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READINGMODULEFORSPM2013

SMKMERBAUMIRISARAWAK

PART1:MASTERINGTHEDEFINITION

PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION

FORM4CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICS

Physicalquantity Isaquantitythatcanbemeasured.

Basequantity Isaquantitythatcannotbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantities.

Derivedquantity Isaquantitythatcanbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantitiesbyeithermultiplicationordivisionorboth.

Scalarquantity Isaquantitywithmagnitudeonly. Example:distance,speed,time,mass,temperature

Vectorquantity Isaquantitywithbothmagnitudeanddirection. Example:displacement,velocity,acceleration,force

FORM4CHAPTER2FORCESANDMOTION

Distance

Isthetotallengthbetweentwopoints. Measuretheactuallength.Displacement Isthetotallengthbetweentwopointsatcertaindirection. Measuretheshortcutlength

Speed Istherateofchangeofdistance.Speed=

takenTime

Distance

Unitofspeedisms1.

Velocity Istherateofchangeofdisplacement.Velocity,v=

takenTime

ntDisplaceme

Unitofvelocityisms1.

Acceleration Istherateofchangeofvelocity.Acceleration,a=

takenTime

velocityofChange

Unitofaccelerationisms2.

Anda=T

v - u

Inertia Isthetendencyofobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeactingonthesystem

OR

Isthetendencyofobjecttoremainatrestifrestorcontinuetomovewithuniform

velocityinstraightlineifmovingunlessexternalforceactingonit.

No formula as it is not a physical quantity that can be

measured.

BUTinertiadependsonthemass.Biggermasshasbigger

inertia.

Momentum Istheproductofmassandvelocity. Momentum,p=mv m=mass,v=velocity

Unitofmomentumiskgms1

Principleofconservationof

momentum

Statesthat inclosedsystem,totalmomentumbeforecollision isequaltothetotal

momentumafterthecollisionsuchthatthetotalmomentumisconserved.

Elastic:m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m1v2

Inelastic:m1u1+m2u2=(m1+m1)v

Explosion:0=m1v1+m1v2

Impulse Isthechangeofmomentum. Impulse=Ft F=force,t=time

Impulse=mvmu

Unitofimpulseiskgms1http://edu.joshuatly.com/http://fb.me/edu.joshuatl


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Impulsiveforce Istherateofchangeofmomentum.Impulsiveforce,F=

t

mv - mu

Unitofimpulsiveforceiskgms2

Shorterimpacttime,biggerimpulsiveforce.

Force Istheproductofmassandacceleration. Force,F=ma m=massa=acceleration

Unitofforceiskgms2orNewtonorN

Newtonsfirstlawofmotion Statesthatabodycontinuesinstateofrestoruniformvelocityinstraightlineunless

acteduponbyanexternalforce.

Alwaysreferredtoinertiacondition!!

Newtonssecondlawof

motion

States that the rate of change of momentum of moving object is directly

proportionaltoandinthesamedirectionastheforceactingonit.

Alwaysreferredtocollisionsystems!!

Newtonsthirdlawof

motion

States that if one body exerts a force on another, there is an equal but opposite

forcecalledreactionexertedonthefirstbodybythesecond.

Alwaysreferredtoactionandreaction!!

(Ihitballaction)

(Theballcausesmyhandpainreaction)

Energy Istheabilityofdoingwork.

Workdone Istheproductofforceanddisplacementwhichisparalleltothedisplacementofthe

object.

Workdone,W=Fs [noangle]

Workdone,W=Fscos [ifangle]

F=force

s=displacement

UnitofworkdoneisJouleorJ

Potentialenergy Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitspositionorlocation. Potentialenergy,Ep=mgh

m=mass

g=gravityvalue=10ms2

h=height

UnitofpotentialenergyisJouleKineticenergy Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitsconditionofmovement. Kineticenergy,Ek=mv

2

m=mass

v=velocity

UnitofkineticenergyisJoule

Principleofconservationof

energy

Statesthatinaclosedsystem,theenergycannotbecreatedordestroyedbutitcan

be changed from one form to another form that is the total energy is being

conserved.

http://edu.joshuatly.com/http://fb.me/edu.joshuatl


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Power Istherateofworkdone.Power,P=

Time

WorkDone

OR

Power,P=Time

Energy

UnitofpowerisWattorW

Efficiency Istheratioofoutputworkdonetotheinputenergysuppliedbythesystem.Efficiency,e=

yInputEnerg

OutputWorkx100%

Hookeslaw Statesthattheextensionofspring isdirectlyproportionaltothe forceactingon it

suchthattheelasticlimitisnotexceeded.

