Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
11/10/2013
1
Dr. Manuel C. Palada
ASHS-2005 Outstanding International Horticulturist
Visiting Professor, Central Philippine University
PROGRESS IN MORINGA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WITH FOCUS ON ASIA
ECHO Asia Agriculture and Community Development Conference Chiang Mai, Thailand
October 1-4, 2013
Topical Outline
• Introduction
• Review of the Multiple Uses of Moringa
• Moringa R&D Programs/Projects in Asia
• Advances in Moringa R&D
• Data Base and Resources for Information on Moringa
• Organizations Involved in Moringa R&D
• International and Regional Conferences
• Summary
11/10/2013
2
Moringa: “The Miracle Tree”• Exodus 15:22-25: “So Moses brought Israel from the
Red Sea; then they went out into the Wilderness of Shur. And they went three days in the wilderness and found no water. Now when they came to Marah, they could not drink the waters of Marah, for they were bitter. Therefore the name of it was called Marah. And the people complained against Moses, saying, “What shall we drink?” So he cried to the Lord, and the Lord showed him a tree. When he cast it into the waters, the waters were made sweet…”
• The “tree” in the Book of Exodus, maybe none other than the Moringa tree.
Other names describing Moringa
(21)
11/10/2013
3
Importance of Moringa• One of the world’s most useful plants
• Important tree crop in India, Ethiopia, Sudan and many countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America.
• Plant parts from roots to seeds are used for nutritional, industrial and medicinal purposes.
Geographical Distribution and Adaptation
• Grows in climates ranging from subtropical dry to moist through tropical very dry to moist forest zones.
• Tolerates annual rainfall of 760-2250 mm
• Temperature range: 18.7 to 28.5oC. Tolerates light frost
• Soil pH range: 4.5 to 8. • Grows in all types of soils.
11/10/2013
4
Moringa SpeciesThirteen Moringa species are known:
M. oleiferaM. arboreaM. borzianaM. concanensisM. drouhardiiM. hildebrandtiiM. longitubaM. ovalifoliaM. peregrinaM. pygmaeaM. rivaeM. ruspolianaM. stenopetala
11/10/2013
5
Moringa oleifera
• Best known member of the family Moringaceae.
• Fast-growing, drought tolerant tree native to sub-Himalayan tracts of Northern India
• Now distributed worldwide in the tropics and subtropics for its multiple uses
• Most popular of the 13-14 known species of genus Moringa.
Moringa oleifera
Leaves and green pods Flower
Seeds Pod and seeds
11/10/2013
6
Multiple Uses of Moringa
• Nutritional
• Medicinal
• Agricultural
• Industrial
• Other Potential Uses
Leaves
Pods
Flowers
SeedsRoots
Bark
Gum
NutritionMedicine
NutritionMedicine
Water purificationMedicineOil
MedicineCometics
Medicine
MedicineGlue
MedicineCondiment
Stem
Fuel woodPulpPaper
11/10/2013
7
Moringa Uses Flow Chart
Moringa Parts and Uses
Seeds Pods Roots Leaves Stems Twigs Wood BarkCooking, Cosmetics, and Medicinal Uses
Kernel
Water Purification
AnimalFeed
Fuel
Coagulants
Shells
Meal
OilLubricantBio-fuel Animal
Feed
Medicinal Uses
Plant GrowthHormone
Food,medicine
Excellent Pulpfor making
paper
DyesTannins
Medicinal Uses
11/10/2013
8
Food and Nutrition
• Fresh vegetable: leaf, flower and pod• Dry leaf: Moringa powder• Food fortification ingredient (nutri-buns)• Condiment• Cooking oil• Food supplement and vitamins• Beverage: tea, coffee, energy drink• Snacks: biscuits, cookies, bread
