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1Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Gaia Engineering for Planetary EngineersGaia Engineering for Planetary Engineers
Developed Countries
Undeveloped Countries
Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet are exploding.
?
?
A Planet in Crisis
This presentation describes a recyclable world made of composites of carbon and other wastes. A world in which and our entourage of rats mice and cockroaches can live, make money and thrive.
John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA. FAICD Managing director of TecEco and Chair of AASMIC
Dem
ogra
phic E
xplo
sion
=>
2Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Our Ecological Footprint Exceeds CapacityOur Ecological Footprint Exceeds Capacity
Our footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet to support it. We are not longer sustainable and the environment is no longer sustainable – we must change our ways to survive.
Source: WWF State of the Planet, 2005
View further to discover how
3Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
EnergyEnergy
Peak Oil Production (Campell 2004)Most models of oil reserves, production and consumption show peak oil around 2010 (Campbell 2005) and serious undersupply and rapidly escalating prices by 2025. It follows that there will be economic mayhem unless the we act now to reduce and change the energy base of our economies.
4Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Carbon Cycle and EmissionsThe Carbon Cycle and Emissions
After: David Schimel and Lisa Dilling, National Centre for Atmospheric Research 2003
Emissions from fossil fuels and cement production are a significant cause of global warming.
Units: GtC GtC/yr
4.5 billion years of geological sequestration have resulted in 7% of the crust being carbonate
We need to increase the sedimentary carbon sink
5Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Rises in the levels of greenhouse gases
Are causing a rapid rise in temperature
6Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
CO2 and TemperatureCO2 and Temperature
Even if voluntary emissions reductions were to succeed we must still get the CO2 out of the air. Carbon rationing is a frightening adjunct and alternative. Who will be the global police?
Source of graphic: Hansen, J et. al. Climate Change and Trace GasesThe correlation between temperature and CO2 in the
atmosphere over the last 450,000 years is very good
The best plan is a holistic one that reduces emissions and profitably balances the inevitable releases from our activities with massive sequestration.
7Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
WaterWater
Source of Graphic: Lean, Geoffrey, and Don Hinrichsen, 1994. Atlas of the Environment, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
“1/3 of the world’s population are presently living in water stressed countries. Depending on the emission scenarios, climate scenarios and population change, it is estimated that up to 2/3 of the world’s population will be living in water stressed countries by 2050 as a result of climate change”Source: Defra (2004). Scientific and Technical Aspects of Climate Change, including Impacts, Adaptation and Associated Costs. UK, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
8Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Waste & PollutionWaste & Pollution
Ill health. Contamination of global
commons with dangerous molecules.
Increased traffic, noise, odours, smoke, dust, litter and pests.
There are various estimates. The consensus is that we produce about 5-600 billion tonnes of waste each year.
Tec and Eco-Cements use waste.
9Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco are in the BIGGEST Business on the Planet – Economic Solutions to our Energy, Global Warming, Water and Waste Problems.
One Planet, Many People, Many Interconnected ProblemsOne Planet, Many People, Many Interconnected Problems
10Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Urgent Fixes are NeededUrgent Fixes are Needed
Water– 1/3 of world population stressed
for water– By 2050 2/3 due to global
warming Waste
– Around 600 million tonnes.– The underlying moleconomic
flow is poisoning our world CO2
– Causing global temperature rises Energy
– Peak oil has passed and fossil fuel energy costs set to rise.
To solve these problems we need to change the way we do things and what we do them with!
All these problems are interconnected
11Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Techno-ProcessThe Techno-Process
Underlying the techno-process that describes and controls the flow of matter and energy through the supply and waste chains are molecular stocks and flows. If out of synch with earth systems these moleconomic flows have detrimental affects.
To reduce the impact on earth systems new technical paradigms need to be invented and cultural changes evolve that result in materials flows with underlying molecular flows that mimic or at least do not interfere with natural flows and that support rather than detrimentally impact on earth systems.
Detrimental affects on earth systems
Move 500-600 billion
tonnes
Use some 50 billion
tonnes
Take
Waste
Materials
Materials
12Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Earth SystemThe Earth System
Anthropo-
sphere
The earth system consists of positive and negative feedback loops.
Small changes caused by man such as CO2 and other climate forcing as well as pollution impact right across all interconnected systems throughout the global commons.
13Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Earth Systems ScienceEarth Systems Science
Source graphic: NASA
Earth system science treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems (Wiki). These systems are ideally homeostatic.
Earth Systems
Atmospheric composition, climate, land cover, marine ecosystems, pollution, coastal zones, freshwater salinity etc.
14Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Detrimental Impacts of the Techno-ProcessDetrimental Impacts of the Techno-Process
Take manipulate and make impacts
End of lifecycle impacts
Greater Utility Less Utility
Materials are everything between the take and waste and affect earth system flows.
There is no such place as “away”
Use impacts.Materials are in
the Techno-Sphere Utility
zone
Detrimental Linkages that affect earth
system flows
15Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Under Materials Flows in the Techno-Processes are Molecular FlowsUnder Materials Flows in the Techno-Processes are Molecular Flows
Take → Manipulate → Make → Use → Waste [ ←Materials flow→ ]
[ ← Underlying molecular flow → ] If the underlying molecular flows are “out of tune” with
nature there is damage to the environmente.g. heavy metals, cfc’s, c=halogen compounds and CO2
Moleconomics is the study of the form of atoms in molecules, their flow, interactions, balances, stocks and positions. What we take from the environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows that affect earth systems. These flows should mimic, balance or minimally interfere with natural flows.