Force,F=kx

k=forceconstant

x=extensionofspring

Fistotheweightofobjectwhereweight=massx10

Elasticity Is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the applied force is

removed.

Springconstant Istheforceperunitlengthofextension. k=F/x

UnitofspringconstantisNm1

FORM4CHAPTER3FORCESANDPRESSURE

Pressure

Istheforceactingnormallytothesurfaceperunitarea. Pressure,p=F/A

[if

solid]

F=force

A=area

UnitofpressureisNm2orPascalorPa

OR

Pressure,p=hg [ifliquid]

h=depth =densityofliquid


UnitofpressureisNm2orPascalorPa

OR

Pressure,p=76cmHg+unbalance[mercury]

Atmosphericpressure Isthepressureexertedbytheatmosphereonthesurfaceoftheearth.



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Pascalsprinciple Statesthat inenclosedsystem,theappliedpressurewillbetransmittedequally to

everypartofthefluidandalsotothewallofthecontainer.1

1

A

F=

2

2

A

F

AndA1d1=A2d2

A=area

d=distancemovedAchimedesprinciple Statesthatwhenanobjectisimmersedpartiallyorwhollyintoafluid,theweightof

water being displaced due buoyant force is equal to the weight of object being

immersed.

Buoyantforce,F=Vg

=densityofliquid

V=Immersedvolumeoftheobject


UnitofbuoyantforceisNewtonorN

Bernoullisprinciple Statesthataregionwhereexperienceshighairspeedwillhas lowairpressureand

viceversa.

Highspeedlowpressure

Lowspeedhighpressure

FORM4CHAPTER4HEAT

Thermalequilibrium Isaconditionwheretwoobjectsincontacthavethesametemperatureandthereis

nonettransferofheatbetweentwoobjects.

Heat Isaformofenergy.

Temperature Isthedegreeofhotnessofanobject.

Specificheatcapacity Istheamountofheatrequiredto increasethetemperatureof1kgobjectby1C

withoutchangeinphysicalstate.

Heat,H=mc

m=mass,c=specificheatcapacity, =riseintemperature

UnitofheatisJouleorJLowspecificheatcapacityfastergettinghot

Highspecificheatcapacityslowergettinghot

Waterisagoodcoolingagentasithashighspecificheat

capacity

Meltingpoint Isthemaximumtemperaturepointthatcanbesustainedbytheobjectbeforethe

objectstartstomelt.

Highmeltingpointcanwithstandhightemperature

beforeitgetsmelt

Boilingpoint Isthemaximumtemperaturepointthatcanbesustainedbytheobjectbeforethe

objectstartstoboil.

Specificlatentheatoffusion Is the amountofheat required to change the 1 kg object physically from solid to

liquidwithoutthechangeintemperature.

Heat,H=mLf

m=mass

Lf=specificlatentheatoffusion

UnitofheatisJouleorJ

Specificlatentheatof

vapourisation

Is theamountofheatrequired tochange the1kgobjectphysically from liquid to

steamwithoutthechangeintemperature.

Heat,H=mLv

m=mass

Lv=specificlatentheatofvapourisation

UnitofheatisJouleorJ



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Boyleslaw Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisinverselyproportionaltoits

volumesuchthatthetemperatureofgasiskeptconstant.

P1V1=P2V2

P=pressure,V=volume

Charleslaw Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thevolumeofgas isdirectlyproportionalto its

absolutetemperaturesuchthatthepressureofgasiskeptconstant.1

1

T

V=

2

2

T

V

V=volume,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvinT=(+273)K

Pressurelaw Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisdirectlyproportionaltoits

absolutetemperaturesuchthatthevolumeofgasiskeptconstant.1

1

T

P=

2

2

T

P

P=pressure,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin

T=(+273)K

FORM4CHAPTER5LIGHTSnellslaw Statesthattheangleofincidence,angleofreflectionandthenormaltothesurface

all lie in the same plane such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of

reflection.

