Down the Road: Exploring Backpacker and Independent Travel

8/15/2019 Down the Road: Exploring Backpacker and Independent Travel

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Bnwi t`k \ndb

Kxpanrhif Ldojpdojkr dib Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka

Ldojpdojkrs Ernit.qxp 44/3?/


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Lrdb Vkst

Kbhtnr

\ho`drb IhakFkikrda Kbhtnr

Bnwi t`k \ndb

Kxpanrhif Ldojpdojkr dib Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka

DSH Iktwnrj



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Sulahs`kb hi


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Onitkits

Hitrnbuothni 4

L DOJSDOJHIF R@K _DO\KB

Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka dib Ohvha \kahfhnus Shafrhgdfk= 8

Ldojpdojkrs dt FdaahpnahLrdb Vkst

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok= Ldojpdojkrs dt [auru ??Rdgdrd Xnuif

LKXNIB LDOJSDOJK\_= R@K ‐NR@K\ ‘ HIBKSKIBKIR R\DUKAAK\_

Bnaaylhrbs ne Sdssdfk= ;6 R`k \hsk dib \hsk ne t`k Hibkpkibkit Vngdi RrdvkaakrSkiiy Vdrikr _ght`

Rrdvkaahif t`k Kakotrniho _upkr`hf`wdy= 64Hibkpkibkit Rrdvkaakrs dib t`k HitkriktJkvhi Gdrjwkaa dib Sdua _tnaj

LA[\\KB LN[IBD\HK_= BKSKIBKIOX DIB HIBKSKIBKIR R\DUKA

Dgldssdbnr, Vnrjkr dib Sadykr= 8?Hibkpkibkit Rrdvkaakrs Vnrjhif hi Dgkrhodi _uggkr OdgpsJkvhi Aynis

H @kdrb ht t`rnuf` t`k Frdpkvhik= 438

[ibkrstdibhif t̀ k _nohda Hitkrdothnis ne LdojpdojkrsAdurhk Gurp`y

S\NEHAHIF R@K HIRK\IDRHNIDA LDOJSDOJK\

Frkdt Bhvhbks nr _ultak Onitnurs> Onitrdsthif Lrhths`, 4?4Inrt` Dgkrhodi/Odidbhdi dib Kurnpkdi LdojpdojkrsS`hahp Skdrok



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Xkaanw Lhlak Rnurhsg= Ldojpdojkrs hi _nut`kdst Dshd 4;? Mkee Mdrvhs

Kibintks 458

Onitrhlutnrs 40;

Hibkx 408

Bnwi t`k \ndb vh



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Hitrnbuothni

Lrdb Vkst

R`hs vnaugk ̀ ds hts nrhfhis hi t`k Ldojpdojkrs dib Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka

Oniekrkiok, w`ho` wds `kab dt t`k Dustrdahdi @hf` Ongghsshni hiAnibni ni < Muay


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dssugpthnis dlnut t`k hikvhtdlak frnwt` ne hitkridthnida trdvka dibt`k fanldahsdthni prnokss shgpay lkhif nik ne bhghihs`hif lnrbkrs dibfrkdtkr hitkridthnida stdlhahty.

Hi inthif t`k ahghtdthnis ne t`hs ‐kvnauthnidry‘ vhkw ne hitkridthnidatrdvka, hi t`k detkrgdt` ne suo` odtdstrnp`ks dib hi t`k prkskit orhshsne t`k ‐wdr ni tkrrnrhsg‘, ht wnuab lk kdsy tn nvkrrkdot hi prnp`kshshif bnng dib fanng. V`hak snohda onggkitdtnrs, fnvkrigkit dib t`ktnurhsg hibustry `dvk enouskb ni t`k bnwituri hi hitkridthnida trdvkaenaanwhif t`ksk kvkits, enr nur purpnsks ne kxpanrhif t`k ouaturda dib

koningho hgpnrtdiok ne trdvka, dib pdrthouadray hts ikw ‐hibkpkibkit‘enrgs, wk odi onishbkr t`hs erng dint`kr pkrspkothvk. V`dt hsrkgdrjdlak hs t`k rkadthvkay ghinr bkoahik hi trdvka dib tnurhsg burhif t h̀s turluakit pkrhnb. Enr kxdgpak, t`k Ldah lnglhifs prkohphtdtkbgdss odiokaadthnis ne trdvka tn t`k hsadib ly Dustrdahdi tnurhsts,sngkt`hif t`dt t`rkdtkikb hts tnurhst koningy. @nwkvkr, enaanwhif t`klnglhifs wk whtiksskb d surfk hi trdeeho tn hts ongpkthtnr, Ehmh. R`kedot t`dt Ehmh `db niay twn ykdrs kdrahkr sueekrkb hts nwi tnurhstbnwituri enaanwhif d ghahtdry onup rkeakots t`k eauhb idturk ne tnurhsghi t`k prkskit dfk.

R`krk drk dasn trdvkaakrs w`n, bksphtk fnvkrigkit wdrihifs dibgkbhd spkouadthni nvkr Da Tdkbd dothvhty hi anodthnis suo` ds _nut`kdst

Dshd dib Derhod, onithiuk tn trdvka tn t`ksk bksthidthnis. Erngsodiihif hitkrikt o`dt rnngs dib erng gy nwi bhsousshnis, gdiy hibkpkibkit trdvkaakrs vhshthif t`ksk rkfhnis bn sn wht` t`k rkadthvhstlkahke t`dt t`dt t`ky drk sdekr hi suo` padoks t`di w`ki brhvhif t`khrodrs hi _ybiky, nr t`dt bdifkr hs bhspkrskb t r̀nuf`nut t`k wnrab dibsuo` hiohbkits onuab `dppki diyw`krk dib diythgk (sngkt`hif t`kkvkits ne 8/44 pkr`dps rkhienrok). Erng t h̀s pkrspkothvk, w`dt `ds

lkki `hf`ahf`tkb hs int trdvka dib tnurhsg‘s erdfhahty ds di hibustry luthts rkshahkiok ds d ouaturda pursuht. R`hs okrtdhiay hs t̀ k odsk enrhibkpkibkit trdvka. Nik keekot ne t`k s`nrt-tkrg koningho bnwiturihi hitkridthnida tnurhsg `ds lkki di dbbhthnida enous ly hibustry,fnvkrigkits dib inw so`nadrs ni hibkpkibkit trdvka dib trdvkaakrs dsd vdaudlak iho`k gdrjkt dib di hitkrksthif ouaturda frnup t`dt drk akssahjkay tn lk put nee t`khr mnurikys ly tkrrnrhsts dots, idturda bhsdstkrs

Bnwi t`k \ndb


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dib orhghida hiohbkits. R`k onithiukb trdvka ly ynuif Lrhtnis tn Dustrdahd nvkr t`k adst bkodbk bksphtk `hf`ay pulahohskb odsks ne ldojpdojkr gurbkrs hs tkstdgkit tn t`hs edot.

Bnwi t`k \ndb kxdghiks suo` ouaturda dib koningho hssuks. R`klnnj hs drrdifkb hitn enur skothnis. ‐Ldojpdojhif t`k sdorkb‘hitrnbuoks t̀ k rkdbkr tn t`k ouaturda hgpnrtdiok ne ldojpdojhif ds dihibkpkibkit trdvka enrg dib t`k stkrkntypks t`dt hi rkokit ykdrs `dvkbkvkanpkb dlnut t`k ldojpdojkr. Hi ‐Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok‘

Xnuif onishbkrs w`kt`kr hitkridthnida ldojpdojkrs hi Dustrdahd odi lk

onishbkrkb ‐ikw trdvkaakrs‘ ly kxdghihif t`khr bkohshni w`kt`kr nr inttn oahgl [auru. Enaanwhif t̀ hs bhsousshni, Vkst annjs dt Dustrdahdildojpdojkrs vhshthif t`k Fdaahpnah ldttakehkabs hi Vkstkri Rurjky ds pdrtne t`khr tnur ne Kurnpk. Gnvhif lkynib drfugkits dlnut tnurhsg dsd sdorkb mnuriky, `k drfuks t`dt phafrhgdfk hs d rhtuda t`dt odi noour

wht`hi t`k trdvka kxpkrhkiok. Edr erng hibkpkibkit trdvka lkhif onishbkrkb pkrhp`krda, `k drfuks t`dt t`hs rhtk shfihehoditay rknrhkitdtkst`k wdy Dustrdahdi ghahtdry `hstnry hs oniokptudahskb.

R`k skothni ‐Lkynib ldojpdojkrs= t`k ‑nt`kr‗ hibkpkibkit

trdvkaakrs‘ pus`ks nur bhsousshni eurt`kr, tn oniokptudahsk d bkehihthnine hibkpkibkit trdvka t`dt hionrpnrdtks hts vdrhnus enrgs, int must t`dtne ldojpdojkr trdvka, w`ho` `ds bnghidtkb ahtkrdturk ni hibkpkibkittrdvka. Vdrikr-_ght` bhrkots nur dttkithni tn wngki ds hibkpkibkittrdvkaakrs hi t`k `hstnrhoda dib onitkgpnrdry onitkxt. Gnrk t`dirkonvkrhif anst vnhoks, Vdrikr-_ght` pkrsudshvkay drfuks t`dt shiok t`k4853s wngki `dvk lkki dt t`k enrkernit ne dttdhihif ‐hibkpkibkit‘kxpkrhkioks nvkrskds. Gdrjwkaa dib _tnaj‘s o`dptkr ‐Rrdvkaahif t`kKakotrniho _upkr`hf`wdy‘ kxdghiks t`k rnak ne t`k hitkrikt hi

prngnthif hibkpkibkit trdvka. V`hak t`hs rnak hs dppahodlak tn daahibkpkibkit trdvka enrgs, t`ky pnhit nut t`dt ht hs pdrthouadray hgpnrtdit tn frnups t`dt drk rkquhrkb tn trdvka hibkpkibkitay erng t`ktnurhsg hibustry buk tn t`khr nt`krikss. D odsk stuby ne t`k usk ne t`khitkrikt ly t`k fdy dib akslhdi ongguihty haaustrdtks hts hgpnrtdiok hiedohahtdthif d enrg ne trdvka t`dt `ds t`k pntkithda tn sulvkrt t`konivkithnida nrfdihskb tnurhsg hibustry.

Hitrnbuothni ?

Hitrnbuothni.qxp 44/3?/


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R`k ikxt skothni dfdhi o`daakifks bnghidit inthnis ne hibkpkibkit trdvka, t`nuf` hi d qudahtdthvkay bheekrkit wdy. R`k twno`dptkrs hi t`k t`hrb pdrt ne t`k lnnj, ‐Laurrkb lnuibdrhks=bkpkibkioy dib ‑hibkpkibkit‗ trdvka‘, tdjks hibkpkibkit trdvka nut ne hts oniokptuda hbkda dib didaysks t`k hitkroniikothnis ht `ds wht`nrfdihskb dib bkpkibkit tnurhsg enrgs. Hi `hs o`dptkr ‐Dgldssdbnr,

Vnrjkr, Sadykr= Hibkpkibkit Rrdvkaakrs Vnrjhif hi Dgkrhodi _uggkrOdgps‘, Aynis bkgnistrdtks `nw ynuif Dustrdahdis usk suggkrodgps tn edohahtdtk hibkpkibkit trdvka dib kxdghiks t`k rksuathif

prnokss ne hbkithty ikfnthdthni. Ht hs drfukb t̀ dt t̀ k bdtd o`daakifks t`kusk ne uih-bhgkishnida typnanfhks hi tnurhsg dib hibkpkibkit trdvkarkskdro`. Dasn onishbkrhif t`k hgpnrtdiok ne kxpkrhkiok hi trdvka hsGurp`y‘s o`dptkr ‐H @kdrb ht t`rnuf` t`k Frdpkvhik= [ibkrstdibhif t`k _nohda Hitkrdothni ne Ldojpdojkrs‘. V`hak t`k stkrkntyphoda hgdfkne t`k hibkpkibkit trdvkaakr hs erkqukitay t`dt ne d anikr, snohdahitkrdothni wht` ekaanw trdvkaakrs hs d prhgk edotnr hi t`k dttrdothvkikssne ldojpdojhif. [ibkrstdibhif t`k ghorn-rhtudas hivnavkb hi t`hs snohdahitkrdothni prnvhbks us wht` d lkttkr uibkrstdibhif ne t`khienrgdthni-fdt̀ krhif dib bkohshni-gdjhif ne ldojpdojkr trdvkaakrs. Htdasn bkgnistrdtks t`dt hi trdvka enrgs suo` ds ldojpdojhif, w`krkt`krk hs d prkekrkiok enr gnrk ongguida anbfhif dib anifkr stdys,ornss-ouaturda kxo`difk dib uibkrstdibhif hs must ds ahjkay tn ongkdlnut t`rnuf` hitkrdothni lktwkki trdvkaakrs ds wht` t`k `nstongguihty.

R`k ehida pdrt ne t`k vnaugk gdjks d lrkdj wht` t`k dlnvko`dptkrs, w`ho` fkikrdaay usk qudahtdthvk gkt`nbs hi t`khr stubhks ne hibkpkibkit trdvka. R`k twn o`dptkrs hi ‐Srnehahif t`k hitkridthnidaldojpdojkr‘ usk qudithtdthvk survky gkt`nbnanfhks hi di dttkgpt tn

fdhi d lrndbkr ornss-ouaturda uibkrstdibhif ne ldojpdojkr trdvkaakrs. Ds Skdrok intks hi `hs o`dptkr, ‐Frkdt Bhvhbks nr _ultak Onitnurs>Onitrdsthif Lrhths`, Inrt` Dgkrhodi/Odidbhdi dib KurnpkdiLdojpdojkrs‘, dpprndo`ks tn stubyhif ldojpdojkrs dib hibkpkibkittrdvkaakrs `dvk lkki pnadrhskb. \kskdro`krs `dvk kht`kr kgp`dshskb t`kkoningho onitrhluthni ne tnurhsg, rkayhif ni lrndb bkgnfrdp`hobkehihthnis ne ldojpdojkrs hi spkohehkb stdthsthoda odtkfnrhks, nr

Bnwi t`k \ndb 2



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oniokitrdtkb ni t`k ouaturda shfihehodiok ne t`hs ikw trdvka enrg,inrgdaay ly hivksthfdthif t`k hitkrdothnis lktwkki trdvkaakrs dib t`k`nst ongguihty. Skdrok, `nwkvkr, wnrjs hi-lktwkki t`kskoniokitrdthnis, kxdghihif w`kt`kr, ds vdrhnus t`knrhks ne snohkty

wnuab suffkst, t`krk hs d rhshif `ngnfkikhty dgnif tnurhsts erngbheekrkit idthnis. Hi t`k ehida o`dptkr, ‐Xkaanw Lhlak Rnurhsg=Ldojpdojkrs hi _nut`kdst Dshd‘, Mdrvhs dasn ongphaks d prnehak ne hitkridthnida ldojpdojkrs, onishbkrhif t`khr o`drdotkrhsthos hi ahf`t ne ldojpdojkrs w`n vhsht Dustrdahd. Ht hs onioaubkb t`dt t`k ldojpdojkr

prnehaks ne lnt` rkfhnis drk shghadr dib t`dt, ds `db lkki enuib hirkadthni tn t`k Dustrdahdi koningy, onitrdry tn anoda pnahthoda lkahke,ldojpdojhif tnurhsg hs koninghodaay shfihehodit hi _nut`kdst Dshd.

R`hs hs prhiohpdaay buk tn ldojpdojkrs‘ anif burdthni ne stdy dib hts vdrhnus eanw-ni keekots enr bkvkanphif nt`kr enrgs ne tnurhsg. R`kstuby dasn hbkithehks d ikw hibkpkibkit trdvka typk, t`dt ne t`k ‐`nahbdy ldojpdojkr‘ w`n, ds Mdrvhs drfuks, trdvkas enr d s`nrtkr burdthni t`dit`k trdbhthnida ldojpdojkr lut w`n uthahsks t`k hierdstruoturkbkvkanpkb enr anifkr-tkrg trdvkaakrs.

