1

Pioneer Nutritional Sciences Manager; co-leads a group

of Pioneer nutritionists from North America, Germany,

Italy and France.

He provides technical leadership for on-farm nutritional

troubleshooting, how Pioneer nutritionally profiles and

develops maize, lucerne and forage additive products

(inoculants) to meet the needs of the livestock industry.

Currently a collaborative faculty member in the

Department of Animal Science at Iowa State University.

His articles appear frequently in various dairy

publications such as Feedstuffs, Hoard’s Dairyman,

Dairy Today, Dairy Herd Management.

Dr. Bill Mahanna Nutritional Science Manager

Pioneer, A DuPont Business

Bill Mahanna, Ph.D., Dipl ACAN Nutritional Sciences Manager Pioneer, A DuPont Business bill.mahanna@pioneer.com

515.229.3409 2

• To be a good silage hybrid, it

must start out as a good grain

hybrid because you can not

overcome lack of starch (>90%

digestible) with small increases

in fiber digestibility (60-70%

digestible)

• BUT…not every grain hybrid

makes a good silage hybrid

because they may be too short

and not deliver the desired

stover yields

3

Dr. Joe Lauer

UW State Maize Extension Specialist Pioneer corn silage presentation, January 31, 2012, Johnston, Iowa

4

Source: Dr. Joe Lauer, UW State Maize Extension Specialist, Pioneer Maize Silage presentation January 31, 2012, Johnston, Iowa

54K v. 99K per ha

395 v. 0 lbs N per ha

5

The Importance of Starch • Yield is roughly 50% grain (kernels)

• % Starch in the silage is a result of

– the ratio of grain to stover and

– the maturity of the kernel

• Maturity at harvest – Increased starch content is responsible for quality improvement

energy sources in corn silage 65% grain

10% cell contents

25% NDF (fiber)

– Prior to black layer, starch is still being laid down in the kernel

– Hybrids within a plot should be reasonably close in maturity

• look at harvest moisture as an indicator

6

Source: http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2011/2011Text.aspx

10 point range

in starch content

What are the

Possible Ranges in

Grain (starch) Yield

versus NDFD

4 point range

in NDFD

5.7 T DM/ha range in yield (16.2 tons/ha adjusted to 35% DM)

7

¾ ML

Harvesting too premature

will cost you starch yields

Starch

Germ

½ ML

It is not unusual for silage to dry down 0.2 points of moisture/day in cool weather and 0.5 point/day in warm weather.

Much of the reason for the dry-down is due to starch being deposited in the kernel (up to 0.5 points of starch/day)

8

What is just 1 percentage point of starch worth for every hectare of corn silage you harvest?

9

96.1 95.2 94.1

27.530.9 33.4

18.0 16.7 15.3

41.2 39.3 38.4

47.2 45.3 44.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

30 32 34 36 38 40

Silage Dry Matter, %

Va

lue

, %

of

DM

or

of

Nu

trie

nt

Composition and Digestion Changes with Silage DM

Starch Digestibility (Processed)

NDF Digestibility declines only minimally

NDF Content

Starch increases by as much a 0.5% point per day

Sugar + Organic

acid Content

With the cost of grain today, increased starch content of hybrids with excellent late-season plant

health compensates for relatively minor decreases in NDF digestibility (and starch also dilutes NDF content)

Source: Dr. Fred Owens, Pioneer Senior Research Scientist.

Journal of Animal Science and Journal of Dairy Science literature review summary

Does Higher Harvest DM Impact Fiber Digestibility?

Rather than target

harvest DM in this

shaded area

Target harvest DM in

this area to capture

more starch with

little impact on NDFD

10

Higher starch is a good thing…. BUT don’t let DM get too high

In NZ, unpredictable autumn weather and smaller, irregular shaped and contoured fields may contribute to slow harvest and silage that is too dry resulting in:

Difficulty to obtain good density (low porosity) in smaller stacks

Reduced silage palatability in non-TMR systems

11

BMR Corn Silage Brown Mid-Rib corn derives the name from

reddish-brown coloration on underside of leaf

mid-vein (midrib), first visible at 4-6 leaf stage

Coloration eventually disappears in the leaves

but remains in the stalk

BMR is a single-gene, recessive trait which

must be in both parents

– First reported in dent corn at U of MN in

1924.

