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Methods of Contraception
Contraception is the prevention of conception by methods other than abstinence , its used to limit the size of family
( birth control )
or
( Family planning)
Ideal Contraception An ideal contraception should fulfill the
following: Highly efficient Free from unwanted side effect Absolute safety Simplicity of use Reversible Well tolerated
Methods of Contraception
The following is an overview of the currently available methods of contraception:
Other Methods
Intra uterine devices Periodic abstinence/
NFP natural family Planning ( I. e safe period )
Sterilization
Barrier MethodsThe condom Simple Effective methods of contraception- 98%
success rate Without side effects Available Reduce the risk of STDs including the acquired
immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS) 40 MILLION COUPLES RELY ON CONDOM
GLOBALLY
Diaphragms and Cervical Caps and The Sponge
The diaphragms and cervical caps should be used with spermicide
Failure rate 5-10 % The sponge is known in the U.K and the USA Advantage of the sponge in that it can be left
for 24 hours in the vagina ,besides that one size fits all women
Success rate 85- 95 %
Spermicides
In the form of creams, gel aerosols, melting suppositories and foaming tablets
Used alone Failure rate 10- 15 %
Hormonal Methods Oral contraception three types: Combined monophasic pill: most commonly
used ( combination of estrogen and progestogen)
Triphasic combined pill : estrogen and progestogen but the ratio varies during the month to mimic the natural hormonal pattern in the menstrual cycle
Progestogen only pill : mini pill
Combined Oral Contraceptives
Advantages These are simple to use and highly
effective No special preparation is necessary
before intercourse The pill may relieve irregular menstrual
periods, cramps and premenstrual tension
Combined Oral Contraceptives
Advantages (continue….) Less likely to get cancer of the uterus Less suffering from ovarian cysts Much less likely to suffer from ectopic
pregnancy Fewer attacks of rheumatoid arthritis
Disadvantages: Some women have difficulty
remembering to take their daily pill Some women experience side effects
such as nausea, breast tenderness or , weight gain or loss, headache , depression and spotting or bleeding between menstrual periods
Disadvantages
The estrogen -containing contraceptives present increased risk of serious disorders due to blood clotting in some women ( low dose is recommended)
A woman should not take the combined pill while breast -feeding an infant
Disadvantages
Oral contraceptives sometimes interact with other drugs. This can result in diminished contraceptive effectiveness or interference with another drug’s activity
Average annual failure rate including patient error and omissions: 2.6 unwanted pregnancies per 100 couples
P.s.
Healthy women not smoking under 35 years the risk of taking combined pill are very small by comparison with risks associated with pregnancy and child birth
Progestogen Only Pill ( mini pill)
Has higher failure rate than combined pill
Suitable for lactating mother
Action
By the interference with the passage of sperm through the cervical mucous, also affect the endometrium making it less suitable for implantation of the embryo
Side Effects
Headache Nausea Intermittent bleeding Thrombosis Hypertension
further research under taken to develop a once month pill
Hormonal Contraception
The designation of first , second or third generation progestins derives from the timing of introduction of each product containing these various progestins into the market place
All progestins used In oral contraceptives are derivatives of 19 nor-testerone
Norgestimate, gestodene and desogestrel are cumulatively referred as third generation OCs
Injectable Contraceptives
Has proven to be highly effective method of fertility regulation
The most widely available injectable contraceptive in the U.K , Germany , New Zealand , Sweden and many countries all over the world
Injectable Contraceptives
Contents: synthetic progesterone, administered once every three months
Side effects: headache, dizziness, weight gain , menstrual disturbances, no life threatening complications such as CV effects seen with Ocs.
Implants
The recent development in the field of hormonal contraception
Six capsules which are implanted under the skin of the arm and provide contraception for five years
It should be put in the place by a trained health worker and at the end of the five years the capsules can be removed
Implants
Proper aseptic techniques should be used during insertion and removal to avoid infection at the site of implant
Implants Side Effects
Irregular bleeding in the first few months followed by amenorrhea
Norplants are non-biodegradable ( biodegradable = absorbed by the body)
A two rod, 18 month implant is being developed as well
IUDs These are plastic or metal devices which
are placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy
More than 60 million women around the world use IUDs
Common available IUDs :lippes loop copper T copper 7 Multi load Nova T
Side Effects of IUDs
Expulsion Perforation Heavy and prolonged bleeding
P.S
Superiority of copper released IUDs over plastic devices in the terms of perforation, expulsion, and continuation rate
Periodic Abstinence
Advantage: not requiring mechanical or medical measures – accepted by certain religious groups
This method of family planning is based on attempts to identify the fertile period of the menstrual cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation and abstaining from intercourse during this time = calendar method
( I. E. day 9 to day 19 in 28 days regular cycle)
Periodic Abstinence
This method is less effective than techniques that record BBT and monitor consistency of the cervical mucus both of these undergo changes at the time of ovulation
NFP methods can be used both:1. To prevent pregnancy2. To plan pregnancy
Periodic Abstinence
Side effects:
not present
due to inexperienced couples and not well motivated, the pregnancy rate can be as high as 25%
Sterilization
Male sterilization ( vasectomy) safe operation, out patient procedure under
local anesthesia Female sterilization mini lapratomy under local or general
anesthesia * laparoscope's------- Coagulation ------- Rings ------- ClipsAll to obstruct tubal patency, prevent pregnancy
Conclusion
The world population is around 6 billion , four hundred million couples are practicing a family planning, many couples around the world who are motivated to practice family planning lack the sources or the methods suitable for their needs.
At least one method may be suitable for each couple at any given time in order to plan their families avoid unwanted pregnancy.
Emergency Contraception or Post-Coital Contraception : Since 1984 , the Yuzpe method has
been used to reduce ‘ risk of pregnancy by administering two doses of ‘ following medication 12 hrs apart & within 72hrs of unprotected intercourse :
100 microgram Ethynil oestradiol plus. 500 microgram Levonorgestrel .
Continue :
The endometrium is made unfavourable for implantation & there is interference with normal corpus luteum function . If taken before ‘ preovulation estrogen surge, ovulation can be inhibited . The medication is often administered with an antiemetic to reduce nausea & vomiting, which occur in up to 50% of patients .
Continue :
The failure rate is 2-5 %, depending on ‘ time in ‘ cycle at which it is taken .
Counselling is essential so that ‘ patient understands ‘ implications of ‘ failure rate & so that she makes sure she is followed up, especially if she has not a period but also to decide on future long-term contraception .
Continue :
More recently , this method has been superceeded by : Levonelle-2 ( x2 tabs of 750mg Levonorgestrel ) which is available over ‘ counter .
Another method of emergency contraception is to insert an IUCD within 5 days of unprotected intercourse , this can be removed after ‘ patient’s next period or left in situ as a contraception .