Mirror Isanobjectwithonlyonesideoffocus/viewwhereitwillreflecttheincidentray.

Lens Isanobjectwithtwosidesoffocus/viewwhereitallowstherefractionoflight.

Refractiveindex Istheratioofsineofincidenceangletothesineofrefractedangle.Refractiveindex,n=

r

i

sin

sin

i mustbeinairand r inmedium

Apparentdepth Isthedistanceofthevirtualimagefromthesurfaceofthewater.

Realdepth Isthedistanceoftherealobjectfromthesurfaceofthewater. Refractiveindex,n=DepthApparent

DepthReal

Criticalangle Is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of

refractioninthelessdensemediumis90.Refractiveindex,n=

csin

1

c=criticalangle

Totalinternalreflection Statesthatwhentheangleofincidenceisfurtherincreasesothatitisgreaterthan

thecriticalangle,thenthelightisnolongerrefractedbutitisreflectedinternally.

Example:mirage,opticalfibre

Focalpoint Isapointwherealltherayswillfocusat.

Focallength,f IsthedistancebetweenthecentreofthelenswiththeprincipleF.

Poweroflens Isthereciprocalofthefocallengthofalens. Poweroflens,P=1/f

f=focallength(mustconverttounitmetre)

UnitofpoweroflensisDioptreorD

Formulaoflens:u

1

+v

1

=f

1

u=objectdistance,v=imagedistance,f=focallength

Imagemagnification,m=v/u



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FORM5CHAPTER1WAVES

Wave Isthevibrationoroscillationofparticlewhichtransfersenergywithouttransferring

matterandthesevibrationsarerepeatedperiodically.

Transversewave Is a wave where the direction of vibrations of particles is perpendicular to the

propagationofwave#producecrestsandtroughs

Anytypesofwavesexceptsoundwave!!

Forexample:electromagneticwave,light,waterwave

Longitudinalwave Isawavewherethedirectionofvibrationsofparticlesisparalleltothepropagation

ofwave

#Produceaseriesofcompressionsandrarefactions

Soundwaveonly

Dampedoscillations Isanoscillationwhereitsamplitudedecreaseswithtimebutthefrequencyremains

constantandthisvibrationwillcometoastop.

Resonance Isthevibrationwhere is forced frequency isequal tothenatural frequencyof theobject.

Example:Bridgefallsbywindblow

Loudnessofsound Asoundwhereitdependsonitsamplitude

Pitchofsound Asoundwhereitdependsonitsfrequency

Phenomenonofwave Refraction,diffraction,reflectionandinterference

Refraction Refractionpassesthrough/seethroughthemedium

frequencyconstant

decreaseinspeed,wavelength(deeptoshalloworlessdensetodenser)



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Diffraction Diffractionpassesthroughthegaporhole

frequency,wavelengthandspeedconstant

changeinshapeonlydependsonsizeofgap

Wavelengthissmallerthansizeofgap

diffractioneffectislessobvious

strongerenergyofwaveenteringthegap

Wavelengthisbiggerthansizeofgap

diffractioneffectismoreobvious

lesserenergyofwaveenteringthegap

Reflection Diffractiongoandreboundedbyshinnysurfaceorreflector

frequency,wavelengthandspeedconstantchangeindirectionofmovingonly

Interference Interferenceresultantofallwaves AntinodeAlinejoiningalltheconstructivepoints

NodeAlinejoiningallthedestructivepoints

Wavelength,=D

ax

a=sizeofgap/distancebetweensource

x=distancebetweentwoadjacentbrightfringeOR

distancebetweentwoadjacentdarkfringe

D=distancebetweenthescreenwithgaps

Monochromaticlight Isonewavelengthoronecolouroflight

Coherent Samefrequencyandsamephase

Electromagneticspectrum Isthecontinuousspreadof lightray intosevencolourswithdifferentwavelengths

andfrequencies.#Gamma,Xray,ultraviolet,visiblelight,infrared,microwave,radiowave

Gammaray(highfrequency,lowwavelength)dangerous

andkillscancercellsXray(Scanning),ultraviolet(detectforgenote),

infrared(shortdistancelinking),microwave(heatingand

satellite),radiowave(aerial/signalreceiver)http://edu.joshuatly.com/http://fb.me/edu.joshuatl


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FORM5CHAPTER2ELECTRICITY

Charge Isthetotalamountofelectronsflow Charge,Q=ne n=numberofelectrons,e=1.67x1019C

Charge,Q=It I=current,t=timeinseconds

UnitforchargeiscoulomborCCurrent Istherateofelectronflow I=Q/t

UnitforcurrentisampereorA

##Lowcurrentifhighresistance!!