– Four mutants have been reported: bmr1

(Jorgenson,1931), bmr2 (Burnham &

Brink,1932), bmr3 (Emerson et.al.,1935)

and bmr4 (Burnham,1945).

•

BMR hybrid leaf midrib (left) and

conventional hybrid leaf midrib (right).

12

Cell wall lignin reduced by as much

as 10% (normally 2-4% lignin in corn

silage)

Reduced lignin and increased cell

wall fragility results in significantly

improved silage intakes

Advantages

BMR corn silage has been associated with

reductions in whole plant yield of upwards of

20% when compared to elite, conventional

silage hybrids

BMR hybrids have typically demonstrated poor

agronomics, especially standability and

potential for increased susceptibility to drought,

diseases, insects and cold temperatures

BMR hybrids must be harvested for silage and

do not have the flexibility of high-moisture corn

or dry grain harvest

Disadvantages

BMR Corn Silage

Pioneer released their first BMR hybrid in North America in 2012 (P1376XR), with excellent yield and drought/disease tolerance

13

Extent of vitreousness best determined by: - Physical dissection

- Measuring absolute density (not test weight)

- Stenvert mill grinding method

Common Terminology

dent vs. flint grain

floury vs. vitreous starch

soft, porous vs. hard, dense

light vs. heavy test weight

floury vs. horny endosperm

opaque vs. translucent (glassy)

Floury

Vitreous

14

Hoard’s Dairyman February 25, 2010 pg 139

These trials were conducted with

“book-end” hybrids not typical of

commercially available corn. Don’t

expect these differences with

commercial hybrids.

15

Mestres et al., 1995

– Popularly referenced studies

often investigate starch digestibility using extremes in vitreousness ranging from 3% to 66% (Taylor and Allen, 2005a,b,c) or from 25 to 66% (Allen et al., 2008) of the starch being vitreous.

– This makes sense when investigating the mode of action of starch digestion.

– However, caution should be exercised when applying these observations to field situations with diets containing high yielding, commercial hybrids with more moderate density and zein-prolamin content

Extremely floury hybrids

typically lower in grain yield

and more susceptible to

damage from field

pests and handling

16

• An in vivo study by Corona et al. (2006) used four hybrids within the more typical range in vitreousness (55, 61, 63, and 65%)

– increasing vitreousness of dry rolled corn failed to

significantly impact ruminal disappearance of starch but surprisingly, tended to reduce post-ruminal digestion.

– as noted from other studies, differences in starch digestion due to vitreousness were obliterated when hybrids were steam flaked.

17

Presented at the Tri-State

Nutrition Conference

April 25-25, 2006

18

North American corn silage is typically chopped at

19mm and haylage about 13mm to ensure adequate

physically effective fiber (peNDF)

If the forage is too short from chopping, bagging or mixing, then we reluctantly add 0.5-1.0 kg of straw or grass hay to the TMR to help develop rumen mat matrix to stimulate cud-chewing Straw is dry, non-fermented and hollow-stemmed so it

floats well in the rumen.

the problem with straw is it is displacing higher energy feed needed by high production cows

Straw must not be chopped longer than 1-2 inches or cows can easily sort from the ration

Ration must contain adequate moisture or sorting will also occur

19

The problem with longer chop to achieve peNDF, is that kernel processing has to be closely monitored to prevent this

It is becoming increasingly popular to test for fecal starch levels (goal is <6%) to help determine if grain and corn silage processing was adequate.

20

You don’t have a Ro-Tap (used in the lab method) available at the time of harvest….so use this Pioneer Processing Cup to help

assure adequate kernel damage as the crop is being delivered to the storage structure

Best field test is a 32oz cup….if you see more

than 2-4 half or whole kernels in this volume of

silage, then chopper adjustments may be

called for:

Source: Dave Taysom, Dairyland Labs

Ask your Pioneer

Sales professional

for one of these cups

Ideal = 2 whole kernels or less

Adequate = 2 to 4 kernels

Inadequate = more than 4 kernels

Kernel Damage Guidelines (per Dr. Dave Mertens USDA/ARS)

Over 70% optimal

50-70 Average

Less than 50% under processed

21

0 3 1 6 5 7 23

39

73

124

191

287

327

266

177

77

45

22 6 1 1 0

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% More

% Coarse Starch Passing Screen 4.75

74% of all samples have average processing

N= 1682 samples

17% of all samples

are under-processed

9% of all samples are

optimally processed

Less than 50% Under processed

50%-70% Average

Greater than 70% Optimum

Plenty of Room for Improving our Kernel Processing

22

NZ Kernel Processing Field Survey Autumn 2012

Less than 50% Under processed

50%-70% Average

Greater than 70% Optimum

N= 83 samples

* 70% of the kernels

passing the 4.75mm

screen is very difficult to

attain. Most nutritionists

in the US are satisfied

with over 65% passing

this coarse screen.

