Each Human cell contains 46 chromosomes (2 pairs of the 23
types of chromosomes) There are 22 types of autosomal (body trait)
chromosomes There are 1 pair of sex chromosomes (x or y) Somatic
cells: Called Diploid Cells or 2N have two sets of chromosomes = 46
in total Humans have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes in somatic
cells = 44 chromosomes + XX (females) or +XY (males) THE HUMAN
GENOME
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Gametes (sex cells): Have 23 chromosomes Called Haploid cells
or 1N Sperm = 22 chromosomes + X or Y Ova = 22 chromosomes + X THE
HUMAN GENOME
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ANIMAL MITOSIS
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MITOSIS SLOWMATION
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WWW.CELLSALIVE.COM/MITOSIS.HTM
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MITOSIS OVERVIEW BEGIN: One cell containing 4 single stranded
chromosomes Interphase: Cell is in normal functioning state
(replication of DNA material is occurring) Cell spends most of its
time in this state Cannot see any chromosomes (unravelled)
Prophase: Chromosomes begin to shorten and fatten (become visible)
true beginning of mitosis Centromere at centre of chromosome
becomes visible Centrioles move apart, creating what is called a
miotic spindle Metaphase: Miotic spindle is formed Double stranded
chromosomes line up along equator of the cell (each strand of
chromosome called a chromatid) Anaphase: Contraction of the miotic
spindle, pulls toward the poles of the cells Each centromere
divides so that a single strand of DNA goes to opposite sides of
the cell (1 copy of each chromosome at each end of the cell)
Telophase: Clear division in chromosomal positioning, chromosomes
become thinner and less obvious Nuclear membrane or cell wall
begins to form around each group of cells CYTOKINESIS: Process by
which cell membrane or wall encloses, separating the genetic
material, forming 2 cells
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THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL
Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder Pubic bone Urethra
Vagina Rectum Cervix
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THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL The
menstrual cycle is controlled by internal feedback mechanisms
between the reproductive system and the endocrine system. The cycle
takes an average of 28 days.
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THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL
Ovulation
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REPRODUCTION HORMONES IN HUMANS HormoneProduced byFunction
TestosteroneTesticlesMale sex traits FSHPituitaryStimulates
egg/sperm dvlp Stimulate estrogen LHPituitaryStim. Testosterone
Release of egg, corpus luteum, progesterone EstrogenOvariesFemale
sex traits ProgesteroneCorpus luteumMaintains Uterus lining
COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL
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Asexual vs. Sexual TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
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PURPOSE OF REPRODUCTION To make sure a species can continue.
Definition: Reproduction is the process by which an organism
produces others of its same kind.
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION A new organism (sometimes more than one)
is produced from one organism. The offspring will have hereditary
material uniform with the hereditary material of the parent
organism. This means they will be genetically alike.
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TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Budding Regeneration Fission
(Binary fission)
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BUDDING Process by which a new, duplicate plant or animal
begins to form at the side of the parent and enlarges until an
individual is created. Very common in plants;
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Requires two sex cells egg and sperm The
egg and sperm join to form an entirely new organism Different from
the parent organism
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IMPORTANT! Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are
genetically identical to the parent organism Sexual reproduction
results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent
organisms