EFFECTIVE SEISMOLOGICAL MONITORING THROUGH e-GOVERNANCE

TO SAVE LIVES AND DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKES

Dr. B.K.Rastogi Director General

Institute of Seismological Research Department of Science and Technology

Government of Gujarat dgisrgad@gmail.com

Video Conference on 06-10-2015

A

LECTURE ON

Informing earthquake magnitude and epicenter in mts.

Tsunami Alert

Suggesting seismic factor for structures, Motivating to do geotechnical investigations and adopt earthquake resistant features

Earthquake Prediction Research

Vision To Suggest Ways & Means to save Lives and Property from Earthquakes by Seismological Research and Application

Institute of Seismological Research (Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat)

(Only Institute of the country fully dedicated to Seismological Research)

Strategic Thrusts

Earthquake monitoring, variation of seismicity in time & space and its correlation with fault lines

Public awareness , Removing unnecessary fear of earthquakes & Motivating public to demand earthquake-resistant features

Hazard Assessment by Paleoseismology & GPS

NETWORKS i. 60 Seismic stations (Broadband Seismographs &Strong Motion Accelerographs) ii. 25 Permanent GPS (with InSAR ) iii. Multiparametric Geophysical Observ. LABS i. Soil Testing Lab ii. Optically Stimulated Luminescence lab (for dating pre-historic earthquakes) LAND SURVEYS GEOPHYSICAL , GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS REMOTE SENSING

PREPAREDNESS THROUGH 16 ASPECTS OF SEISMOLOGY A unique & pioneering work of Seismological research involving Geophysical, Geological and Geotechnical aspects and 16 branches of Earthquake Science

Observatory

ISR

ONLINE SEISMIC DATA OF GUJARAT Mag. Epc. & Affected Areas Info in Minutes

EARTHQUAKE MONITORING Auto location of earthquake parameters, alert and dissemination through SMS, email and website. COMMERCIALIZATION: Though Himalaya is in zone 5, there is no such system. Blueprint given to Assam and Bihar for replication

SEISMIC ZONING MAPS

Sea change Possible only through this project. Earlier only 1 stn. of IMD Quick 24x7 info of earthquake magnitude & epc.

Explanation of potential magnitude has removed

unnecessary fear of earthquakes in society.

Automatic p-picks by auto location software Response Hydra.

Automatic earthquake notification by Athena on website, SMS, Mail.

MT and CMT Display for Myanmar–India border earthquake

M No.

7.7-7.8 2

6, 6.3 2

5-5.9 27

4-4.9 69

3-3.9 94

2-2.9 >18

TOTAL 212

MAJOR FAULTS mapped. Kachchh faults found active by paleoseismology. GPS and InSAR studies indicate high vertical upliftment (11-20 mm/y) in Kachchh.

The results have revolutionized the ideas about intraplate earthquakes in rifts.

Epicenters of Mainshocks of M2 from 1668 to present in Gujarat not counting aftershocks

Earthquakes in Gujarat (Yr. 1668 to Present)

Earthquake in Kachchh, detection in 10 sec, Damaging waves take 60 sec to reach Ahmedabad. Hence, 50 sec warning.

EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM (EEWS) (CRITICAL INSTALLATIONS & DISTANT CITIES)

Nuclear power Plants (Kakrapar and Jaitapur)

V.S. Hospital, Ahmadabad

Seismic Microzonation

‘The Capital’ Multi storey commercial complex

Statue of Unity (ht.182mt) GIFT CityDholera Special Investment Region

LNG Terminal Mundra and Dahej

Vibrant Summit Site Gandhinagar

Ports of Gujarat

Seismic Safety Factor Suggested for Planned structures through Seismic Hazard and Microzonation

SEISMIC MICROZONATION AND SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT Saved Rs. 100 Crore as import substitution for investigation at three sites (Dholera SIR, LNG Mundra, GIFT City) Saved 880 Crores in bidding for LNG Mundra; Earned a few tens of lakhs through commercial projects Usually such works are done by foreign consultants. The Project is an IMPORT SUBSTITUTE & has EXPORT OPPORTUNITY

• New Railway station coming up at Bhanvad in Saurashtra

• Patan Solar Park

• Gas pipe lines

• Cement Factories.