11/10/2013
9
4 x
7 x
4 x
3 x
2 x
11/10/2013
10
11/10/2013
11
Moringa Fresh and Processed Products
11/10/2013
12
11/10/2013
13
Culinary Uses• Moringa Fresh Leaves
- Salad- Spinach- Peccadillo with Moringa- Moringa leaves gulay- Shrimp Suam- Mung bean stew- Dinengdeng II- Jambalaya camp- Corn with Moringa leaves- Mixed vegetable Embotido
- Chicken tinola - Chicken with Pigeon pea- Masquadilla Torta- Vegetable delight- Moringa leaf sauce- Moringa leaf omelet- Moringa leaf puree
• Moringa Green Pods- Sambars, dals, dishes – India- Kachang Kelur – Singapore- Sauteed Moringa pods- Moringa Lentil soup- Moringa strips
• Moringa Flowers- Flower tea- Flower salad
• Moringa Seeds- Moringa peas- Moringa peanuts
Sample source:春秋辣木,台中,王富榮先生
Sample source:春秋辣木,台中,王富榮先生
Moringa young shoots for fresh market
11/10/2013
14
Philippine Chicken “Tinola” with Moringa
Moringa leavesGreen papayaGingerChicken
Ready to serve “Tinola”
Travancore Sambar RecipeIngredients:
1. Pigeon Pea (Thuvaraparippu) 1 cup2. Turmeric powder ¼ teaspoon3. Sambar powder 1 tablespoon
4. Dry red chilly 45. Shallot 50 gm
6. Mustard seed ½ teaspoon7. Coconut oil 2 tablespoon8. Asafoetida ½ teaspoon
9. Drumstick 310. Potato 211. Tomato 2
12. Cucumber (vellarika) 1/213. Salt As required
14. Tamarind pulp
Indian Sambar Recipe with Drumstick (Green Pods)
Brinjal, Drumstick, Mango Sambar
11/10/2013
15
Moringa Food Supplements and Beverage
Tea Capsule Powder
CoffeeProbiotic Capsule
11/10/2013
16
Medicinal Uses
Traditional Medicine
Total = 24
11/10/2013
17
Traditional Medicine• Anemia
• Anxiety
• Blood impurity
• Blood pressure
• Bronchitis
• Catarrh
• Chest congestion
• Cholera
• Colitis
• Conjunctivitis
• Cough
• Diabetes
• Diarrhea
• Dropsy
• Dysentery
• Eye & ear infections
• Fever
• Glandular swelling
• Gonorrhea
• Headaches
Traditional Medicine• Hysteria• Intestinal worms• Jaundice• Lactation• Malaria• Pain in joints• Pimples• Pregnancy• Psoriasis• Respiratory disorders• Scurvy
• Semen deficiency• Skin infections• Sore throat• Sores• Sprain• Stomach ulcers• Tuberculosis• Tumor• Urinary disorders• Wounds
11/10/2013
18
Agricultural Uses
Agronomy
Horticulture
Livestock
Agronomic and Horticultural Uses• Hedgerows in alley
cropping• Fertilizer (green manure)
• Erosion control• Growth hormone• Fungicide• Insecticide• Wind barrier• Ornamentation and
shade• Honey production
11/10/2013
19
Honey Production under Moringa Orchard
Moringa as Livestock Feed• Moringa leaves are used as forage for cattle
(beef and dairy), swine and poultry.• Moringa leaves constitute 40-50% of feed.• Milk yield and daily weight gains increased
by 30%.• Birth weight, averaging 22 kg for local Jersey
cattle, increased by 3-5 kg.• The high protein content of Moringa leaves
must be balanced by other energy food including molasses, sugar cane, young elephant grass, or sweet sorghum plants.
11/10/2013
20
Industrial Uses
Biofuel
Cosmetics
Water Purification
Dyes
Industrial Uses• Water purification
• Cosmetics
• Textile printing
• Lubricants
• Tanning leather
• Dye
• Pulp for paper
• Condiment
• Cane juice clarifier
• Honey clarifier
• Fiber products
• Bio-fuel
• Insecticide
• Fungicide
11/10/2013
21
Water Purification• Moringa seeds are used
as coagulant
• Coagulant separate out the solid particles from colloidal water solution.
• Charged proteins in seed tissues coagulate suspended particles and turn muddy water into clear potable liquid.