Resistance Istheoppositionofcurrentflow.

Note:Resistance,R=L/A

Higherresistancehigherresistivity,longerwirelengthbutthinnerwire

CoppergoodconductorofelectricityAluminiumgoodaselectriccableascheapandlowrustingrate

Tungstengoodasfilamentbulbasitcanionizeeasilytogiveoutray

Copperveryhighresistanceandthusitisgoodasheatingelement

Higherresistanceproducemoreheat

morevoltage

lowercurrent

Unitforresistanceisohmor

Voltage

Potentialdifference

Is thework donewhenonecoulombofchargepasses fromonepoint toanother

point

Voltage,V=IR

##Morevoltageifhighresistance!!

##Highvoltagedoesnotmeanhighcurrent!!

##Highvoltagecansayhighresistance!!

Ohmslaw States that the potential difference across an ohmic conductor is directly

proportional to its current flow such that the temperature and other physical

quantityarekeptconstant!

OhmslawmeansV=IR

##AnytypesofwiresobeyOhmslaw

##Bulbandheatingmaterialsdoesnotobeyohmslaw

Electricalenergy Totalworkdonetomoveonecoulombofchargeinonesecond Electricalenergy,E=VIt tinsecond

InunitJouleorJ

Electricpower Istherateofelectricenergy Power,P=IV=V2/R=I2/R

InunitWattorW



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Rectification Istheprocessofchangingalternatingcurrenttodirectcurrent Usediode

Semiconductor Isamaterialwhichhastheconductivitybetweentheconductorandinsulatorandits

conductivitycanbeimprovedbyincreasingitstemperature.

ptypesemiconductorsilicondopedwithtrivalent

majoritychargecarrierofhole

ntypesemiconductorsilicondopedwithpentavalentmajoritychargecarrierwhichis

calledelectron

Logicgate Isgatewhichhasoneormorethanone inputsbutwithonlyoneoutputand logic

gatesarereferredtoswitch

FORM5CHAPTER5RADIOACTIVITY

Radioisotopes Isunstablesubstancewhichhassameprotonnumberbutdifferentnucleonnumber

Radioactivity Is the spontaneous and random disintegration of unstable substance to become

stablenucleusbyemittingradiationsandhugeenergy

Spontaneous Meanshappenautomaticallyby itselfwithouttriggeredbyanyexternalsource like

temperatureorpressure

Random Meansthereisnowaytotellwhichradioisotopewillundergothedecayprocessand

whenitwillhappen

Halflife Isthetimetakenforhalfoftheradioactivesubstancetodisintegrateordecay

Whatisalpha

Alphaisheliumparticle Range0fewcm(canbestoppedbypaper)highionizingpower(canchangethestructureof)

positiveheavychargewithsmalldeflectiontoward

negativeplate

deflectupfromthemagneticfield

lowpenetratingpower

movesstraightin

Whatisbeta Betaisafastmovingelectronbeam Range0fewm(canbestoppedbyaluminiumfoil)

mediumionizingpowerandpenetratingpower

negativelightchargewithbigdeflectiontoward

positiveplate

deflectdownfromthemagneticfield

Whatisgamma Gammaisanenergeticelectromagneticray Range0fewhundredm

(canbestoppedonlybylead)

lowionizingpower

veryhighpenetratingpower(killthe.)nochargeandnodeflectionneitherinelectricfield

normagneticfield



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Nuclearfusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a vast

amountofenergyduringtheprocess

Nuclearfission isthesplittingofaheavynucleusintotwolighternucleiafterthenucleusofanatom

isbombardedwithaneutronwith the releaseofa largeamountofenergyduring

theprocess.

