COMPETENCE IN TEXTILES

Antimicrobial Textiles in Sports Activities –Application, Assessment and Safety AspectsDr. Anja Gerhardts – Hohenstein Institute09.05.2012 – Performance Days

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General requirements for a reasonable use of antimicrobial textiles

This means proof of an application-oriented effectiveness exclusion of harmful effects to people or

environment due to biocide usage

Efficacy Safetyand

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Protection Fibre protection - microbial corrosion Prevention of infections - reduction of

pathogens, e.g. in medical facilities & nursing homes

Odour Odour reduction and control

Therapy Support of therapies in wound infection Atopic dermatitis - effect on

microflora disorders

Silver (metal salts)

Quaternary Ammoniumcompounds (Quats)

Polyhexamide PHMB

Copper

Chitosan

Regenerable N-halaminepolymeric biocides

Triclosan

Dyes (biocide spacer dye)

Antimicrobial textiles: active substancesand fields of application

Active substances Fields of application

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Antimicrobial textiles: product specificationsdepend on the fields of application

Active principle

Active substance

Level of effectiveness

Specifity of effectiveness

Duration of effectiveness(onset and durability)

Safety(e.g. effects on skin and microflora)

Fibre protection

Prevention of infections

Odour reduction(sports)

Wound management

Product specificationsFields of application

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Efficacy against bacteria on the textile surfaceDuration of efficacy (fast onset of action / duration of sporting activity)

a) Sweat odour reduction – subjective assessmentb) Sweat odour reduction – objective assessment

Challenge Test according to ISO 20743 and modifications

Basic tests: cytotoxicity test, sensitization testWearing trials: skin microflora and local skin parameters

Test methods in vitro and in vivo

Requirements for antibacterial sportswear

HygieneHygiene

SafetySafety

OdourOdour

Exclusion of skin reactions (allergy, irritation) ornegative influence on skin microflora

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ISO 20743 (JIS L 1902)Absorption method, quantitative test (bacteria and virus)

ISO 22196 (JIS Z 2801)Film contact method, quantitative test (bacteria and virus)

EN 14119 Agar diffusion test, qualitative test (mould fungi)

Standard methods

HygieneHygiene

Tests for antimicrobial efficacy

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> 3Strong

> 1 to < 3Significant

0.5 to < 1Slight

< 0.5No

Growth reduction[log10 CFU]Antibacterial activity*

defined by Hohenstein Laboratoriescurrently accepted worldwide

*against test strainsStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352

Marketing instruments

Tests for antimicrobial efficacy

Assessment criteria

HygieneHygiene

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Application-oriented modifications of standard methods

HygieneHygiene

Modified tests for antimicrobial efficacy

Variation of test strains

odour causing germs (e.g. skin microflora)

hygiene-relevant germs (e.g. germs of the oral cavity,

dermatophytes and others)

decomposers (Aspergillus niger, Penecillium spec., etc.)

wound or nosocomial germs (e.g. MRSA, enterococci incl.

VRE, Candida albicans, norovirus, etc.)

Kinetics of antimicrobial activity (e.g. shorter contact time)

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Example: Dermatophytes differ in susceptibility to biocides

Control DDAC PHMB

Tr = Trichophyton rubrum, Tm = Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Modified tests for antimicrobial efficacy

HygieneHygiene

Modification of test strain for efficacy against athlete´s foot

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Sportswear / efficacy against bacteriaSuspension test according to DIN EN ISO 20743

Functional fiber 1 Functional fiber 2 Functional fiber 3

Integrated silver

Specifity:- S. aureus- germs of microflora

Log reduction: 2-3

HygieneHygiene

Silver coating

Specifity:- S. aureus- germs of microflora

Log reduction: 4-5

Fiber finished with silver

Specifity:- S. aureus- germs of microflora

Log reduction: 3.5-4

Source: wikipedia Source: wikipediaSource: wikipedia

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~ 1h

~ 6h

Sportswear / onset of efficacy against bacteriaModified suspension test following DIN EN ISO 20743

germ count

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

0 h 1 h 2 h 4 h

cfu

/ sam

ple

controlfunctional fiber 1functional fiber 2functional fiber 3

HygieneHygiene

Source: wikipediaSource: wikipedia

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Suspicion of risks silver/skin and silver/microflora