R`k o`dptkrs hi t`hs lnnj onitdhi prkvhnusay uipulahs`kb wnrj ly

kstdlahs`kb dib kdray odrkkr dodbkghos hi t`k hitkrbhsohpahidry ehkab ne tnurhsg stubhks. R`k ò dptkrs drk dt t`k enrkernit ne rkskdro`, t`nuf`t`ky `dvk lkki wrhttki wht` uibkrfrdbudtk dib pnstfrdbudtk stubkitshi dbbhthni tn onaakdfuks hi ghib. R`k pulahodthni whaa dasn lk ne hitkrkst tn kxkouthvks hi t`k tnurhsg hibustry dib rkadtkb hibustrhks.

V`hak t`k onitrhlutnrs drk daa histhtuthnidaay anodtkb hi Dustrdahdiuihvkrshthks, t`k lnnj `ds di hitkridthnida sonpk, hioaubhif didayshs ne enrkhfi trdvkaakrs dib shtks, dib Dustrdahd ds d enoda pnhit enronishbkrhif lrndbkr hssuks enr t`k frnwhif so`nadray hitkrkst hi

ldojpdojhif dib hibkpkibkit trdvka.

Hitrnbuothni ;



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L DOJSDOJHIF R@K _ DO\KB

SD\R H.qxp 44/3?/


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SD\R H.qxp 44/3?/


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Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka dib Ohvha

\kahfhnus Shafrhgdfk= Ldojpdojkrs

dt t`k Fdaahpnah Ldttakehkabs

Lrdb Vkst

R`hs o`dptkr didaysks t`k lurfknihif dothvhty ne Dustrdahdi

ldojpdojkrs tnurhif t`k Fdaahpnah ldttakehkabs ne t`k ehrst wnrab wdr hi

Rurjky ds di dvkiuk t`rnuf` w`ho` tn kxpanrk t`k onitkgpnrdry

hitkroniikothnis lktwkki hitkridthnida hibkpkibkit trdvka dib

idthnida hbkithty. V`hak dodbkgho ahtkrdturk ni fanlda tnurhsg `ds

oniokitrdtkb ni `kbnihstho kxpkrhkioks ne ouaturks dib padoks dahki tn

fuksts‘ idthnida h̀stnry dib hbkithty, tnurhsg odi dasn lk di dvkiuk

t`rnuf` w`ho` trdvkaakrs odi dookss shtks sdorkb tn t`khr nwi idthnida

`hstnry dib rkt h̀ij t`khr rkadthnis`hp wht` t`k Nt̀ kr. Hi t`hs ò dptkr

t`k dothvhty ne vhshthif suo` `daanwkb frnuib hs rkekrrkb tn ds

hitkridthnida ohvha rkahfhnus phafrhgdfk. V`hak hibkpkibkit trdvkaakrs drk

int usudaay dssnohdtkb wht` idthnida rhtudas, hi t`k odsk ne t`k Fdaahpnah

ldttakehkabs hi Rurjky, ldojpdojkrs ehrst stdrtkb vhshthif t`kg ki gdssk hi

t`k kdray 4883s dib onithiuk tn onisthtutk t`k vdst gdmnrhty ne vhshtnrs.

Brdwhif ni d vdrhkty ne bdtd, hioaubhif ehkab hitkrvhkws dib pdrthohpdit

nlskrvdthni, ht hs drfukb t`dt erng t`khr tnur ne t`k ldttakehkabs

Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs dttdhi d rkikwkb skisk ne idthnidahsg w`hak

shguatdiknusay dookpthif dib fdhihif kgpdt`y enr t`k Rurjhs`

pkrspkothvk ni t`k odgpdhfi. Okitrda tn t`hs onsgnpnahtdi idthnidahst

skithgkit hs t`k byidghos ne phafrhgdfk. Dbbhthnida onitrhluthif

edotnrs t`dt drk phvntda tn t`k ldojpdojhif dib hibkpkibkit tnurhst

Vkst.qxp 44/3?/


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dkst`ktho hioaubk t`k skdro` enr dut`kithohty hi enrkhfi ouaturk, akift̀ y

pkrhnbs ne thgk dlrndb, dvnhbdiok ne onivkithnida tnurhst bksthidthnis

dib vnauitdry dbnpthni ne d erufda ahekstyak.

Ni sdorkb frnuib

R`k Fdaahpnah odgpdhfi ne t`k ehrst wnrab wdr hi w`dt hs inw gnbkri

Rurjky kgkrfkb erng di dglhthnus Daahkb padi tn tdjk t`k Bdrbdikaaks,

t`k strdtkfho strhp ne wdtkr skpdrdthif Dshd erng Kurnpk, npkihif up d

vhtda suppay ahik tn kgldttakb \usshd dib lrkdjhif t`k stdakgdtk ni t`k

Vkstkri Ernit. Enaanwhif d edhakb Lrhths` idvda odgpdhfi, t`k bkohshni

wds gdbk tn prnokkb wht` di drgy-akb hivdshni ne t`k pkihisuad, wht`

t`k dhg ne shakiohif t`k Rurjhs` fuis dib daanwhif enr t`k sdek pdssdfk

ne t`k ldttaks`hps t`rnuf` t`k Idrrnws dib ni tn Onistdithinpak.

Detkr nees`nrk rkoniidhssdiok hi kdray Dprha, t`k hivdshni wnuab ehidaay

tdjk padok dt bdwi ni


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`nvkrkb nvkr hts euturk stdtus. Ds vktkrdis ne t`k ldttak lkongk ekwkr,gdiy prkbhotkb t`dt t`k trdbhthni wnuab kib wht` t`k bkdt` ne t`k adst

vktkrdi. @nwkvkr, edr erng bkoahihif hi prnghikiok, nvkr t`k adst tkiykdrs, dib inw wht` t`k bkdt` ne t`k ehida snabhkr w`n enuf`t dtFdaahpnah, ht `ds rksurfkb hi pnpuadrhty. Ni Dizdo Bdy t`k ornwbs ne pknpak dttkibhif t`k bdwi skrvhok dib vktkrdi gdro`ks `dvk lkkifrnwhif, dpprnxhgdtkay bnulahif hi t`k adst bkodbk. R`k bkdt` ne t`kehida vktkrdis `ds dasn spdwikb lnnjs, tkakvhshni skrhks dib pulahookrkgniy. _uo` hs t`k rkikwda ne hitkrkst t`dt snohda onggkitdtnrs,

pnahthohdis dib dodbkghos `dvk netki lkki aket wdithif hi dttrhluthif rkdsnis enr t`k o`difk, t`nuf` gnst, erng lnt` shbks ne t`k pnahthodaspkotrug, `dvk rkadtkb ht tn d rkturi tn oniskrvdthvk pdtrhntho vdauks.

Dt t`k onrk ne t`k bkldtk nvkr t`k rkikwkb rnak ne Dizdo hs t`kfrnwhif iuglkr ne ynuif Dustrdahdis vhshthif, ni t`khr nwi hihthdthvk,t`k Fdaahpnah ldttakehkabs hi Rurjky. Ni diy bdy ne t`k ykdr, t`k frkdtgdmnrhty ne tnurhsts ni t`k ldttakehkabs whaa lk ynuif Dustrdahdi dibIkw ]kdadib lubfkt trdvkaakrs dfkb 40‟?;, lkttkr jinwi hi Dustrdahdds ldojpdojkrs (skk Xnuif hi t`hs vnaugk). Doonrbhif tn d rkokitbnougkit prkpdrkb ly t`k Rurjhs` Fnvkrigkit, hi 488; 44,


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t`k oniskrvdthvk idturk ne t`k Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkr. Dt t`kOnisthtuthnida Onivkithni, _ght` gdbk d odsk enr rktdhihif t`k [ihni

Mdoj ni t`k Dustrdahdi eadf ly ohthif t`k edot t`dt gdiy ne ‐nur ynuif pknpak vhshthif Dustrdahdi wdr frdvks nvkrskds, hi skdro` ne Dustrdahd‘sstnry dib idthnida hbkithty hi kvkr-hiorkdshif iuglkrs, odrry t`k eadf ni

t`khr ldojpdojs‘.8 Ht hs, `nwkvkr, int niay t`k pnahthoda rhf`t t̀ dt `dsbkrhvkb suo` onioaushnis. R`k aket `dvk dasn tkibkb tn oniour wht`t`ksk nlskrvdthnis, dalkht erng d stdibpnhit ne orhthohsg. Enr kxdgpak,

burhif t`k khf`ty-ehet` diihvkrsdry ne t`k Fdaahpnah odgpdhfi, t`k snohda

onggkitdtnr Diik Onngls wrntk hi t̀ k _ybiky Gnrihif @krdab =

V`dt hs fnhif ni hi d onuitry w`ki t`nusdibs ne hts ynuif pknpak gdjkd phafrhgdfk tn d rkgntk enrkhfi s`nrk, d padok ne `ugdi saduf t̀kr …@uibrkbs ne t`nusdibs ne ynuif gki wkrk pkrsudbkb tn ehf t̀ enrLrhtdhi‘s Kgphrk … Inw d ikw fkikrdthni hs lkhif bkaubkb, kionurdfkbtn onggkgnrdtk t`nsk euthak bkdt`s histkdb ne kxdghihif w`dt oduskbt`kg. Kxprksshif dwk w`ki t`ky s`nuab lk kxprksshif nutrdfk.43

[shif hitkrvhkws wht` Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs ds t`k prhiohpda bdtd

snurok, t`hs o`dptkr whaa drfuk t`dt t`ksk odsuda nlskrvdthnis dlnut t`k

oniskrvdthvkikss ne Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs bkgnistrdtk di hi`krkitghsuibkrstdibhif ne t`khr gnthvdthni enr trdvkaahif tn Fdaahpnah dib

t`k gkdihifs t`ky bkrhvk erng t`khr tnur ne t`k ldttakehkabs. V`hakldojpdojhif dib nvkrskds phafrhgdfks ne idthnidahsg erkqukitay akdb

tn d rkikwkb dttdo`gkit tn t`k idthni, t`ky kqudaay o`daakifk dib datkrt`k syglnas dib gyt`s ni w`ho` t`dt dttdo`gkit ̀ ds trdbhthnidaay lkkildskb. R`k Fdaahpnah phafrhgdfk rksuats hi d pdtrhntho kxpkrhkiok enr

ldojpdojkrs ly t`k orkdthni ne d ikw ‐bhdanfho‘44 gyt`nanfy t`dthionrpnrdtks di dpprkohdthvk uibkrstdibhif ne t`k Rurjhs` pknpaks dib

t`khr rnak hi t`k wdr. Ht bnks int rkeakot, ds `ds lkki suffkstkb, d rkturitn t`k ‐sdekty‘ ne di hisuadr prk-guathouaturda Dustrdahd. R`rnuf` dikxdghidthni ne t`k keekot ne hitkridthnida ohvha rkahfhnus phafrhgdfk ni

idthnida onaakothvk gkgnry, ht wds enuib t`dt idthnidahsg dibonsgnpnahtdihsg onuab lk hivhfnrdtkb shguatdiknusay. Hi t`k odsk ne Fdaahpnah, t`hs wds gdbk pnsshlak t`rnuf` Dustrdahdi dib Rurjhs`

onaakothvk gkgnrhks onglhihif tn kstdlahs` d ikw gktdidrrdthvk.

Bnwi t`k \ndb 4


19/200

Shafrhgdfk dib hibkpkibkit trdvka

Enr Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs trdvkaahif t`rnuf` Rurjky, t`k hioahidthni

tn vhsht Fdaahpnah skkgs idturda, fhvki t`k akfkibs t`ky `kdrb dlnut t`k

shtk w`hak frnwhif up. @nwkvkr, hi trdvkaahif tn t h̀s padok sdorkb tn

t`khr idthni, t`ky drk pdrthohpdthif hi d rhtuda uihquk tn t`k snohda

onibhthnis ne t`k adtk twkithkt̀ okitury= w`dt H tkrg ‐hitkridthnida

ohvha rkahfhnus phafrhgdfk‘. R`dt hs, trdvka tn shtks t`dt drk sdorkb tn t`k

idthni lut w`ho` ahk nutshbk t`k snvkrkhfi tkrrhtnry ne t`dt idthni-stdtk.

Ki gdssk , t`hs fkikrdthni hs t`k ehrst tn skk t`k ldttakehkabs shiok t`k Dustrdahdis kvdoudtkb hi Invkglkr 484;. Ds suo`, wk `dvk d shtudthni

w`krk hibkpkibkit trdvka lkongks okitrda int niay tn prkbhothnis ne

`nw t`k rkgnvda ne p`yshoda hsnadthni whaa s`dpk t`k trdbhthnida

gkdihifs ne Fdaahpnah lut dasn tn `nw ds phafrhgs t`ksk hibkpkibkit

trdvkaakrs whaa deekot t`k bnghidit hitkrprktdthni ne `hstnry.

Shafrhgdfk, H drfuk, hs d jky dothvhty wht`hi hitkridthnida

hibkpkibkit trdvka dib di dvkiuk t`rnuf` w`ho` ht odi lk t`knrhskb.

@nwkvkr, ht hs hgpnrtdit tn nutahik w`dt hs gkdit ly phafrhgdfk, ds

t`krk drk vdrhnus gkdihifs dib usks ne t`hs tkrg. Enr tnurhsg so`nadrs,t`k trdbhthnida rkakvdiok ne t`hs dothvhty wds hts h̀stnrhoda pnshthni ds di

hgpnrtdit prk-gnbkri trdvka enrg hi t`k kvnauthni ne tnurhsg. Hi

rkokit ykdrs, t`nuf`, t`k bkehihthni, byidghos dib `hstnry ne

phafrhgdfk `dvk lkongk ne hitkrkst tn vdrhnus so`nadrs hi t`knrhshif

onitkgpnrdry trdvka, tnurhsg dib snohkty. Enr kxdgpak, wht`hi d lhidry

nppnshthni, ]yfguit Ldugdi skks phafrhgdfk ds lkhif hi bhrkot

onitrdst tn tnurhsg, t`k adttkr rkprkskithif bhspadokgkit dib

erdfgkitdthni hi pnstgnbkri snohkty. Doonrbhif tn Ldugdi, w`krk

t`k rkahfhnus phafrhg skdro`kb enr trdisokibkiok t`rnuf` t`k sdorhehok

ne lkhif nutshbk t̀ khr jinwi kivhrnigkit, t`k onitkgpnrdry tnurhst

ekkas hi kxhak w`ki int trdvkaahif. R`ky drk ahjk t`k vdfdlnib w`n

wdibkrs wht` ahttak purpnsk nr gnthvdthni nt`kr t`di tn dttdhi erkkbng

dib dvnhb ongghtgkit.4< Hi t`hs sokidrhn, `ngk lkongks d ‐ghx ne

s`katkr dib prhsni‘, d trdishtnry padok hi w`ho` tn rko`drfk ldttkrhks

lkenrk t`k ikxt mnuriky.4?

Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka dib Ohvha \kahfhnus Shafrhgdfk 4?