EnergynBaKrUn 10142

56

91

36

235

92

1

0 3

Chainreaction isaselfsustainingreaction inwhichtheproductsofareactioncan initiateanother

similar reaction. For instance, as uranium atoms continue to split, a significant

amountofenergy isreleasedduringeachreaction.Theheatreleased isharnessed

andusedtogenerateelectricalenergy.

Theprocessisexpandingandnonstopasthenumberof

neutronskeepsonmultiplyingwithtime



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PART3:QUESTIONANSWERORIENTATED[SELECTEDTOPICS]

1 Diagram1.1showsanverniercallipers.

ZMainscale

Vernierscale

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 105 6 7 8 91 2 3 4

Diagram1.1(a) Namethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbyverniercalipers.

Diameter

(b) (i) NamethepartlabeledZ.Tail

(ii) StatethefunctionofpartZ.Tomeasurethedepth

(c) Whatisthesensitivityoftheverniercalipers?0.01cm

(d) Nameonemeasuring instrumentwhich ismoresensitivethanvernier

calipers.Micrometerscrewgauge

(e) Diagram1.2showsthereadingoftheverniercaliperswhenthejawsis

closed.

Diagram1.2

BasedonDiagram1.2:

(i) Namethetypeoferroroccurred.Zeroerror

(ii) Statethevalueoftheerror.Valueis0.03cm [Remember:Negativereadfrombehind]

2 Diagram 2.1 shows a student taking the reading of thermometer at three

differentpositions,P,QandR.

Diagram2.1

(a) Namethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbythermometer.Temperature

(b) Whatisthetypeofphysicalquantityyounamein2(a)?Tickthecorrect

answerintheboxprovided.

Scalarquantity

Vectorquantity

(c) What isthesmallestscaledivisionofthescaleofthethermometer in

Diagram2.1?

0.1C

(d) What isthecorrectpositionofthestudenttotakethereadingofthe

scaleofthermometer?AtpositionQ

(e) What is the reading of the thermometer based on your position in

2(d)?28.7C

(f) Explainwhythemercuryisusedinthermometer?

Itissensitivetotheheat.Itdoesnotsticktothewallofcapillarytubeinthermometer.

Itissensitivetowiderangeoftemperature.

Itisagoodheatconductor

(g) Nameoneprincipleinvolvedforthemeasuringofthermometer.Thermalequilibriumconcept

(h) Stateawaytoincreasethesensitivityofthermometerbeingmade?Makethecapillarytubenarrowerwiththinnerstem.

(i) Nameatypeoferrorduetothewrongpositioningofeyesduringscale

reading.Parallaxerror



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3 Diagram3.1showsanimageisformedbyacurvedmirror.

Diagram3.1

(a) Namethelightphenomenoninvolved.Reflection

(b) NamethetypeofmirrorasshowninDiagram3.1.

Convexmirror

(c) (i) CompletetheraydiagraminDiagram3.2toshowtheformation

ofimage.

Diagram3.2

Answer

(ii) Stateonecharacteristicoftheimageformed.Upright//Diminished//Virtual

(d) StateoneuseofthismirrorindailylifeAsmirroratsharpcornerofroad//parkingarea

Asmirrorinsidethesupermarkettoviewunwantedactivitiesofshoplifter

(e) Whythismirrorisusedin3(d)insteadofothertypesofmirrors?

Haswiderviewofvision

(f) Whathappentothesizeof imageiftheobjectisplacednearertothemirror?Sizeofimageincreases

4 (g) Explainhow touseaconcavemirror toheatupwater inacontainer

usingsolarenergy.1st:concavemirrorcanreflecttheparallelsunlight.

2nd:Thereflectedraysareconvergingtofocalpoint

3rd:Thefocalpointisplacedwiththewatertobeheated

(h) Diagram3.3 showsa microscope.You are given twoconvex lensesP

andQ,withfocal lengthsof20cmand5cmrespectively.Bothofthelensesareusedtobuildamicroscope.

Diagram3.3

Whatismeantbyfocallength?FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswiththeprincipalF.