To fix the molecular flows that are impacting our planet we must first fix the materials flows in a bottom up approach
16Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Innovative New Materials - the Key to SustainabilityInnovative New Materials - the Key to Sustainability
Biosphere - Geosphere Techno - World
Materials are the substance of the techno-process, the link between the biosphere and techno-sphere and the key to sustainability. They are everything between and define the take and waste.
By changing how we make “things” and what we make them with we can fix the underlying molecular flows that are destroying the natural homeostasis of our planet
The choice of materials controls emissions, lifetime and embodied energies, user comfort, use of recycled wastes, durability, recyclability and the properties of wastes returned to the bio-geo-sphere.
Materials are what builders use
17Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Economically Driven SustainabilityEconomically Driven Sustainability
New, more profitable technical paradigms are required that result in more sustainable and usually more efficient moleconomic flows that mimic natural flows or better, reverse our damaging flows.$ - ECONOMICS - $
Change is only possible economically. It will not happen because it is necessary or right.
18Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Consider Sustainability as Where Culture and Technology MeetConsider Sustainability as Where Culture and Technology Meet
Increase in demand/price ratio for greater sustainability due to cultural change.
#
$
Demand
Supply
Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to technical innovation.
Equilibrium
ShiftECONOMICSGreater Value/for impact (Sustainability) and economic growth
A measure of the degree of sustainability is where the demand for more sustainable technologies is met by their supply.
We must rapidly move both the supply and demand curves for sustainability
19Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Changing the Technology ParadigmChanging the Technology Paradigm
“By enabling us to make productive use of particular raw materials, technology determines what constitutes a physical resource1”
1.Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, The Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers Inc. New York.1990
It is not so much a matter of “dematerialisation” as a question of changing the underlying moleconomic flows. We need materials that require less energy to make them, do not pollute the environment with CO2 and other releases, last much longer and that contribute properties that reduce lifetime energies. The key is to change the technology paradigms
Or more simply – the technical paradigm determines what is or is not a resource!
20Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Cultural Change is Happening!Cultural Change is Happening!
Al Gore (SOS) CSIRO reports STERN Report Lots of Talkfest IPCC Report Political change Branson Prize Live Earth (07/07/07)
The media have an important growing role
21Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Recycle
Re-use
Take only renewables
Waste only what is biodegradable or can be re-assimilated
Manipulate Make Use
Reduce
Changing the Techno-ProcessChanging the Techno-Process
ReduceRe-useRecycle
<= Materials =>
Take => manipulate => make => use => waste
Atoms and Molecules in the global commons
Driven by fossil fuel energy with detrimental environmental effects.
This is biomimicry!
By changing the technology paradigms we can change the materials flows and thus the underlying molecular flows.
Moleconomics
22Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Learning from Nature (Biomimicry)Learning from Nature (Biomimicry) Nature is the most frugal economist of all.
– The waste from one plant or animal is the food or home for another.
– In nature photosynthesis balances respiration and recycling is the norm
By studying nature “we learn who we are, what we are and how we are to be.” (Wright, F.L. 1957:269)
There is a strong need for similar efficiency and balance in our techno-process
By learning from Nature we can all live together
23Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Biomimicry - GeomimicryBiomimicry - Geomimicry
All natural processes are very economical. We must also be MUCH more economical
The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same name written by Janine Benyus
Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration.
It involves nature as model, measure and mentor. Geomimicry is similar to biomimicry but models geological rather
than biological processes.
The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have evolved over several billion years through a process of research and development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of matter and very little of energy.Geomicry is a natural extension of biomimicry and applies to geological rather than living processes
24Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Biomimicry - Ultimate RecyclersBiomimicry - Ultimate Recyclers
As peak oil starts to cut in and the price of transport rises sharply– We should not just be recycling based on chemical property requiring
transport to large centralised sophisticated and expensive facilities
– We should be including CO2 and wastes based on physical properties as well as chemical composition in composites whereby they become local resources.
Jackdaws and bower bird recycle all sorts of things they find nearby based on physical property. The birds are not concerned about chemical composition and the nests they make could be described as a composite materials.
TecEco cements are benign binders that can incorporate all sort of wastes without reaction problems. We can do the same as the Jackdaw or bower bird
25Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Localized Low Transport Embodied Energy MaterialsLocalized Low Transport Embodied Energy Materials
No longer an option?
As the price of fuel rises, the use of on site low embodied energy materials rather than transported aggregates will have to be considered. We will have to mimic the jackdaw or bower bird. Gaia engineering can be implemented everywhere.
26Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Utilizing Carbon and WastesUtilizing Carbon and Wastes During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon
were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals.
Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate materials and other wastes in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals.
In eco-cement concretes the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably carbonates and wastes. This is “geomimicry”
CO2
C
CO2
Waste
CO2
CO2
Pervious pavement
27Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
GeomimicryGeomimicry There are 1.2-3 grams of magnesium
and about .4 grams of calcium in every litre of seawater.
There is enoughcalcium and magnesiumin seawater with replenishmentto last billions of years at current needs for sequestration.
To survive we must build our homes like these seashells using CO2 and alkali metal cations. This is geomimicry
Carbonate sediments such as these cliffs represent billionsof years of sequestrationand cover 7% of the crust.
28Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
Large tonnages of carbon (7% of the crust) were put away during earth’s geological history as limestone, dolomite and magnesite, mostly by the activity of plants and animals.– Much more than in coal or petroleum!