Vkst.qxp 44/3?/


20/200

V`krk Ldugdi dib nt`kr t`knrhsts skk t`k phafrhg dib tnurhst ds

rkprkskithif twn kibs ne d sdorkb‟skouadr onithiuug, t`k gdmnrhty ne

rkokit ahtkrdturk ni t`hs tnpho `ds drfukb t`dt t`krk hs akss bheekrkiok

t`di wk t`hij.42 R`hs wnrj `ds kgp`dshskb t`k onithiuhif rkakvdiok ne

phafrhgdfk‘s `hstnrhoda rnak dib euiothni ds d rkahfhnus mnuriky. Enr

kxdgpak, Mubht` Dbakr hi `kr drthoak ‐Rrdvka ds Skrenrgkb Drt‘ drfuks=

Gdss tnurhsg bheekrs erng gkbhkvda phafrhgdfk nr t`k 46t`-okitury vnydfk b‘Htdahk in gnrk t`di d @naaywnnb gnvhk bheekrs erng di honi nr dpdhithif ly AkLrui dib, ahjk t`k gnvhk, gdy prnehtdlay lk dpprndo`kb dsd bhsorktk, hibustrhdahskb gdihekstdthni ne di drt wht` di kiburhif ̀ hstnry.4;

Brdwhif ni `hstnrhoda dib dit`rnpnanfhoda doonuits, t`ksk tnurhsg

so`nadrs `dvk drfukb t`dt rkahfhnus phafrhgdfk hs shghadr tn

onitkgpnrdry tnurhsg, ds ht hs erkqukitay padyeua, onggkrohda dib kvki

frntksquk.45 Tunthif t`k dit`rnpnanfhsts Uhotnr dib Kbht` Rurikr,

Gho`dka _o`ubsni hi di hieaukithda rkvhkw kssdy stdtks=

t`k skrhnus gkdihif ne d phafrhgdfk wds netki onvkrkb nvkr ly t`kldridoaks ne d tnurhst trdbk. Shafrhg wdys hi t k̀ Ghbbak Dfks wkrk ahikb

wht` wdy stdthnis t`dt bhspadykb skisdthnida rkahos, gdiy ne w`ho`, ahjk t`ktrhijkts ne tnurhsg hi d adtkr dfk, dssugkb t`k vdauks nrhfhidaay dttdo`kb tnt`k padok tn w`ho` t`k phafrhgdfk wds gdbk … Dbuatkry wds rugnrkb tnlk onggni dt phafrhg s`rhiks. Shafrhgdfk tkibkb tn ansk hts pkihtkithdaqudahty dib tn lkongk ‐wnrabay dib eds`hnidlak‘.46

Erng t h̀s pkrspkothvk, nrfdihskb tnurhst dothvhthks ds bhvkrsk dib

skkghifay ordss ds `nikygnnihif dt Ihdfdrd Edaas, vhshthif Vdat Bhsiky

Vnrab dib o`drtkrhif ydo`ts `dvk lkki onishbkrkb wht`hi t`k fkirk ne

sdorkb mnurikys.40

D okitrda prnlakg wht` t`hs pkrspkothvk hs t`dt hi dsshghadthif tnurhsg wht` phafrhgdfk, twn bhsthiot snohda p`kingkid drk lkhif

rkbuokb hitn nik. R`k twn s`drk vdrhnus o`drdotkrhsthos dib okrtdhiay

onkxhst, inw ds wkaa ds hi t`k pdst. @nwkvkr, phafrhgdfk hs bheekrkithdtkb

erng tnurhsg ly t`k wdy hi w`ho` hts bksthidthni prnbuoks ekkahifs ne

dwk dib rkvkrkiok.48 Rnurhsg dib trdvka drk gnrk ldida dothvhthks. R`hs

hs int tn bkiy tnurhsg‘s nwi sdorkbikss nr tn suppnrt t`nsk w`n vhkw

Bnwi t`k \ndb 42

Vkst.qxp 44/3?/


21/200

ht ds oniehrghif t`k ‐bhskio`ditgkit ne t`k wnrab‘ t`kshs.


22/200

Fdaahpnah odsk stuby, sngk ne hts bkehihif ò drdotkrhsthos drk t`nskhi`krkit wht`hi t`k rhtuda ne phafrhgdfk. Doonrbhif tn Rurikr,

phafrhgdfk hs ksskithdaay d ahghinhb p`kingkini,


23/200

oanskr dib gnrk pkrsnida onitdot wht` t`k sdorkb. R`hs bheekrs erngnrt`nbnx rhtudas w`krk t`k sdorkb hs niay kxpkrhkiokb kht`kr t`rnuf`,nr uibkr t`k fuhbdiok ne, t`k histhtuthnida nr rkahfhnus `hkrdro ỳ. Hit`ksk odsks, t`k kahtk int niay rkfuadtk dookss tn t`k sdorkb lut dasnrkhienrok dut̀ nrhty ly t`khr prnxhghty tn ht. Hi onitrdst, t`k phafrhg‘sfnda gdy kxtkib lkynib lkhif hi t`k prkskiok ne t`k `nay nlmkot: hterkqukitay hioaubks t`k bkshrk tn tnuo` t`k nlmkot, wdaj drnuib ht dibpkr`dps tdjk d rkaho `ngk. Vht`nut histhtuthnida onitrnas, t`k phafrhgsehib t`kgskavks dlak tn fn ‐ldojstdfk‘


24/200

kxpkotdthnis drk lrnuf`t hitn muxtdpnshthni. Enr kxdgpak, Gdaonag P‘spdrthohpdthni ni t`k @dmm lrnuf`t dlnut d ouaturda onaahshni t`dtrksuatkb hi d rdbhoda rkoniokptudahsdthni ne `hs ghahtdit ahlkrdthnihbknanfhks. Onishbkr `hs ikwenuib onsgnpnahtdi p`hansnp`hks dsnutahikb hi d akttkr wrhttki erng _dubh Drdlhd enaanwhif `hspdrthohpdthni hi t`k @dmm ni


25/200

Frnuibhif Fdaahpnah

Ds ldojpdojhif `ds d pkrokhvkb rnak ds d jhib ne ehihs`hif so`nna, intniay wht` ldojpdojkrs lut dasn hiorkdshifay wht` t`khr pdrkits dibkgpanykrs, t`k bkshrk tn akdvk t`khr onuitry enr kxtkibkb pkrhnbs hs intdssnohdtkb wht` lkhif uipdtrhntho. R`hs pnshthvk pkrokpthni hs okrtdhiay ki`diokb ly rkpnrts ne hiorkdshif iuglkrs ne ldojpdojkrs vhshthif

Dustrdahd‘s sdorkb shtks dlrndb, dat`nuf` t`k bkohshni tn gdjk suo` d‐phafrhgdfk‘ hs akss phnus t̀ di wk ghf`t t`hij. Hi t`k odsk ne ldojpdojkrs w`n vhsht Fdaahpnah nutshbk ne Dizdo Bdy, t`k rhtuda wk whaaoniokitrdtk ni hi t`hs o`dptkr dib t`k kxpkrhkiok t`dt doonuits enr t`kgdmnrhty ne vhshtnrs, ht hs gnrk ahjkay t`dt t`ky drk vhshthif ds pdrt ne dadrfkr hthikrdry, nr niay bkohbkb tn vhsht Fdaahpnah (dib hi sngk odsksniay rkdahskb t`dt Fdaahpnah hs anodtkb hi Rurjky) niok t`ky wkrk hi t`konuitry nr detkr t`ky stdrtkb tn padi t`khr trhp. Hgpnrtditay, t`k gdmnrhty ne t`nsk w`n bkahlkrdtkay padiikb d vhsht tn Fdaahpnah ds pdrt ne t`khr‐frdib tnur‘ bhb sn enaanwhif t`k dbvhok ne, dib ni t`k ldshs ne wnrb-ne-gnut` rkonggkibdthnis erng, t`khr erhkibs dib ekaanw Dustrdahditrdvkaakrs=

Xkd`, kvkrynik sdys, ‐n`, ynu‘vk fnt tn fn tn Fdaahpnah‘. Fdaahpnah, ht hs d lhf phafrhgdfk rkdaay, hsi‘t ht. Xkd`, dib ynu‘rk hi t`k onuitry sn ynu ghf`t ds

wkaa pnp up dib `dvk d annj.(Difhk, dfk


26/200

_uo` gnthvdthnis enr trdvka tn Fdaahpnah, t`nuf ,̀ bn int prkvkit t`k

tnur ne t`k ldttakehkabs rksuathif hi d shfihehoditay ki`diokb oniikothni

wht` t`k Fdaahpnah akfkib dib, ds d rksuat, d rkikwkb skisk ne lkhif

Dustrdahdi. V`krk Fdaahpnah gdy `dvk enrgkb d ghinr pdrt ne d adrfkr

trdvka hthikrdry, enaanwhif t`k tnur ht netki tdjks ni gdmnr sulmkothvk

prnpnrthnis=

H dagnst ekat adst ihf`t t`dt he H `db niay ongk tn Rurjky enr t`dt nikrkdsni, nr he H `db niay ongk tn t h̀s shbk ne Kurnpk enr t`dt nik rkdsni,ht wnuab `dvk lkki wnrt` ht. Ht‘s t`dt spkohda.(Ahzzy, dfk ?;, rkokpthnihst)

[iahjk t`k idthnida rhtudas t`dt so`nadrs drk gnrk edghahdr wht`

didayshif, t`k pnwkr ne t`k Fdaahpnah phafrhgdfk hi gnst pdrt hs int d

rksuat ne snohda fdt`krhif dib onggni dothni: histkdb, ht bkrhvks erng

hts pdrthohpdits lkhif dlak tn anodtk t`k Dizdo akfkib hi fknfrdp`ho

padok. Hi d ahtkrda ds wkaa ds gktdp`nrhoda skisk, t`k Fdaahpnah gyt`nanfy

hs frnuibkb enr Dustrdahdi phafrhgs. R`hs hs kvhbkiokb ly trdvkaakrs‘

erkqukit rkpnrts ne t`k gnst kgnthnida padoks lkhif t`nsk drkds ne t`k

ldttakehkab gnst wkaa jinwi hi Dustrdahdi onaakothvk gkgnry= DizdoOnvk, t`k Ikj, Anik Shik dib t`k Dizdo trkio`ks. Onishbkr t`k

quntdthni lkanw ds di haaustrdthni ne t`k uihqukikss ne t`hs idthnida

onggkgnrdthvk enrg=

H gust dbght wdajhif nvkr t`dt, Dah tnab us t̀ k frdsskb drkd t`krk ne t`kIkj, hi ernit ne t`k trkio`ks wds w`krk t`ky ekaa dib wk wkrk nvkr nikshbk dib `k sdhb t`k frdss hs w`krk t`ky ekaa dib w`ki H wdajkb pdst t`kfrdss, t`k `dhrs ni t`k ldoj ne gy ikoj stnnb up. Ht wds rkdaay, prnldlay t`k gnst kgnthnida pdrt ne t`k bdy enr gk wds t`dt dib lkhif hi t`nsktrkio`ks w`krk t`ky mugpkb nut.

(Lkrihk, dfk ?4, kakotrhohdi)

Ht hs int niay t`k idturda surrnuibs t`dt orkdtk d `hf` akvka ne

kgnthni dt t`ksk shtks. R`k okgktkrhks gdrjhif rkinwikb Dustrdahdi

ldttaks dasn prngntk `khf`tkikb stdtks. @krk t`k ldojpdojkrs ekka t`ky

drk rkokhvhif d prhvhakfkb gkgnrhda vhkwhif ne t`k Fdaahpnah akfkib,

sngkt̀ hif t`dt wds bkihkb tn t`k gdmnrhty ne frhkvhif rkadthvks dt t`k

Bnwi t`k \ndb


27/200

kib ne t`k ehrst wnrab wdr, dib hs sthaa niay skki ly d sgdaa pkrokitdfkne t`khr kabkrs. [iahjk t̀ k Dizdo gkgnrhdas hi Dustrdahd, w`ho` `db tnskrvk ds sulsthtutks enr hibhvhbuda snabhkrs‘ frdvks,?< nr t`k dglhfuhty ne t`k uijinwi Dustrdahdi snabhkr gkgnrhda,?? t`k rnws ne kifrdvkb`kdbstniks ki`diok t`k pnrtrdyda ne t`k snabhkrs ds hibhvhbudas. R`kiugkrnus `kdbstniks dib t`khr bhvkrshty ne idgks, dfks dib gkssdfkserng rkadthvks gdjks t`kg akss rkgnvkb ehfurks enr t`k ldojpdojkrs. Hionitrdst tn t`k Fdaahpnah vktkrdis w`n niok enrgkb d okitrda pdrt ne

Dizdo Bdy onggkgnrdthnis, t`k bkdb dt Fdaahpnah drk ernzki hi thgk.

R`krk drk kinuf` bktdhas `krk tn frkdtay ki`diok t`k kgpdt`y ekat ly t`k vhshtnr, wht` ldojpdojkrs brdwhif shghadrhthks lktwkki t`ko`drdotkrhsthos ne t`k snabhkrs dib t`khr nwi ahvks. R`hs hs pdrthouadray t`k odsk wht` t`k frdvks ne ynuif snabhkrs=

H ekat kgnthnida dt Anik Shik lkodusk wk wkrk rkdbhif t`k gkgnrhdapadquks, t`hifs ahjk t`dt. Lkodusk t`ky drk rkdaay pkrsnida gkssdfks. R`kskdrki‘t must snabhkrs, t`ky wkrk lrnt`krs ne, ynu jinw, lrnt`krs dib shstkrs,dib t`ky `db snis, dib H t h̀ij t`dt gdjks ynu fn= N`, t`ksk drk rkdapknpak, t`ky drk int must iuglkrs.(Difhk, dfk


28/200

dut`nrhtdrhdihsg.?; R`hs gnrk dingdanus gyt`nanfy okrtdhiay onitrhlutks tn kstdlahs`hif d skisk ne rksnidiok enr hibkpkibkittrdvkaakrs, datkridthvk hitkrprktdthnis ne Fdaahpnah, dib d ldshs enrhionrpnrdthif t`k Rurjhs` pkrspkothvk hitn Dustrdahd‘s onaakothvkgkgnry.?5

R`k anodthif ne t`k Fdaahpnah akfkib hi padok prnvhbks Dustrdahdiphafrhgs wht` frkdtkr dpprkohdthni ne hts stdtus. R`k ldojpdojkrslkahkvk t`ky `dvk skki Fdaahpnah hi hts purk stdtk, ‐t`rnuf` uibdrjkikbfadss‘.?6 R`k kglnbhkb kxpkrhkiok dib bhrkot onitdot wht` t`k sdorkb

`ds lrnuf`t d ‐rkdahty‘ tn Fdaahpnah t`dt wds dlskit erng pdrthohpdthni hiadrfkr, bhstdit, gnrk ‐hgdfhidry‘ Dizdo rhtudas=?0

Ht‘s gdbk ht, ht‘s gdbk ht gnrk rkda. Ht‘s inw ahjk d padok, dib t`krk drkpknpak dib, ynu jinw, edghahks t`dt wkrk deekotkb dib t`hifs ahjk t`dt. Ht‘sint must d okrkgniy diygnrk dib d bdy hi Dprha snrt ne t`hif.(Mdojy, dfk


29/200

vhshthif ht `ds o`difkb t`k wdy H t`hij dlnut Dizdo Bdy dib t`k Dizdosphrht. Hi d skisk H t`hij ht `ds dotudaay o`difkb gy ahek hi d okrtdhi snrt ne

wdy. Int t`dt H `dvk `db d gdmnr rkvkadthni nr diyt`hif, lut must skkhif htdib uibkrstdibhif ht must dbbs sngkt`hif tn, H fukss, ynur o`drdotkr dibtn t`k wdy ynu hbkithey wht` Dustrdahd dib hts `hstnry … H enuib gyskae rkgkglkrhif ht gnrk netki. Ds t`k ikws odgk up w`ki t`k adst bhffkrbhkb H onuab skk gyskae rkodaahif ldoj, ldshodaay kvkry thgk ynu `kdrrkekrkiok tn Dizdo nr Fdaahpnah ynu t`hij ldoj tn t`k thgk ynu bhb t`k tnurdib vhshtkb. Ht‘s sngkt`hif t`dt must bnksi‘t ongk dlnut ni Dizdo Bdy, htmust `dppkis guo` gnrk erkqukitay inw.

(Gdrj, dfk


30/200

kxdghik t`khr idthnida gyt`nanfy dt d thgk w`ki, ds tnurhsts, t`ky drk

‐tryhif‘ tn dpprkohdtk t`k ouaturk ne t`khr enrgkr enk. Hi t`k Fdaahpnah

phafrhgdfk, t`hs prnokss hs ki`diokb ly t`k trdvkaakr‘s skae-hbkithehodthni

ds d ‐ldojpdojkr‘, int d ‐tnurhst‘. Okitrda tn t̀ hs hs t`k rnak ne t`k

Rurjhs` tnur fuhbk w`n, hi dbbhthni tn tkaahif t`k Dizdo akfkib, whaa

prnpdfdtk `hs nwi idthni‘s pkrspkothvk ni Fdaahpnah. Onishbkr t`k

rkprkskitdthvk quntdthni lkanw, w`krk t`k ldojpdojkr `ds shfihehoditay

gnvkb dwdy erng hitkrprkthif t`k Rurjs wht`hi di kikgy stkrkntypk=

H gkdi, lkenrk t`dt H‘b prnldlay must onishbkrkb t`dt t`ky wkrk t`k kikgy dt t`k thgk dib wk wkrk `krk tn ehf`t dib t`dt‘s daa t`krk wds tn ht. Lut …

t`k edot t`dt t`ky wkrk must bkekibhif, ldshodaay wk wkrk tnab t`dt t`ky wkrk

phojkb erng edrgs hi t`k anoda drkds dib t`dt t`ky wkrk bkekibhif t`khr

edghahks ZehrstW dib onuitry skonib. Xkd ,̀ H gkdi, H bkehihtkay lkdr in

gdahok ds edr ds t`k Rurjs fn.