Using an appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain suitable

modifications to enable the microscope to form brighter and clear

image.Yourmodificationscanbeemphasizedonthefollowingaspects:

Theselectionoflensasobjectivelensandasaneyepiece Thediameterofthelens

Thedistancebetweentheobjectivelensandeyepiece

Conditionoftheplacetostorethemicroscope

.Additionalcomponenttothemicroscope

AnswerSuggestion Reason

Shorterfocallengthasobjectivelens

Longerfocallengthaseyepiecelens

Producebigimagemagnification

Diameteroflensmustbebig Morerefractionoflightsandthusthe

imageisbrightandclearq

Distancebetweentheobjectiveand

eyepiecelensmustbebiggerthanthe

sumoffocallengthsofbothlens

Atnormaladjustment

Storethemicroscopeatcoolanddryplace Preventtheactivitiesoffungusonthe

lenses

Installoneconcavemirrorunderneaththe

slaid

Thereflectedrayisconvergingtothe

slaid



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5 Diagram 5.4 shows an astronomical telescope to be used to view distant

objects.

Diagram5.4

Table5.4showsthecharacteristicsoffourdifferenttelescopes.

Telescope Typeof

lens

Focallengthof

objectivelens

Poweroflens Diameterof

lens

S Convex 40 10 5.0

T Concave 10 40 5.0

U Convex 10 40 2.5

V Concave 40 10 2.5Explainthesuitabilityofeachcharacteristicofthetelescopeanddetermine

the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very far object. Give

reasonforyourchoice.

AnswerCharacteristics Reason

Useconvexlens Thelightisconvergingtoonepoint

Focallengthofobjectivelensmustbebig Toviewdistantobject

Poweroflensisbig Toproducebigmagnificationofimage

Diameteroflensmustbebig More refraction of lights and thus the

imageisbrighterandclearer

So,thetelescopeS ischosenbecause itusesconvex lens,focal lengthoftheobjective lens is

long,powerofthelensisbigandthediameterofthelensisbig.

6 Diagram6.1andDiagram6.2showtwoidenticalobjectslocatedatdifferent

positions infrontof identicalconvex lens.Real imageswithdifferentheight

areproduced.

Diagram6.1

Diagram6.2

(a) Whatismeantbyfocallength?FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswithitsprincipalF.

(b) UsingDiagram6.1andDiagram6.2,compare;

(i) Thefocallengthofthelens.Boththelenseshavethesamefocallength.

(ii) Theobjectdistance,u1andu2.

u1isshorterthanu2.

(iii) Theheightofimage,h1andh2.h1islongerthanh2.

(iv) State the relationship between the object distance and the

heightofimage.Shortertheobjectdistance,longertheheightofimage.

(v) Name the light phenomenon that occurs in Diagram 6.1 and

Diagram6.2.

Refraction(c) Diagram6.3showsanobject,Oplacedatthefrontofaconcavelensof

focallength2cm.Thelightraysoftheobjectpassingthroughthelens

usingthelightphenomenonin6(b)(ii).

Diagram6.3

(i) Sketchraydiagramoftheobjecttoshowanimageisformed.

(ii) Statethreecharacteristicsoftheimageformed.Upright//Diminished//Virtual

(iii) Stateoneuseofconcavelens.Tomakespectaclelens



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21 Diagram21.1showsabrightspot,M,formedonthescreenonthecathode CalculatethevalueofthevoltageshownbyN.


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rayoscilloscope,CRO,whenitisswitchedon.

Diagram21.1

(a) Whatisthemeaningofcathoderay?Cathoderayisafastmovingelectronbeam

(b) Whatisthemeaningofthermionicemission?Thermionic emission is the process of releasing electrons from a heated cathode

surface.

(c) Nametheparticlethatproducesthebrightspot,M,whenithitsthe

fluorescentscreenoftheCRO.

Electron

(d) Explainhowtoproduceabrightspot,MonthescreenofCRO?Thed.cvoltageissuppliedtotheCROwiththetimebaseissetoff.

(e) Diagram21.2showsthebrightspot,Nwhenadirectcurrentd.c.supply

isconnectedtotheYinputoftheCRO.

Diagram21.2TheYgainoftheCRO issetat5V/divisionwiththetimebase isset

off.

Valueofvoltage=5Vperdivision2divisions

=10V

(f) TheCROinDiagram21.2isconnectedtoalternatingcurrentsupply,a.c

andthetimebaseissetoff.