11/10/2013
22
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Dirty water Dirt sinks to bottom
Clean water after one hour
Water Clarification and Purification
Moringa Oil• Moringa seeds 20-40% oil.
• Oil is also used as fuel (bio-fuel alternative energy)
• Used in ointments, perfumes, skin lotion, shampoo, soap, etc.
• “Ben oil” used as lubricant for clocks and watches.
11/10/2013
23
Seeds for Moringa OilFor cooking, lubricating, cosmetics, aroma therapy, perfumes
The Philippines can penetrate the international market
Seed Producers can amass a net income of approximately PhP 218,000– 521,000 per hectare/year @ PhP20/kg of seeds
It has a potential to generate an estimated 10,000 jobs/3,000 has. for Filipinos
Moringa Cosmetics
Body treatment solutionBody butter Shower creams, shampoos
Bath soapAnti-aging cream Bath foam
11/10/2013
24
Other Potential Uses
Aquaculture
Pulp/Paper
Shade
Reforestation
Carbon Credit/Climate Change
11/10/2013
25
Moringa R & D ProgramsAsia
• Agronomy and Horticulture
• Nutrition and Health
• Biotechnology
• Industrial
Philippines
• Central Philippine University
• Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)
• Moringaling Philippines Foundation
• OXFAM
11/10/2013
26
Adaptability and Horticultural Characterizationof Moringa Accessions under Central
Philippines Conditions
H.G. Patricio1, M.C. Palada1 and A.W. Ebert 21College of Agriculture, Resources & Environmental Sciences
Central Philippine University, Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines2Genetic Research & Seed Unit, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan
Moringa Observational Field Demo/Trial at CPU
Established in 2009
11/10/2013
27
Response to pruning after one year, 2010
Weight of fresh leaves and number of branchesAccession No./Country Leaves
(kg/plant)No. of
BranchesPotential LeafBiomass (kg/ha)1
Mo-2 Virgin Is USA 1.78 6.4 5933
Mo-3 Taiwan 0.77 3.6 2566
Mo-4 Thailand 2.34 9.0 7799
Mo-6 Thailand 1.80 5.5 5999
Mo-7 Thailand 0.72 6.2 2400
Mo-8 Thailand 1.15 5.8 3833
Mo-9 Thailand 0.76 7.5 2533
Mo-12 Thailand 0.80 5.7 2666
Mo-14 Thailand 2.11 3.3 7033
Mo-15 Thailand 1.64 7.2 5466
Mo-20 Thailand 1.54 5.2 5132
Mo-29 India 0.65 5.5 2166
Mo-33 Davao Philippines 1.00 4.0 3333
Mo-34 India 0.56 4.8 1866
Mo-35 Tanzania 0.88 5.6 2933
Mo-37 Laos 1.53 5.3 5099
Mo-38 Thailand 1.33 7.7 4432
Mo-40 India 1.63 6.4 5432
1Plant population = 3,333/ha
11/10/2013
28
Variation in number and growth of side branches among accessions, 2011.
Plant Survival after Several Typhoons Accession No./Country Cultivar Survival
(%)
Mo-2 USA Virgin Islands 100
Mo-3 Taiwan La-Mu 100
Mo-4Thailand Ma Rum 80
Mo-6 Thailand Ma Rum 100
Mo-7 Thailand Ma Rum 100
Mo-8 Thailand Ma Rum 100
Mo-9 Thailand Ma Rum 100
Mo-12 Thailand Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw 60
Mo-14 Thailand Ma Rum Khaw Jaw 100
Mo-15 Thailand Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw 100
Mo-20 Thailand Ma Rum 80
Mo-29 India TNAU-1 100
Mo-33 Philippines Davao Malunggay 80
Mo-34 India La Mu E 100
Mo-35 Tanzania RCA Moringa 100
Mo-37 Lao PDR Vientiane Pak-Ihum 100
Mo-38 Thailand Ma Rum C 80
Mo-40 India PKM-1 100
Mo-41 Philippines Local Malunggay 100
11/10/2013
29
Promising Varieties
PKM-1 India Ma Rum - Thailand
11/10/2013
30
Fruits pods of PKM-1 India
RCATanzania
MarumThailand
11/10/2013
31
• This preliminary evaluation suggests that there are promising Moringa accessions adapted for Central Philippines conditions with potential for high leaf biomass production.