(_ontt, dfk


31/200

V`hak t`k Fdaahpnah phafrhgdfk prngntks d gnrk kgpdt`kthoonistruothni ne t`k Rurjhs` pknpaks, ht s`nuab lk intkb t`dt ht dasnkstdlahs`ks t`kg ds t`k enrgkr kikgy. R`hs hs d rksuat ne t`k Rurjhs`pknpaks lkhif gdrfhidahskb wht`hi Dustrdahd‘s onaakothvk gkgnry ne t`kodgpdhfi. Enr t`k gdmnrhty ne ldojpdojkrs, t`ki, t`k ò daakifk hs intsn guo` tn ongk tn tkrgs wht` d lrkdjbnwi ne ehrgay `kab Rurjhs`stkrkntypks lut tn rkdahsk dib try tn eht t`k Rurjs‘ nwi gyt`nanfy dlnutFdaahpnah wht h̀i t`k syglnaho lnuibdrhks ne t`k Dizdo akfkib.

Enr Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs, `kdrhif t`k Rurjhs` pkrspkothvk ni

Fdaahpnah hs di ksskithda kakgkit ne t`k dut`kithohty ne t`khr phafrhgdfk. Must ds stdibhif ni t`k sdorkb frnuib skkgkb tn lk t`k ghsshif phkokne t`k puzzak hi uibkrstdibhif Fdaahpnah, sn tnn ehibhif nut dlnut t̀ k

Rurjhs` shbk fhvks Dustrdahdi trdvkaakrs d frkdtkr skisk ne hivnavkgkit wht` t`k odgpdhfi. Hi gdiy wdys, t`k anoda Rurjhs` tnur fuhbk rkpadokst`k Dustrdahdi Fdaahpnah vktkrdi hi kidlahif t`k trdvkaakr tn fdhi di‐dut`kitho‘ hishbkr‘s uibkrstdibhif ne t`k odgpdhfi. Ds d rksuat, enr t`kehrst thgk, gdiy Dustrdahdis drk onishbkrhif Fdaahpnah int prhiohpdaay erng t`k Daahkb shbk ne t`k ernit ahik. R`ky ekka rkahkvkb tn lkhitkrprkthif Fdaahpnah ‐bhdanfhodaay‘ hi rkadthni tn t`khr enks. \keakxhvkay,t`ky ehib ht rkgdrjdlak t`dt t`ky `db int prkvhnusay onishbkrkb t`k

Rurjs tn lk di ksskithda pdrt ne t`k Dizdo akfkib=

H t`hij twn t`hifs ZwkrkW pkr`dps lkst suggkb up ly t`k fuhbk, `k lkhif Rurjhs`. H dg vkry hgprksskb ly t`k wdrgt` ne t`k Rurjhs` pknpaktnwdrbs Dustrdahdis dib t`k gutuda rkspkot, dib H t̀ hij t`dt `hsprkskitdthni ne t`k tnur rkdaay lrnuf t̀ nut tn us t`k edot t`dt t`krk hs twnshbks tn t`hs rdt`kr t`di nik. Dib t`dt wds must d `ufk kyk-npkikr enr gk,ht rkdaay hgprnvkb gy jinwakbfk sn guo`.(Mkee, dfk ??, ehidiok neehokr)

Idrrdthvk o`daakifks dib daahdioks

V`hak t`k quntdthni dlnvk tdajs ne kxohtkgkit dt skkhif kvhbkiok ne t`k Dizdo akfkib dib `kdrhif t`k Rurjhs` pkrspkothvk, H bn int whs` tnhgpay t̀ dt t`ky kxhst wht`nut tkishni nr, dt thgks, onitrdbhothni. Enrkxdgpak, gdiy ldojpdojkrs drk surprhskb ly t`k idthnida bkdt` tnaas.

Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka dib Ohvha \kahfhnus Shafrhgdfk


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V`hak t`k rkpnrthif ne Dustrdahd‘s bkdt` tnaa dt Fdaahpnah `ds netki lkkionitrdstkb wht` t`dt ne nt`kr Dustrdahdi ldttaks, ht `ds hierkqukitay lkki ongpdrkb wht` t`dt ne nt`kr idthnis w`n enuf t̀ dt Fdaahpnah.

Dustrdahdis `dvk nvkrw`kaghifay enouskb t`khr dttkithni ni t`k ehf`tst`ky pdrthohpdtkb hi drnuib t`k Dizdo Onvk drkd dib `dvk `db ahghtkb

hitkrkst hi nt`kr ldttaks t`dt noourrkb hi nt̀ kr pdrts ne t`k pkihisuad.Burhif t`k Fdaahpnah tnur, w`ho` erkqukitay `ds d sgdaa iuglkr ne tnurhsts erng onuitrhks nt`kr t`di Dustrdahd dib Ikw ]kdadib, t`kfuhbk oakdray stdtks idthnida bkdt` tnaas enr daa t`k idthnis hivnavkb hi

t`k tntda odgpdhfi. Enr kxdgpak, onishbkr d quntdthni erng t`k tnurspkko` ne t`k fuhbk ‐RM‘=

Dlnut neehohdaay 05,333 Rurjs bhkb, uineehohdaay


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stdtks t`dt t`k Dizdos adibkb hi d sdek pdrt ne t`k lkdo` w`krk t`krk

wkrk ekw Rurjhs` snabhkrs. Ht hs pkr`dps buk tn t`k bkluijhif pntkithda

ne t`hs onggkit t`dt ht skkgs int tn `dvk rkfhstkrkb wht` t`k

hitkrvhkwkb ldojpdojkrs erng `hs tnur. V`dt hs pkrokhvkb oakdray drk

t`k `krnho stnrhks ne Dtdturj dib anoda Rurjhs` snabhkrs w`n wkrk

ehf`thif tn prntkot t`khr `ngks, edrgs dib edghahks. Hi suooksseuaay

rkpkaahif t`k Lrhths` Idvy dib t`ki t`k dbvdiok ne t`k Daahkb enroks dt

Fdaahpnah, t`k fuhbk pnrtrdys t`k Rurjhs` snabhkrs ds sdvhnurs ne

Hstdilua‘s trkdsurks, gdiy ne w`ho` t`k ldojpdojkrs `db dbghrkb niay

bdys kdrahkr. Ni `kdrhif t`hs hitkrprktdthni, gdiy Dustrdahdildojpdojkrs rkdahsk enr t`k ehrst thgk t`dt Dustrdahdis wkrk t`k hivdbkrs

dt Fdaahpnah=

Xkd`, H t`hij t`dt‘s t`k lhf t`hif, ht lrhifs `ngk t`dt t`ky wkrk bkekibhif t`khr gnt`kradib, snrt ne t`hif. V`ki ynu drk hi Dustrdahd dib ynu `kdrdlnut ht dt Dizdo Bdy, ht‘s ‐Dustrdahd tnnj ni Rurjky dib Fkrgdiy dtFdaahpnah‘, lut ht bnksi‘t rkdaay shij hi t`dt t`ky wkrk bkekibhif erng dihivdshni, lut inw ynu odi skk ht ehrst `dib dib ynu jinw t`ky fdt`krkb dsgdiy anodas ds t`ky onuab dib enuf`t vkry `drb dib bhkb tn prntkot t`khr

edghahks dib t`khr `ngkadib.(Gdrj, dfk R`k onaakothvk gkgnry ne hibustrhdahskb idthnis hs

int d ehxkb kithty lut o`difks hi rkadthni tn hitkrida dib kxtkrida

Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka dib Ohvha \kahfhnus Shafrhgdfk


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prkssurks. He Fdaahpnah hs fnhif tn rkgdhi sdorkb, t`k Rurjhs`pkrspkothvk whaa `dvk tn lk hioaubkb hi sngk sulstdithda wdy. Ahijs whaa

ikkb tn lk gdbk lktwkki t`k pdst dib t`k prkskit sn t`dt Fdaahpnah odi

onithiuk tn pady d rnak hi t`k gyt` ne nrhfhi enr Dustrdahdis. R`hs trdisenrgdthni hs, hi edot, w`dt noours wht` t`k Fdaahpnah

phafrhgdfk. Ikht`kr t`k Dustrdahdi nr Rurjhs` hitkrprktdthni hsdldibnikb: rdt`kr, t`ky onglhik tn enrg nik ouaturda pdttkri. Enr

kvhbkiok ne t`hs, onishbkr t`k htdahohskb quntdthnis lkanw, w`krk t`k Rurjhs` dib Dizdo hitkrprktdthnis ne Fdaahpnah drk t`nuf`t ne ds

`hf`ay shghadr ly ldojpdojkrs=

H `dvk t`k upgnst rkspkot enr t`kg. Xnu prktty guò ekka t`k sdgk wdy dlnut t`kg ds ynu bn t`k Dustrdahdis . Xnu ekka snrrnw enr t`kg dib t`k ahvkst`dt t`ky anst, must ds guo` ds ynu bn t`k Dustrdahdis . R`k upgnst rkspkotenr t`kg, t`ky wkrk ehf`thif enr t`khr adib.(Fknee, dfk


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lhffkr photurk. _hghadrhthks ikkb tn lk brdwi lktwkki t`k Dustrdahdi

hivnavkgkit hi t`k odgpdhfi dib t`dt ne Rurjky. Ni t`k suredok, t`ksk

drk bheehouat tn oniokhvk. Dustrdahd wds di Difan-onanihda idthni, pdrt

ne di hivdshni enrok, dib t̀ k Rurjs wkrk bkekibhif t`khr `ngkadib

dib `krhtdfk. Ongpdthlak idrrdthvks hi t`k pnahthos ne gkgnry,

`nwkvkr, w`ho` `dvk lkki bkvkanpkb dib sprkdb t`rnuf` t`k Fdaahpnah

phafrhgdfk, `dvk gkdit t`dt lnt` Rurjky‘s dib Dustrdahd‘s

uibkrstdibhif ne t`k odgpdhfi `ds lkki bkvkanpkb wht`hi di dith-

dut`nrhtdrhdi fkirk. Enr kxdgpak, nik ne t`k gnst kgnthnida shtks enr

Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs hs d Rurjhs` gniugkit tn t`k Daahks, uivkhakbhi 480; (d padquk tn t`k gkgnry ne Dtdturj wds uivkhakb hi Odilkrrd

ni t`k sdgk bdtk) wht` Dtdturj‘s trdisadtkb spkko` tn Daahkb phafrhgs hi

48?2. Ht rkdbs=

R`nsk `krnks t`dt s`kb t`khr lannb dib anst t`khr ahvks … ynu drk inw ayhif hi t`k snha ne d erhkibay onuitry. R`krkenrk rkst hi pkdok. R`krk hs inbheekrkiok lktwkki t`k Mn`iihks dib t`k Gk`gkts tn us w`krk t`ky ahkshbk ly shbk `krk hi t h̀s onuitry ne nurs … Xnu, t`k gnt`krs, w`n skitt`khr snis erng edr dwdy onuitrhks, whpk dwdy ynur tkdrs: ynur snis drk

inw ayhif hi nur lnsng dib drk hi pkdok. Detkr `dvhif anst t`khr ahvks nit`hs adib t`ky `dvk lkongk nur snis ds wkaa.23

Ds hs kvhbkit hi Dtdturj‘s gkgnrhdahskb gkssdfk, Rurjky, ahjk

Dustrdahd, `ds int bkgnihskb t`khr enks dt Fdaahpnah ds pdrt ne t`khr

onggkgnrdthni. Ds d onitkgpnrdry haaustrdthni ne t`hs, onishbkr t`k

gkssdfk t`k Rurjhs` prhgk ghihstkr skit tn Dustrdahd enr hts okitkiihda

ne Ekbkrdthni hi


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uibkrstdibhif ne Dustrdahd‘s hivnavkgkit hi t̀ k hivdshni ne t`khr

onuitry kgkrfks erng di dpprkohdthni t`dt lnt` Rurjky dib Dustrdahd

drk rkahdit ni up`nabhif d okrtdhi dith-dut`nrhtdrhdi `hstnry ne

Fdaahpnah, w`krk vhotnry hs rksoukb erng bkekdt. Enr Dustrdahd, t`hs hs

bkekdt dt Fdaahpnah dib t`k ikkb tn kgp`dshsk t`khr ongpktkiok. Enr

Rurjky, ht hs bkekdt hi t`k wdr dib t`k ikkb tn gdhitdhi t`k orkbhlhahty

ne t`khr hibkpkibkiok erng Fkrgdiy. Hi t`k Fdaahpnah odsk, t`hs wds

do`hkvkb ly t`k tnur fuhbks oniokitrdthif ni dib bkvkanphif sngk

rkpnrtkb dib bnougkitkb ongpdsshnidtk dib erhkibay dots hi t`k adttkrpdrt ne t`k odgpdhfi. Hi pdrthouadr, stnrhks ne t`k kxo`difk ne fhets

suooksseuaay wnrjkb tn kvhbkiok t`k kgnthnida rkadthnis`hp lktwkki

t`k Dizdo dib Rurjhs` snabhkrs=2<

H t`hij t`k t`hif H enuib gnst dgdzhif, w`ho` H bhbi‘t rkdahsk lkenrk, wds

t`k hiorkbhlak fnnb ekkahif lktwkki t`k Rurjs dib t`k Dizdos. Rn odrryhif

t`k Lrhths` snabhkr nr t`k Dizdo, w`dtkvkr, H must t`nuf`t t`dt wds

p`kingkida. H onuabi‘t lkahkvk t`dt t`krk wdsi‘t ‒ t`krk wdsi‘t t`dt

`dtrkb lktwkki t`kg. Lkodusk H must dssugkb hi wdr t`dt ynu jhaa kdo`nt`kr, ynu ̀ dtk t`k kikgy‘s futs, ynu jinw, dib t`dt ynu jinw H t`hij wds

t`k gnst dgdzhif t`hif dlnut onghif ̀ krk dib o`kojhif ht daa nut hs daa t`k

gkgnrhdas tn kdo` nt`kr dib bkbhodthnis tn kdo` nt`kr, dib H t`nuf`t, t`dt

must ongpaktkay eannrkb gk, H onuabi‘t lkahkvk ht. Lkodusk H wds int dwdrk

ne t`dt lkenrk H odgk.

(_`krkk, dfk


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Onioaushni

Onitrdry tn pnpuadr pkrokpthnis, t`k hibkpkibkit trdvka rhtk ne Dustrdahdi ldojpdojkrs tnurhif t`k Fdaahpnah ldttakehkabs haaustrdtks dbyidgho dib hioaushvk onggkgnrdthni ne idthnida wdr gyt`nanfy.Edr erng ht syglnahshif d rkturi tn prk-guathouaturda idthnidahsg, t`kfrnwt` hi t`k Fdaahpnah phafrhgdfk rkprkskits t`k kxpdishni ne hitkridthnida hibkpkibkit trdvka w`krk frnwhif iuglkrs ne ynuif

Dustrdahdis drk lkhif kxpnskb tn enrkhfi ouaturks dib padoks. _uo`trdvka hs okitrda tn t`k bkvkanpgkit ne d ikw bhdanfho hitkrprktdthni ne Fdaahpnah t`dt prnvhbks kgpdt`y enr t`k Rurjhs` pkrspkothvk dib t`khrrnak hi t`k wdr. R`hs tnurhif ne d shtk t`dt hs sdorkb tn t`k idthni, lut

w`ho` ahks nutshbk ne t`k snvkrkhfi tkrrhtnry ne t`k trdvkaakr‘s idthni-stdtk, hs rkekrrkb tn ds hitkridthnida ohvha rkahfhnus phafrhgdfk. [iahjkidthnida rhtudas suo` ds gdro`ks ni gkgnrhda bdys, w`ho` `dvk up tninw lkki t`k onrk ne snohda rkskdro` ni onggkgnrdthnis ne idthnidahsg, t`k gnrda bkishty ne phafrhgdfk hs prhiohpdaay lrnuf`tdlnut ly spdthda kxpkrhkiok, rdt`kr t`di ly gdss dib shguatdiknuspdrthohpdthni hi rhtuda. Ht noours nutshbk ne t`k onaakothvk oanoj, wht` hts

pnwkr enr pdrthohpdits lkhif t`dt t`ky drk skakot dib enrtuidtkrkprkskitdthvks ne t`khr ongguihthks. Hibkpkibkit trdvkaakrs pady dokitrda rnak hi t`k bkvkanpgkit ne suo` rhtks, ds t`khr skdro` enrdut`kithohty ni t`k pkrhp`kry dib gnbk ne tnurhsg daanws t`kg tnkionuitkr t`k Nt`kr ouaturdaay ds wkaa ds spdthdaay.