Help to Industries by means of suggesting seismic hazard

Amplification of seismic waves in sediments / soil cover

Types of deformation During Vibration

Vertical vibrations of a rigid block resting on soil

Chimney Horizontal vibrations of multistory building

Twisting of a building having its supporting parts of different stiffness

EXAMPLES

Wave Freq 2 Hz (0.5 Sec) Natural Period

4Hz (0.25s) 6 Hz 8 Hz 10 Hz (0.1s)

Shear Force 100% 60% 20% 8% 4%

A Five Storeyed Frame – Idealization and Mode Shapes

Distribution of Shear Force in a Cantilever Shear Beam

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS Drilling 40 to 100m depth, SPT N values, P-S Logging, soil

properties

DEPTH TO ENGINEERING BED LAYER: Depth to engineering bed layer by geotechnical/geophysical /

geological methods where Vs > 500 m/s.

AMPLIFICATION DUE TO SOIL:

From shear-wave vel., N-values, soil characteristics (SHAKE Program)

PGA & Response Spectra (Sa for different periods)

Duration of shaking and Liquefaction Analysis

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Different types of Physical & Mechanical soil properties measured for Foundation and

earthquake resistant design of buildings and other important structures.

Drilling: Standard Penetration test (SPT), sampling and Labeling of Soil

Lab Analysis: In Geotechnical Lab of ISR all Lab tests (Physical and Mechanical) are

carried out as per Indian Standard.

Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis Pycnometer Density Bottles Atterberg Apparatus

Drilling site at V.S. Hospital,

Ahmedabad

o Physical analysis

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

o Mechanical analysis

Stress-Strain analysis and Liquefaction Hazard assessment

Relative density Apparatus

Cyclic Triaxial Instrument Consolidometer

Direct Shear Apparatus (For Shear Strength of Soil )

Soil Profiling:

3-D Soil Model of Gandhinagar

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Vs from Array Microtremor

VS Estimation

SEISMIC MICROZONATION: Engg. Geophysics

Estimation of Engineering Bed Layer (EBL):

The definition of engineering bed layer is as follows: •The layer should exist uniformly in the whole area. •Below the layer, the variation of soil properties should be smaller than above. •Above the layer, more information of soil properties and structures should be available. •Usually, the layer has Vs between 350 and 700m/s (some special case 2200 m/s and with N value >80.

Estimation of PGA & Response spectra for different natural periods of buildings: •For a given fault, earthquake magnitude and Vs of EBL the strong-motion time history is taken from known literature. • The same is run through the SHAKE Program giving information about layers: N-value and soil properties to get PGA and response spectra.

SEISMIC MICROZONATION: Litho logs & Engineering Bed layer

Fault Mapping

Vulnerability Assessment Rapid Visual Survey for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings in Gandhidham & Adipur Cities

Masonry RCC

100-125

80-100

60-80

-60

Archeology

Hazard Maps Resonance Freq

PGA

Geophysical Surveys Petroleum

Ter

tia

ry

Tra

ps

Mes

ozo

ic

Passive Seismic Method to Detect Oil

Geothermal energy

Ground water

Development Stage & Scope of Commercialization

Tsunami Alert

GEOPHYSICAL PRECURSORS STUDIED: Water Table, Radon, Foreshocks, Magnetic, Gravity, strain, Geodetic

Atmospheric Precursors: VLF, Total Electron Content, Outgoing Long-wave Radiation

Earthquake Prediction Research (3MPGOs)

Place Arrival

Time

(hrs)

Max.

Amplitude

(meter) (M8)

Lakhpat 2.45 1.2

Koteshwar 2.55 1.5

Jakhau 3.02 2.5

Mandvi 3.10 1.0

Mundra 3.20 1.2

Kandla 3.30 1.8

Okha 2.35 2.0

Salya 3.05 1.2

Sikka 3.15 1.2

Bedi 4.02 1.5

Navlakhi 4.45 1.5

Dwarka 2.10 2.0

Veraval 2.52 1.0

Navabandar 3.02 1.2

Gulf of Kambhat 5.30 1.5

Suvali 5.10 0.4

Mumbai 4.45 2.0

Goa 3.08 1.0

Karwar (Karnataka) 3.12 1.0

Mangalore 3.36 1.0

In west coast of India Tsunami can originate from Makran coast

Tsunami

Inundation

Map for

Gujarat

Tsunami

Amplitude

TSUNAMI STUDIES

ASSESS LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

Many buildings in Ahmedabad collapsed during 2001 Bhuj earthquake because of Open Ground Floor for Parking.