• Accessions from Thailand and India possess desirable horticultural traits.
• These accessions should be propagated and multiplied for commercial production.
Conclusions
• Organic Center and Training
• 10944 Kanluran Road, University of the Philippines Los Banos
• College, Laguna Tel. No. 0928-7917900/049-5378964
Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
11/10/2013
32
CLIARC, San Miguel, Tarlac
The seeds or seedlings can be planted in 10 ‐ 30 centimeters spacing for intensive foliage production
BPI, LBNRDC, Laguna
Bicol La Union
Ilocos region Davao
1. CHARACTERIZATION OF MORINGA FOR HIGH QUALITY OF LEAF AND SEED OIL
2. MORINGA VARIETY FOR HIGH ELEVATION
11/10/2013
33
Commercial Moringa Farms – PhilippinesNegros Occidental
Commercial Moringa Farms Pampanga
11/10/2013
34
Commercial Moringa Farms - Laguna
http://moringaling.net
11/10/2013
35
Horticultural Characterization and Propagation of Moringa Germplasm at AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center
M.C. Palada, D.L. Wu and A.W. EbertAVRDC – The World Vegetable CenterP.O. Box 42 Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan
CPU 9th Research & Development Week, March 6, 2012
Taiwan
Crop Stand – 16 June 200932 days after transplanting
11/10/2013
36
Crop stand, 22 July 2009
Table 4. Leaf and stem fresh weight of Moringa oleifera 70 days after transplanting, AVRDC, 2009.
Accession Pedigree/Cultivar CountryLeaf
Fresh wt. (kg)
Stem Fresh wt.
(kg)
Mo 2 Virgin Islands Drumstick USA 0.88 b 0.93 ab
Mo 3 La-Mu Taiwan 0.86 b 0.82 ab
Mo 4 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.21 ab 0.69 ab
Mo 6 Ma-Rum Thailand 0.87 b 0.60 ab
Mo 7 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.27 ab 1.08 a
Mo 8 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.27 ab 1.04 a
Mo 9 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.04 ab 0.80 ab
Mo 12 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 0.70 b 0.52 b
Mo 14 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 0.77 b 0.62 ab
Mo 15 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 0.91 b 0.72 ab
Mo 20 Ma-Rum Thailand 0.88 b 0.68 ab
Mo29 TNAU-1 India 1.25 ab 0.97 ab
Mo 33 Davao Malunggay Philippines 0.80 b 0.88 ab
Mo 34 La-Mu E India 1.08 ab 0.78 ab
Mo 35 RCA Moringa Tanzania 1.58 a 1.00 ab
Mo 37 Vientiane Pak-Ihum Lao PDR 1.20 ab 0.95 ab
Mo 38 Ma-Rum C Thailand 1.02 ab 0.79 ab
Mo 40 PKM - 1 India 0.94 b 0.99 ab
Spacing: 1.5 x 1.5 m4,444 plants/ha
Potential Yield = 26 t/ha/yr , 6 prunings
11/10/2013
37
Effect of Typhoon ‘Morakot’
10 August 2009, 3 days after typhoon
10 August 2009, 3 days after typhoon
11/10/2013
38
Border plants unpruned
4 September 2009, 27 days after typhoon
11/10/2013
39
Percent plant survival of Moringa accessions two years after establishment. AVRDC, 2011.