Hibkpkibkit Rrdvka dib Ohvha \kahfhnus Shafrhgdfk ?4

Vkst.qxp 44/3?/


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Vkst.qxp 44/3?/


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Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok=

Ldojpdojkrs dt [auru

Rdgdrd Xnuif

Enr ykdrs oahglhif t`k rnoj wds onishbkrkb d `hf`ahf`t ne d trhp tn t`k

Okitrk. Ht‘s hgpnrtdit tn intk, `nwkvkr, t`dt oahglhif [auru fnks dfdhist

Dlnrhfhida sphrhtuda lkahkes, dib t`k Didifu wnuab prkekr he ynu bhbi‘t …

Dat`nuf` t`k iuglkr ne vhshtnrs tn [auru `ds rhski stkdbhay nvkr t`k ykdrs,

t`k iuglkr dotudaay oahglhif t`k rnoj hs bkoahihif, w`hak sdaks ne t`k

hbknanfhodaay snuib ‐H bhbi‘t Oahgl Dykrs \noj‘ R-s`hrts drk ni t`k rhsk.

( Anikay Sadikt= [p Ernit, Nutldoj, Bnwi [ibkr )4

[auru (enrgkray Dykrs \noj)< hi Okitrda Dustrdahd hs nik ne Dustrdahd‘s

lkst-jinwi honis dib hitkridthnidaay rkinwikb tnurhst dttrdothnis._htudtkb wht h̀i t`k [auru ‟ Jdtd Rmutd Idthnida Sdrj, [auru hs

prngntkb ds d ‐gust-skk‘ shtk tn lnt` idthnida dib hitkridthnida

tnurhsts, wht̀ t`k pdrj dttrdothif drnuib `dae d ghaahni vhshtnrs kdo`

ykdr.? Ds `hf`ahf`tkb hi t`k dlnvk quntdthni erng t`k trdvka fuhbklnnj

Anikay Sadikt , t`k jky snurok ne onieahot rkadthif tn tnurhsg dt [auru hs

t`k pnpuadr tnurhst dothvhty ne oahglhif t`k \noj. Sdrtdjhif hi t`k 4.5

jhangktrk oahgl tn t`k sugght fnks dfdhist t`k whs`ks ne t`k Didifu,

t`k anoda Hibhfkinus pknpak, w`n drk t`k trdbhthnida nwikrs ne t`k

adib. R`hs o`dptkr enousks ni t`k kxpkrhkioks ne ldojpdojkrs dt [auru,

kxdghihif t`khr dtthtubks, bhakggds dib dothnis hi bkohbhif w`kt`kr nr

int t`ky s`nuab uibkrtdjk t`k oahgl. R`k bhsousshni hs onitkxtudahskb

wht`hi bkldtks nvkr t`k ‐ikw tnurhsg‘ t`kshs, dib drfuks t`dt

ldojpdojkr trdvkaakrs inw hiorkdshifay bkgnistrdtk ouaturda dwdrkikss

dib ouaturda skishthvhty w`ki vhshthif suo` shtks.2

Xnuif.qxp 44/3?/


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Ldojpdojkrs dib ikw tnurhsg

Xnuif, hibkpkibkit, lubfkt trdvkaakrs hi Dustrdahd drk gnst onggniay

rkekrrkb tn ds ldojpdojkrs. Enaanwhif Adurhk Anjkr-Gurp`y dib S`hahp

Skdrok, H bkehik ldojpdojkrs ds ynuif tnurhsts, trdvkaahif ni d lubfkt

enr di kxtkibkb `nahbdy, wht` d prkekrkiok enr hikxpkishvk

doonggnbdthni. R`ksk trdvkaakrs padok di kgp`dshs ni gkkthif nt`kr

pknpak, suo` ds anodas dib nt`kr trdvkaakrs, `dvk di hibkpkibkitay

nrfdihskb dib eakxhlak hthikrdry, dib drk ni d qukst enr hienrgda dib

pdrthohpdtnry dothvhthks.;

Ldojpdojkrs hi Dustrdahd ongprhsk nik-tkit`ne daa hitkridthnida vhshtnrs,5 dib shiok t`k ghb-4883s t`hs skfgkit ne

tnurhsts ̀ ds lkki rkonfihskb ly t`k Dustrdahdi Fnvkrigkit dib rkadtkb

tnurhsg nrfdihsdthnis ds koninghodaay hgpnrtdit, rksuathif hi d vdrhkty

ne fnvkrigkit dib dodbkgho hihthdthvks tn prngntk t h̀s gdrjkt. Enr

kxdgpak, t`krk wds di ksodadthif rkonfihthni ne t`hs frnup ly

Dustrdahdi Fnvkrigkit tnurhsg nrfdihsdthnis, w`ho` lkfdi tn skk

ldojpdojkrs ds d bhsthiot gdrjkt skfgkit, pdrthouadray hi tkrgs ne

kxpkibhturk dib vhshtnr ihf`ts. Gdrj @dgptni pnhits nut t`dt

ldojpdojkr tnurhsg `ds adrfkay lkki hfinrkb ly fnvkrigkit dfkiohks,

wht` t`k kxokpthni ne Dustrdahdi Fnvkrigkit hihthdthvks,6 dib erngt`k ghb-4883s d iuglkr ne fnvkrigkit rkpnrts enouskb ni

ldojpdojkr trdvkaakrs tn Dustrdahd.

Hi 488;, t`k Dustrdahdi Rnurhst Ongghsshni hbkithehkb t`k

hgpnrtdiok ne, dib nppnrtuihthks prnvhbkb ly, t`k Dustrdahdi

hibkpkibkit trdvka gdrjkt.0 Hi t̀ k sdgk ykdr, t`k Onggniwkdat`

Bkpdrtgkit ne Rnurhsg pulahs`kb t`k Idthnida Ldojpdojkr Rnurhsg

_trdtkfy .8 Hi dbbhthni, d iuglkr ne rkpnrts dib oniekrkiok prnokkbhifs

`dvk lkki pulahs`kb ly t`k Lurkdu ne Rnurhsg \kskdro`43 dib _tdtk-

ldskb tnurhst ongghsshnis.44

Hi t`k Lurkdu ne Rnurhsg \kskdrò ‘sdiiuda pulahodthni ne t`k Hitkridthnida Uhshtnr _urvky , t`rkk tdlaks drk

bkbhodtkb snakay tn prnvhbhif stdthsthos ni ldojpdojkr vhshtnrs,

hioaubhif t`k _tdtks dib Rkrrhtnrhks vhshtkb, ldojpdojkr vhshtnr ihf`ts,

dib dvkrdfk kxpkibhturk. Di hiorkdshif lnby ne dodbkgho ahtkrdturk

enouskb ni ldojpdojkrs `ds dasn kgkrfkb. Hitkrksthifay, d adrfk dgnuit

ne t`k rkskdro` pkrtdhihif tn ldojpdojkr tnurhsg kgdidtks erng

Bnwi t`k \ndb ?2

Xnuif.qxp 44/3?/


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rkskdro` onibuotkb hi Dustrdahd.4


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trdvka wds vhkwkb ds lkhif uibkrtdjki ly tnurhsts w`n s`uiikb t`k

tnurhsg kstdlahs`gkit dib padokb di kgp`dshs ni fktthif ‐nee t`k

lkdtki trdoj‘, dwdy erng t`k ‐histhtuthnidahskb‘ tnurhsts w`n `nahbdy hi

‐kivhrnigkitda lullaks‘.


43/200

H t`hij w`dt gdjks ht quhtk di dgdzhif padok tn fn hs t`hs snrt ne gysthquk,dib t̀ k edot t`dt ht‘s pdrt ne t`k Dlnrhfhida Brkdgthgk `hstnry dibkvkryt`hif.(Idtdahk)

Rnurhst shtks, suo` ds [auru, odi lk spdoks w`krk idthnida, pnahthoda,

ouaturda dib sphrhtuda hbkiththks drk kxprksskb dib hgdfhikb, dib t`ksk

vdrhnus adykrs ne gkdihifs odi rksuat hi onitrdbhotnry dib ongpkthif

idrrdthvks ne padok.


44/200

nwikrs hs di kxdgpak ne Hibhfkinus pknpak ‐tdjhif rkspnishlhahty enr

t`k syglnas aket tn t`kg shiok t`k Brkdgthgk‘, w`krkly [auru hs ‐d

ahvhif rkonrb ne gdiy ùibrkbs ne Brkdgthgk kvkits‘ dib d ‐ahvhif

rkghibkr ne Brkdgthgk struffaks‘.?3

Hi dbbhthni tn hts ouaturda shfihehodiok tn t`k Hibhfkinus pknpak ne

Okitrda Dustrdahd, [auru hs dasn di honi ne Dustrdahdi idthnidahsg. Ds

t`k quhitksskithda hgdfk ne t`k Dustrdahdi nutldoj, t`k ‐syglnaho

okitrk ne t`k Dustrdahdi idthni‘,?4 [auru hs hionrpnrdtkb hitn t`k

idthnida hbkithty ne ‐skttakr‘ Dustrdahd, kxkgpaheyhif t`k ‐gyt` ne t`k

nutldoj‘.?< R`k pnwkr ne t`hs syglnahsg hs haaustrdtkb ly t`k

gktdp`nrho tkrgs uskb tn bksorhlk [auru suo` ds t`k ‐\kb Okitrk‘ nr

‐@kdrt‘ ne Dustrdahd.?? Dii GoFrdt` drfuks t`dt t`k nutldoj gyt`

prnvhbks Dustrdahdis wht` d ‐bhstdit pdst‘ t`dt hs rkadtkb tn t`k

uihqukikss ne t`k Dustrdahdi nutldoj dib hts dut̀ kithohty ds diohkit

Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdi‟nwikb adib.?2 Ht hs dasn t̀ hs uihqukikss, nr

strdifkikss, t`dt onitrhlutks tn [auru‘s shfihehodiok ds di hitkridthnida

tnurhst dttrdothni. GoFrdt` kauohbdtks t`hs ly drfuhif=

Hi t`khr hgdfhidthnis, t`k nutldoj hs w`krk w`htk Dustrdahdis ikfnthdtkbt`khr prkskit. Ds d `hfày eakxhlak gyt`nanfhoda shtk dib shfihehkr, ht kdshay

hionrpnrdtks ikw `hstnrhoda trdbhthnis … Ly fnhif t`krk dib ‐skkhif ht‘, ly whtiksshif ahvhif Dlnrhfhiks hi t`khr nwi onuitry, ly lrkdt`hif hi t`k

uipnaautkb dhr ne t`k nutldoj, suo` trdvkaakrs kidot rhtudas ne onanihda

sdiothehodthni.?;

Rùs, [auru hs dasn skki ds ‐sdorkb‘ tn ‐w`htk‘ Dustrdahd,?5 ht hs t`k

‐sdorkb okitrk‘ ne ‐skttakr onsgnanfy‘.?6 Drfudlay, t`k dpprnprhdthni ne

[auru hitn idthnida onisohnusikss ds d sphrhtuda okitrk rksuats hi d

trdisenrgdthni ne gkdihif enr Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis, w`n drk aket

wht` in uihquk ouaturda enous,?0 hioaubhif t`k anss ne ‐hbkithehodthni ne

t`kgskavks wht` t`khr onuitry‘.?8 Dbbhthnidaay, w`hak ‐skttakr‘

Dustrdahdis akfhthgdtk t`khr oadhg tn Hibhfkinus adib dib rkay ni t`k

nutldoj tn prnvhbk d bhstdit pdst, tnurhsg gkbhd prngntk [auru ds

gdfhoda, gysthoda, sdorkb dib sphrhtuda hi d wdy t`dt bkpkibs ni

oniintdthnis ne d thgkakss Hibhfkinus ouaturk.23

Bnwi t`k \ndb ?0

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[auru `ds niay d vkry rkokit `hstnry ds d tnurhst spkotdoak dib ‐w`htksdorkb shtk‘. Rnurhsg tn t`k drkd lkfdi hi t`k 48;3s, dt w`hò thgktrdvka tn Okitrda Dustrdahd lkodgk gnrk dooksshlak dib dppkdahif. _hiokt`dt thgk, idthnida dib hitkridthnida tnurhsts `dvk hiorkdshifay vhshtkb[auru hi w`dt `ds lkki bksorhlkb ds d typk ne phafrhgdfk.24 Lktwkki4853 dib 4863 t`krk wds d stkdby frnwt` hi vhshtdthni tn [auru, dib ht

wds burhif t`hs thgk t`dt gntkas dib odgpshtks wkrk bkvkanpkb dt t`kldsk ne t`k \noj. Erng t`k 4863s niwdrb, t`krk wds d rdphbdookakrdthni hi vhshtnr iuglkrs tn t`k drkd, dib tnbdy sngk `dae d

ghaahni tnurhsts vhsht t`k [auru ‟ Jdtd Rmutd Idthnida Sdrj kdo` ykdr.2<Hi rkspnisk tn t`k pnnr gdidfkgkit ne kdray gdss tnurhsg tn t`k drkd,suo` ds t`k bkvkanpgkit ne `ntkas dib odgphif frnuibs dt t`k ldsk ne t`k \noj, w`ho` rksuatkb hi t̀ k bkstruothni ne t`k kivhrnigkit dibt`k bkehahif ne Hibhfkinus odvk pdhithifs dib sdorkb shtks, dfnvkrigkit tdsjenrok bkohbkb upni t`k bkvkanpgkit ne d ikw tnurhsttnwi, tn lk anodtkb twkity jhangktrks dwdy erng [auru. Hi 4802, t`ktnwi ne Xuadrd, w`ho` `nusks t`k Dykrs \noj \ksnrt, wds npkikb.2?

Xuadrd hs inw t`k niay padok w`krk tnurhsts odi stdy ikdr t`k idthnidapdrj, dib t`k rksnrt neekrs d rdifk ne doonggnbdthni typks, erng dehvk-stdr `ntka tn d ldojpdojkr anbfk dib odgpshtks. R`k dvkrdfk akift`ne stdy dt Xuadrd hs akss t̀ di twn ihf`ts,22 wht` gdiy tnurhsts vhshthif t`k [auru ‟ Jdtd Rmutd Idthnida Sdrj enr akss t`di d bdy ni d pdojdfktnur.