*

23

Excellent Processing score of 70% (70% of starch small enough to pass the 4.75mm screen)

Inadequate processing score of 35% (only 35% of starch small enough to pass 4.75mm screen)

Extreme Examples from the NZ

Kernel Processing Field Survey

24

Luiz Ferraretto and Randy Shaver

Dairy Science Department, UW Madison

25

Shredlage Rolls Normal KP Rolls

Scherer only made 25 shredlage processors this

year….and all are sold. They may make some more

this summer. They are currently working to see if

they can adapt them to John Deere choppers. John

Deere is rumoured to be offering a unique processor

in Fall 2012 26

Shredlage KP

Hybrid DKC 57-79 DKC 57-79

Planting date 5/7/11 5/7/11

Location UW - Arlington, WI UW - Arlington, WI

Row spacing 30” 30”

Seeds per acre 34,000 34,000

Harvest date 9/8/11 9/9/11

Acres harvested 9.1 8.9

As-Fed tons harvested 221.4 214.6

Harvester CLAAS Jaguar – Kutz Farms, Jefferson WI

JD 6910– UW ARS

Harvester Settings 30 mm (1.2”) TLOC; Half of the knives removed

2.5 mm Roll Gap

19 mm (¾”) TLOC; 3 mm or > Roll Gap

Silo Bag 10’ diameter 10’ diameter

27

Shredlage

KP

Processing score 75 +/- 3.3 Processing score 60 +/- 3.9

Kernels after water separation by Kevin Shinners, UW Madison

Screen, mm

Shredlage KP

19 31.5% 5.6%

8 41.5% 75.6%

1.18 26.2% 18.4%

Pan 0.8% 0.4%

Penn State data obtained at

feed-out from the silo bags

28

10/20/11 – 12/28/11

UW – Arlington Dairy

14 pens of 8 cows each; 112 cows (pen is the experimental unit rather than the cow)

The feeding trial was conducted approximately 1.5 months post-harvest to reduce any influence from length of time in fermented storage (e.g. increasing ruminal starch digestion)

Cows stratified by breed, parity & DIM, assigned to pens, and pens randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments of Shredlage or KP

2-week adjust period with all cows fed 50:50 mix of Shredlage & KP in TMR

8-week treatment period with all cows fed their assigned treatment TMR

29

Shredlage KP

Shredlage 50% ---

KP Silage --- 50%

Alfalfa Silage 10% 10%

Ground Dry Shelled Maize

10.3% 10.3%

Maize Gluten Feed 7.4% 7.4%

SBM 48%, solvent 6.9% 6.9%

SBM, expeller 9.3% 9.3%

Rumen-Inert Fat 1.9% 1.9%

Min/Vits 4.2% 4.2%

30

Screen, mm Shredlage KP

19 15.6% 3.5%

8 38.2% 52.9%

1.18 38.9% 35.8%

Pan 7.3% 7.8%

TMR

Samples

Screen, mm

Shredlage KP P <

19 99.3 99.5 0.72

8 99.7 99.8 0.66

1.18 100.1 99.7 0.09

Pan 102.1 101.7 0.54

% of

Predicted

Intake

31

Shredlage KP P <

DMI, lb/d 55.8 54.4 0.08

Milk, lb/d 96.0 94.2 0.14

Milk/DMI 1.72 1.73 0.74

32

For more info on shredlage processors, you can contact Bob Scherer directly at http://scherercorrugating.com/products/processors/

If you want to talk “cow experience” contact Roger Olson at http://www.shredlage.com/

Roger is a dairy specialist with ZinPro and his email is roger.olson@zinpro.com or he has a second email on the shredlage website

33

34

Inoculation

Is a Very

Common Practice

35

Pioneer Forage Additive Portfolio?

