Dr. James Martin-HaydenUniversity of ToledoDepartment of Earth, Ecological and

Environmental Sciences

Using knowledge of Earth and Changes to:– Quantify material properties used for

engineering purposes– Investigate processes that transform Earth

materials and our environment posing risks– Locate and characterize geologic resources

II. Introduction to Geology. Introduction to Geology

• Dr. James Martin-Hayden, EEES– Hydrogeologist: environmental geology, water

resources, environmental contamination– Special Interest: The role of groundwater in

slope failure and land subsidence

• Course Essentials– Text: Engineering Geology, an Environmental

Approach– Lab Manual: Exercises in Physical Geology

Why Study Geology?Why Study Geology?

The field of geology is at the interface between Earth and engineering

1. Geological Resources

2. Studying “The Environment” 3. Understanding Geological

Hazards (Changes posing risks)

4. Engineering materials and foundations

5. Landforms and Surface Processes

6. Historical Geology

Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations

Environmental Geology

The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from geology of the region

Tigris River, Iraq

http://encarta.msn.com/

Why Study Geology?

– The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent)

– Development limited by availability, e.g., soil, water, energy

– Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water, minerals, oil…

http://encarta.msn.com/

Geological Resources

Misuse of Resources

These Maps illustrate the Fertile Crescent in 1973 (top) and 2000 (bottom). Permanent marshlands, pictured in green, have shrunk 90 percent in that period.

Illustration courtesy United Nations Environment Program

2. The Environment

Misuse of Geologic ResourcesDesiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan

http://www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm

2. The Environment

Overuse of Geologic ResourcesOveruse of Geologic Resources

• 1.7 billion are joining the consumer class and the environment won’t sustain this standard of living (Worldwatch Institute 2004)

• Emissions of Greenhouse gasses is accelerating global warming

• Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)

2. The Environment (Geology in the News)

Geology in the News

• Two die in 6.5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois Obispo California

• Earthquake triggers mudslides

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003

3. Geologic Hazards

San Andreas Fault

Assessing Risk“Major Quake Likely to

Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032”

• Assessing Risks• Avoiding Risks• Preventing

Damage• Predicting Impact

3. Geologic Hazards

http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/

Earthquake Bam, Iran• A Magnitude 6.5

Earthquake hits a stone- and mud-house city of 100,000 in Iran 12-26-03– 30,000 Dead– 30,000 Refugees

• US sends aid and releases sanctions

• Relations improved

Photos from AP

3. Geological HazardsVolcanoes

Landslides

Earthquakes

4. Geology in Engineering4. Geology in EngineeringSlope Failure Risk Assessment and Control

To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

Geology in EngineeringGeology in Engineering

Geology in EngineeringGeology in Engineering

Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower.

In Pisa the tilted one is back in In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsingto keep it from collapsing

The Leaning Tower Straightens UpThe Leaning Tower Straightens Up

www.smithsonianmag.si.edu

Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures

5. Landforms and Surface Processes

Glaciers

Mass Wasting

Streams

Shorelines

Deserts

Groundwater

http://www.berann.com

H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987

Sub DisciplinesSub DisciplinesAreas of Study Which Rely on GeologyAreas of Study Which Rely on Geology

• Environmental Geology– Environmental Sciences: how we influence the

earth – Geologic Hazards: how geology influences us

• Engineering Geology – Use of geologic materials (rock, soil, minerals…)

– Geotechnical engineering (foundations and footings)

• Geological Resources– Locating and characterizing amounts and quality – Extracting and – Understanding environmental effects of extraction and

use (misuse, overuse) of resources

• Historical Geology– Deciphering Earth History and in order to understand

changes and the risks those changes pose – Evolution of life

Sub DisciplinesSub Disciplines (cont.)(cont.)

Objectives of Week 1Objectives of Week 1• Introduce the field of Geology and how it relates

to Engineering

– Resource location and characterization (e.g., metals, minerals, rock, soils, energy, water…)

– Engineering Material Properties (rock strength, soil strength, water permeability and porosity

• Introduce Earth materials and processes using the Theory of Plate Tectonics

– Explain earth dynamics using the theory of plate tectonics (earthquakes, volcanoes…)

– Rock Types in relation to plate boundaries– Structures in relation to plate boundaries