Buk tn t`k lrhke burdthni ne stdy ne gnst vhshtnrs, t`k tnurhsgkxpkrhkiok dt [auru hs usudaay rkbuokb tn dothvhthks t`dt odi lkuibkrtdjki hi d s`nrt pkrhnb ne thgk, wht` wdtò hif t`k sui rhsk dibskt nvkr [auru erng strdtkfhodaay shtudtkb vhkwhif drkds dib oahglhif t`k \noj lkhif t`k gnst pnpuadr dothvhthks uibkrtdjki.2; Oahglhif

[auru `ds anif lkki prngntkb ly t`k tnurhsg hibustry, wht` t`k 4.5jhangktrk oahgl skki ds t`k ‐brhvhif hgpkrdthvk‘ enr gdiy tnurhsts w`n

vhsht t`k \noj.25 Rkrry Lrnwi hbkithehks t`k pnpuadrhty ne t`k oahgl,oadhghif t`dt burhif pkdj skdsni drnuib 4,;33 tnurhsts oahgl [aurukdo` bdy.26 Dat`nuf` in bkehihtk ehfurks drk dvdhadlak ni `nw gdiy tnurhsts uibkrtdjk t`k oahgl, ksthgdtks suffkst t`dt dpprnxhgdtkay `dae ne daa vhshtnrs bn sn.20

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok ?8

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Enr gdiy ykdrs oahglhif [auru wds onishbkrkb tn lk t`k `hf`ahf`tne d trhp tn t̀ k Okitrk: `nwkvkr, shiok t`k ‐`dibnvkr‘ hi 480; t`kHibhfkinus nwikrs `dvk rkqukstkb t`dt tnurhsts bn int oahgl, oadhghif t`dt ht hs ‐pdhieua‘ tn skk tnurhsts oahglhif ni t`k \noj.28 R`k Didifubn int uibkrstdib t`k ongpuashni ne tnurhsts tn oniqukr [auru, dibt`ky onishbkr t`k oahgl tn lk ouaturdaay hidpprnprhdtk dib hiskishthvklk`dvhnur, dib d shfi ne bhsrkspkot.;3 Luriug Luriug `ds bksorhlkbt`k dot ne oahglhif ds d enrg ne rdohsg, dib stdtkb t`dt uibkrtdjhif t`k oahgl hs bhsrkspkoteua ne Hibhfkinus `krhtdfk.;4 Enr t`k Didifu,

[auru dib Jdtd Rmutd drk ouaturdaay dib sphrhtudaay shfihehodit padoks,dib kdo` onitdhis d iuglkr ne hibhvhbuda sdorkb shtks. Hi


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bhsonursks ni [auru hi pnpuadr trdvka fuhbklnnjs. Dat`nuf`

fuhbklnnjs drk ‐bkahlkrdtkay padiikb tn sdthsey bhvkrsk lubfkts Zt`ky

tkibW tn lk gnrk dppkdahif tn t`k anw-lubfkt hibkpkibkit trdvkaakr‘.;?

Gkbhdthif [auru

Rrdvka fuhbklnnjs drk di hgpnrtdit dib erkqukitay uskb hienrgdthni

snurok enr ldojpdojkrs.;2 Hi gy ehkabwnrj, t`k vdst gdmnrhty ne

ldojpdojkrs wkrk ushif d fuhbklnnj hi t`khr trdvkas, t`k gnst pnpuadr

lkhif t`k Anikay Sadikt= [p Ernit, Nutldoj, Bnwi [ibkr .;; R`k Anikay

Sadikt wds t`k ‐trdvkaahif ongpdihni‘ tn nvkr t`rkk-qudrtkrs ne t`k

ldojpdojkrs hitkrvhkwkb. Nt`kr pnpuadr trdvka fuhbklnnjs wkrk t`k

Akt‘s Fn= Dustrdahd ,;5 dib Dustrdahd= R`k \nuf` Fuhbk ,;6 w`ho` drk

pulahs`kb hi t`k [ihtkb _tdtks dib t`k [ihtkb Jhifbng rkspkothvkay

(t`k tdlak lkanw hibhodtks t`k pdrthouadr fuhbklnnjs t`dt wkrk uskb ly

t`k t̀ hrtkki ldojpdojkrs w`n drk t`hs enous ne t`k o`dptkr). Kdo` ne

t`ksk fuhbklnnjs hs oansk tn 4,333 pdfks hi akift`, bhvhbkb hitn

skothnis enr kdo` _tdtk hi Dustrdahd, dib onitdhi d skpdrdtk skothni

onvkrhif hssuks rkadthif tn Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis, hioaubhif

hienrgdthni rkfdrbhif t`khr ̀ hstnry dib ouaturks. R`k Anikay Sadikt dasn`ds d twkity-enur-pdfk fanssy onanur skothni bkbhodtkb tn p`ntns dib

bksorhpthnis ne Hibhfkinus drt.

Fuhbklnnjs pady di hitkfrda rnak hi t`k tnurhsg prnokss, ds t`ky drk

gdrjkrs t`dt onistruot d padok nr dttrdothni enr tnurhsts, dib t`ky

bksorhlk dib bkehik w`dt t`k padok rkprkskits. Dbbhthnidaay, t`ky odi lk

skki tn gkbhdtk tnurhsts‘ rkadthnis h̀ps wht` t`k bksthidthni, dib t`khr

rkadthnis`hps wht` t`k ̀ nst pnpuadthni.;0 Fuhbklnnjs, t`krkenrk, orkdtk

kxpkotdthnis dib hieaukiok t`k wdys hi w`ho` pknpak skk dib

uibkrstdib padoks dib pknpaks. Drfudlay, he t`k dttrdothni bnks intgdto` up tn t`k rkprkskitdthni, tnurhsts whaa akdvk ekkahif bhsdppnhitkb.

Hi onitrdst tn t`k onanureua hgdfkry dib adifudfk ne tnurhsg

lrno`urks, fuhbklnnjs drk wrhttki hi di hienrgda idrrdthvk styak: t`ky

prnvhbk bktdhakb hienrgdthni dib euiothni ds d ‐surrnfdtk tnurhsg

fuhbk‘.;8 _uo` fuhbklnnjs drk t`k bnghidit enrg ne tnurhsg gkbhd

t`dt hieaukiok dib kbuodtk ldojpdojkrs dlnut Dustrdahd dib Hibhfkinus

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok 24

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pknpaks dib ouaturks (dat`nuf` prkbnghiditay t`ky drk uskb enr

hienrgdthni dlnut w`krk tn stdy, trdispnrtdthni, dib w`dt tn skk dib

bn dt pdrthouadr anodthnis). R`k ldojpdojkrs hibhodtkb t`dt t`ky dasn

fdhi jinwakbfk ne Dustrdahdi bksthidthnis dib ne ‐Hibhfkinus

Dustrdahd‘ t`rnuf` wnrb-ne-gnut` ongguihodthni erng nt`kr

trdvkaakrs dib tnur fuhbks, dib t`rnuf` hienrgdthni dt Hibhfkinus

ouaturda okitrks.

_ngk trdvkaakrs stdtkb t`dt t`ky `db rkdb t`khr fuhbk erng ‐onvkr tn

onvkr‘ dib `db akdrikb dlnut t`k `hstnry ne Hibhfkinus Dustrdahd,‐edots‘ dlnut Hibhfkinus drt, dib nt`kr ‐edots‘ dlnut adib rhf`ts dib

rkoniohahdthni. D ekw dasn dbghttkb t`dt dat`nuf` t`ky wkrk dwdrk ne

t`k skothnis rkadthif tn Hibhfkinus pknpak, t`ky `db int rkdb t`kg. Hi

rkadthni tn ushif d fuhbklnnj enr [auru, nik trdvkaakr intkb=

R`k skothni ni [auru tdajs d `kaa ne d ant dlnut Dlnrhfhida ouaturks

lkodusk ht hs t`krk ds di hienrgdthvk t`hif rdt`kr must t`di tn tkaa ynu w`krk

tn fn dib w`dt tn bn, ynu jinw, ht‘s tkaahif ynu d lht dlnut t`k `hstnry

dlnut t`k padok.

(\nl)

R`k fuhbklnnjs bkehik t`k hgpnrtdiok ne [auru ds ‐Dustrdahd‘s lhffkst

brdwodrb‘,53 ‐t`k shifak gnst vhshtkb shtk hi Dustrdahd‘,54 dib ‐nik ne

Dustrdahd‘s prhgdry tnurhst gkoods‘,5


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[auru hi d skpdrdtk tkxt lnx hbkitheyhif t`k prhgdry oniokris ne

Hibhfkinus pknpak ds bhvuafkb dlnvk. Hibkkb, ds nik ldojpdojkr

stdtkb=

Ht‘s nlvhnusay vkry prn-Dlnrhfhida, t`k Anikay Sadikt fuhbk, w`ho` hs quhtkhitkrksthif … ynu jinw, t`k wdy ht‘s tdajhif dlnut int oahglhif t`k \noj,

ynu rkdb t`dt dib ynu nlvhnusay t`hij, rhf`t, t`k kbhtnrs nr t`k wrhtkrs ne t`hs lnnj lkahkvk t`dt ynu s`nuab int oahgl t`k \noj.(Idtdahk)

R`k Akt‘s Fn fuhbk prkskits d vhkw shghadr tn t`dt ne t`k Anikay Sadikt ,dat`nuf` ht hs int skt nut skpdrdtkay dib hs t`krkenrk uiahjkay tn stdib

nut tn t`k odsuda rkdbkr. V`hak ht hbkithehks t`k sphrhtuda hgpnrtdiok ne

t`k pdt`, dib t`k kgp`dtho rkqukst t`dt tnurhsts int gdjk t`k oahgl,

t`hs fuhbk dasn stdtks t`dt `uibrkbs ne tnurhsts uibkrtdjk t`k oahgl

kdo` bdy. R`hs hienrgdthni hs enaanwkb wht` t`k stdtkgkit t`dt t`k

oahgl hs in kdsy tdsj dib t`dt t`krk drk padquks onggkgnrdthif t`k

pknpak w`n `dvk bhkb ni t`k oahgl. _hfihehoditay, t`nuf ,̀ ‐Int

oahglhif Dykrs \noj‘ hs ahstkb hi t`k ‐[ienrfkttdlak Gngkits‘ skothni

dt t`k lkfhiihif ne t`k Akt‘s Fn.63 Hi onitrdst tn t`k rkprkskitdthnis hit`k Anikay Sadikt dib t`k Akt‘s Fn, t`k \nuf` Fuhbk skkghifay prngntks

t`k oahgl. R`k dut`nrs bn hbkithey t`dt Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis rkqukst

t`dt vhshtnrs bn int oahgl: `nwkvkr, t`ky dasn bksorhlk t̀ k dot ne

oahglhif ds d ‐trhugp`dit do`hkvkgkit‘, dbvkrthshif t`dt ht tdjks ‐akss

t`di di `nur tn oahgl tn t`k sugght‘.64 R`k rkdbkr hs tnab t`dt 63 pkr

okit ne vhshtnrs ‐ongk tn oniqukr t`k sugght‘,6< dib int gdjhif t`k

oahgl hs bhsousskb hi tkrgs ne d wdy tn dvnhb tnurhsts rdt`kr t̀ di

rkspkothif t`k whs`ks dib lkahkes ne t`k Didifu. R`k oahgl hs

bksorhlkb ds t`k ‐frkdtkst kxkrthni ynu whaa uibkrtdjk‘ hi Dustrdahd, t`kldsk wdaj lkhif t`k ‐akss strkiunus‘ npthni.6? Hi t`k rkgdhibkr ne t`hs

o`dptkr H enous ni t`k [auru oahgl ds t`k tnurhst dothvhty t`dt

pkrpktudtks onitrdbhotnry bhsonursks dib gkdihifs ne [auru. Hi

pdrthouadr, H kxdghik t`k ldojpdojkrs‘ bhakggds dib dtthtubks ‒ dib,

uathgdtkay, t`khr dothnis ‒ hi bkohbhif w`kt`kr nr int tn oahgl t`k

\noj.

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok 2?

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Rn oahgl nr int tn oahgl> Ldojpdojkrs dt [auru

@nw bn ldojpdojkrs rkspnib tn t`k onitrdbhotnry idturk ne t`k

idrrdthvks ne [auru> Hi nrbkr tn dbbrkss t`hs quksthni, H brdw erng d

adrfkr qudahtdthvk stuby hi w`ho` skgh-struoturkb, hi-bkpt` hitkrvhkws

wkrk onibuotkb wht` t`hrty ldojpdojkrs hi t`k Inrt`kri Rkrrhtnry dib

Inrt`kri Tukkisadib burhif Dufust‟Invkglkr


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dasn t`dt in rkadthnis`hp odi lk gdbk lktwkki t`k fuhbklnnj uskb dib

t`k bkohshni tn oahgl. R`k tdlak bnks, `nwkvkr, hibhodtk t`dt t`k ehvk

ldojpdojkrs w`n bhb skae-fuhbkb tnurs ne t`k \noj `db int oahglkb,

dib t`k t`rkk t`dt `db oahglkb `db daa vhshtkb [auru ni di nrfdihskb

tnur. Daa ne t`k ldojpdojkrs w`n `db vhshtkb t`k Idthnida Sdrj `dbspkit thgk hi t`k [auru ‟ Jdtd Rmutd Dlnrhfhida Ouaturda Okitrk, w`ho`

npkikb hi 488; dib hs anodtkb nik jhangktrk dwdy erng t`k \noj.

Hitkrprktdthvk shfidfk dt t`k Ouaturda Okitrk quntks stdtkgkits hi

skvki bheekrkit adifudfks ds gdbk ly trdbhthnida nwikrs, suo` ds=

‐R`dt‘s d rkdaay hgpnrtdit, sdorkb t`hif t̀ dt ynu drk oahglhif … Xnu

s`nuabi‘t oahgl. Ht‘s int t`k prnpkr t`hif‘.6;

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok 2;

Idgk Dfk Fkibkr Onuitry ne nrhfhi

Fuhbklnnj uskb

Nrfdihskbtnur>

Oahgl>

Diihk


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R`k gnst onggni rkdsni t`k ldojpdojkrs fdvk enr int oahglhif

wds rkspkot enr Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis ldskb ni t`khr jinwakbfk t`dt

[auru hs d sdorkb shtk. Enr kxdgpak, Diihk, _dsjhd, Gkahssd, Hsnlka dib

Sktkr stdtkb t`dt t`ky bhb int oahgl lkodusk t`ky wditkb tn rkspkot t`k

whs`ks ne t`k Hibhfkinus pknpak dib t`khr ouaturda lkahkes. R`khr

ouaturda skishthvhty hs `hf`ahf`tkb ly t`k usk ne wnrbs suo` ds ‐rkspkot‘

dib ‐dpprkohdthni‘. Onishbkr, enr kxdgpak, t`k enaanwhif rkspnisks=

H bhbi‘t oahgl ht nut ne rkspkot enr t`kg Zt`k Dlnrhfhida pknpakW.

(Diihk)H bhbi‘t dotudaay pdrthouadray wdit tn oahgl ht, dib dasn, he t`ky bni‘t wditynu tn oahgl ht t`ki ynu jinw t`krk bnksi‘t skkg tn lk di dweua ant ynuodi bn w`ki ynu‘rk d tnurhst trdvkaahif drnuib tn s`nw di dpprkohdthni ne t`k ouaturk dib suppnrt t`kg. _n he t`dt‘s must nik t`hif, nik sgdaa t`hif ynu odi bn, t`ki w ỳ int>(Gkahssd)

H bhbi‘t oahgl ht lkodusk H t`hij pknpak s`nuab rkspkot ahjk trdbhthnis. Ahjkt`k Dlnrhfhida pknpak bni‘t oahgl sn w`y s`nuab wk> Ht hs t`khr adib … Ht

wds dgdzhif hi htskae must tn wdaj drnuib, ynu bni‘t ikkb tn lk dt t`k tnp

ne ht tn dpprkohdtk t`dt … Xnu s`nuab rkspkot t`dt t`ky drk t`khr shtks … R`nsk jhib ne t`hifs s`nuab lk rkspkotkb.(Hsnlka)

Dibrk, \do`ka dib Idtdahk kxprksskb t`khr jinwakbfk t`dt t`k shtk

hs sdorkb tn Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis dib ht wds t`hs jinwakbfk t`dt

hieaukiokb t`khr bkohshni int tn oahgl=

H bhbi‘t wdit tn oahgl t`k \noj, H kxpkotkb tn fn dib skk nt`kr t h̀ifs. Hrkdb lkenrk t`dt t`dt t`ky bni‘t ahjk ht he ynu oahgl t`khr sdorkb padok … H

wds surprhskb t`dt sn gdiy bn ht. H t`nuf`t gdylk must d ekw, ynu jinw,

lut in, w`nak ahiks.(Dibrk)

@kakid wkit eurt`kr tn stdtk t`dt rkspkot enr Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis

fnks pdst t`k edot t`dt [auru hs d sdorkb padok ly ̀ kr dojinwakbfkgkit

ne t`k edot t`dt t`k Hibhfkinus pknpak dasn dsj tnurhsts int tn oahgl

lkodusk t`ky bn int wdit vhshtnrs tn lk `urt ni t`k \noj=

Bnwi t`k \ndb 25

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H bhb int oahgl, H bhbi‘t wdit tn … R`ky bni‘t wdit diynik tn oahgl t`k

\noj lkodusk ht‘s bdifkrnus … ZdibW t`ky bni‘t wdit diynik byhif up

t`krk ds wkaa … H ehrst t`nuf`t ht wnuab lk lkodusk ht‘s sdorkb lut t`ki, ynu

jinw, H must akdrit t`dt ht‘s int dlnut t`dt, t`ky must, ynu jinw, t`ky must

wnrrhkb dlnut t`k pknpak gdhiay.