36

Estimated DM (shrink) Loss in Maize Silage (30-40% DM)

Silo type

Filling

Seepage

Gaseous

Surface

Feedout

Total

Bunker (uncovered)

2-6% 0-1% 9-10% 9-12% 3-15% 24-43%

Bunker (covered)

2-6% 0-1% 6-7% 3-4% 3-15% 16-31%

Stack (Pile) (uncovered)

3-7% 0-1% 11-12% 19-24% 3-15% 37-58%

Stack (Pile) (covered)

3-7% 0-1% 6-7% 4-6% 3-15% 17-34%

Bags 1-2% 0% 5% 2% 1-5% 9-14%

Source: Holmes and Muck, University of Wisconsin

37

C5H10O5 (xyl,arabin)

C3H6O3

(lactic acid)

C6H12O6

(glu,fru)

C2H5OH

(ethanol)

C3H6O3

(lactic acid)

C2H4O2

(acetic acid)

C2H4O2

(acetic acid)

Substrate End Products

+

+

CO2 +

C6H12O6

(glu&fru)

2 C3H6O3

(lactic acid)

3 C6H12O6

(glu,fru)

C3H6O3

(lactic acid)

+

+ 2 C6H14O6

(mannitol)

+ CO2

Sources of lost CO2 contributing to dry matter (shrink) loss

Continued plant respiration

CO2 losses from:

– Aerobic organisms active until oxygen is depleted

– Hetero-fermentative anaerobic bacteria found naturally on crops

– Aerobic organisms that again become metabolically active when silage re-exposed to air at feed-out

CO2

heat water

CO2

heat water

Homo-fermentative pathways.

Hetero-fermentative pathways.

38

Cost of dry matter shrink per MT when replaced with corn grain as an equivalent energy source

This is an incorrect approach to valuing DM loss

because you loose the most digestible nutrients (sugar,

starch) and concentrate fiber when incurring shrink

39

1. Reduces “front-end” fermentation losses from the homfermentative strains

2. Reduces heating at feed-out from the L. buchneri strain

3. Increased fiber digestibility

(NDFD) by an average of 4 % units From the Pioneer L. buchneri strain in

FT inoculants, not all L. buchneri strains

have this enzyme-producing capability

FT Benefits

40

1. Reduces “front-end” fermentation losses from the homfermentative strains

2. Reduces heating at feed-out from the L. buchneri strain

3. Increased fiber digestibility

(NDFD) by an average of 4% units From the Pioneer L. buchneri strain in FT

inoculants, not all L. buchneri strains have

this enzyme-producing capability

For the Cow - Increase rate of fiber digestibility

For the Dairyman - Ability to feed more forage

and reduce concentrates

FT Benefits

41

Lignin “binds up” cell wall constituents thus limiting the rate at which bacteria can access and digest the cell walls

FT products break this ester bond with an enzyme produced in the

bunker by our L. buchneri strain, allowing rumen bacteria to digest

the cell wall much faster because it is separated from the lignin.

42

Before FT

After FT

Another way to visualize FT

43

Control

CFT

A 2009 example using Fermentrics to compare

Control vs. CFT Maize Silage

(same hybrid put up same day, but one sample treated with CFT)

http://www.fermentrics.com/

4.21%/hr

5.40%/hr

44

Using FermentricsTM and CNCPS

to Quantify the Value of Fiber Technology

Inoculants in the Dairy Diet

Gas-production laboratory comparisons and field experience suggest that

carbohydrate pool digestion rates be increased as follows (if specific

carbohydrate digestion rates are not measured) to reflect the enzymatic activity of

FT products and their impact on altering rates and/or shifting nutrient pools (example:

FT-corn silage book value B3 rate of 3.4%/ hour should be increased by 35% to

4.6%/hour).

CFT/GFT AFT

B1 50% 60%

B2 30% 60%

B3 35% 20% 45

CS values directly from

CNCPS feed library

Feed library values for

11CFT corn CS with rates

directly measured by

Fermentrics

CHO-B3 Kd

You can download CNCPS V6.1.32 at:

http://www.cncps.cornell.edu/downloads.html

Example of how knowing digestion rates can impact diet

formulation by comparing average “book values” versus

the same corn silage inoculated with Pioneer ® brand 11CFT

46

CS directly from

CNCPS feed library

CHO-B1 Kd

CHO-B2 Kd

Feed library values for

11CFT corn CS with rates

directly measured by

Fermentrics

47

Balanced with

Feed Library

Maize Silage

Balanced with Fermentrics Evaluated 11CFT - Maize Silage

(B1, B2, B3 Kd’s per gas prod)

