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12aPowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC⎯CUNY
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
FOCUS ON Your Risk for Diabetes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Your Risk for Diabetes!
• Since 1980,Diabetes has increased by 50 %.
• Diabetes has increased by 70 percent in age 30+
• 8 percent of the population has some form of diabetes.
• 225,000+ people die each year from diabetes-related complications.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Percentage of Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! Diabetes Mellitus • Disease characterized by a persistently high level of sugar
(glucose) in the blood • Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body fails to
use insulin effectively • Hyperglycemia—high blood glucose levels seen in diabetes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! In Healthy People, Glucose Is Taken Up Efficiently by Body Cells • Carbohydrates from the foods are broken down into a
monosaccharide called glucose. • Liver and muscle cells store glucose as glycogen, then use it
as needed to fuel metabolism, movement, and other activities • Pancreas—an organ located just beneath the stomach that
secretes a hormone called insulin • Insulin—hormone secreted by the pancreas and required by
body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diabetes: What It Is and How It Develops
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! Type 1 Diabetes Is an Immune Disorder • Autoimmune disease- formally called juvenile diabetes • Without insulin, cells cannot take up glucose, and blood
glucose levels become permanently elevated. • Symptoms include persistent hunger, weight loss, excessive
thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue • Require daily insulin injections or infusions and careful
monitoring of diet and exercise levels
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
! Type 1 Diabetes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! Type 2 Diabetes Is a Metabolic Disorder • Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases • Either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or body
cells are resistant to its effects (insulin resistance). • Development of the Disease
• The overabundance of free fatty acids contributes to insulin resistance.
• As the progression to type 2 diabetes continues, pancreatic insulin-producing cells become exhausted from overwork and damage occurs.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! Type 2 Diabetes • Non modifiable risk factors
• Increased age • Certain ethnicities (Native Americans and African
Americans) • Genetic factors
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
• Modifiable risk factors
• Body weight • Eating habits • Drinking habits
! Type 2 Diabetes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! Gestational Diabetes Develops during Pregnancy • A state of high blood glucose during pregnancy • Women with gestational diabetes have a significantly
increased risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after giving birth.
• Increased risk of birth-related complications, damage to the fetus, and possible fetal death
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
! Pre-Diabetes Can Lead to Type 2 Diabetes • A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than
normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes • Range is 100-125 • Over 126 FBS= Diabetes • WEIGHT is the key • If pre-diabetes is not managed...
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes and What Causes It?! Pre-Diabetes Plays a Role in Metabolic Syndrome
• Metabolic syndrome (MetS)—Cluster of six conditions linked to overweight and obesity
• Pre-diabetes and central adiposity appear to be the dominant factors for development of MetS.
• A person with MetS is 5 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than a person without the syndrome.
• Abdominal girth – waist measurement • Men > 40 inches • Women > 35 inches
• Triglycerides > 150 • HDL’s under 40 in men and 50 in women • High blood pressure 130/85 or greater • FBS > 100 • High level C-reactive protein
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Metabolic syndrome
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What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
• Thirst • Excessive urination • Weight loss • Fatigue !
• Nerve damage – numbness and tingling hands & feet • Blurred vision • Poor wound healing • Increased infections
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
! Diabetes Has Severe Complications • Diabetic ketoacidosis – coma • Cardiovascular disease – high BP • Kidney disease – kidney failure • Amputations – 60% of all amputations • Eye disease and blindness • Flu and pneumonia-related deaths • Tooth and gum disease
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes Include Amputation and Eye Disease
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
! Ulcers
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What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
! Blood Tests Are Used to Diagnose and Monitor Diabetes • Fasting plasma glucose
test (FPG) • Oral glucose tolerance
test (OGTT) • Hemoglobin A1C test
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How Is Diabetes Treated?! Lifestyle Changes Can Improve Glucose Levels
• Weight Loss • Recommended goal is to lose 5 to 10 percent of current
weight • Adopting a Healthy Diet
• Whole grains • Coffee • Fatty fish • Healthy carbohydrates
• Increasing Physical Fitness • The Diabetes Prevention Program recommends 30
minutes of physical activity 5 days a week • Body fat percent
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How Is Diabetes Treated?
! Oral Medications and Weight Loss Surgery Can Help • Medications can
• Reduce glucose production by the liver • Slow the absorption of carbohydrates from the small
intestine • Increase insulin production by the pancreas • Increase the insulin sensitivity of cells
• People who have undergone gastric bypass surgery appear to have high rates of cure.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
How Is Diabetes Treated?
! Insulin Injections May Be Necessary ! Type 1 diabetes-Injections are a must ! Type 2: Injections for people with type 2 diabetes
whose blood glucose levels cannot be adequately controlled with other treatment options • Insulin cannot be taken in pill • Some people use an insulin infusion pump.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
How Is Diabetes Treated?
! Diabetes Care Can Be Expensive • On average, health care costs for diabetics are $15,000 to
$25,000 higher per year than for healthy patients. • The direct and indirect costs of treating diabetes in the
United States total $174 billion per year. • The costs related to undiagnosed diabetes are unknown.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Can You Do to Prevent Pre-Diabetes?
• Consider your risk factors. • Family history, overweight, Latina
• Diabetes screening-fasting blood sugar • Maintain a healthy weight • Exercise 30 minutes 5 times a week. • Consume a low fat, low sodium, high fiber diet, no sugar
diet