(@kakid)

Enr Shkrrk t`nuf`, t`k rkdsni `k bhb int oahgl wds int lkodusk ne `hs

jinwakbfk t`dt Hibhfkinus pknpak rkqukst t`dt tnurhsts int bn sn. @k

wds bhsdppnhitkb t`dt `k wds int dlak tn oahgl buk tn pnnr wkdt`kr

onibhthnis. @k bnks gkithni rkspkothif [auru, lut `k lkahkvks t`dt tn

rkspkot t`k \noj ht s`nuab lk oahglkb, wht`nut gkithni ne rkspkot enr

t`k Hibhfkinus nwikrs=

Ht wds oanskb lkodusk ht wds tnn whiby. Lut H sdhb ykd ,̀ H bhb wdit tn

oahgl. Dib t`ki wk wkit tn t`k \noj dib t`k nt`krs t`ky bhb t`k ldsk

wdaj dib t`ki t`k rdifkr odgk dib sdhb ‐in enrfkt ht, ht‘s tnn whiby‘ … H

dawdys sdy H wnuab gnrk rkspkot t`k \noj w`ki H oahgl, dib ykd`,

prnldlay sngk tnurhsts t`ky sdy ‐In, H bni‘t oahgl, H `dvk sngk rkspkot‘.

(Shkrrk)

Ne t`k t`rkk ldojpdojkrs w`n `db oahglkb [auru, t`ky daa

dojinwakbfkb t`dt t`ky wkrk dwdrk t`dt ht wds dfdhist t`k lkahkes ne

t`k Didifu tn oahgl, lut bksphtk t`dt, t`ky `db gdbk t̀ k bkohshni tn

bn sn. Mdgks wds vkry bkehihtk t`dt `k `db wditkb tn oahgl t`k \noj

dib t`dt hts hgpnrtdiok tn t`k Hibhfkinus ongguihty s`nuab int

prkvkit `hs pdrthohpdthni=

R`k rkdsni H oahglkb t`k \noj wds lkodusk H bni‘t dfrkk wht` w`dt t`k

Dlnrhfhidas lkahkvk … H‘g d sohkithst dib H annj dt t`k \noj dib H t`hij

ne ht ds di hiorkbhlak fknanfhoda p`kingkini, lut H bni‘t lkahkvk t`dt kgugki oahglkb up, t`k gdad gki nr w`dtkvkr ht wds.

(Mdgks)

@nwkvkr, lnt` _drd dib Mn`di pnhitkb nut t`dt gdjhif t`k bkohshni tn

oahgl wds int di kdsy nik, dib `dvhif bnik t`k oahgl t`ky wkrk sthaa

uisurk ne w`kt`kr t`ky `db gdbk t`k rhf t̀ bkohshni. He edokb wht` t`k


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bhakggd ne oahglhif dfdhi, t`ky lnt` hibhodtkb t`dt t`ky wnuab int

oahgl [auru. _drd hi pdrthouadr ekat, hi h̀ibshf`t, t`dt s`k `db gdbk t`k

wrnif bkohshni, `kr bhakggd kvhbkit hi t`k enaanwhif onggkit=

H bhb oahgl ht … H rkdaay wds hi twn ghibs w`kt`kr tn bn ht nr int. H gkdi, w`ki H wkit tn Dykrs \noj H wds ahjk, ynu jinw, s`nuab H nr s`nuabi‘t H>H bni‘t jinw. Lut subbkiay H t`nuf`t ‐Fnb, H s`nuabi‘t `dvk oahglkb ht‘.Lkodusk H gkdi t`ky bni‘t wdit ynu ZtnW … R`ky‘b rdt`kr ynu bhbi‘t oahglht dib ht hsi‘t rhf`t. Dib H bni‘t jinw w`y H bhb oahgl ht.(_drd)

Mn`di‘s bkohshni tn oahgl wds dasn hitrhishodaay onitrnvkrshda, wht` `hs

bkohshni lkhif hieaukiokb ly t`k edot t`dt `hs tnur fuhbk `db

kionurdfkb `hg dib t`k tnur frnup, stdthif t̀ dt s`k, `krskae, `db

oahglkb=

H‘b rkdb ht darkdby t`dt t`ky‘b rdt`kr int `dvk ynu oahglhif ht … H `dbi‘tbkohbkb w`kt̀ kr H wds fnhif tn bn ht nr int. R`ki t`k fuhbk `krskae sdhbt`dt s`k‘b oahglkb ht … Z_nW H gdbk up gy ghib ahjk t`dt ‐nj, H‘g mustfnhif tn oahgl … H whaa int oahgl ht dfdhi lkodusk t`krk hs prnldlay sngk

trut` hi ht t̀ dt ht‘s d sdorkb padok dib stuee. _n he ynu‘vk bnik t̀ dt niok, w`ho` wds d gdfihehokit t`hif tn bn, H rkdaay kimnykb ht, dpdrt erng t`kkxohtkgkit dib stuee, lut ht‘s d rkdaay wkhrb t`hif tn bn. Vk bhbi‘t `dvk thgktn bn t`k ldsk wdaj, sn H `dvki‘t bnik t`k ldsk wdaj, enr histdiok, dib snikxt thgk, nr t`k thgks detkr ht t`dt H ongk `krk, H‘aa must bn t`k ldsk wdaj.(Mn`di)

Hitkrksthifay, t`k t`rkk ldojpdojkrs w`n bhb uibkrtdjk t`k oahgl

`db vhshtkb [auru ni di nrfdihskb tnur, pkr`dps hibhodthif t`dt t`khr

bkohshni tn oahgl wds strnifay hieaukiokb ly t`k tnur npkrdtnrs dib

fuhbks, w`n prnvhbk trdvkaakrs wht` t`k nppnrtuihty tn oahgl t`k \noj.Netki, nrfdihskb tnurs vhsht t`k Ouaturda Okitrk enaanwhif di npthnida

suirhsk oahgl, t`krkly prkskithif trdvkaakrs wht` t`k nppnrtuihty tn

uibkrstdib t`k Didifu‘s whs`ks int tn oahgl [auru detkr t`ky `dvk, hi

gdiy histdioks, darkdby oahglkb t`k \noj. R`k ldojpdojkrs w`n

vhshtkb [auru wkrk netki orhthoda ne gdss tnurhsg dt t`k shtk, dib t`hs hs

dbbrksskb hi t`k enaanwhif skothni.

Bnwi t`k \ndb 20

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Dut`kithohty dib t`k ldojpdojkr kxpkrhkiok dt [auru

Enr ldojpdojkrs, t`k dut`kithohty ne padoks dib kxpkrhkioks hs ne frkdt

hgpnrtdiok. Ds Aujk Bksenrfks drfuks, ‐ynuif hibkpkibkit trdvkaakrs

drk int niay oniokrikb t`dt t`k padoks t`ky vhsht drk dut`kitho, lut t`dt

t`khr kxpkrhkioks ne t`kg drk ds wkaa‘.65 Ds ldojpdojkrs skdro` enr

ouaturda jinwakbfk dib ‐onitdot wht` t`k dut`kitho Nt`kr‘,66 t`k

dut`kithohty ne t`k trdvka kxpkrhkiok hs netki gdrjkb ly t`k dlskiok ne

t`k tnurhsg hibustry, dib t`us ‐ly ds ahttak onggnbhehodthni ne t`k

rkadthnis`hp lktwkki trdvkaakr dib t`k Nt`kr ds pnsshlak‘.60

Enr t`kldojpdojkrs hi t`hs stuby, t`k twn gdhi oniokris hi rkadthni tn t`k

dut`kithohty ne t`khr kxpkrhkiok wkrk t`dt t`khr kxpkrhkiok wds tn di

kxtkit spnhat ly gdss tnurhsg, dib t`dt t`krk wds d adoj ne

nppnrtuihthks enr onitdot wht` Hibhfkinus pknpak. _n w`hak ht `ds lkki

suffkstkb t`dt ldojpdojkrs drk ouaturdaay skishthvk, t`ky onithiuk tn

`nab stkrkntyphoda kxpkotdthnis dlnut t`k kxpkrhkioks t`ky wnuab ahjk

tn `dvk. Hgpnrtditay, `nwkvkr, sngk ne t`ksk stkrkntypks drkbkluijkb dib o`daakifkb t`rnuf`nut t`k trdvka kxpkrhkiok.

Hi di dttkgpt tn skpdrdtk t`kgskavks erng t`k pkrokhvkb

onggkrohdahsdthni ne gdss tnurhsg, t`k ldojpdojkrs lkrdtkb nt`krtnurhsts enr kiorndo`hif ni t`khr kxpkrhkioks dib gdjhif t`kg akss

dut`kitho, wht` gnst ne t`k ldojpdojkrs ‒ hioaubhif lnt` t`nsk w`n

oahglkb dib t`nsk w`n bhb int oahgl ‒ onggkithif ni t`khr

uibkshrkb onitdot wht` t`k onggkrohda shbk ne tnurhsg dt [auru. Netki

t`ky bksorhlkb t`k kxpkrhkiok dt [auru ds ‐tnurhsty‘, bheekrkithdthif t`kgskavks erng t`k ‐tnurhsts‘ ds t`nsk w`n whaa uibkrtdjk t`k oahgl.

Enr kxdgpak=

D ant ne pknpak ongk `krk, fkt nut ne t`khr odr, oahgl t`k \noj, fn enr d

suiskt, fn ldoj, ynu jinw, t`dt‘s ht. Xnu jinw, w`dt‘s t`dt> V`dt `dvk ynubnik `krk> V ỳ bhb ynu fn t`krk> H rkdaay, H odi‘t uibkrstdib t`dt, t`dt‘s,‐Xkd` akt‘s skk t`k onanurs ne t`k \noj, akt‘s skk t`k onanurs o`difhif hit`k \noj‘ … V`dt‘s t`k pnhit hi t`dt, H bni‘t, H bni‘t uibkrstdib t`dt.(_dsjhd)

H dotudaay `db d ehf`t wht` nik ne t`k fuys hi t`k odr, `k bkehihtkay wditkbtn oahgl t`k \noj … H sdhb w`y, ynu jinw, w`y hs ht sn hgpnrtdit enr ynu>


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R`ky dsj ynu int tn bn ht. Dib `k must wditkb tn bn ht … @k bhb ht dib`k wds sn prnub t`dt `k oniqukrkb t`k \noj, t`dt `k stnnb ni t`k tnp.(Dibrk)

R`k ldojpdojkrs dasn bhsousskb `nw ‐tnurhsts‘ dib ‐onggkrohdahsg‘spnhat t`khr kxpkrhkiok dt [auru=

Dib t`ki t`k lusks odgk hi dib d w`nak Mdpdiksk frnup wht` d Mdpdiksktnur fuhbk dib, ynu jinw, H t`nuf`t ‐in, H must bni‘t wdit tn lk `krk, t`hshs tnn onggkrohda‘, sdgk ds t`k suiskt vhkwhif, t`k suirhsk vhkwhif. Dib

H gdbk photurks, H tnnj photurks ne pknpak stdibhif t`krk tdjhif photurksne t`k \noj! … Xkd ,̀ ht‘s must, H t`hij ht‘s tnn guo ,̀ H jinw H wds t̀ krkgyskae tnn dib H wditkb tn skk ht gyskae, lut ht‘s vkry onggkrohda.(_dsjhd)

Vk wkit tn t`k suiskt dib t`krk wds ahjk sn gdiy pknpak dib H wds ahjk‐In H odi‘t, H odi‘t kimny ht wht` sn gdiy pknpak drnuib‘. _n H wds ahjk`nabhif gy `dibs sn H wnuabi‘t skk t`k pknpak dib must t`k \noj, ynujinw.(@kakid)

H t`hij ht‘s must d lhf tnurhst t`hif … ahjk w`ki ynu fn dib bn d t`hif ahjk Dykrs \noj. Xnu‘rk wdto`hif t`k suiskt, ht annjs sn rngditho, ynu jinw,lkdutheua ahjk onanurs hi t`k rnoj, ynu‘rk stdibhif t`krk, ynu‘rk wdto`hif ht,lut he ynu turi drnuib ynu‘rk stdibhif wht` `uibrkbs ne pknpak dibt`ky‘rk t`krk `dvhif t`k ldrlhks dib `dvhif t`k lkkrs dib kvkryt`hif ikxttn ynu.(Dibrk)

Kvki Mdgks, w`n `db oahglkb [auru, intkb=

R`k niay t`hif t`dt spnhat ht wds t`k edot t`dt t`krk wds sn gdiy pknpak.Lut, dt t`k kib ne t`k bdy, H wds onitrhluthif tn t`nsk sn gdiy pknpak, snht wds ehik, H bni‘t ghib.

(Mdgks)

Hi dbbhthni tn t`ksk onggkits, d adoj ne onitdot wht` Hibhfkinuspknpak dt [auru `db gdbk t`khr kxpkrhkiok akss ‐dut̀ kitho‘. V`krkfuhbklnnjs rkprkskit [auru ds lkhif hikxtrhodlay ahijkb tn Didifupknpak dib ouaturk, t`k hienrgdthni prnvhbkb hi t`kg dasn dsshsts hipkrpktudthif d stkrkntypk ne Dlnrhfhidahty shghadr tn t`dt pnrtrdykb hi

Bnwi t`k \ndb ;3

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nt`kr enrgs ne tnurhsg gkbhd suo` ds lrno`urks dib pnstodrbs.Fuhbklnnjs drk must nik pdrt ne d bhvkrsk systkg ne rkprkskitdthni

wht`hi tnurhsg gkbhd dib pnpuadr ouaturk. \kskdro` hitn t`k hgdfks ne Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis rkprnbuokb wht h̀i tnurhsg gkbhd, hioaubhif gy nwi prkvhnus rkskdro` hitn pnstodrb rkprkskitdthnis, haaustrdtks t`dtt`krk hs d pnpuadr hbknanfy wht`hi tnurhsg, dib hi Dustrdahdi snohkty fkikrdaay, t`dt ‐rkda‘ Hibhfkinus pknpak ahvk hi t`k nutldoj, hi t`k bkskrtrkfhnis ne Dustrdahd, dib int hi onitkgpnrdry urldi snohkty.68 Enrkxdgpak, ds H `dvk drfukb kaskw`krk, t`k bnghidit stkrkntypk

onistruotkb ni tnurhst pnstodrbs hs ne d prhghthvk dib thgkakss pdi- Dlnrhfhida ouaturk, rkprkskitkb ly ladoj-lnbhkb gki ahvhif hi t`knutldoj, oniikotkb tn t`k adib lnt̀ sphrhtudaay dib p`yshodaay, wht` denous ni t`k trdbhthnida dspkots ne Hibhfkinus ahek.03 R`ksk ehibhifsdrk onishstkit wht` t`nsk rdhskb hi d stuby onibuotkb ly t`k Inrt`kri

Rkrrhtnry Rnurhst Ongghsshni hi 4802. R`k stuby, w`ho` hs ohtkb ly Diikttk @dghatni, hbkithehks t`k kxpkotdthni ne Hibhfkinuskxpkrhkioks ds d bnghidit onitrdbhothni dib onieahot hi rkfdrb tntnurhsg hi Okitrda Dustrdahd. R`k stuby enuib t`dt nik ne t`k gdhi

kxpkotdthnis ne tnurhsts tn [auru wds tn `dvk onitdot wht` Hibhfkinuspknpak. R`k survky enuib t`dt 23 pkr okit ne hitkridthnida vhshtnrs dib?? pkr okit ne bngkstho vhshtnrs kxprksskb bhsdppnhitgkit t`dt t`ky bhb int `dvk kxpkrhkioks wht` Hibhfkinus pknpak dib ouaturks hi t`kInrt`kri Rkrrhtnry.04 _`k fnks ni tn stdtk t`dt ht hs bheehouat tn kivhsdfk`nw tnurhsts whaa sdthsey t`khr kxpkotdthnis ne onitdot wht` Hibhfkinusouaturk hi t`k Inrt`kri Rkrrhtnry, fhvki t`dt t`krk drk=

