Dr azmi's presentation on abr july '12

SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ANTIBIOTICS


What are bacteria?

• Bacteria are organisms consist of only one

cell.

• They can increase in number with varying

shapes.

• Bacteria can be found everywhere, inside and

on our bodies.

• Some bacteria are useful and some are

harmful.


What are antibiotics?

Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by GERMS called bacteria. Antibiotics have the ability to

kill or stop the growth of bacteria. However, antibiotics are not effective against viral infections

Bacterial infections:

• Bladder infection• Throat infection• Severe sinus infection - lasting

two or more weeks• Skin infections• Urinary tract infections

Viral infections:

• Bronchitis• Common cold - stuffy nose,

sneezing, headache• Flu (influenza)• Most coughs


What are antibiotics?

• In Malaysia, antibiotics are poison B medicines. • Antibiotics can only be prescribed by:

Registered Medical Practitioner

Dentist

Veterinary doctor

Antibiotics can

only be bought at

the pharmacy with

a doctor’s

prescription


Types of antibiotics Macrolides• Azithromycin (Zithromax)• Clarithromycin (Biaxin) Cephalosporins• Cephalexin (Celexin)• Cefuroxime (Efurox, Zinacef)

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin (Ciprox)Norfloxacin (Noroxin) PenicillinAmoxicillin (Amoxil)Cloxacillin (Tegopen, Cloxacap)


Types of antibiotics

TetracyclinesTetracycline (Sumycin)Doxycycline (Doxycap) AminoglycosidesAmikacin (Amikin)Neomycin (Mycifradin) CarbapenemsErtapenemImipenem-Cilastatin (Primaxin)

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) Rifampin (Rifadin) SulfonamideTrimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)Sulfamethoxazole (Gantanol)


Formulations of antibiotics


AdministrationOral

• The most preferred, cheap and easy to administer but it not reliable in patients with severe infections and non-compliant patients.

• Not all antibiotics are available for oral administration.

Injection• Antibiotics can be given intravenously or intramuscularly. • This is the best method to the patient that has severe

infections. However, it is painful. • Some antibiotics are not available for parenteral use.

Topical• Application on the skin.


Uses of antibiotics

Treatment of an infection caused by bacteria

Prevent bacteria from reproducing

Not effective against viruses


Irrational use of antibiotics

Irrational use of antibiotics

Use too many medicines

Inadequate dosage for non

bacterial infection

Inappropriate route of

administration of antibiotics

Failure to prescribe in

accordance with clinical guidelines

Inappropriate self-medication


Factors that need to be considered when taking antibiotics

BabyAntibiotics for example chloramphenicol and sulphonamides are not

suitable for babies and cause adverse effects such as ‘Gray Baby syndrome’ and kernicterus.

Pregnant and breastfeeding motherCertain antibiotics may harm the growing fetus and the baby. Antibiotics

considered safe for use during pregnancy are penicillin, cephalosporin (cephalexin) and erythromycin. However, tertacycline should be avoided.

ChildrenTetracycline and quinolone affect the bone and teeth development and

should be prevented.

AdultMost antibiotics can be taken by adults but it must be for the right patient

at the right dose, dosage form and time.


Factors that need to be considered when taking antibiotics

Drug

Hypersensitivity in patient

towards certain antibiotics

Drug-drug or drug-food

interaction

Dose of antibiotics must be right in accordance to

patients’ age/weight and medical

condition

Cost of antibiotics must be

economically cost-effective


Side effects

Severe watery diarrhea

White patches on tongue

Nausea

Vomiting Abdominal cramps

Common side effects


Side effects

Allergic reactions

Swelling of lips

Rash

Shortness of breath

Fainting


Importance of taking full course of antibiotics

Prevent spread and development of

bacterial resistance towards antibiotic

Make sure all bacteria are killed

antibiotics resistance!!To prevent


What is antibiotic resistance?

• Antibiotic resistance is a condition occurs when antibiotics lose ability to kill bacteria and no longer effective to treat infection.

• This condition happens when antibiotics are used :

Too often

Repeated use

Inappropriate use such as not taking a full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor


……………...

You’re gonna die! haha

Oh no..! Help me

You think you are clever? I’m

cleverer than you..haha

If do not take full course antibiotics, antibiotics

resistance occur.

Function of antibiotics


Does patient that has bacteria infection be given the same antibiotics?

Patient may have the same sign and symptom of an infection but it is

caused by different bacteria. Hence, we should seek the doctor to identify the type of bacteria and give

suitable antibiotic to fight the bacteria. Nature and seriousness of the

infection, patient’s age, disorder present, other drugs being taken also

influence the choose and effectiveness of the antibiotic.


Guideline for rational used of antibiotics

Practice your rights as a smart consumer - Ask your doctor/pharmacist about your medications.

When a doctor prescribes antibiotics to you, ask him or her about the indication of the antibiotics and possible side effects.

Make sure to take the full course of antibiotics to prevent the existence of antibiotics resistance. Do not skip doses.

Avoid taking antibiotics in double amount if you forget to take it.

Never take antibiotics without a prescription.

Do not "demand" antibiotics from your doctors if they do not prescribe it to you.

Practice good personal hygiene to prevent common infection.


Where to find the information about antibiotics?

If you have any problems regarding antibiotics, you can refer to your nearest pharmacists and doctors.


THANK YOU.THANK YOU.

Documents

Dr azmi's presentation on abr july '12