Shellfish built shells from carbon and trees turn it into wood.
These same plants and animals wasted nothing– The waste from one is the food or home for another.
Because of the colossal size of the flows involved the answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and waste is to use them both.
29Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers? Such a paradigm shift in resource usage will
not occur because it is the right thing to do. It can only happen economically. We must put an economic value on carbon and
wastes– inventing new technical paradigms such as offered by
TecEco and the Global Sustainability Alliance in Gaia Engineering.
– Evolving culturally to effectively use these technical paradigms
By using carbon dioxide and other wastes as building materials we can economically reduce their concentration in the global commons.
Materials are very important!
30Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Why Magnesium Carbonates?Why Magnesium Carbonates? Because of the low molecular weight of magnesium, it is ideal for scrubbing
CO2 out of the air and sequestering the gas into the built environment:
More CO2 is captured than in calcium systems as the calculations below show.
At 2.09% of the crust magnesium is the 8th most abundant element Sea-water contains 1.29 g/l compared to calcium at .412 g/l Magnesium materials from Gaia Engineering are potential low cost. New
kiln technology from TecEco will enable easy low cost simple non fossil fuel calcination of magnesium carbonate to make binders with CO2 recycling to produce more carbonate building material to be used with these binders.
Magnesium compounds have low pH and polar bond in composites making them suitable for the utilisation of other wastes.
%5284
44
3
2
MgCO
CO%43
101
44
3
2
CaCO
CO
31Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Making Carbonate Building Materials to Solve the Global Warming Problem
Making Carbonate Building Materials to Solve the Global Warming Problem
How much magnesium carbonate would have to be deposited to solve the problem of global warming?– The annual flux of CO2 is around 12 billion tonnes ~= 22.99 billion tonnes
magnesite
– The density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm3 or 3 tonne/metre3
22.9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7.63 cubic kilometres of magnesite would have to be deposited each year.
Compared to the over seven cubic kilometres of concrete we make every year, the problem of global warming looks surmountable.
If magnesite was our building material of choice and we could make it without releases as is the case with Gaia Engineering, we have the problem as good as solved!
We must build with carbonate and waste
32Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Why Materials for the Built Environment?Why Materials for the Built Environment?
The built environment is made of materials and is our footprint on earth.– It comprises buildings and infrastructure.
Construction materials comprise– 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.)– 40-50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new materials going
to site are wasted.) Around 25 billion tonnes of building materials are
used annually on a world wide basis.– Mostly using virgin natural resources– Combined in such a manner that they cannot easily be separated.– Include many toxic elements.
Why not use magnesium carbonate building components from Greensols and Eco-Cements from TecEco to bind them together?
33Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Built Environment and Global SustainabilityThe Built Environment and Global Sustainability
Source of graphics: Nic Svenningson UNEP SMB2007
The built environment is our footprint, the major proportion of the techno-sphere and our lasting legacy on the planet. It comprises buildings and infrastructure
34Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Building is Going Balistic!Building is Going Balistic!
The relative impact of the built environment is rising as the East catches up with the West!
Source of graphic: Rick Fedrizzi SMB 2007
35Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Huge Potential for More Sustainable Construction Materials
Huge Potential for More Sustainable Construction Materials
Reducing the impact of the take and waste phases of the techno-process by.– including carbon in materials
they are potentially carbon sinks.– including wastes for
physical properties aswell as chemical compositionthey become resources.
– re engineering materials toreduce the lifetime energyof buildings
A durable low pH high bondingbinder system is requiredfor effective waste utilisationsuch as TecEco Tec andEco-Cements
Many wastes including CO2 can contribute to physical properties reducing lifetime energies
CO2
C
CO2
Waste
CO2
CO2
Pervious pavement
Built Environment
Gaia Engineering FlowchartGaia Engineering Flowchart
MgCO3
and CaCO3
“Stone”
Greensols
NaHCO3
CaSO4
Other Valuable Commodity Salts
Industrial CO2 MgO
TecEco
Tec-Kiln
Eco-Cements
Buildingcomponents & aggregates
TecEcoCementManufacture
CaO
Clays
Portland CementManufacture
Brine or Seawater
Tec-Cements
Building waste
Other waste
WasteAcid
Fresh Water
37Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Gaia Engineering TececologyThe Gaia Engineering Tececology
Industrial Ecologies are generally
thought of as closed loop systems with
minimal or low impacts outside the
ecology
The Gaia Engineering tececology could be
thought of as an open technical
ecology designed to reverse major
damaging moleconomic and
other system flows outside the tececology
The Gaia Engineering tececology is not closed and is designed to reverse damaging moleconomic flows outside the ecology - LIKE A GIANT ECOLOGICAL PUMP
38Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Gaia Engineering ProcessThe Gaia Engineering Process
Greensols Process
Fossil fuels
Solar or solar derived energy
Oil
MgO
CO2
Coal
CO2
CO2
CO2
Inputs:
Atmospheric or industrial CO2,brines, waste acid, other wastes
Outputs:
Carbonate building materials, potable water, gypsum, sodium bicarbonate and other valuable commodity salts.
Carbon or carbon compoundsMagnesium compounds
1.29 gm/l Mg.412 gm/l Ca
Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology.