Metabolizable Energy Milk (kg) 40.9 41.8 (+0.9)

Metabolizable Protein Milk (kg) 42.6 45.0 (+2.4)

Microbial Protein (g) 1326 1422 (+96)

Example ration that came pre-loaded in CNCPS V6.1.32

balanced for 40.9 kg milk, and feeding 9.8 kg CS DM

This extra ME and

MP milk is what

could be expected

from about 0.7kg

cereal grain and

0.3kg of a 44%

protein supplement

48

Silage Compaction is Still a Top Priority!

Heating: Look for a heat layer 1–2 meters behind the

face (it quickly dissipates from the face surface)

Insufficient Compactation, High Porosity

Superior Compactation, Low Porosity

49

Correlation of factors with dry matter density adjusted for height of silage above cores (Rich Muck, ARS, USDFRC)

Factor Correlation Coefficient

Initial Layer Thickness -0.279

Average Packing Tractor Weight 0.262

Average Wheel Load 0.224

Dry Matter Content 0.209

Total Weight of Packing Tractor(s) 0.200

Tire Condition (1 = New, 3 = Bald) 0.195

Average Particle Size 0.194

Packing Time, min/t as fed 0.162

Speed of Packing (1 = >8 km/h; 4 = <1.6 km/h) 0.147

Number of Packing Tractors 0.146

Wheels per Packing Tractor (e.g. duals) 0.126

Slip during Packing (1 = none; 3 = frequently) 0.101

Tire Pressure 0.098

Crop (1 = corn; 2 = hay crop) 0.086

Packing Time, min/t DM 0.078

Front Wheel Drive (1 = front wheel drive, assist; 0.075

2 = rear wheel drive only)

Packing Method (1 = horizontal, 2 = progressive -0.068

wedge, 3 = distribute only)

Delivery Wagon or Truck Drives over Pile (1 = yes) 0.059

Positively correlated meaning higher DM actually increased density with the theory that plant cells are crushed easier, however, increasing DM also increases porosity, so don’t get too extreme with high DM’s.

Most important factor. Negative correlation meaning thinner layers produces higher pack densities. Recommend not >15cm layers

50

Spanjer Silage Compactor

• This dairy in Western Iowa was packing new-crop silage up against last year's bunker. Push tractors were pushing silage up toward the old pile.

• Drive over piles can be manageable if producers do these 4 things:

– not pack over 15cm at a time,

– use OB film,

– use L buchneri products like11C33 or CFT to prevent lower density "tails" from being susceptible to aerobic losses.

– focus on ways to improve compaction such as the machine pictured at right from Spanjer (Kitchner, Canada (http://216.19.69.211/silage.asp)

• Spanjer compaction machine weighed 10,000 lbs and costs about $10K

51

Vibrating Sheepsfoot

Swager Farms, Twin Falls, Idaho

Pictured L:R are Dean Swager, Pat Wiebe, Mike Sato, Dr. Wes Kezar

Experimenting with using a vibrating sheepsfoot (60K lbs of pressure)

versus typical pack tractor to pack silage (in this case, triticale)

52

NY dairyman who pulls a 10-ton

roller behind his pack tractor

53

Don’t over-pack the top of the bunker

• Don’t over-pack the top of the bunker.

– Some pack top for several hours after

done filling

– OK to level off and improve compaction

on the top, but no need to spend hours

doing this because very little effect to

improving compaction in the rest of the

silage

• May actually cause more top spoilage

because of excessive damage to

cells liberates nutrients and moisture

fueling the growth of aerobic spoilage

organisms.

54

Rain/melted snow runs down between wall and plastic and exits via drainage

tile providing enhanced preservation for silage against the wall

Making a “Bag out of a Bunker”

Put drainage tile on top of bunker walls

so plastic will not rip when you pull it

over the side walls.

1

2

Secure plastic with some feed and drape it over the wall. Lay down 4-6” drainage tile behind plastic. Don’t worry if you rip it a little when packing…it will still serve its purpose.