Human toxicity ?? Toxicity for human cells Mutagenicity Sensitizing potential

Silver / Skin

Binding to negatively chargedbacterial cell walls

Disruption of metabolism and cellular respiration of bacteria

Silver / Skin microflora

SafetySafety

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ISO 10993-5:2009 Test for in vitro cytotoxicity

ISO 10993-3:2003 Tests for genotoxicity,carcinogenicity andreproductive toxicity

ISO 10993-10:2010 Tests for irritation and skin sensitization

Marketing instrumentsBiological Assessment

SafetySafety

Tests on biological safety / human toxicity

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Genotoxicity

Ames Test Comet AssayCytotoxicity Test (ISO 10993-5)

Cytotoxicity

Tests on biological safety / human toxicity

In vitro tests for the assessment of biological risks

SafetySafety

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No. 15 Mechanische Irritationen

Immune cell Change of surface

AllergensAllergen bindsto receptor

Tests on biological safety / human toxicity

SafetySafety

Epicutaneous test (ISO 10993-10) In vitro sensitization test (THP-1 test)

Wearing trials & cell test for the assessment of biological risks

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1

10

100

1000

10000

test person 1 test person 2 test person 3 test person 4

CFU

/ cm

²

normal skintextile controlfunctional fiber 2

No effects on human skin microflora by normal use of textiles

Silver and the human skin microflora

Wearing period 12 h

Functional fiber 2

SafetySafety

Patch test on the forehead

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Field study with 60 subjects (21 – 65 years)

Microbiological and dermatological supervision

Halved shirts (verum/placebo) were worn

Wearing for 8 h/d over a period of 5 weeks

SafetySafety

Silver and the human skin microflora

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Hohenstein BioSkin and artificial skin microflora

SafetySafety

Hohenstein developed an artificial skin and its colonization with

bacteria of the human microflora

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Hohenstein BioSkin and artificial skin microflora

SafetySafety

Wearing simulation of antibacterial textile on the artificial skin No negative effect on bacteria of the human microflora

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Volatile Sulfur Compounds Short Chain Fatty Acids Carbolic Acids Steroids ….

Substances responsible for sweat odour

OdourOdour

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Hohenstein in vitro test systems for odour reduction

OdourOdour

Agar test for antimicrobial activity against odour causing germs

of the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium

jeikeium, Micrococcus luteus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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Hohenstein in vitro test systems for odour reduction

OdourOdour

Binding and release studies using radioactive labelled sweat

odour molecules

Quantification of odour molecules on the textile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sweat transfer (0h) Storage for 24h Storage for 24h + 2h 35°C

Rel

ease

of o

dour

sub

stan

ce [%

] PA 140 g/m²PES 140 g/m²CO 150 g/m²

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Hohenstein in vivo test system for odour reduction

OdourOdour

Artificial sweat studies (mixture of key sweat odour molecules)

Sniffing test (olfactometry) with odour panellists

Used for

material comparison

efficacy testing of laundry

processes

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OlfactometrySporting activity > 1 hour

Sweat odour

Hohenstein field test system for odour reduction

OdourOdour

Wearing trials with test persons (antibacterial sportswear vs.

control)

Sniffing test with odour panellists

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Hohenstein field test system for odour reduction

OdourOdour

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Swea

t odo

ur in

tens

ity

textile control functional fiber 2

0h

48h

Significant differences in the assessment of odour intensity Strong and fast odour reducing efficacy of the antibacterial textile

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Testing and assessment of antimicrobial textiles in sport activities

Antimicrobial textiles are a plus at the point of sale

Antimicrobial activity has to be adapted to the specific sportactivitiy (onset, duration)

Keep safety aspects in mind (biocides)

The performance of „all day fresh“ can be evaluated

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te Boekhorst

Murmann

Deigner

Prof. Dr. Höfer

Ilgner

Hilbert-Hackenberg

Nolle

Christiani

Berner-Dannenmann

Secker

Dr. Eichler

Kraus Rickert Dr. Gerhardts

SzegediDr. Hammer

Handel

Dr. Mucha

Department Hygiene, Environment & Medicine

The Team

Balluff

Laucher

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Thank you very much for your interest !

Dr. Anja GerhardtsHohenstein InstituteSchloss Hohenstein74357 BönnigheimPhone +49 7143 271 434Fax +49 7143 271 94434E-Mail a.gerhardts@hohenstein.dewww.hohenstein.de