TecEco MgCO2
Cycle
Carbonate building components
Eco-Cement
TecEcoKiln
MgCO3
39Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Gaia Engineering IntroductionGaia Engineering Introduction Gaia engineering is a combination of new technologies
including– The Greensols process– TecEco’s Tec-Kiln technology and cements – Carbon dioxide scrubbing technologies – TecEco' Eco-Cements
Gaia engineering profitably geomimics past planetary geological processes and adopted on a large scale will:– Sequester significant amounts of atmospheric CO2 – Add value to the salts recoverable from sea water – Convert large volumes of waste to valuable resource – Produce fresh water.
40Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Gaia Engineering SummaryGaia Engineering Summary
Inputs include– Seawater or suitable brine – CO2 – Waste acid – Other wastes of all kinds – A small amount of energy
Outputs include– Gypsum, sodium bicarbonate and various other valuable salts. – Magnesium carbonate building components. – TecEco Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements. – Waste utlisation. – Fresh water.
41Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
CO2 from power generation, industry or out of the air
Magnesia (MgO)
Other Wastes
Simplified TecEco ReactionsTec-Kiln MgCO3 → MgO + CO2- 118 kJ/moleReactor Process MgO + CO2 → MgCO3
+ 118 kJ/mole (usually more complex hydrates)
(MgCO2) Cycle
Waste Acid
1.354 x 109 km3 Seawater containing 1.728 1017 tonne Mg or suitable brines from other sources
Tonnes CO2 sequestered per tonne magnesium with various cycles through the TecEco Tec-Kiln process. Assuming no leakage MgO to built environment (i.e. complete cycles).
Billion Tonnes
Tonnes CO2 sequestered by 1 billion tonnes of Mg in seawater 1.81034
Tonnes CO2 captured during calcining (same as above) 1.81034
Tonnes CO2 captured by eco-cement 1.81034
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated per tonne Mg in seawater (Single calcination cycle).
3.62068
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Five calcination cycles.) 18.1034
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Ten calcination cycles). 36.20
Gypsum (CaSO4)
Gypsum + carbon waste (e.g. sewerage) = fertilizers
Sewerage compost
Magnesite (MgCO3)Solar Process to
Produce Magnesium Metal
Bicarbonate of Soda (NaHCO3)
Eco-CementTec-Cement
Other salts Na+,K+, Ca2+,Cl-
CO2 from power generation or industry
Sequestration Table – Mg from Seawater
CO2
CO2 + H2O =>Energy rich biomass using blue green algae
Greensols Seawater
Carbonation Process.
Tec-Reactor Hydroxide / Carbonate
slurry process
MgO Production using solar energy
Gaia EngineeringGaia Engineering
42Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Gaia EngineeringGaia Engineering
InputsBrinesWaste AcidWastesCO2
OutputsGypsum, Sodium bicarbonate, Salts, Building materials, Potable water
43Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Seawater Reference DataSeawater Reference Data
g/l H20
Cation radius
(pm)
Chloride (Cl--) 19 167
Sodium (Na+) 10.5 116
Sulfate (S04--) 2.7 ?
Magnesium (Mg++) 1.28 86
Calcium (Ca++) 0.412 114
Potassium (K+) 0.399 152
44Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Greensols Carbon CaptureGreensols Carbon Capture The hydrogen bonding in water keeps oppositely charged
ions from combining. Water “dissolves” them. Strongly charged ions such as calcium, magnesium and
carbonate attract hydration shells of water around them. For example magnesium and calcium ions polar bond to oxygen and the negative carbonate ion polar bonds to hydrogen. These bonds can propagate through several layers of water and are strong enough to prevent the formation of calcium and magnesium carbonates even from supersaturated solutions.
The Greensols process uses waste acid to de-polarise a statistical proportion of water molecules by attaching a proton to them whereby positively charged sodium, calcium or magnesium ions as well as negatively charged ions including carbonate ions are released, can combine and thus precipitate.
45Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Greensols Carbon CaptureGreensols Carbon Capture
Hydration shelling of water occurs around calcium or magnesium ions because of the strong charge of especially magnesium to the oxygen end of waterSimilar hydration shelling occurs
around the negative carbonate ion through polar bonding to the hydrogen ends of water
46Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Greensols Carbon CaptureGreensols Carbon Capture
The addition of a proton to water using strong waste acid results in its de polarisation whereby it no longer electronically holds as many ions (sodium, calcium, magnesium or carbonate etc.) statistically releasing them and allowing them to combine and precipitate as carbonates and other more valuable salts leaving behind essentially fresh water
47Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Greensols Carbon CaptureGreensols Carbon Capture
The statistical release of both cations and anions results in precipitation of for example magnesium carbonate as shown above.
+ =
Mg++ + CO3
_ _ => MgCO3
48Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Advantages of Greensols over Reverse OsmosisAdvantages of Greensols over Reverse Osmosis
GREENSOLS REVERSE OSMOSIS DE-SALINATION
Low energy costs- Does not work against the electronic forces in water.
Relatively high energy costs- Works against the hydrogen bonding of water to separate it from its ions
Low maintenance- The plant consists of low cost replaceable pumps
High Maintenance- The membranes need cleaning and changing at regular intervals.
No damaging or dangerous outputs
Highly saline water is potentially damaging
Value adds include fresh water, sequestration, valuable salts and building products
The only value add is fresh water
Tell somebody with influence today!
49Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The Tec-Reactor Hydroxide CarbonateSlurry Process
The Tec-Reactor Hydroxide CarbonateSlurry Process
The solubility of carbon dioxide gas in seawater– Increases as the temperature approached zero and– Is at a maxima around 4oC
This phenomenon is related to the chemical nature of CO2 and water and
Can be utilised in a carbonate – hydroxide slurry process to capture CO2 out of the air and release it for storage or use in a controlled manner
50Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The MgCO2 Process (Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle)The MgCO2 Process (Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle)
The MgCO2 (magnesium thermodynamiccycle) is very important for sequestration and results in the formation of valuable building product
Representative of other hydrated mineral carbonates
CO2
CarbonationMg(OH)2.nH2O +CO2 +2H2O => MgCO3.3H2OΔH = - 37.04 kJ.molΔG = - 19.55 kJ.mol
Eco-Cements
Nesquehonite
Magnesite
Dehydration
Carbonation
Brucite
TOTAL CALCINING ENERGYRelative to MgCO3Theoretical = 1480 kJ.KgWith inefficiencies = 1948 kJ.Kg-1
Magnesia
Calcination
Tec-Kiln
HydrationMgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2.nH2OΔH = - 81.24 kJ.molΔG = - 35.74 kJ.mol
CalcificationMgCO3 => MgO + CO2
ΔH = 118.28 kJ.mol-1
ΔG = 65.92 kJ.mol-1
Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements
CO2 + H2O =>Hydrocarbons compounds using algae
51Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
The TecEco Tec-Kiln TechnologyThe TecEco Tec-Kiln Technology
Runs at low temperatures minimising the development of lattice energy.
Can be powered by various non fossil sources of energy such as solar energy or waste heat.
Grinds and calcines at the same time thereby operating 25% to 30% more efficiently.
Captures CO2 for return to the Greensols process, bottling or use for fuel manufacture using algae and other life forms or other purposes.
The products – CaO and/or MgO can be used to sequester more CO2 in the MgCO2 process which can be repeated.
Suitable for making the reactive MgO used in TecEco cements.
CO2 + H2O =>Hydrocarbons compounds using algae
MgO Production using solar energy
52Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Eco-Cement – With Capture during Manufacture
Eco-Cement – No Capture during Manufacture
Eco-Cement CO2 Release and CaptureEco-Cement CO2 Release and Capture
CO2
CO2 from atmosphere
CO2 capture
(Greensols process
etc)
Carbon neutral except for carbon from process emissions
Net sequestration less carbon from process emissions
Use of non fossil fuels => Low or no process emissions
MgO MgO
Mg(OH)2H2OH2O
H2O
Mg(OH)2
MgCO3.3H2O H2O
H2O H2OMgCO3.3H2O
53Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon CycleGaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis by plants and
algae
Consumed by heterotrophs
(mainly animals)
Organic compounds made by autotrophs
Organic compounds made by heterotrophs
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration burning and
decay
Limestone coal and oil
burning
Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, TecEco
Kiln and Eco-Cements)
Decay by fungi and bacteria
CO2 in the air and water
54Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Outcomes from Gaia EngineeringOutcomes from Gaia Engineering
Global CO2 in the Atmosphere
2,900
3,100
3,300
3,500
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025M
ass
of C
O2
(Gt)
Mass CO2 in the atmosphere without "CarbonSafe"sequestration (Gt)Mass CO2 in the atmosphere with "CarbonSafe"sequestration (Gt)Upper CO2 limit (Gt)
MgO Component Used in Cement
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025
MgO component used (Mt)
Cement sales (Mt)Trendline (Mt)
CO2 in the atmosphere will start to fall.
As the proportion of man made carbonate used in the built environment increases.
These figures are obviously rubbery, but we hope you get the idea!
Critical 450 ppm, level =>
55Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Emissions from Cement ProductionEmissions from Cement Production
Chemical Release– The process of calcination involves driving off chemically bound
CO2 with heat.
CaCO3 →CaO + ↑CO2
Process Energy– Most energy is derived from fossil fuels.
– Fuel oil, coal and natural gas are directly or indirectly burned to produce the energy required releasing CO2.
The production of cement for concretes accounts for around 10% of global anthropogenic CO2.
– Pearce, F., "The Concrete Jungle Overheats", New Scientist, 19 July, No 2097, 1997 (page 14).
Arguments that we should reduce cement production relative to other building materials are nonsense because concrete is the most sustainable building material there is. The challenge is to make it more sustainable.
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
56Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Embodied Energy of Building MaterialsEmbodied Energy of Building Materials
Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm (last accessed 07 March 2000)
Concrete is relatively environmentally friendly and has a relatively low embodied energy
57Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Average Embodied Energy in BuildingsAverage Embodied Energy in Buildings
Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm (last accessed 07 March 2000)
Because so much concrete is used there is a huge opportunity for sustainability by reducing the embodied energy, reducing the carbon debt (net emissions), incorporating waste and improving properties that reduce lifetime energies.
Most of the embodied energy in the built environment is in concrete.
58Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Cement Production ~= Carbon Dioxide EmissionsCement Production ~= Carbon Dioxide Emissions
0
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
Metric Tonnes
YearTec, Eco and Enviro-Cements TecEco can provide a viable much more sustainable alternative.
Source data: USGS Minerals Yearbook
Exponential growth
59Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Binder SystemsTecEco Binder Systems
Hydration of the various components of Portland cement for strength.
SUSTAINABILITY
DURABILITY STRENGTHTECECO CEMENTS
Reaction of alkali with pozzolans (e.g. lime with fly ash.) for sustainability, durability and strength.
Hydration of magnesia => brucite for strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability. In Eco-cements carbonation of brucite => nesquehonite, lansfordite and an amorphous phase for sustainability.