Accession Pedigree/Cultivar CountryNo. of lived plants
Plantsurvival
(%)
Mo 2 Virgin Islands Drumstick USA 3.33 66.7
Mo 3 La-Mu Taiwan 3.67 73.3
Mo 4 Ma-Rum Thailand 3.00 60.0
Mo 6 Ma-Rum Thailand 2.33 46.7
Mo 7 Ma-Rum Thailand 0.67 13.3
Mo 8 Ma-Rum Thailand 3.00 60.0
Mo 9 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.33 26.7
Mo 12 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 3.33 66.7
Mo 14 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 1.67 33.3
Mo 15 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 2.67 53.3
Mo 20 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.00 20.0
Mo29 TNAU-1 India 3.00 60.0
Mo 33 Davao Malunggay Philippines 1.33 26.7
Mo 34 La-Mu E India 3.00 26.7
Mo 35 RCA Moringa Tanzania 3.67 60.0
Mo 37 Vientiane Pak-Ihum Lao PDR 4.67 73.3
Mo 38 Ma-Rum C Thailand 5.00 100.0
Mo 40 PKM - 1 India 0.00 0.0
Summary and Conclusion• This study demonstrated the variability
of Moringa accessions in terms of horticultural traits.
• Accessions varied significantly in plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem biomass, and number of shoots.
• Differences in plant survival under waterlogged conditions also varied among accessions.
11/10/2013
40
Moringa in Thailand
PKM2 planting at Maejo Univ., Dr. Ricky Bates, PSU with Drs. Sanh and Saksan
Thailand
11/10/2013
41
Fruit set & early fruiting of PKM2 in northern Thailand
Northern Thailand Moringa oleifera, selected for propagation
11/10/2013
42
Moringa in India
• India meets more than 80% demand of Moringa products and thereby enjoying dominant position in the world Moringa scenario.
• The global Moringa products market estimated to be over US$ 2 billion is highly dependent on India.
Moringa R&D India
11/10/2013
43
Genetic Diversity and Improvement
Varieties Horticultural Traits
‘Bombay’ ‘
Jaffna’ ‘
Chavakacheri murunga’
‘Baramassi’ varieties
‘PKM-1’ ‘
IIHR-35, IIHR-39, IIHR-26
‘TNAU-1
GKVK-1, GKVK-2, GKVK-3
Dhanaraj
Chemmurungai
curly fruits
From Sri Lanka, fruits 60-90 cm, 400-600 pods/tree/yr.
elongated pods, 90-120 cm long.
flower continuously throughout the year
dwarf, high yielding pod, flowers 90-100 days, yields 7-8 months after planting.
Small stem, 2-2.5 m high, 120-180 pods/tree/year
Starts yielding 9-10 months, 150-200 pods/tree/yr, 35-40 cm pod length.
Ecotype of Jaffna murunga, flowers throughout the year, medium size pods. High yielding.
Yield and yield components of annual drumstick, Bangalore, India
Variety
No. of pods per
plant
Pod length
(cm)
Pod girth
(cm)
Pod weight
(g)
Pod yield
(kg/plant)
PKM-1 100-185 60-75 5.5-6.5 50-75 8-13
Plant population: 1,600 plant per haTotal pod yield: 12.8 – 20.8 t/haEach tree can produce up to 10,000 seeds per year
11/10/2013
44
Yield Performance of Drumstick in relation to organic treatments
TreatmentsLeaf
Biomass
(kg/tree)
1 year
Pod Yield (t/ha)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Mean
FYM (24 t/ha)
FYM (12 t/ha)
FYM (12 t/ha + BF)
Vermicompost (5 t/ha) + BF
Green Manure + RP + Wood Ash
Check (100-100-100 kg/ha NPK)
CD at 5%
11.9
8.2
9.3
10.9
11.3
13.4
1.92
6.6 12.7 9.8 9.7
3.9 8.2 7.7 6.2
4.8 8.9 10.1 7.9
5.7 9.5 9.7 8.3
5.9 10.5 9.1 8.5
6.1 9.6 10.0 8.6
1.6 1.82 2.12 1.67
FYM = Farmyard ManureBF = Biofertilizer (Azospirillium and Phosphobacteria, 5 kg/ha)RP = Rock Phosphate
Source: Prabhakar and Hebbar, 2007
Moringa oleifera, Potentially a New Source of Oleic Acid-type Oil for
Malaysia
Malaysia
11/10/2013
45
Moringa has been used in folk medicine, including Ayurvedic traditional medicine and in the Philippines. In Africa and Indonesia, Moringa leaves are given to nursing mothers in the belief that they increase lactation.