On Diagram 21.3 below, sketch the output waveform that will be

displayedonthescreen.

Diagram21.3Answer

(g) StateonecommonfunctionofCRO.To display waveform//To measure short time interval// To measure thepotential

difference

(h) Diagram 21.4 and Diagram 21.5 show two circuits which consist of

identicalammeters,drycellsandsemiconductordiodes.

Diagram21.4 Diagram21.5

(1) Nameanexampleofpuresemiconductormaterial.Silicon

(2) ExplainthedifferenceinthereadingsoftheammetersThecurrentflowisinforwardbiasinDiagram21.4causesanammeterreading

butnoreading inDiagram21.4duetothereverseofdiodewhichhasblocked

thecurrentflow(3) Basedontheanswerin(h)(2),statethefunctionofdiode.

Toallowtheflowofcurrentinonedirectiononly



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23 Diagram 23.1 and Diagram 23.2 shows water waves passing through the

t f t diff t h b

(i) Namethephenomenoninvolved.Refraction


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entranceoftwodifferentharbours.

Diagram23.1 Diagram23.2

(a) Namethetypeofwaveofwaterwave.Transversewave

(b)

(i)

Namethephenomenoninvolvedinbothdiagrams.Diffraction

(ii) What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of

waveafterpassingthroughthegap?Frequency :unchanged

Wavelength :unchanged

Speedofwave:unchanged

(c) BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowstheobvious

diffractioneffect?Explainwhy?

Diagram23.1showsobviousdiffractioneffect.Becausethesizeofgapislessthanthewavelengthofthewave

(d) BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowsthebigger

energywaveenteringthegap?Diagram23.2

(e) Diagram23.3showsthewavesenteringtwodifferentmediums.

Diagram23.3

Refraction

(ii) What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of

waveafterpassingthroughthegap?Frequency:unchanged

Wavelength:decreases

Speedofwave:decreases

(iii) CompletethewavepatterninDiagram23.3.

Deep areaKawasan dalam

Shallow areaKawasan cetek

(f) Diagram23.4showsadriverthatisdrivingunderahotsun,seesapool

of water appearing on the road ahead, but the pool of water

disappearsasthecarapproachesit.

Diagram23.4

(i) Namethisnaturalphenomenonasobservedbythedriver.Mirage

(ii) Statethephysicsconceptthatisinvolvedinthisphenomenon.Totalinternalreflection

(iii) When light rays propagates from a denser medium to a less

dense medium, state what happen to the direction of the

refractedrays.Refractedawayfromnormal

(iv) Stateoneapplicationofthisphenomenon.Opticalfibre


PAPER3EXPERIMENTS

1 DEPTH WITH PRESSURE

ANSWER

(a) The water pressure is influenced by the depth of water


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1 DEPTHWITHPRESSUREDiagram 1.1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressureacted on his eardrums is greater when he dives at greater depth.

Diagram 1.1Based on your knowledge of the pressure and observation above:(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]

(b) State one suitable hypothesis. [1 mark]

(c) With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, a manometer and otherapparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate thehypothesis stated in 1(b).In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) Aim of the experiment

(ii) Variables in the experiment

(iii) List of apparatus and materials

(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus and materials

(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of

controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuringthe responding variable

(vi) The way you would tabulate the data

(vii) The way you would analyse the data [10 marks]

(a) Thewaterpressureisinfluencedbythedepthofwater

(b) Whenthedepthofwaterincreases,itswaterpressureincreasesalso

(c) (i) Tofindtherelationshipbetweenthedepthwiththewaterpressure

(ii) ManipulatedVariable:depthofwaterRespondingVariable:waterpressure

ConstantVariable:densityofwater(iii) Apparatus:Metre rule,manometer,water, rubber tube,measuringcylinder,

thistlefunnel,rubbersheet

Materials:water

(iv)

OperationalDefinitions:

Thedepthofwaterismeasuredusingmetrerule

Thewaterpressureismeasuredfromdifferenceheightbetweenthecolumn

ofwaterinmanometermeasuredusingmetrerule

(v) The experiment is started by lowering the thistle funnel into the water to

depth,x=2cm.Thereadingofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumn,h,ofthemanometerisrecorded.