3

Pull plastic over walls and cover silage…lapping the sheets. OB Film can be used on the top under the

plastic for added protection (see next slide)

4

OB film 6-mil plastic

55

OBF is >10 time less permeable to

oxygen than normal 6-8 ml plastic

Oxygen Barrier Film (OBF)

can be used on the top (underneath the plastic)

for enhanced feed protection against oxygen penetration

www.silostop.com

56

Covering a “drive-over” pile of Alfalfa Silage with OB Film

and Plastic

OB film

6ml plastic

www.silostop.com

57

Forages/HMC are increasingly valuable – OBF helps improve bio-security of silages by further preventing mold growth in the

highly susceptible top areas most prone to oxygen penetration

– Use Pioneer ® brand Inoculants containing L. buchneri (11C33, 11CFT, 11B91) for

preserving the stability of the face and improving digestibility/consistency

Protected by OBF

Protected by Pioneer L. buchneri products

Plus delivering

improve fermentation, digestibility

and bunklife

58

Kontrolle Control

Thermal Imaging Helps Demonstrate

the Cost of Silage Face Heating

Caused by Yeast, Bacillus and Molds

Pioneer was the very first company to

use silage bunker thermal imaging to detect heating

59

60

61

62

More uniform, consistent and cool

Inoculated with Pioneer ® brand 11CFT

63

Tom Overton, Ph.D. Larry Chase, Ph.D.

Source: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/

Cornell University Feeding Recommendations

64

Remember that Starch Digestibility Increases by Upwards of 20% Over Time in Fermented

storage in both Maize Silage and

HMC (>26% moisture)

Benton et al., 2004

65

Total mixed ration composition from 14 commercial New York dairy herds feeding lower crude protein rations (Chase et al., 2009)

Item

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

Cows 1550 108 270 920 140 100 700 60 180 45 220 45 250 53

Milk, lbs 88 88 85 116 89 85 89 60 95 80 75 85 85 72

Milk fat, % 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.65 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.85 3.7 3.56 3.64

Milk True Protein, % 3.05 3.2 3.07 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.03 2.9

MUN, mg/dl 10.6 12.0 -- 8.0 8-10 9.0 7-9 9.0 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 10 14

Ration CP, % 15.9 15.5 15.7 15.9 14.3 16.0 16.3 16.5 15.8 15.6 15.0 15.6 15.5 15.8

Microbial Protein (MP), g/cow

2625 2720 2961 3306 2599 3016 2792 1991 2744 2305 2256 2419 2739 --

Lysine, % of MP 6.60 6.23 6.40 6.74 6.42 6.17 6.64 5.63 5.77 6.32 6.23 6.31 6.29 6.40

Methionine, % of MP 1.94 1.96 2.05 2.71 2.10 1.77 2.79 1.78 1.85 1.91 1.88 1.91 1.93 1.90

Lys:Meth 3.4:1 3.18:1 3.12:1 2.5:1 3.05:1 3.5:1 2.38:1 3.16:1 3.12:1 3.3:1 3.3:1 3.3:1 3.3:1 3.3:1

NDF, % 28.9 30.8 30.7 30.9 31.4 31.5 32.2 30.5 32.3 29.3 31.5 29.3 31.5 33.7

Forage NDF, % of BW

0.88 0.86 0.86 0.94 0.99 0.91 0.88 0.78 0.99 0.89 0.78 0.89 1.02 0.94

NFC, % 43.4 41.9 40.6 41.5 42.4 38.1 39.1 40.0 39.3 41.3 40.7 44.4 42.5 40.0

Starch, % 28.5 27.1 31.6 28.7 29.3 24.0 27.6 26.3 28.7 28.6 27.6 29.5 28.6 29.0

Sugar, % 3.5 3.1 4.2 5.4 5.0 3.3 5.1 7.0 3.5 3.7 3.4 4.1 7.4 3.9

Fat, % 4.3 3.8 4.3 5.1 4.4 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.0 5.2 4.1

Forage,

% of ration DM 57 60.4 48 60 59 57 53 50 51 59 52 59 55 60

Maize silage,

% of forage 80 72 37 68 53 47 64 0 58 56 49 38 74 46

Milk N Efficiency, milk N as a % of N Intake

35 35 32 38 36 28 35 28 35 35 35 36 31 32

66

Thank You……

Bill Mahanna, Ph.D., Dipl ACAN Nutritional Sciences Manager

Pioneer, A DuPont Business bill.mahanna@pioneer.com

515.229.3409

67