SHEAR WALL

Buildings with Varying heights of columns (or short columns) as well as Hanging or floating columns fail during earthquakes

• WATCH FOR SIZE OF COLUMN. • WATCH FOR GAUGE OF STEEL USED FOR VERTICAL BARS AND TIE RODS. • WATCH FOR DISTANCE BETWEEN TIE RODS. • TIE RODS SHOULD BE BENT INSIDE AT THE ENDS.

What to Look for When Buying Flats in So Called Earthquake Resistant Buildings

In this column of an industrial building made of reinforced concrete

elements, the hoops were too widely spaced and insufficiently

anchored with only 90° hooks. They consequently opened, allowing

the vertical reinforcements to buckle

The hoops anchorage at the foot of this column in a frame structure also failed because the hoops only

had 90° hooks and wide spacing.

CHOOSE SIMPLE BUILDING PLAN AND ELEVATION

Buildings of irregular elevation fail

Improper connection of lift well with main structure

Tubular steel truss columns reduce torsion

Help to and link with GoG Depts. Narmada Nigam: Sardar Sarovar Seismicity

GSPC: Mundra LNG Storage Terminal GPCL: Geothermal Energy GSDMA: Seismic Hazard GIDM: Training Courses GIDC: Buried pipelines Health: VS Hospital New Bldg. R&B: Statue of Unity IndextB: Seismic safety factor for stalls of Exhibition Ground Water Supply: Kachchh Hydrological Modeling Climate Change: Project submitted Tourism: Dwarka, Sant Nagri & Devni Mori Maritime Board: Seismic Hazard of Ports GMDC: Thickness of limestone beds for royalty

Industries: Real estate, Nuclear, Petroleum, Hydro, Solar, Cement, LNG Storage terminals, BPCL & IOCL petroleum storage tanks: 4 sites

Other States: Assam Inclusion of Seismic Hazard in Town Planning of Guwahati

National and International Projects

NATIONAL: 4 Fast Track Young Scientist projects from DST 3 projects with ISRO (SAC & NRSC) 4 projects with MoES (seismic microzonation, paleotsunami, paleoseismology) INTERNATIONAL: with Germany, Taiwan and Russia

PROJECTS

Training of >100 Geosc. and Geotech students / year of different colleges / universities in India for M.Tech and PhD Dissertations.

Public Awareness •Earthquake information distributed through 24hr data center, Website, SMS, email, Popular Lectures, Training Courses •7 no. documentaries being broadcasted for hours in ten channels of SATCOM. •Guj. School Safety Week

OUTREACH

• Preliminary Seismic Hazard maps have been prepared for Guj, and are being upgraded which include amplification maps for different frequencies of resonance, Vs30, Peak Ground Acceleration, Acceleration at different frequencies.

• Geotechnical Atlas of Gujarat is being compiled. • Public Engineering Service Centers for checking safety of existing

structures and advise for new structures for different areas having different hazards for different heights of structures.

NEW INITIATIVES

• REVISION OF NATIONAL CODE: 50-100% higher acceleration than that recommended in national code for a distance of 20 km from the geological fault lines in Cambay and Narmada while 40 km from fault lines in Kachchh.

• Amplifications due to layers at depths up to 700 m required for tall buildings.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Earthquake Early Warning system (critical installations and distant cities)

2.GIS –Based intelligent shake map (damage scenario) (data base for different magnitude earthquakes at different types of geological terrains)

3. Implementation of Auto location in some states. 4. Auto processing of GPS data (for modeling sea floor uplift due to large Makran earthquake

and in turn assess tsunami amplitude and directivity). 5. Online data of earthquake precursors.

Way Forward

Thank You .