous for normal eye color? ___________ 3. List all the possible genotypes for an individual with normal eye color. ________________________ 4. List all the possible genotypes for an individual with pink eye color. ____________________ 5a. List the genotype for an individual that expresses the recessive trait. _________________ 5b. Use words to write the answer for question 5a. __________________________________ 6. Complete a monohybrid cross to determine the probability that offspring with pink eyes will be produced if one parent is a heterozygous and the other parent is homozygous recessive? answer: _____________ 7a. Complete a monohybrid cross to determine the probability that offspring with pink eyes will be produced if one parent is a carrier and the other parent possesses pink eyes? answer: _____________ 7b. If one parent possesses pink eyes, does that mean that ALL the offspring MUST also have pink eyes? Justify your answer using a couple sentences or a diagram.

answer: _____________ 8. Complete a monohybrid cross to determine the probability that offspring with pink eyes will be produced if one parent is a carrier and the other parent is homozygous dominant?

answer: _____________

9a. Determine the genotype of the missing parent for the following monohybrid cross. ? ? A a answer: _____________ 9b. Use words to describe the two parents in question 9a.

__________________________ x ____________________________

10. If both parents are heterozygous for an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. What is the probability that a child of those two parents will have the disorder? Show work answer: _____________ 11. If both parents are heterozygous for an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. What is the probability that a child of those two parents will have the disorder? Show work answer: _____________

12. Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. If the mother is a carrier for this disorder and the father does not possess the disorder, what is the probability if a son is born, that their son will have hemophilia? Show work answer: _____________ 13. Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. If the mother is a carrier for this disorder and the father does not possess the disorder, what is the probability if a daughter is born, that their daughter will have hemophilia? Show work answer: _____________

AA

Aa

Aa

aa

14. Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. If the mother possesses this disorder and the father does not possess the disorder, what is the probability if a son is born, that their son will have hemophilia? Show work answer: _____________ 15. Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. If the mother does not possess this disorder and is not a carrier for this disorder but the father does possess the disorder, what is the probability if a daughter is born, that their daughter will have hemophilia? Show work answer: _____________ 16. Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. Which parental genotype combinations will result in a daughter that might possibly have hemophilia? Show work Circle the correct answers:

homozygous dominant x dominant homozygous dominant x recessive heterozygous x dominant heterozygous x recessive homozygous recessive x dominant homozygous recessive x recessive

17. Circle all the possible blood types that an individual with AB- can donate to. A+ A- B+ B- O+ O- AB+ AB- 18. Circle all the possible blood types that an individual with A+ can receive. A+ A- B+ B- O+ O- AB+ AB- 19. Using monohybrid crosses, determine the probability that offspring will have Type A blood if the parents are Type AB and Type 0? Show work answer: _____________

20. Using monohybrid crosses, determine the probability that offspring will have Type A blood if the parents are Type A and Type 0? Show work answer: _____________ 21. Using monohybrid crosses, show and prove that it is possible that offspring can have Type O blood, yet the parents have Type A and Type B blood. Show work

22. Complete a monohybrid cross to determine the probability of pink flowers being produced from white and red flowers?

answer: _____________ 23. Complete a monohybrid cross to determine the probability of red flowers being produced from pink and red flowers?

answer: _____________ 24. Complete a monohybrid cross to determine the probability of white flowers being produced from white and red flowers?

answer: _____________ Rate your level of Understanding: 3 = Mastery/Expert 2 = Good Understanding 1 = Partial Understanding 0 = Very Little/No Understanding

S Explain how the 3:1 relationship was obtained in the F2 generation

T Problem: Dihybrid cross yellow (heterozygous) seed G g AND yellow (heterozygous) seed G g with smooth (heterozygous) seed R r with smooth (heterozygous) seed R r

Question: What is the probability of producing seeds that are green and smooth? Method 1: Method 2:

Unit 9 Study Guide 1. Match the right column with the proper item in the left column:

Homozygous Dominant dd Homozygous Recessive Dd Heterozygous DD

2. What are the parental genotypes for the following Punnett Square? 3. What offspring are produced from a cross between two heterozygous parents? Genotypes Phenotypes The trait is a dominant trait. 4. What offspring are produced from a cross between a homozygous recessive and heterozygous parents? Genotypes Phenotypes The trait is a recessive trait. 5. A certain disorder is considered an autosomal recessive trait. First create a Punnett between a parent who is homozygous recessive and one that is heterozygous.

a) What is the ratio that the offspring will develop this disorder? b) What is the ratio that the offspring will be a carrier for this disorder? c) Do either of the parents have the disorder? Explain. d) Are any of the parents a carrier for the disorder? Explain.

6. Fill in the autosomal recessive pedigree with the correct genotypes. Circle the carriers. 7. Create the following Punnett Squares for an autosomal recessive trait:

two heterozygous parents.

What ratio of the offspring will have the trait?

Aa aa

Aa aa

8. Create the following Punnett Square for an autosomal dominant trait:

a heterozygous parent with a homozygous recessive parent

What ratio of the offspring will have the trait? 9. If black hair is dominant over blonde hair, and two parents produce offspring where some of the children have black and blond hair, what are the possible genotypes of the parents? Show this with a Punnett Square. 10. If flower color exhibits incomplete dominance, what is the probability of producing white flowers if a pink flower is crossed with a white flower? Show this with a Punnett Square. 11. What is the probability of offspring having Type O blood if the parents have Type O and Type A blood?

Show this in a Punnett Square. 12. What is the probability of offspring having Type O blood if the parents have Type O and Type AB blood?

Show this in a Punnett Square. 13. Complete a dihybrid cross with the following parental genotypes: AaBb x AaBb What is the ratio of offspring that have the genotype of aaBB? What is the ratio of offspring that have the genotype of AaBb?

14. For a sex-linked recessive disorder, if the mother is a carrier and the father does not have the disorder, answer the following questions? a) What is the chance that if a son is born, that the son will have the disorder? b) What is the chance that if a son is born, that the son will not have the disorder? 15. For a sex-linked recessive disorder, if the mother has the disorder and the father does not have the disorder, answer the following questions? a) What is the chance that if a daughter is born, that the daughter will have the disorder? b) What is the chance that if a son is born, that the son will not have the disorder? 16. What is a zygote? 17. What are gametes? 18. What is a somatic cell? 19. What is a germ cell? 20. Which of the following are diploid and which are haploid? zygote gamete somatic cell germ cell sperm egg 21. Describe the order of the main events in meiosis in three steps. 22.. Why is genetic variation important to humans?

23. Fill in the autosomal recessive pedigree with the correct genotypes.

24. Diploid cells can undergo mitosis or meiosis. How is it possible that haploid cells may undergo mitosis (for certain species of plants) but not meiosis?