PORTLAND POZZOLAN
REACTIVE MAGNESIA
TecEco concretes are a system of blending reactive magnesia, Portland cement and usually a pozzolan with other materials and are a key factor for sustainability.
60Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Tec & Eco-Cement TheoryTec & Eco-Cement Theory Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is too soluble, mobile and
reactive.– It carbonates, reacts with Cl- and SO4
- and being soluble can act as an electrolyte.
TecEco generally (but not always) remove Portlandite using the pozzolanic reaction and
TecEco add reactive magnesia– which hydrates, consuming significant water and
concentrating alkalis forming Brucite which is another alkali, but much less soluble, mobile or reactive than Portlandite.
In Eco-Cements brucite carbonates forming hydrated compounds with greater volume
61Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco CementsTecEco Cements Tec-cements (Low MgO)
– contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia. Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland cement forming Brucite which uses up water reducing the voids:paste ratio, increasing density and possibly raising the short term pH.
– Reactions with pozzolans are more affective. After all the Portlandite has been consumed Brucite controls the long term pH which is lower and due to it’s low solubility, mobility and reactivity results in greater durability.
– Other benefits include improvements in density, strength and rheology, reduced permeability and shrinkage and the use of a wider range of aggregates many of which are potentially wastes without reaction problems.
62Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco CementsTecEco Cements Eco-cements (High MgO)
– contain more reactive magnesia than in tec-cements. Brucite in permeable materials carbonates forming stronger fibrous mineral carbonates and therefore presenting huge opportunities for waste utilisation and sequestration. The low pH and high hydrogen bonding make Eco-Cements ideal for binding other materials including most wastes.
Enviro-cements (High MgO)– contain similar ratios of MgO and OPC to eco-cements but in
non permeable concretes brucite does not carbonate readily.– Higher proportions of magnesia are most suited to toxic and
hazardous waste immobilisation and when durability is required. Strength is not developed quickly nor to the same extent.
63Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Strength with Blend & PorosityStrength with Blend & Porosity
0
50
100
150
100-150
50-100
0-50
High OPC High Magnesia
High Porosity
STRENGTH ON ARBITARY SCALE 1-100
Tec-cement concretes
Eco-cement concretes
Enviro-cement concretes
64Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Converting Waste to ResourceConverting Waste to Resource TecEco cements represent a cost
affective option for using localised low impact materials and wastes– Reducing transports costs and emissions
Magnesium hydroxide in particular and to some extent the carbonates are less reactive and mobile and thus result in much more durable concretes– Lower solubility– Lower reactivity– Bleed less– Lower pH
The incredible stick as a result of polar bonding also adds to their ability to bind wastes.
TecEco Technology - Converting Waste to Resource
65Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Carbonation of Eco-CementsCarbonation of Eco-Cements Have high proportions of reactive magnesium oxide Carbonate like lime but generally used in a 1:5-1:12 paste
basis because much more carbonate “binder” is produced. Consider nesquehonite the main phase:
MgO + H2O <=> Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O <=> MgCO3.3H2O40.31+ liquid <=> 58.31 + gas <=> 138.36 molar mass (at least!)11.2 + liquid <=> 24.29 + gas <=> 74.77 molar volumes (at least!)
668% expansion relative to MgO or 308 % expansion relative to Mg(OH)2 (ex water or gas volume reduction)
Total volumetric expansion from magnesium oxide to lansfordite is even more at 811%.MgO + H2O <=> Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 4H2O <=> MgCO3.5H2O
Because magnesium has a low molecular weight, proportionally a much greater amount of CO2 is captured per mole of MgO than lime or any other carbonate.
Carbonation adds considerable strength and some steel reinforced structural concrete could be replaced with fibre reinforced porous carbonated concrete.
As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F., 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”.
Mostly CO2 and water
66Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Carbonation is Proportional to Porosity an TimeCarbonation is Proportional to Porosity an Time
CarbonationRate
Macro Porosity
% Carbonation
Time
67Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Eco-Cement Strength DevelopmentEco-Cement Strength Development
Eco-Cements gain early strength from the hydration of PC.
Later strength comes from the carbonation of brucite forming an amorphous phase, lansfordite and nesquehonite.
Strength gain in Eco-Cements is mainly microstructural because of– More ideal particle packing (Brucite particles at 4-5 micron are
under half the size of cement grains.)– The natural fibrous and acicular shape of magnesium carbonate
minerals which tend to lock together.– Both the carbonates and hydroxide of magnesium have strong
polar bonding.
68Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Cements Net Emissions/Sequestration ComparedCements Net Emissions/Sequestration Compared
Net Emissions (Sequestration) per kg Cement
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00P
ortla
nd C
emen
t
Mag
nesi
a
Lim
e
Tec
-Cem
ent
Eco
-Cem
ent
Lim
e M
orta
r
Env
iro-C
emen
t
kg CO2-e/kgNet Emissions(Sequestration) per kgCement
69Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
CO2 Abatement in Eco-Cement BlocksCO2 Abatement in Eco-Cement Blocks
Eco-cements in porous products absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brucite carbonates forming lansfordite, nesquehonite and an amorphous phase, completing the thermodynamic cycle.
No Capture11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate.
Emissions.37 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .241 tonne to the tonne.
Portland Cements15 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate
Emissions.32 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .299 tonne to the tonne.
.299 > .241 >.140 >.113Bricks, blocks, pavers, mortars and pavement made using eco-cement, fly and bottom ash (with capture of CO2 during manufacture of reactive magnesia) have 2.65 times less emissions than if they were made with Portland cement.