MORINGA: AN INDIGENOUS MINOR VEGETABLE CAN PLAY A GREAT ROLE IN NUTRITION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN NORTH WESTERN REGION OF BANGLADESH
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. SEEDOIL OF THE INDIGENOUS-CULTIVAR OF BANGLADESH
Indonesia and Bangladesh
Moringa in Vietnam
Introduction and evaluation of Moringa oleifera for biomass production and as feed for goats in the Mekong Delta
Luu Huu Manh, Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung and Tran Phung Ngoi*
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cantho UniversityCantho, [email protected]; [email protected]* Song Hau Farm, Cantho city
11/10/2013
46
Advances in Moringa R&D
• Nutrition and Health• Medicine• Agriculture• Industry• Other New Developments
Moringa R & D
Nutrition and Health
11/10/2013
47
11/10/2013
48
Source: R.Yang, AVRDC 2002
Nutrient contents* of Moringa leaves
Sample OriginDry
matterFiber Sugar Vit C
β-Caroten
Calcium Iron
g g g mg mg mg mg
TOT4100 La Mu Taiwan 22.3 1.65 2.85 202 30.0 584 3.59TOT4880 Drumstick Virgin Islands 23.8 2.49 2.24 145 32.7 701 3.96TOT4893 Ma Rum Thailand 20.0 1.69 2.45 159 24.8 630 4.19TOT4951 Ma Rum Thialand 20.4 1.77 2.12 146 24.8 717 3.37TOT4977 Ma Rum Thailand 22.0 1.87 2.15 186 29.8 756 3.78TOT5169 Ma Rum Thialand 21.3 1.99 2.15 172 34.3 786 3.57TOT5474 Malunggay India 22.1 2.14 2.13 150 24.8 720 1.65
Mean±STDEV21.7±1.
31.94±0.
302.30±0.
27166±
2228.7±4.
0699±
703.44±0.
8Light green leaves Africa 22.6 1.83 2.68 275 20.4 282 2.66Dark green leaves Africa 21.0 1.95 1.93 187 25.0 688 4.23*: based on 100 g fresh weight of edible portion
R&D Activities on:Development of Foods Rich in Micronutrients
• Aims to develop functional foods from indigenous plant materials
• Targeted plant materials are soya beans, moringaoleifera, and other indigenous underutilized plants
11/10/2013
49
Which nutrients are in soya beans and moringa oleifera leaves?
Phenolicantioxidants, e.g. flavonoids
potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, sulphur and selenium
Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins - B1, B2, B3, B6, choline, vitamin C, D, E and K
ca. 1.7% (fresh); 2.3% (dry leaves) high %-gepolyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs)
ca. 6.7% (fresh); 27% (dry leaves) all 8 essential amino acids 10 non-essential amino acids
Moringa leaves
Phyto-estrogens, isoflavones
sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, and selenium
Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins, E and K
ca. 20% fat with high %-gepolyunsaturated FAs
ca. 40% with all 8 essential amino acids
Soya beans
Phyto-chemicals
MineralsVitaminsFatProtein
Phenolicantioxidants, e.g. flavonoids
potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, sulphur and selenium
Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins - B1, B2, B3, B6, choline, vitamin C, D, E and K
ca. 1.7% (fresh); 2.3% (dry leaves) high %-gepolyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs)
ca. 6.7% (fresh); 27% (dry leaves) all 8 essential amino acids 10 non-essential amino acids
Moringa leaves
Phyto-estrogens, isoflavones
sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, and selenium
Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins, E and K
ca. 20% fat with high %-gepolyunsaturated FAs
ca. 40% with all 8 essential amino acids
Soya beans
Phyto-chemicals
MineralsVitaminsFatProtein
Protein/Calorie of soya and moringa in comparison to other foods
Protein per Calorie (g/kcal)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Com
mon
bean
s
Pea
s
Pig
eon
peas
SO
YB
EA
NS
MO
RIN
GA
leav
es (
dry)
Mea
t
Milk
Egg
Gro
und
nuts
Whe
at fl
our
Fin
ger
mill
etflo
ur
Mai
ze fl
our
Cas
sava
flou
r
Pla
ntai
n(b
anan
a)
Rou
ndpo
tato
es
Sw
eet
pota
toes
11/10/2013
50
Trees for Life Journal a forum on beneficial trees and plants Open access, freely available online
Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1.