Theprocedureisrepeatedwiththedepthsof4cm,6cm,8cm,10cmand12

cmandtherespective readingof themanometerare readrespectively from

metrerule.

(vi) Depth x/cm Differenceinheightofcolumn,h/cm2

4

6

8

10

12

(vii) Agraphofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumnagainstthedepthisplotted.


2 DENSITYOFLIQUIDWITHPRESSUREDiagram 2 1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressure

ANSWER

(a) The water pressure is influenced by the density of water


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Diagram 2.1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressureacted on his eardrums is greater compared to fresh water at same depth.

Diagram 2.1Based on observation above:(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]


(c) With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, salts, a manometer andother apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate thehypothesis stated in 2(b).In your description, state clearly the following:





(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method ofcontrolling the manipulated variable and the method of measuringthe responding variable



(a) Thewaterpressureisinfluencedbythedensityofwater

(b) Whenthedensityofwaterincreases,itswaterpressureincreasesalso

(c) (i) Tofindtherelationshipbetweenthedensityofliquidwiththewaterpressure

(ii) ManipulatedVariable:densityofwaterRespondingVariable:waterpressure

ConstantVariable:depthofthistlefunnelimmersed(iii) Apparatus:Metre rule,manometer,water, rubber tube,measuringcylinder,

thistlefunnel,rubbersheet

Materials:water,salts

(iv)

OperationalDefinitions:

Thedepthofthistlefunnelisfixedat10cm.

Thewaterpressureismeasuredfromdifferenceheightbetweenthecolumn

ofwaterinmanometermeasuredusingmetrerule

Densityofwaterisdeterminedfromthemassofsaltsdissolved

(v) Theexperimentisstartedbydissolving200gofsaltintothewaterwithfixedvolumeofV.Thethistlefunnelimmersedintothewatertodepth10cm.The

reading of difference in height of water column, h, of the manometer is

recorded.

Theprocedure isrepeatedwiththeamountofsaltdissolvedof400g, 600g,

800g and 1000g and the respective reading of the manometer are read

respectivelyfrommetrerule.

(vi) Amountofsalt,m/g

Differenceinheightofcolumn,h/cm

200

400

600

800

1000

(vii) Agraphofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumnagainstthemassofsaltisplotted.


3 DEPTH WITH READING OF SPRING BALANCE (BUOYANT FORCE)Diagram 3.1 shows a boy lifted up a rock in the sea water.

ANSWER

(a) Theimmersedistanceaffectsthebuoyantforce


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g y pDiagram 3.2 shows the boy lifted up the rock at the surface of the sea water.He feels much heavier than before.

Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2Based on your knowledge of the buoyant force and observation above:(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]


(c) With the use of apparatus such as tall beaker, spring balance, a metalrod and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework toinvestigate the hypothesis stated in 3(b).In your description, state clearly the following:





(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method ofcontrolling the manipulated variable and the method of measuringthe responding variable



(a) y

(b) Whentheimmersedistanceincreases,itsbuoyantforceincreasesalso

(c) (i) Tofindtherelationshipbetweentheimmersedistancewiththebuoyantforce

(ii) ManipulatedVariable:immersedistanceRespondingVariable:buoyantforce(decreaseinspringbalancereading)

ConstantVariable:densityofwater(iii) Apparatus:springbalance,beaker,metrerule,load

Materials:string,tapwater

(iv)

Operationaldefinition

TheimmersedistanceismeasuredusingmetreruleThebuoyantforceismeasuredfromthedecreaseinspringbalancereading

(readinginairreadinginwater)

(v) Theexperimentisstartedbyimmersingtheloadintothewatertoadepthof,d=2cmandthebuoyantforceactingtothewoodenblockcanbecountedby

thechangesinthereadingofspringbalance,F1isrecorded.

Theexperimentisthenrepeatedbyimmersingtheloadtodepthof4cm,6

cm,8cm,10cmand12cmandtherespectivechangesinthereadingofspring

balance,Farerecorded.

(vi) Immersedepth,d/cm Buoyantforce,F/N

2

4

6

8

10

12

(vii) Agraphofbuoyantforceagainsttheimmersedistanceisplotted.



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