Capture CO211.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate.
Emissions.25 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .140 tonne to the tonne.
Capture CO2. Fly and Bottom Ash11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate.
Emissions.126 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .113 tonne to the tonne.
For 85 wt% Aggregates
15 wt% Cement
Greater Sustainability
70Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in PracticeTecEco Technology in PracticeBy Taus Larsen, (Architect, Low Carbon Network Ltd.)The Low Carbon Network (www.lowcarbon.co.uk) was established to raise awareness of the links between buildings, the working and living patterns they create, and global warming and aims to initiate change through the application of innovative ideas and approaches to construction. England’s first Earthship is nearly completed in southern England outside Brighton at Stanmer Park and TecEco technologies have been used for the floors and some walling.
Earthships are exemplars of low-carbon design, construction and living and were invented and developed in the USA by Mike Reynolds over 20 years of practical building exploration. They are autonomous earth-sheltered buildings independent from mains electricity, water and waste systems and have little or no utility costs.
For information about the Earthship Brighton and other projects please go to the TecEco web site.
=> Earthship Brighton, UK
71Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Earthship BrightonEarthship Brighton
The first building in the world made with Eco-Cement which sets by absorbing CO2 and wastes
72Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Tec-Cement Slab Whittlesea, Vic. AustraliaTec-Cement Slab Whittlesea, Vic. Australia
On 17th March 2005 TecEco poured the first commercial slab in the world using tec-cement concrete with the assistance of one of the larger cement and pre-mix companies.
– The formulation strategy was to adjust a standard 20 MPa high fly ash (36%) mix from the company as a basis of comparison.
– Strength development, and in particular early strength development was good. Interestingly some 70 days later the slab is still gaining strength at the rate of about 5 MPa a month.
– Also noticeable was the fact that the concrete was not as "sticky" as it normally is with a fly ash mix and that it did not bleed quite as much.
– Shrinkage was low. 7 days - 133 micro strains, 14 days - 240 micro strains, 28 days - 316 micros strains and at 56 days - 470 microstrains.
Strength Development of Tec-Cement Concrete
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days w ater cured
Str
en
gth
, M
Pa
CompressiveStrength
=> Tec-Cement Concrete Slabs
73Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in Practice - Whittlesea, Vic. Australia
TecEco Technology in Practice - Whittlesea, Vic. Australia
First Eco-cement mud bricks and mortars in Australia
– Tested up twice as strong as the PC controls
– Mud brick addition rate 2.5%
– Addition rate for mortars 1:8 not 1:3 because of molar ratio volume increase with MgO compared to lime.
=> Eco-Cement Mud Bricks
74Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in Practice – AMC Hire Tilt Up PanelsTecEco Technology in Practice – AMC Hire Tilt Up Panels
=> Tec-Cement Tilt Ups
Our Tec-Cement concrete tilt ups are free of plastic cracking, obvious bleed marking and other defects.
75Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Tec & Eco Cement Foamed ConcretesTec & Eco Cement Foamed Concretes
BUILD LITE CELLULAR CONCRETE4 Rosebank Ave Clayton Sth MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA 3169PH 61 3 9547 0255 FX 61 3 9547 0266
Foamed TecEco cement concretes can be produced to about 30% weight reduction in concrete trucks using cellflow (or equivalents) or to about 70% weight reduction using a foaming machine with mearlcrete (or equivalents).
=> Foamed Concretes
76Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Tec & Eco Cement Foamed ConcreteTec & Eco Cement Foamed Concrete
=> Foamed Concretes Slabs
77Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Foam infill in steel frames.
Tec & Eco Cement Foamed ConcretesTec & Eco Cement Foamed Concretes=> Foamed Concretes
78Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in PracticeTecEco Technology in Practice
Tec-Cement concretes exhibit little or no shrinkage. At 10% substitution of MgO for PC the shrinkage is less than half normal. At 18% substitution with no added pozzolan there was no measurable shrinkage or expansion.
The above photo shows a tec-cement concrete topping coat (with no flyash) 20mm thick away from the door and 80 mm thick near the door. Note that there has been no tendency to push the tiles or shrink away from the borders as would normally be the case.
=> Topping Coats
79Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in PracticeTecEco Technology in Practice
The Clifton Surf Life Saving Club was built by first pouring footings, On the footings block walls were erected and then at a later date concrete was laid in between.
As the ground underneath the footings was sandy, wet most of the time and full of salts it was a recipe for disaster.
Predictably the salty water rose up through the footings and then through the blocks and where the water evaporated there was strong efflorescence, pitting, loss of material and damage.
The TecEco solution was to make up a formulation of eco-cement mortar which we doctored with some special chemicals to prevent the rise of any more moisture and salt.
The solution worked well and appears to have stopped the problem.
=> Waterproofing Render
80Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in PracticeTecEco Technology in Practice
Mike Burdon, Builder and Plumber.
Mike works for a council interested in sutainability and has been involved with TecEco since around 2001 in a private capacity helping with large scale testing of TecEco tec-cements at our shack.
Mike is interested in the potentially superior strength development and sustainability aspects.
To date Mike has poured two slabs, footings, part of a launching ramp and some tilt up panels using formulations and materials supplied by John Harrison of TecEco. Mike believes that research into the new TecEco cements essential as he has found:
1. The rheological performance even without plasticizer was excellent. As testimony to this the contractors on the site commented on how easy the concrete was to place and finish.