Jed W. Fahey, Sc.D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Chemoprotection Center, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 406 WBSB, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205-2185
11/10/2013
51
L=LeavesF=FlowersP=Pods (drumstick)S=SeedsR=RootsB=BarkG=GumO=Oil from seeds
Reported Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Moringa oleifera
11/10/2013
52
Reported Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Moringa oleifera
Reported Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Moringa oleifera
11/10/2013
53
Common Dietary Phytochemicals, Sources and Established Human Health Effects
Compound Sources Established Effect on Human Health
Flavonoids (Quercetin and Kaempferl)
Onions, Snap beans, Lettuce, majority of common vegetables
Direct antioxidants, reduce risks of heart disease, anti-cancer, effects on circulatory system
Chlorogenic Acid Blackberry, Apple, Peach, Coffee
Direct antioxidants, anti-cancer effects, modulate cholesterol levels
Glucosinolates
(Hydrolysis products: isothiocyanates)
Moringa, Cabbage, Broccoli, Radish, Cauliflower, Kale, Mustard
Indirect antioxidants, potent anti-cancer activity of isothiocyanates, potential effects on immune system.
Sources: Pike, et al., 1995; Bortz, 2001; Bahorun, et al., 1996; Periera da Silva et al., 2000;Czinner, et al., 2001; Lodovicie, et. al., 2001; Estruch, 2000; Santos-Buelga and Sealbert, 2000; Stupans, et. al., 2002; Sun, et. al., 2002; Visioli, et. al., 2000.
Moringa R & D
Agriculture
11/10/2013
54
Agronomy and Horticulture• Leaf biomass production: pruning frequency, plant density,
spacing (India, Ghana, Nicaragua, Taiwan)
• Cultural practices: mulching, organic fertilizers
• Agroforestry and mixed cropping system- Moringa hedgerows in vegetable, herbs and medicinal plants (Philippines, Virgin Islands)
• Variety evaluation: India, Philippines, Taiwan
• Genetic diversity and improvement: India
• Fodder for livestock feed: Nicaragua, Haiti, Ghana
• Propagation methods: seed, stem cuttings, tissue culture
• Harvesting and handling: pruning and coppicing studies
• Post-harvest: prolong freshness (shelf-life), drying, freezing
Moringa Leaf Extract as Plant Growth Hormone
• Juice from fresh Moringa leaves can be used to produce effective PGH.
• Increases yield by 25-30% for crops: onion, bell pepper, soybean, maize, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon
• Zeatin: one of active substances – plant hormone from cytokine group.
• Foliar spray should be used in addition to fertilizer, irrigation and good agric. practices.
11/10/2013
55
Moringa as Green Manure
• High planting density for green manure production (10x10 cm, one million seeds per ha).
• Seedlings are plowed and incorporated in the soil 25 days after sowing.
• Land is prepared for the next crop in rotation.
Intensive Moringa Leaf Production
• Moringa can be grown intensively with yields up to 650 MT/ha.
• High yields obtained through sub-soiling to 60 cm, high density planting, fertilizer and irrigation.
• Plants harvested at 50 cm high every 35-40 days), up to 9 harvests per year.