Niay d `dibeua ne Dlnrhfhida pknpak Zt`krk, dibW gnst ne t`kg whs` tnakdb d inrgda, quhkt ahek must ahjk diylnby kask. Rn t`k tnurhst, t`k

Dlnrhfhida hs di nlmkot ne `hs nr `kr vdodthni fdzk, sngkt`hif tn lk

p`ntnfrdp`kb dib tdjki dwdy ds d snuvkihr ne ‐t`k rkda t̀ hif‘ hi t`k FrkdtNutldoj.0<

_uo` d stkrkntypk hs dasn `kab ly ldojpdojkrs w`n lkahkvk t`dt t`khrkxpkrhkioks hi t`k Okitrk, dib pdrthouadray dt [auru, whaa lk bnghidtkbly gkkthif Hibhfkinus pknpak dib kifdfhif hi Hibhfkinus ouaturdakxpkrhkioks. Enr kxdgpak=

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok ;4

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Ldoj `ngk H rkdaay t`nuf`t H wnuab fn tn Dykrs \noj, skk t`kg shtthif t`krk, skk t̀ kg, t`hs snuibs strdifk, skk t̀ kg ruiihif wht` d spkdr, lut,ynu jinw, t`dt‘s t`k wrnif hgdfk w`dt t`k gkbhd fdvk gk.(_dsjhd)

Onioaushni

R`hs o`dptkr `ds onitkxtudahskb t`k ldojpdojkr kxpkrhkiok dt [auruuthahshif t`k t̀ knry ne ‐ikw tnurhsg‘. Ht `ds lkki drfukb t`dt

ldojpdojkrs, ds ‐ikw tnurhsts‘, hiorkdshifay rkmkot t`k bnghidit tnurhsthoidrrdthvks ne [auru, dib npkiay orhthohsk t`k onggkrohdahsdthni ne gdsstnurhsg enr bkfrdbhif t`k dut`kithohty ne t`khr kxpkrhkioks. Gnrknvkr,t`k ldojpdojkrs bkgnistrdtk d frnwhif rkspkot enr Hibhfkinus pknpakdib ouaturks, kvhbkiokb ly t`k bhakggds t`ky edok hi rkadthni tn t`koahgl. R`us, t`k ldojpdojkrs drk ‐lktwkki d rnoj dib d ̀ drb padok‘, dibt`hs `ds lkki rkeakotkb hi t`k hitkrvhkw bdtd prkskitkb hi t`hs o`dptkr.

R`k ldojpdojkrs‘ bkohshnis ni w`kt`kr nr int tn pursuk t`k oahgl dt[auru drk hienrgkb ly ouaturda dwdrkikss dib ouaturda skishthvhty ldskbni t`khr rkspkot dib dpprkohdthni ne Didifu ouaturda dib sphrhtuda

lkahkes. Snpuadr trdvka fuhbklnnjs uskb ly ldojpdojkrs gkbhdtk t`khrkxpkrhkioks dt [auru, dib pady d gdmnr rnak hi kbuodthif t`kg dlnut t`khgpnrtdiok ne t`k \noj tn Hibhfkinus Dustrdahdis, dib hssuks dibHibhfkinus oniokris rkadthif tn t`k oahgl. R`hs o`dptkr `ds neekrkb dprkahghidry hishf`t hitn ldojpdojkr kxpkrhkioks dt [auru. Ht `ds intlkki wht`hi t`k sonpk ne t`hs o`dptkr tn gdjk ongpdrhsnis tn t`k

vhkws dib dothnis ne tnurhsts nt`kr t`di ldojpdojkrs. Di hitkrksthif dvkiuk enr euturk rkskdro` wnuab, t`krkenrk, lk d ongpdrdthvk stuby nidtthtubks tnwdrbs t`k oahgl `kab ly d vdrhkty ne tnurhsts.

Lktwkki d \noj dib d @drb Sadok ;?

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LKXNIB L DOJSDOJK\_

R@K ‐NR@K\ ‘ HIBKSKIBKIR R\DUKAAK\_

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Bnaaylhrbs ne Sdssdfk=

R`k \hsk dib \hsk ne t`k

Hibkpkibkit Vngdi Rrdvkaakr4

Skiiy Vdrikr-_ght`

H ehib ht rkvkdahif t`dt t`k gktda lhibhifs hi wngki‘s onrskts wkrk odaakb‐stdys‘. _ngknik w`n wnrk stdys wnuabi‘t lk fnhif edr.(Gdry Gnrrhs, R`k Uhrdfn Lnnj ne Vngki Rrdvkaakrs )<

Mdikt Vnaee `ds pnhitkb nut `nw nur adifudfk rkvkdas t`k bkkpay rnntkb kxpkotdthni t`dt ht hs gki w`n trdvka. Fkibkrkb gktdp`nrskqudtk gki wht` gnvkgkit, wht` mnurikys, dib wngki wht` pdsshvhty=

t`k wngdi hs t`k ehxkb pnhit tn w`ho` gki rkturi.? Hi gnst didaysksne trdvka, pdrthouadray ne hibkpkibkit trdvka, ht hs d gdak trdvkaakr w`nskkxpkrhkiok hs enrkfrnuibkb. Ht hs t`k gdak fdzk t`dt prnvhbks t`k akist`rnuf` w`ho` t`k wngdi hs nlskrvkb, d bkonrdthvk nlmkot skaahif t`kadibsodpk nr d ohp`kr hi d fkibkrkb rkadthnis`hp, bkpkibkitongpdihni ne d gdak trdvkaakr nr gnt`kr ni d edghay `nahbdy.2

R`k onitrdbhothni hs t`dt wngki bn trdvka, dib `dvk dawdystrdvkaakb. Dat`nuf` didaysks ne trdvka `dvk adrfkay hfinrkb wngki‘skxpkrhkioks,; t`k wnrj ne wrhtkrs suo` ds Uhvhdi Jhiidhrb dib Bkrkj

@daa pnhits tn kvhbkiok ne hiorkdshif so`nadray hitkrkst hi t`k drkd.5

Enrrkskdro`krs t`krk hs d rho` snurok ne bdtd tn lk enuib hi t`k wrhthifs ne wngki w`n rkonrbkb t`khr mnurikys. R`k kxtkishvk lnby ne wrhthif ly wngki trdvkaakrs nvkr t`k adst t`rkk okiturhks prnvhbks kvhbkiok t`dtedr erng rkgdhihif dio`nrkb tn `ngk dib edghay, wngki gnvkb

whbkay drnuib t`k fanlk, sngkthgks hi t`k ongpdiy ne nt`krs,sngkthgks danik.6 R`hs trdbhthni ne rkonrbhif trdvka kiburks dgnif

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gdiy onitkgpnrdry wngki trdvkaakrs.0 Gkbhd hgdfkry ne t`kpnpuadrhty ne nvkrskds trdvka erng Dustrdahd hi t`k hggkbhdtk pnst-wdrpkrhnb dib hitn t`k 4853s hs dasn d strdtkfho rksnurok. Enr kxdgpak,

wht`hi t`k Dustrdahdi Vngki‘s Vkkjay , t`k prkbnghidit gdfdzhik enr Dustrdahdi wngki hi t`hs pkrhnb dib ‐d fkibkr tkxt he kvkr t`krk wdsnik‘,8 wk odi trdok t`k bkvkanpgkit ne t`k hibkpkibkit wngditrdvkaakr hbkithty, w`ho` o`daakifkb trdbhthnida gyt`nanfhks ne ekghihihty kvki w`hak rkprnbuohif nt`krs. Rrdvka hs t`us d shfihehoditshtk enr kxpanrhif uibkrstdibhifs ne fkibkr lkodusk ne hts pntkithda tn

bhsrupt inthnis ne dpprnprhdtk spdok43 dib t`k kahshni ne ‐wngki‘ dib‐`ngk‘.44

_tkrkntyphif wngki trdvkaakrs

Erng Skikanpk tn t`k prkskit, wngki `dvk wdhtkb … He wk frnw wkdry ne wdhthif, wk odi fn ni d mnuriky. Vk odi lk t`k strdifkr w`n ongks tntnwi.(Gdry Gnrrhs, R`k Uhrdfn Lnnj ne Vngki Rrdvkaakrs )4<

Hibkpkibkit wngki trdvkaakrs `dvk o`daakifkb twn stkrkntypks. Int

niay `dvk t̀ ky onitrdbhotkb t`k ksskithdahst gyt`nanfy ne wngdids/dib `ngk, t`ky `dvk dasn oniernitkb t`k kxpkotdthni t`dt diy trdvka

wngki bn whaa lk wht`hi t`k prntkothif ongpdss ne dt akdst nik nt`krongpdihni, prnldlay gnrk, hikvhtdlay d gdak. V`ki Iktthk @hffhisaket Dustrdahd enr Kurnpk hi 4843, `kr edghay hitkibkb t`dt t`k trhp

wnuab lk d ‐ehihs`hif‘ kxpkrhkiok burhif w`ho` s`k wnuab shf`tskk hit`k ongpdiy ne d o`dpkrnik. Udiok Sdagkr, t`k erhkib w`n suffkstkbt`k o`dpkrnik, dib w`n wds tn adtkr lkongk ̀ kr `usldib, dbghrkb `kronurdfk hi ‐vkiturhif danik hitn t`k uijinwi `kdrt ne gystkrhnus

Kurnpk‘.4?

Ds d wngdi trdvkaakr w`n wds ikht`kr nrfdihskb ly inrbkpkibkit ni gki, Iktthk wds onishbkrkb uiusuda. R`k edghahdr ehfurk ne t`k Uhotnrhdi adby trdvkaakr hs d Gdry Snpphis

prnbbhif ̀ kr uglrkaad hitn t`k snha ne Derhod, lut hi t`k ihiktkkit` dibkdray twkithkt` okiturhks t`krk wkrk rkda-ahek hibkpkibkit wngki suo`ds Hsdlkaad Lhrb, Hsdlkaak Klkr`drbt, Gdry Jhifsaky, Erkyd _tdrj,Gdrhdiik Inrt` dib Kbht` Bur`dg.42 Lrhdvka @naongl suffksts t`dt

Bnwi t`k \ndb ;0

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wngki ahjk Hsdlkaad Lhrb kphtnghskb d qukst enr d ahek akss ekttkrkb ly onivkithni. @kr dbvkiturks hioaubkb ‐`dvhif d eahif dib oahglhif Shjk‘s Skdj wht` t`k trdppkr \nojy Gnuitdhi Mhg ‑w`n w`ki `k‘s `dbahqunr `k‘s t`k gnst dweua rueehdi hi Onanrdbn‗, dib odsudaay tdjhif up

wht` d pdsshif Lrhths` Hitkaahfkiok Neehokr hi Hrdi‘. Di Dustrdahdi wngdi trdvkaakr ne t`hs pkrhnb wds Gdry Fduit, w`n erkttkb t`dt ht wdsonishbkrkb bdifkrnus ‐t`dt H wdaj hi t`k quhktkst ne strkkts uidttkibkb,t`dt H onuab int lk trustkb danik wht` t`k ghbbak-dfkb gdrrhkb gushotkdo`kr w`n `kab gk d ehrst-oadss hbhnt dib sueekrkb uibkr gy struffaks

wht` O gdmnr‘. Dat`nuf` s`k wds whbnwkb w`hak sthaa quhtk ynuif, s`konithiukb tn trdvka dib sulskqukitay wrntk dlnut `kr kxpkrhkioks hi

Vkst Derhod, O`hid dib t`k Odrhllkdi.4; R`ksk hibkpkibkit wngkirkshstkb t`k stkrkntypk ne t`k bkpkibkit wngdi trdvkaakr. R`ky noodshnidaay brksskb ds gki nr gnbhehkb t`khr brkss hi nrbkr tnghihghsk t`k rhsjs t`dt doongpdihkb wngki skki tn lk ni t`khr nwi.45

Ht hs hrniho t`dt t`k onitkgpnrdry hibkpkibkit wngdi trdvkaakr gdy ehib gdiy gnrk rkstrhothnis hi tkrgs ne brkss dib lk`dvhnur hi t`kpadoks s`k trdvkas tn t`di t`k Uhotnrhdi trdvkaakr enuib hi t`k padoks s`k

trdvkaakb erng. R`k ouaturda onivkithnis ne Hsadgho onuitrhks gdy lkgnrk hi`hlhthif enr d ynuif Dustrdahdi wngdi tnbdy t`di wkrk t`kstheahif lnibs ne edghay dib rkspkotdlhahty ne w`ho` Iktthk Sdagkr wdst`hijhif w`ki s`k aket Dustrdahd hi 4843 tn kifdfk hi ‐d rhtk ne skpdrdthni erng `kr edghay, skkjhif d rnng ne `kr nwi, onistruothif di hbkithty‘. Detkr hsnadthif `krskae hi Lkrahi, sdis o`dpkrnik , s`k wrntk,‐H‘g fadb tn lk fnhif padoks w`krk inlnby whaa kvkr odrk he H ahvk nr bhk,dib w`krk H wni‘t ehib gy nwi p`ntnfrdp`, ahtkrdaay nr gktdp`nrhodaay,ni kvkry gditkas`kae H skk‘.46

Dbvkiturnus Dustrdahdi wngki ne t`k 4853s

Snpuadr gkbhd hitkrkst tkibs tn suffkst t`dt wngki‘s hibkpkibkittrdvka hs sngkt`hif ikw hi t`k lrndbkr trdvka hibustry,40 lut ds H `dvkdrfukb dlnvk, t`k frnwt` `ds kgkrfkb nut ne `hstnrhoda trkibs. Xnuif

wngki trdvkaakrs lkenrk t`k skonib wnrab wdr wkrk fkikrdaay dprhvhakfkb frnup, lut pnst-wdr Dustrdahd wds d shtk ne ksodadthif snohda

Bnaaylhrbs ne Sdssdfk ;8

_ght`.qxp 44/3?/


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o`difk. D pkrhnb ne pdhb wnrj detkr akdvhif so`nna dib lkenrkgdrrhdfk lkodgk inrgdahskb enr ynuif wngki ne daa snohda oadssks.

R`k ‐bduf`tkr-`nuskjkkpkr‘ dib ynuif ‐adby‘ ne d akhsurk-oadss edghay `db dagnst bhsdppkdrkb. Danifshbk t`hs wkrk t̀ k hieaukiok dibdssnohdtkb ouaturda o`difk ne kdray skonib-wdvk ekghihsts ahjk _hgnikbk Lkduvnhr hi Erdiok.48 Hi Dgkrhod, Lktty Erhkbdi‘s lnnj R`k Ekghihik

Gysthquk , pulahs`kb hi t`k kdray 4853s, hbkithehkb ‐t`k prnlakg t`dt `dbin idgk‘, t`k lnrkbng dib erustrdthni ne wngki dt `ngk.


67/200

trdvkaakr hs di dt`aktk, nr d snabhkr, gdylk di drthst. R`k ‐trdbk‘ ne `nuskwhek


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bduf t̀krs‘ eurt`kr kbuodthni‘.?3 _`k dasn pdhb `kr nwi wdy tn Anibnihi t`k ghb 4853s. \kekrrhif tn `krskae, s`k sdys, ‐_`k wds nik ne t`kehrst tn fn. R`krk. Nvkrskds. Nvkrskds gkdis Kifadib nr Frkkok. Enrt`k fdy gki ht hs Frkkok‘.?4 Ds t`hs onggkit suffksts, Kifadib, dibpdrthouadray Anibni, sthaa rkprkskitkb ‐`ngk‘, t`k `ul ne Kgphrk enranyda dithpnbkdi sulmkots. Enr gdrfhidahskb Nt`krs, suo` ds

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