2. The formulations are extremely easy to pump and place. Once in position they appeared to “gel up” quickly allowing stepping for a foundation to a brick wall.
3. Strength gain was more rapid than with Portland cement controls from the same premix plant and continued for longer.
4. The surfaces of the concrete appeared to be particularly hard and Mike attributes this to the fact that much less bleeding was observed than would be expected with a Portland cement only formulation
=> Our First Slab Ever!
81Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Technology in PracticeTecEco Technology in Practice
TecEco Tec and Eco-Cement bricks, blocks and pavers are now being made commercially in Tasmania and with freight equalization may be viable to ship to the mainland for your “green” project. Otherwise we may be able to get a local manufacturer to make them for you.
=> Concrete Bricks, Blocks and Pavers
82Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Eco-Cement PermecocreteTecEco Eco-Cement Permecocrete
Allow many mega litres of good fresh water to become contaminated by the pollutants on our streets and pollute coastal waterways
Capture and cleanse the water for our use?
Or
=> Permecocrete
TecEco have now perfected porous pavements that can be made out of mono-graded recycled aggregates and other wastes and that sequester CO2.
Permecocrete
It does not get much greener!
TecEco Eco-Cement Permecocrete - Mimicking Nature
TecEco Eco-Cement Permecocrete - Mimicking Nature
Permecocrete is made with Eco-Cements that set by absorbing CO2 and can use recycled aggregates. It does not get any greener!
Freedom from water restrictions – forever!
Pure fresh water from your own block.
Filtration through Permecocrete and water feature in garden will keep water pure and fresh.
Cooler house and garden (cycle under slab for house cooling/heating option).
Lower infrastructure costs for local council.
Water storage e.g. under drive
Permecocrete porous pavement
Water featurekeeps water
clean
Pump
All rainwater redirected to pavement filter.
84Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
TecEco Permecocrete – Biomicking NatureTecEco Permecocrete – Biomicking Nature
Optional impervious layer, underground drainage and storage. Dual water supply or parks etc. only.
Optional groundwater recharge
The substrate must be properly designed
Moisture retention
Cleansing microbial activity and oxygenation
Cooling Evaporation
Pavements are not just for vehicles. They must do much more
CO2 CO2CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2
Sequestration
85Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Holistic Roads for the FutureHolistic Roads for the Future
Foamed Eco-Cement concrete root redirectors and pavement protectors. Roots will grow away from the foamed concrete because of its general alkalinity. It will also give to some extent preventing surface pavement cracking.
Conventional bitumen or concrete footpath pavement
Impermeable layer (concrete or plastic liner) angling for main flow towards collection drains
Pervious Eco-Cement concrete pavement (Permecocrete) surface using recycled aggregates
Pervious gravel under for collection, cleansing and storage of water
Collection drains to transport drain or pipe in service conduit at intervals
Services to either side of the road. All in same trench of conduit
Possible leakage to street trees and underground aquifers
Its time for a road re think!
Service conduit down middle of road
In Australia we run many duplicate services down each side of a road. Given the high cost of installing infrastructure it would be smarter to adopt a system whereby services run down the middle of a road down what amount to giant box culverts.
86Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
So Far - Has Anything Really Changed?So Far - Has Anything Really Changed? Building materials and methods have not really changed
much in spite of all the pretense about sustainability.– So far mostly green wash.
Big improvements in our understanding of the importance of design but
No real paradigm shifts in technology with perhaps a few exceptions– Neon light globes– Solar panels etc.
To solve sustainability problems of the magnitude we have we must change the paradigm from the bottom up.– We have to do things very differently!!
TecEco’s answer is to convert waste and CO2 to resource by building with them.
There is enormous scope for change in the built environment
87Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
Challenge in the Construction BusinessChallenge in the Construction Business
The challenge now facing people in the construction business is to:– Implement sustainable materials
in more sustainable ways.
As builders of cities we have– dense concentrations of people
– the juxtaposition of many industries
– concentrations of materials
Real opportunities to reduce energy and material through-put!
88Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
What is Stopping Us?What is Stopping Us? A lack of awareness The conservative nature of players in the industry Prescription standards, regulation etc. Lack of government leadership
– Politics– Legacy subsidies for non sustainable materials and practices
Failure by leaders in the market to buy sustainability– Economies of scale– Short term rather than long term
A disconnect between builders and users A chronic lack of skills in the industry to take up
new more sustainable technologiesWe are holding ourselves down!
We must change from the bottom up!
89Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
A Sustainable Built EnvironmentA Sustainable Built Environment
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
ECO-CEMENTCONCRETES
SUSTAINABLE CITIES
CO2
PERMANENT SEQUESTRATION & WASTE UTILISATION (Man made carbonate rock incorporating wastes as a building material)
Pareto’s principle -80% of the build environment in non structural and could be carbonate from Greensols held together by Eco-Cements
CO2
MgOTECECO KILN
RECYCLED BUILDING MATERIALS
OTHERWASTES
“There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Fred Pearce, New Scientist Magazine
CO2 + H2O =>Hydrocarbons compounds using bacteria
GREENSOLS
CO2
Made with manufactured carbonate and waste!
90Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
A Post – Carbon AgeA Post – Carbon Age
Prehistoric Classic Renaissance Industrial Revolution Contemporary Post Carbon Age
Recyclable Recyclable
CO2
Wattle & daub Stone Mud brick Etc.
Stone
Stone Brick
Concrete Concrete Steel Aluminium
Eco-cements
As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F., 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”.