11/10/2013
56
3 weeks Moringa stand10 x 10 cm spacing
60 days old
First cutting at 20 cm above ground
11/10/2013
57
11/10/2013
58
Moringa R & D
Biotechnology
Embryo rescue of Moringa
11/10/2013
59
Micro-cloning to Sustain Biodiversity
Moringa R & D
Industrial
11/10/2013
60
11/10/2013
61
11/10/2013
62
Moringa oil as Alternative Source of Biofuel
Moringa oil contains high oleic acid (>70%)Methyl ester (biodiesel) contains high cetane number approximately 67, one of the highest found for a bio-diesel fuel
11/10/2013
63
11/10/2013
64
11/10/2013
65
MORINGA SEED OIL CONTENT
• A comparative study on the oil content of Moringa seed kernels from four provenances (Madagascar, Niger, Togo and Senegal) found the kernel oil content range from 36.39% to 40.56%. (Reports from the Philippines state that the Moringa type grown there contains 36% oil in the seed kernel).
BIOFUEL POTENTIAL
• Currently, there exist 165 marketing companies in the U.S. for biodiesel using soybean as raw material. It is expected that in the next 50 years, Japan and Korea will be the biggest markets of Moringa oil for their automobiles that will use biodiesel.
11/10/2013
66
Data Base and Resourcesfor Information on Moringa
11/10/2013
67
Palada, M.C. and L.C. Chang. 2003. Suggested cultural practices for Moringa. AVRDC International Cooperators’ Guide. AVRDC Pub. #03-545.
11/10/2013
68
Shikhamany, S.D., M. Prabhakar, S. Hebbar and S. Manjunatha. 2003. Drumstick Production Technology. IIHR Extn Bul. (HATP – 01), Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, India
Radovich, T. 2011 (revised). Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Moringa (Moringa oleifera). In: Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai‘i. http://agroforestry.net/scps
11/10/2013
69
FARMER’S FIELD GUIDE ON MORINGA PRODUCTION SMALL-HOLDER FARMERS EXPERIENCES IN MUNICIPALITIES OF JABONGA AND KITCHARAO IN THE PROVINCE OF AGUSAN DEL NORTE©2013 Oxfam
Imprimerie Horizon, Gémenos, France, May 2010.
11/10/2013
70
Sierra Sunrise Books 2000, Sherman Oaks, California, USA
Apples of Gold Publishing, 2009306 pages with color photos
11/10/2013
71
Miracle Tree – Moringa oleiferaBy Monica MarcuSound Concepts, 2005; 83 pages
Britannia Printers, Inc. 2012141 pages
11/10/2013
72
Anvil Publishing, Inc. 201370 pages
Anvil Publishing, Inc. 201362 pages
11/10/2013
73
Moringa Videos
• National Geographic Moringa Document• Discovery Channel Moringa Fights Malnutrition• Malunggay – The Miracle Tree• Zija Studio Z - Moringa
Organizations Involved in Moringa R&D Projects
11/10/2013
74
ECHOCPUPSUMPFI
OXFAMMoringa News
MAGJohns HopkinsTrees for Life
More than 150
International and Regional Conferences on Moringa
11/10/2013
75
International and Regional Conferences on Moringa
• Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – 2002• Accra, Ghana – 2006• Manila, Philippines - 2015
2 Day Moringa State of Art International WorkshopNovember 21 & 22, 2013, Jaipur, India
11/10/2013
76
Biology, Biodiversity & PhysiologyGremplasm, Genomic, Genetic Improvement & PropagationHorticultureFarm Design & ManagementAgronomics and sustainability- R&D status, available varieties, yield, optimal conditions- Greenhouse gas benefits
Economics- Economy, Marketing & Health-promoting Properties- Financing requirements of large scale projects- Is this industry attracting the needed capitals?- Carbon credits- Existence of meaningful supply chains- Market demand and its perspectives: Food, Fodder, health, cosmetic
Scale- Large-scale vs. small-scale- Local use vs. export
Moringa Oil and Oil technology & QualityEthics
- Impact on local communities- Involvement of small holders
Next Generation Biofuels Feedstock
Second Global Moringa Meeting 2013
Summary• After almost two decades, Moringa
emerged from a minor, lowly, indigenous plant to a miracle multi-purpose tree crop.
• It is now elevated into the rank of “Super Food” with tremendous nutritional and health benefits.
• The leaves that could save millions can give you millions of opportunities.
11/10/2013
77
Thank You
Have a Nice Day!
