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FunctionsThe main function is to deliver oxygen to the
bloodThe four main functions can be described
with the acronym VEEMVentilate the lungsExtract oxygen from the air and transfer it to
the bloodstreamExcrete carbon dioxide and water vapor from
the lungsMaintain the acid base consistency of the
blood
Characteristics of AlveoliThe primary gas exchange units of the lungThe exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen happen in
the alveoliOxygen diffuses through the walls of the alveoli into
the red blood cells. The oxygen is then carried by the blood to the body tissues.
Carbon dioxide produced by the body returns to the lung
via the blood. It then diffuses across the capillary and alveolar walls into the air to be removed from the body
Characteristics of AlveoliAlveoli have a specialized structure that
optimizes gas transferExtremely thin wallsA large surface area to volume ratio allowing for gases to flow across the membrane easilyThey’re lined with fluid enabling gases to
dissolve.Surrounded by numerous capillaries that carry
oxygen into the blood and bring carbon dioxide back to be respirated out
Oxygen TransportationOxygen combines with hemoglobin in red
blood cells forming a compound called oxy-hemoglobin
When the oxy-hemoglobin hits the tissue, it breaks up releasing most of its oxygen
Approximately 3% of oxygen dissolves in the blood plasma and enters the tissue by
diffusion
CO2 TransportationCarbon dioxide is transported back to the alveoli by
diffusing through the tissue fluids and then moving with the blood back to the lungs
Carbon dioxide is transported in three compounds:Carbonic Acid – approximately 10% of dissolved CO2 in
the bloodBicarbonates of Sodium and Potassium – approximately 80% of the dissolved CO2 in plasmaCarbominohemoglobin – approximately 10% of dissolved CO2 in the blood
Oxygen: From Breath to Blood1. Oxygen enters the body through the mouth and
nose2. The oxygen then passes through the trachea and
the larynx3. Once in the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two
bronchi4. Which then divides again into the bronchial tubes5. The bronchial tubes lead into the lungs where they
divide into smaller and smaller tubes where they connect to the alveoli
6. The alveoli then transfer the oxygen through their outer membrane and into the hemoglobin found in red blood cells
Inhalation and ExhalationInhalation is a result of two body processes
1. The intercostal (rib) muscles expand outward2. The diaphragm expands downward away from the lungs
The result of both of these happening simultaneously creates a low pressure area in the chest cavity so air from the higher pressure outside the body rushes into the body.
Exhalation is just the reverse process of inhalation The intercostal muscles contract and the diaphragm
expands upward into the lungs This creates a higher pressure than outside the body, so the
air in the lungs is forced out and you exhale
AsthmaApproximately 10 million people, 10% of
Americans, have asthma, which kills 4,000 people per year
Asthma is hypersensitivity of the respiratory system airways, and when triggered constricts the airways. This then constricts the airflow and causes trouble breathing.
Signs of asthma include wheezing and shortness of breath
The two main treatments for asthma are bronchodialators that expand the bronchial tubes, and anti-inflammatory medication to reduce the inflammation of the airways
Lung CancerThe National Cancer Institute estimates
226,160 new cases of lung cancer in 2012, which will kill 160,340 people
Lung cancer is cancer that forms in the tissue of the lung. The two types are Small Cell and Non-Small Cell.
Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, and coughing up blood
Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or any combination of the three
Referenceshttp://
www.ambulancetechnicianstudy.co.uk/respsystem.html
http://www.curoservice.com/parents_visitors/lungs_circulation/structure_alveoli.asp#
http://www.preservearticles.com/201102264268/transport-of-oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide-through-blood-during-respiration.html
http://www.nsbri.org/humanphysspace/focus2/respiratory.html
http://respiratory-supplies.medical-supplies-equipment-company.com/PPF/page_ID/62/article.asp
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/lung